7 Basic Tools of Quality
7 Basic Tools of Quality
This toolkit compiles tools, guides and reference materials to help you with your Lean Sigma Projects and other Continuous Imp
A LIKE A BOSS
Home
R-Squared
A mathematical term describing how much variation is being explained by the X. FORMULA: R-sq = SS(regr
Box Plot
What does it do? Why use it? When to use?
A box plot is a basic graphing tool that a box plot can help you visualize the
displays the centering, spread, and centering, spread, and distribution of
distribution of a continuous data set. In your data quickly. It is especially useful You can use a box plot throughou
simplified terms, it is made up of a box to view more than one box plot improvement project, although i
and whiskers (and occasional outliers) simultaneously to compare the most useful in the Analyze phase. I
that correspond to each fourth, or performance of several processes such Measure phase you can use a box
quartile, of the data set. The box as the price quote cycle between to begin to understand the nature
represents the second and third offices or the accuracy of component problem. In the Analyze phase a
quartiles of data. The line that bisects placement across several production plot can help you identify potenti
the box is the median of the entire data lines. A box plot can help identify that should be investigated furthe
set-50% of the data points fall below candidates for the causes behind your also can help eliminate potential X
this line and 50% fall above it. The first list of potential Xs. It also is useful in the Improve phase you can use a
and fourth quartiles are represented by tracking process improvement by plot to validate potential improvem
"whiskers," or lines that extend from comparing successive plots generated
both ends of the box. over time
FORMULA: R-sq = SS(regression) / SS(total)
- Defined Performance
Objective
- Key Drivers of variation (show
Identify the Key Drivers of Variation - x X tests or tools used depending
on type of data)
- Vital few X / True Root Cause
Prioritize x X
- Kano Model
- Run Chart/Control Chart
- COPIS
- ARMI Matrix
- Pareto Chart
- FMEA
- Fishbone
- QFD
- Process Map
- CTQ Drill down Tree
- Attribute and Continuous gage R&R
- Normality Test/Run Chart/Histogram/Control Chart/Box Plot/Dot Plot/Scatter Plot/Multi Vari Chart/Marginal Plot/
- Control Charts
- Poka Yoke
- Escalation Matrix
- Process Maps
Home
Project Title:
Account/Dept:
Business Case:
Problem Statement:
Goal Statement:
IN-SCOPE
Project Chart
Resource Name Signature
Project Champion
Project Leader
Project Mentor
tiative - PROJECT CHARTER
PROJECT ID:
Project Type:
Site/Region:
Primary Metric
Control
12/30/99
Date
Home COPIS DIAGRAM
Customers Outputs
MAN
Poor agent product
SS Agents are
No development
No SKEP follow up
Poor agent METHOD
customer service
MAN knowledge
Poor agent product MACHINE
Long HOLD Times
System access
Attrition over 7%
unequal salaries
No feedback on performance
over 7%
V
S
N
Home
Steps to create a Pareto Chart
1. Input your categories along with their values.
2. Calculate each category relative frequency.
3. Calculate accumulated frequency.
4. Filter your Categories from highest to lowest (FR)
5. Chart your categories along with their FR AND FA in a bar chart (Only Chart Categories that are part of the FA 80%
6. Select FA from the chart and change it to a line graph with a secondary axis.
Categories Value FR FA
1 Better Job Offer 13 30% 30%
2 Burnout 10 23% 52%
3 Supervisor 7 16% 68%
4 Management 6 14% 82%
5 Studies 5 11% 93%
6 Relocation 3 7% 100%
Exercise 1
* Campaign XYZ is currently having quality issues, they only have 6 behaviors in their scorecards and the vendor m
Use the data below and graphically explain what's happening with the low quality results and in what should the ca
orecards and the vendor manager just started asking what's going on.
s and in what should the campaign be focusing on.
