LITERATURE TOPIC COMPILATION It is a term used to described written or spoken

material. Broadly speaking, ―literature is used

Literature is defined as: to describe anything from creative writing to
more technical or scientific works, but the term
Amador Daguio
is most commonly used to refer to works of the
It is the beautiful expression of man‘s personal creative imagination, including works of poetry,
interpretation of some aspect of human life, or a drama, fiction, and nonfiction.
wording out in a unique, beautiful and personal
What is Literature?
manner of saying what an author thinks is a
passionate meaning of life. This is saying that Is language in use that provides insights and
literature not only becomes but is ―life itself. intellectual stimulation to the readers. It is a
product of a particular culture that concretizes
Teofilo del Castillo and Buenaventura
man‘s array of a values, emotions, actions and
Medina
idea. It is therefore a creation of human
It is an eternally burning flame, exuding light experience that tells about people and their
that renders significance to civilization. It can world.
die only if the printed word disappears from the
face of the earth, and if man ceases to give
effective expression to his thoughts and Faraday (2019-Batch 3)
emotions.
defined literature as… As a way of portraying
Francisco O. Javines one‘s thoughts and feelings where taken as a
form of art that needs more analysis that can
It develops a keener sensitiveness to life, a
give positive or negative effects to the people. It
clearer self-knowledge, a more balanced sense
teaches us lessons and sensitivity to every
of values.
individual, letting us connect with each other. It
Roger Don SJ. Cerda showcases artistic and intellectual value that can
be useful to get us through life and transform us
Literature liberates people from political into a wiser, fiercer, and better version of
oppression, social injustice, economic ourselves.
inequality, and emotional inhibition as reflected
in short stories, novels, dramas, essays, and What is the importance of studying
other literary genres. literature?

Virginia Woolf 1. Literature allows us to see the world in

different vantage points - It enables us to see
It is strewn with the wreckage of men who have the world in different perspectives; what is
minded beyond reason the opinion of others. perceived to be ―good‖ may not be good in
your own standard, in the same way that what is
C.S. Lewis
perceived to be ―bad‖ may not necessarily be
It adds to reality. It does not simply describe. bad in your own consciousness because we see
things in different angles.
Esther Lombardi ―
2. Literature relives history - It has historical
grounding, thus, making the readers aware of
some important facts in the past to make sense 8. Literature enables us to transcend our
of the present circumstances where we are in. In immediate time, place, and culture and to
short, we are able to establish the connection make connections with other human beings
between the past and the present, and what and their concerns -It enables us to break away
tomorrow may bring. from or go beyond our present reality through
the power of imagination, enabling one to travel
3. Literature links us with the world of which thru time and space at the same time establish
we are a part -It helps us understand the people good human relations by realizing peoples‘
across nations – their cultures, traditions, beliefs, angst evident in the literary pieces that we are
and religious practices; thus, making us live expected to.
harmoniously by recognizing and respecting
individual differences. 9. Literature helps us grow both personally
and intellectually -Since it reflects significant
4. Literature sharpens our senses of moral human experiences, it allows us to grow
judgment -It hones our sense of morality be personally by learning from the experience of
delineating the distinction between art and other people, thus, enabling us to handle varied
pornography, right from wrong, moral and human situations that we never experience
immoral, and it enables us to make our personal before; and intellectually because it enhances
judgment based on our standard of morality. our vocabulary range vis-à-vis our mental
faculty, thus, making us think critically to
5. Literature stimulates our imagination and
articulate and defend our point of view.
ingenuity -It fuels our imagination and
creativity to reconstruct the plot; these are 10. Literature reminds us that we are human
essential to make sense of any literary work, beings -It makes us realize that we have our own
whether it is read, performed, or viewed. limitations, insecurities, and imperfections; that
despite our shortcomings, we learn from our
6. Literature shows the significance of irony,
experiences and from the experiences of other
paradox, oxymoron, and ambivalence -It
people, making us better individuals –
acquaints us to different poetic devices and
responsible, self-reliant, compassionate,
poetic dictions to unearth the message of the
Godloving, and God-fearing.
poets different from fictionists and playwrights;
most of time, it will require us to have working Introduction to Philippine Literature
knowledge of literary theories or approaches to
recreate the writer‘s intended meaning. Quarter 1 – Module 1: Geographic, Linguistic
and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine Literary
7. Literature encourages us to develop mature History from Pre-Colonial to the
empathy with all forms of life – human, Contemporary Lesson 1: Geographic,
animal, and plant -It nurtures our sensibility Linguistic and Ethnic Dimensions of
and compassion for the environment and Philippine Literary History from PreColonial
everything in it by making us grasp the to the Contemporary
interconnectedness of life on earth that the
obliteration of one tree is tantamount to the Our forefathers already had their literature,
extinction of animal and plant species, and with which reflected in their customs and traditions.
that, we were reminded to be stewards of God‘s They had their alphabet even before they had
creation for the earth serves as the habitat of all. colonized. The Spanish friars burned their
alphabet in the belief that they were works of the
devil or were written on materials that quickly later time, liberal ideas and an internationalism
perished, like the barks of trees, dried leaves, that influenced our own Filipino intellectuals
and bamboo cylinders, which could not have and writers for them to understand the meanings
remained firm even if efforts were made to of ―liberty and freedom.‖ Literature in this
preserve them. Our unique geographic location period may be classified as religious prose and
is the reason why we are rich. poetry and secular prose and poetry.

PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE Understanding Literary History Literature in

this period may be classified as religious prose
Pre-Colonial Times- Pre-colonial inhabitants of and poetry and secular prose and poetry.
our islands showcase a rich past through their
folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and •Spanish Influences On Philippine Literature
indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that The first Filipino alphabet, called ALIBATA,
affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian was replaced by the Roman alphabet. Also, the
neighbors. Characterized by: teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the
basis of religious practices. European legends
• Folk tales. These are made up of stories about and traditions brought here became assimilated
life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
one can derive lessons. An example of this is
THE MOON AND THE SUN. • Folk Songs It manifests the artistic feelings of
the Filipinos and shows their innate appreciation
• The Epic Age. Epics are long narrative poems for and love of beauty. The examples are Leron-
in which a series of heroic achievements or Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong
events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at Banggi, and Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing.
length.
• Recreational Plays There were many
• Folk Songs. These are one of the oldest forms recreational plays performed by Filipinos during
of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre- the Spanish times. Almost all of them were in a
Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early poetic form such Cenaculo, Panunuluyan,
forms of culture. Many of these have 12 Salubong and Zarzuela.
syllables. Examples of which are Kundiman,
Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1972-
Oyayi o Hele, Diana, Soliraning and Talindaw 1898)

The Spanish Colonial Tradition In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated

in Europe called Ilustrados began to write about
While it is true that Spain subjugated the the hitch of colonization.
Philippines for more mundane reasons, this
former European power contributed much in the The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) -
shaping and recording of our literature. Religion This movement was spearheaded mostly by the
and institutions that represented European intellectual middleclass like Jose Rizal,
civilization enriched the languages in the Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena,
lowlands, introduced theater which we would Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma.
come to know as komedya, thesinakulo, the Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno.
sarswela, the playlets and the drama. Spain
also brought to the country, though at a much
 Some of Rizal’s writings: Noli Me Tangere, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its
Mi Ultimo Adios, Sobre La Indolencia Delos development when another foreign country,
Filipinos and Filipinas Dentro De Cien Aňos. Japan, conquered the Philippines between1941-
1945. Philippine literature in English came to a
 Some of Del Pilar’s writings: Pagibig sa halt. This led to all newspapers not to be
Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country), Kaingat circulated in the community except for
Kayo (Be Careful), and Dasalan at Tocsohan TRIBUNE and PHILIPPINE REVIEW.
(Prayers and Jokes).
 Filipino Poetry during this period The
 Some of Jaena’s writings: Ang Fray Botod, common theme of most poems during the
La Hija Del Fraile (The Child of the Friar), and Japanese occupation was nationalism,
Everything Is Hambug (Everything is mere country, love, and life in the barrios, faith,
show), Sa Mga Pilipino...1891), and religion, and the arts.
Talumpating Pagunita Kay Kolumbus (An
Oration to Commemorate Columbus).  Three types of poems emerged during this
period: 4
THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1944)
a. Haiku , a poem of free verse that the Japanese
The American Colonial Period like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into
three lines and
A new set of colonizers brought about new
changes in Philippine literature. New literary b. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short, but it had
forms such as free verse [in poetry], the modern measure and rhyme.
short story and the critical essay were
introduced. American influence was deeply c. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)
entrenched with the firm establishment of
English as the medium of instruction in all PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
schools and with literary modernism that (1941-1945)
highlighted the writer‘s individuality and Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the
cultivated consciousness of craft, sometimes at Japanese in the writing and publishing of works
the expense of social consciousness. in English, Philippine literature in English
Linguistically, Americans influenced Filipino experienced a dark period. For the first twenty
writers to write using English language. Jose years, many books were published both in
Garcia Villa became famous for his free verse. Filipino and in English. In the New Filipino
Characteristics of Literature during this period: Literature, Philippine literature in Tagalog was
The languages used in writing were Spanish and revived during this period. Most themes in the
Tagalog and the dialects of the different regions. writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, the
But the writers in Tagalog, continued in their poverty of life under the Japanese government,
lamentations on the conditions of the country and the brave guerilla exploits.
and their attempts to arouse love for one‘s native PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
tongue and the writers in English imitated the According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in
themes and methods of the Americans. 1970-72 was due to domestic and worldwide
THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) causes. Because of the ills of society, the youth
moved to seek reforms.
The Literary Revolution span of the existence of the real Republic of the
Philippines, several changes already became
The youth became vocal with their sentiments. evident. It was noticed in the new Filipino
They demanded a change in the government. It songs, newspapers, speeches, and even in the
was manifested in the bloody demonstrations television programs. The now crony newspapers
and the sidewalk expressions and also in that enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation
literature. were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the
PEOPLE‘S JOURNAL
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-
1980) 21st CENTURY PERIOD
The period of the New Society started on The new trends have been used and introduced
September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca Awards to meet the needs and tastes of the new
continued to give annual awards. Poems dealt generation. 21st Century learners are demanded
with patience, regard for native culture, customs, to be ICT inclined to compete with the style and
and the beauties of nature and surroundings. format of writing as well. New codes or lingos
Newspapers donned new forms. News on are used to add flavor in the literary pieces
economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism, produced nowadays. The
and the like were favored more than the
sensationalized reporting of killings, rape, and Contemporary Period
robberies. Filipinos before were hooked in
reading magazines and comics. The flowering of Philippine literature in the
various languages continues especially with the
PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC appearance of new publications after the Martial
(1981-1985) Law years and the resurgence of committed
literature in the 1960s and the 1970s. Filipino
After ten years of military rule and some writers continue to write poetry, short stories,
changes in the life of the Filipino, which started novellas, novels and essays whether these are
under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last socially committed, gender/ethnic related or are
lifted on January 2, 1981. The Philippines personal in intention or not. Of course the
became a new nation, and this, former President Filipino writer has become more conscious of
Marcos called ―The New Republic of the his art with the proliferation of writers
Philippines.‖ Poems during this period of the workshops here and abroad and the bulk of
Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. literature available to him via the mass media
Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were including the internet. The various literary
true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, awards such as the Don Carlos Palanca
aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country Memorial Awards for Literature, the Philippines
and fellowmen. Free Press, Philippine Graphic, Home Life and
Panorama literary awards encourage him to
POST-EDSA 1 REVOLUTION (1986-1995)
compete with his peers and hope that his
History took another twist. Once more, the creative efforts will be rewarded in the long run.
Filipino people regained their independence,
Summary:
which they lost twenty years ago. In four days
from February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People
Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. In the short
1. Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by badness. The moral/intellectual critical approach
Legends, Folk Tales, The Epic Age, and Folk is concerned with content and values. The