Home
Steps to create a Run Chart
1. Create a header for the dates you evaluate an "X" value.
2. Create a header for the value (i.e KPI) to evaluate.
3. Input the respective information down each header.
4. Chart both values on a linear graph.
Date X Value
12/16 14.14%
12/23 10.97%
12/30 9.59%
16.00%
1/6 11.44%
1/13 5.82% 14.00%
1/20 7.96% 12.00%
1/27 10.34% 10.00%
2/3 11.93%
8.00%
2/10 8.67%
2/17 6.00%
8.90%
2/24 9.35% 4.00%
3/2 12.53% 2.00%
0.00%
12/16 12/23 12/30 1/6
Exercise 2
*Your campaign started having a high volume of outages this month and this is directly impacting your FCR due to c
showing the markets with highest amount of outages during the month so that they can take a look and see what's
and select wich market to show from the data below:
X Value
/16 12/23 12/30 1/6 1/13 1/20 1/27 2/3 2/10 2/17 2/24 3/2
ly impacting your FCR due to customers repeatedly calling about it. You have prepared information for your client
can take a look and see what's happening with their network. Graphically explain outages
Home
Steps to create a X-mR Control Chart Formulas
1. Create a header for the dates you evaluate an "X" value.
2. Create a header for the value (i.e KPI) to evaluate. UCLx = Xbar + 3 mR/d2
3. Input the respective information down each header.
4. Chart both values on a linear graph. LCLx = Xbar - 3 mR/d2
Date X Value
9/30 5 X Value 5 6 19 4 1 1 4 10 6 5
10/7 6 R 1 13 15 3 0 3 6 4 1
10/14 19 mR 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9
10/21 4 UCLr 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8
10/28 1 Xbar 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2
11/4 1 UCLx 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1
11/11 4 LCLx 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8
11/18 10
11/25 6
12/2 5
12/9 11 Individuals Chart
12/16 23 35
12/23 7
12/30 5 30
1/6 20
1/13 1 25
1/20 11
20
X Value
15
10
0
9/30 10/7 10/14 10/21 10/28 11/4 11/11 11/18 11/25 12/2 12/9 12/16 12/23 12/30 1/6
Week Number
Formulas Constant
11 23 7 5 20 1 11
6 12 16 2 15 19 10
7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9
25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8
8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2
29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1
12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8
rt 30
Moving Range Chart
25
20
X
Val X Value 15
ue Variation
Xb
ar 10
0
/9 12/16 12/23 12/30 1/6 1/13 1/20 9/30 10/30 11/30
Week Number
ng Range Chart
R
m
R
11/30 12/30
Week Number
AHT Control Chart - Site A
Stand. Dev: 50
AHT secs
21-Oct 331 353 203 503 300
28-Oct 321 353 203 503
200
4-Nov 386 353 203 503
11-Nov 326 353 203 503 100
18-Nov 366 353 203 503 0
25-Nov 402 353 203 503 30-Sep 7-Oct 14-Oct 21-Oct 28-Oct 4-
2-Dec 370 353 203 503 Dat
9-Dec 312 353 203 503
326 353 203 503
333 353 203 503
363 353 203 503
412 353 203 503
400 353 203 503
430 353 203 503
310 353 203 503
200 353 203 503
365 353 203 503
410 353 203 503
371 353 203 503
348 353 203 503
399 353 203 503
323 353 203 503
320 353 203 503
432 353 203 503
331 353 203 503
364 353 203 503
331 353 203 503
320 353 203 503
AHT Performance - Site A
AHT
Mean
LSL
USL
Date
Home
Steps to create a Histogram
1. Input your categories along with their values (Decide how many distributions[categories] you need).
2. Calculate each category quantity of values (i.e agents)
3. Calculate the relative frequency[FR] for each distribution.
4. Calculate the accumulative frequency[FA] for each distribution.
4. Chart your categories along with their # of people, FR and FA in a stacked column chart.
5. Use your categories as axis (text axis).
6. Select your FA and chart it as a line (Use a secondary axis for it).
7. Include data labels for your FR and FA
Categories # of people FR FA 14
0-60 6 13.6% 13.6%
60-120 4 9.1% 22.7% 12
120-180 10 22.7% 45.5% 22.7%
180-240 3 6.8% 10
52.3%
240-320 9 20.5% 72.7%
8
320+ 12 27.3% 100.0%
13.6% 45.5%
6
9.1%
4 22.7%
13.6%
2
0
0-60 60-120 120-180
Exercise 3
*Your LOB is not performing to the goal and the client just sent an email wanting the following answers now: Why i
from the whole floor. State the charts you would use and create a histogram based on the information below:
100.0%
100.0%
27.3% 90.0%
80.0%
22.7% 72.7%
20.5% 70.0%
60.0%
52.3%
FR
45.5% 50.0%
# of people
40.0% FA
9.1%
30.0%
22.7% 6.8%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
60-120 120-180 180-240 240-320 320+
owing answers now: Why is this happening? How many agents are not performing and their representativeness
he information below:
Home
Steps to create a scatter diagram
1. Identify your possible X (Independent Variable) that impacts your Y (Dependent Variable).
2. Create header for each name with the following order X Value - 1st , Y Value - 2nd.
3. Include each variable information below its respective header.
4. Chart using a scatter diagram.
5. Verify that the X and Y Values are selected correctly in the chart.
6. Choose trendline options and activate R squared value.
X Value Y Value
73% 3:50 Y Value
61% 5:50
10:48
69% 7:30
9:36
16% 8:54
52% 5:00 8:24
90% 10:00 7:12
6:00 R² = =0.038116154994731
f(x) 0.074708158553637 x + 0.21780232822814
40% 4:58
61% 6:00 4:48
68% 6:32 3:36
47% 7:21 2:24
25% 3:59 1:12
50% 5:34 0:00
57% 5:12 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Exercise 4
Is there any correlation between the following KPI's? Why? Explain with a scatter chart and show their R squared va
KPI - 1 KPI - 2
85% 82%
97% 77%
60% 63%
50% 52%
91% 84%
98% 100%
99% 97%
76% 66%
89% 89%
69% 68%
50% 55%
78% 75%
56% 59%
75% 78%
77% 77%
81% 79%
66% 66%
50% 52%
77% 79%
90% 75%
65% 56%
62% 78%
67% 62%
60% 60%
97% 97%
66% 66%
82% 82%
100% 100%
84% 84%
61% 61%
63% 63%
77% 97%
75% 75%
Y Value
Y Value
553637
94731 x + 0.21780232822814 Linear (Y Value)
Linear (Y Value)
Type of Variation
Common Cause
Special Cause
- Expected
- Chance
- Unexpected
Is usually of larger magnitude
compared to common cause variation. - Unpredictable
It is usually due to special causes and
happens once in a while. No Undue
influence by any of the machines and - Not normal
processes.
Precautionary measure should be taken
to avoid recurrence of special causes - Not random
- Assignable
Home Control vs. Specification Limits
Q1 (Aug-Sept-Oct)
80.77%
73.62%
73.38%
73.32%
73.28%
Exercise 4 72.78%
*Open a new excel file and create the same boxplot. 72.75%
72.63%
72.58%
72.51%
72.44%
72.36%
72.24%
72.22%
72.14%
72.09%
71.97%
71.91%
71.90%
71.90%
71.88%
71.84%
71.75%
71.70%
71.70%
71.46%
71.40%
71.37%
71.35%
71.33%
71.32%
71.31%
71.28%
71.20%
71.19%
71.16%
71.10%
71.09%
71.05%
71.02%
71.02%
71.00%
70.98%
70.93%
70.88%
70.86%
70.82%
70.81%
70.79%
70.78%
70.76%
70.74%
70.74%
70.72%
70.61%
70.61%
70.51%
70.43%
70.38%
70.34%
70.32%
70.28%
70.24%
70.20%
70.16%
70.15%
70.13%
70.12%
70.03%
70.01%
69.99%
69.98%
69.92%
69.80%
69.75%
69.74%
69.61%
69.55%
69.49%
69.43%
69.41%
69.28%
69.27%
69.24%
69.19%
69.18%
69.06%
69.02%
68.96%
68.93%
68.73%
68.19%
68.16%
66.67%
66.67%
63.41%
59.09%
55.00%
54.05%
50.00%
72.0%
71.0%
necessary variables to chart a boxplot.