Songs. approach is as old as literature itself, for
literature is a traditional mode of imparting
2. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) was morality, philosophy, and religion. The concern
spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle- in moral/intellectual criticism is not only to
class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano discover meaning but also to determine whether
Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, works of literature are both true and significant.
Jose Ma. Panganiban and Pedro Paterno. To study literature from the moral/intellectual
perspective is therefore to determine whether a
3. In the American Regime, Americans
work conveys a lesson or message and whether
influenced Filipino writers to write using the
it can help readers lead better lives and improve
English language. English as a medium of
their understanding of the world: What ideas
instruction was introduced in the schools as the
does the work contain? How strongly does the
intellectual language of education.
work bring forth its ideas? What application do
4. In the Period of Activism, campus newspapers the ideas have to the work‘s characters and
were written to show their protest. They held situations? How may the ideas be evaluated
pens and wrote on placards in red paint the intellectually? Morally? Discussions based on
equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!). such questions do not imply that literature is
primarily a medium of moral and intellectual
5. Period of the New Society poems dealt with exhortation. Ideally, moral/intellectual criticism
patience, regard for native culture, customs, and should differ from sermonizing to the degree
the beauties of nature and surroundings. that readers should always be left with their own
decisions about whether to assimilate the ideas
6. The period of the Third Republic was
of a work and about whether the ideas—and
romantic and revolutionary.
values—are personally or morally acceptable.
7. Post EDSA I noticed in the new Filipino Sophisticated critics have sometimes demeaned
songs, in the newspapers, in the speeches, and the moral/intellectual approach on the grounds
even in the television programs. that ―message hunting‖ reduces a work‘s
artistic value by treating it like a sermon or
Literary Approaches political speech; but the approach will be
valuable as long as readers expect literature to be
1. Formalistic or Literary Approach:
applicable to their own lives.
Literature is viewed intrinsically, independent of
the author, age, or any other extrinsic factor. The 3. Historical Approach: Literature is seen both
study of the selection is more or less based on as a reflection and product of the times and
the so-called ―literary elements. circumstances in which it was written. It
operates on the premise that the history of a
2. Moral or Humanistic Approach: Literature
nation has telling effects on its literature and that
is viewed to discuss man and its nature. It
the piece can be better understood and
presents man as essentially rational; that is,
appreciated if one knows the times surrounding
endowed with intellect and free will; or that the
its creation.
piece does not misinterpret the true nature of
man. The approach is close to the ‗morality‘ of 4. Sociological Approach: Literature is viewed
literature, to questions of ethical goodness or as the expression of man within a given social
situation which is reduced to discussions on female, heterosexual/ homosexual, etc. by which
economics, in which men are somewhat the first category is assigned privilege, power,
simplistically divided into haves and haves not, and centrality, while the second is derogated,
thus passing into the ―proletarian approach‖ subordinated, and marginalized.
which tends to underscore the conflict between
the two classes. The sociological approach 10. Marxist Criticism: Focuses on how literary
stresses on social relevance, social commitment, works are products of the economic and
contemporaneity, and it deems communication ideological determinants specific to that era.
with the reader important. Critics examine the relationship of a literary
product to the actual economic and social reality
5. Cultural Approach: Literature is seen as one of its time and place (Class stratification, class
of the manifestations and vehicles of a nation‘s relations, and dominant ideology).
or race‘s culture and tradition. It includes the
entire complex of what goes under ―culture‖ – 11. Deconstruction: Focuses on the practice of
the technological, artistic, sociological, reading a text in order to ―subvert‖ or
ideological aspects; and considers the literary ―undermine‖ the assumption that the text can be
piece in the total cultural milieu in which it was interpreted coherently to have a universal
born. The thrust is to make full use of the determinate meaning. Typically, deconstructive
reciprocal function between culture and readings closely examine the conflicting
literature. The approach is one of the richest forces/meanings within the text in order to show
ways to arrive at the culture of people and one of that the text has an indefinite array of possible
the most pleasurable ways of appreciating the readings/significations.
literature of people. 12. Archetypal/Mythic Criticism: Focuses on
6. Psychological Approach: Literature is recurrent narrative designs, patterns of action,
viewed as the expression of ―personality‖ of character types, or images which are said to be
―inner drives, of ―neurosis.‖ It includes the identifiable in a wide variety of literary works,
psychology of the author, of the characters, and myths, dreams, and even ritualized modes of
even the psychology of creation. It has resulted behavior. Critics tend to emphasize the mythical
in an almost exhausting and exhausted patterns in literature, such as the deathrebirth
―psychological analysis‖ of characters, of theme and journey of the hero.
symbols and images, of recurrent themes, and 13. Modernism/Post-Modernism: Modernism
others. is a rejection of traditional forms of literature
7. Impressionistic Approach: Literature is (chronological plots, continuous narratives,
viewed to elucidate "action-response‖ which is closed endings etc.) in favor of experimental
considered as something very personal, relative, forms. They have nostalgia for the past that they
and fruitful. Unconditioned by explanations and feel is lost so Modernist texts often include
often taking the impact of the piece as a whole, multiple allusions. Post-Modernists follow the
it seeks to see how the piece has communicated. same principles but celebrate the new forms of
fragmentation rather than lamenting them. •Look
8. Queer Theory: Combined area of gay and for ironies within a text •Analyze fragmentation
lesbian studies and criticism, including studies and a mixing of genres and forms •Blurs the line
of variations in biological sex, gender identity, between ―high‖ literature (classics) and popular
and sexual desires. Emphasis on dismantling the literature (NY Times Bestsellers)
key binary oppositions of Western culture: male/
14. Post-Colonialism Criticism: Post- affiliation, and social status because it deals with
colonialism literature is most commonly written elemental feelings, fundamental truths, and
about countries that have been previously universal conditions.
colonized. A post-colonial lens would approach
literature and look for what effects colonization 7. STYLE. An artwork manifests the artists‘
has left on a society or on individual characters. ingenuity and originality. He deviates from usual
This criticism looks through literature with the convention, but he is able to showcase his talent
post-colonial theory. beyond mediocrity.