70.0%
68.0%
same color)
67.0%
error bars options and choose "Plus with Cap"
error bars options and choose "Minus with Cap"
66.0%
Q1 (Aug-Sept-Oct)
Q2 (Sept-Oct-Nov)
72.51%
71.68%
71.28%
71.22%
71.21%
71.17%
71.09%
71.01%
70.70%
70.55%
70.36%
70.36%
70.35%
70.31%
70.30%
70.28%
70.27%
70.14%
70.12%
70.03%
70.02%
70.02%
69.92%
69.91%
69.86%
69.82%
69.79%
69.66%
69.66%
69.62%
69.61%
69.59%
69.59%
69.57%
69.57%
69.54%
69.53%
69.52%
69.49%
69.45%
69.42%
69.40%
69.39%
69.39%
69.37%
69.32%
69.31%
69.18%
69.17%
69.16%
69.12%
69.09%
69.08%
69.06%
69.04%
68.95%
68.95%
68.93%
68.92%
68.85%
68.79%
68.77%
68.76%
68.72%
68.71%
68.60%
68.59%
68.55%
68.52%
68.50%
68.44%
68.40%
68.39%
68.34%
68.33%
68.29%
68.28%
68.26%
68.05%
67.88%
67.87%
67.86%
67.85%
67.74%
67.57%
67.54%
67.52%
67.48%
67.34%
66.88%
66.77%
66.59%
66.34%
66.32%
65.91%
65.08%
64.71%
64.57%
64.48%
64.15%
72.0%
71.0%
70.0%
NOT ON GOAL
HEIGHT3
69.0% HEIGHT2
HEIGHT1
68.0% MEDIAN
KPI Average
67.0%
66.0%
Q1 (Aug-Sept-Oct) Q2 (Sept-Oct-Nov)
Q1 (Aug-Sept-Oct) Q2 (Sept-Oct-Nov)
MINIMUM 50.0% 64.2%
QUARTILE1 69.7% 68.3%
MEDIAN 70.8% 69.1%
QUARTILE3 71.5% 69.8%
MAXIMUM 80.8% 72.5%
0
4/1/2013 4/2/2013 4/3/2013
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00 0.00
0.00
4/1/2013 4/2/2013 4/3/2013
XMR - Control Chart
10
9 9 9 9
8
0 0.00 0.00
R
mR
UCLr
0.00
3 4/8/2013
Formulas Constant
UCLx = Xbar + 3 mR/d2 d2 1.128
9.00 9.00 9.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 9.00 9.00 #N/A #N/A
0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00
0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57
1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87
9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
10.52 10.52 10.52 10.52 10.52 10.52 10.52 10.52
7.48 7.48 7.48 7.48 7.48 7.48 7.48 7.48
#N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
#N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
#N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
#N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
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#N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
#N/A #N/A #N/A
Associates Names KPI Performance Home
Perez, Winston 0.00
Garcia, Daniel 75.00
Simmons, Rodolfo 75.00
Bustos, Juan 80.00
Sandoval, Thelma 80.00
Delgadillo, Estefania 80.00
Martinez, Johana 80.00 16
Zamora, Blanca 82.50
Gonzales, Elton 85.00 14
Portobanco, Ariel 85.00
Lopez, Carlos 85.00 12
Rostran, Luis 85.00
10
Rocha, Mario 85.00
Romero, Claudia 85.00 8
Mena, Omayra 85.00
Adams, Darlyn 85.00 6
Aragon, Luis 85.00
4
Palacios, Karelia 87.50
Acevedo, Denis 90.00 2
Morales, Egberto 90.00
1 0 0 0 0
Fox, Sheneyka 90.00 0
Larios, Sofia 90.00 1 2 3 4 5
Histogram
16
14
12
10
2
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
LCL UCL
82 96
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0 0 2 4 11 14 9 12
0
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Histogram Data
100.00
f(x) = x
R² = 1
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
n Line
Request
for Activity 1
Product
Activity 2
Decision Y
?
N
Document
Request
Satisfied
1st Week 2nd Week 3rd Week 4th Week
Associates Names
Performance Performance Performance Performance Home
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1st Week Performance 2nd Week Performance 3rd Week Performance
RED ZONE [input ->] HEIGHT1 HEIGHT2 HEIGHT3 MEDIAN KPI Average
erformance 4th Week Performance
12.00 56.00
10.00 5.00
14.00 9.00
12.00 6.00
14.00 5.00
23.92 62.06
70.00 70.00
0.69 0.69
Coach / Call Driver Amt. of Calls KPI RESULT Impact Home
Call Driver #2 4672.00 20.00 4.77%
Call Driver #20 4872.00 66.00 1.71%
Call Driver #22 4532.00 65.00 1.65%
Call Driver #12 4199.00 65.00 1.53%
Call Driver #4 4041.00 66.00 1.42%
Call Driver #17 3781.00 65.00 1.38%
Call Driver #7 4993.00 73.00 1.24%
Call Driver #11 3777.00 73.00 0.94%
Call Driver #1 3349.00 72.00 0.88%
Call Driver #6 2265.00 65.00 0.83%
Call Driver #3 1953.00 67.00 0.66%
Call Driver #15 1777.00 66.00 0.62%
Call Driver #8 2260.00 73.00 0.56%
Call Driver #18 1393.00 65.00 0.51%
Call Driver #10 1990.00 73.00 0.49%
Call Driver #9 1278.00 66.00 0.45%
Call Driver #21 2649.00 80.00 0.39%
Call Driver #5 1452.00 73.00 0.36%
Call Driver #13 2153.00 80.00 0.31%
Call Driver #25 1946.00 80.00 0.28%
Call Driver #14 4357.00 100.00 0.00%
Call Driver #23 3966.00 100.00 0.00%
Call Driver #19 3149.00 100.00 0.00%
Call Driver #24 2904.00 100.00 0.00%
Call Driver #16 2415.00 100.00 0.00%
Coach / Call Driver Amt. of Calls KPI RESULT Impact Input your data according to the headers from colu
Call Driver #2 4672 20 4.77% and sort the values depending on the pareto you w
Call Driver #20 4872 66 1.71%
Call Driver #22 4532 65 1.65%
Call Driver #12 4199 65 1.53%
Call Driver #4 4041 66 1.42% 7.00%
Call Driver #17 3781 65 1.38% 6.00%
Call Driver #7 4993 73 1.24% 5.00%
Call Driver #11 3777 73 0.94% 4.00% 41
34%
Call Driver #1 3349 72 0.88% 3.00% 29%
24%
2.00% 18%
Call Driver #6 2265 65 0.83% 13%
1.00% 6%
Call Driver #3 1953 67 0.66% 6% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 7
Call Driver #15 1777 66 0.62% 0.00%
Call Driver #8 2260 73 0.56% 1 2 3 4 5 6
Call Driver #18 1393 65 0.51%
Call Driver #10 1990 73 0.49%
Call Driver #9 1278 66 0.45%
Call Driver #21 2649 80 0.39%
Call Driver #5 1452 73 0.36%
Call Driver #13 2153 80 0.31%
Call Driver #25 1946 80 0.28% 25.00%
Call Driver #23 3966 100 0.00%
20.00% 6
Call Driver #19 3149 100 0.00% 59%
53%
Call Driver #24 2904 100 0.00% 15.00% 46%
39%
Call Driver #14 4357 100 0.00% 31%
10.00%
Call Driver #16 2415 100 0.00% 23%
5.00%
23% 8% 8% 7% 7% 7%
0.00%
1 2 3 4 5 6
ing to the headers from columns A-D, refresh the pivot table KPI AVERAGE Total Calls Input KPI Goal
pending on the pareto you want to use. 74.12 76123 90
6% 6% 5% 5% 7% 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 3%
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 3 9 4 4
r #2 r #1 r #2 r #1
e e e e
Driv D riv Driv Driv
ll ll ll ll ll D
Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca
8% 7% 7% 7% 6% 4% 4% 4%
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 5 8 8 0 9 1 5 3 5 3 9 4 4
er# r #1 er# r #1 r #1 er# r #2 er# r #1 r #2 r #2 r #1 r #2 r #1
riv riv
e
Dr
iv
riv
e
riv
e
Dr
iv
riv
e
Dr
iv
riv
e
riv
e
riv
e
riv
e
riv
e
riv
e
la l D ll D l l
ll D ll D ll
ll D ll
ll D ll D ll D ll D ll D ll D ll D
C Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
3 9 4 4 6
r #2 r #1 r #2 r #1 r #1
e e e e e
Driv Driv Driv Driv
ll ll ll ll
Ca Ca Ca Ca
Amt. of Calls FR% Impact FR% Amt. of Calls FA% Impact FA%
6.14% 22.75% 6.14% 22.75%
6.40% 8.14% 12.54% 30.89%
5.95% 7.88% 18.49% 38.77%
5.52% 7.30% 24.01% 46.08%
5.31% 6.75% 29.32% 52.83%
4.97% 6.58% 34.28% 59.40%
6.56% 5.91% 40.84% 65.31%
4.96% 4.47% 45.80% 69.78%
4.40% 4.19% 50.20% 73.97%
2.98% 3.94% 53.18% 77.91%
2.57% 3.13% 55.74%
2.33% 2.97% 58.08%
2.97% 2.67% 61.05%
1.83% 2.42% 62.88%
2.61% 2.35% 65.49%
1.68% 2.13% 67.17%
3.48% 1.84% 70.65%
1.91% 1.72% 72.56%
2.83% 1.50% 75.39%
2.56% 1.35% 77.94%
5.21% 0.00%
4.14% 0.00%
3.81% 0.00%
5.72% 0.00%
3.17% 0.00%