7 LITERARY STANDARDS Quarter 1 – Module 2: Conventional and 21st

Century Genres
1. ARTISTRY. It is a quality that appeals to the
readers‘ standard of beauty. It has an aesthetic 21st Century Literature 21st Century
appeal. Literature refers to new literary work created
within the last decade. It is written by
2. INTELLECTUAL VALUE. It is appeals to contemporary authors which may deal with
our intellect. An artwork inflames critical current themes/ issues and reflects a
thinking. It helps you uncover indispensable technological culture. It often breaks traditional
truths about life and human nature. writing rules.

3. SUGGESTIVENESS. It appeals to our 21st Century Reader A 21st Century Reader

emotion. It makes us sympathize or empathize grew up using technology as a primary learning
with the people involved in an artwork. It tool. He is capable of navigating and interpreting
unravels and conjures man‘s emotional power to digital formats and media messages. He also
define symbolism, nuances, implied meanings, possesses literacy skills, which include
images and messages, giving and evoking technological abilities such as keyboarding,
visions above and beyond the plane of ordinary internet navigation, interpretation of
life and experience. technological speak, ability to communicate and
interpret coded language and decipher graphics.
4. SPIRITUAL VALUE. It appeals to our sense
of morality by making us undergo self- 4 Major Literary Genres POETRY
realization that makes us better persons. It
subsumes the capacity to inspire; ordinary is an imaginative awareness of experience
people who do things extraordinarily well. expressed through meaning, sound and rhythmic
language choices to evoke an emotional
5. PERMANENCE. An excellent artwork lasts. response. It has been known to employ meter
It stands the test of time. It can be read on and rhyme. The very nature of poetry as an
several occasions with the feeling that you are authentic and individual mode of expression
reading it for the first time for each reading makes it nearly impossible to define.
provides new insights about the worlds we live
in. 1. LYRIC POETRY

6. UNIVERSALITY. A superb artwork is A. Song

timeless and timely; it is forever relevant; it B. Sonnet
appeals to all regardless of one‘s race,
educational attainment, gender, religious C. Elegy
D. Ode • Parable

2. NARRATIVE POETRY • Fable

a. Ballad • Fairy Tale

b. Metrical Romance • Short Story

c. Epic • Novel

3. DRAMATIC POETRY • Novella

a. Dramatic Monologue NON-FICTION PROSE- is based on facts and

the author‘s opinion about a subject. The
b. Soliloquy purpose of non-fiction writing is to inform and
sometimes to persuade. Its examples are
DRAMA- is a composition in prose or verse
biographies, articles from textbooks and
presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story
magazines and newspapers.
involving conflict more contrast of character,
especially on intended to be acted on a stage: a 1. AUTOBIOGRAPHY
play. It may be any situation or series of events
having vivid, emotional, conflicting or striking 2. BIOGRAPHY
interest.
3. CHARACTER SKETCH
1.TRAGEDY
4. DIARY OF JOURNAL
A. TRAGICOMEDY
5. EDITORIAL
B. MELODRAMA
6. ESSAY
2. COMEDY

A. SATIRICAL COMEDY
21st Century Literature Genres
B. THE COMEDY OF MANNERS
ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
C. ROMANTIC COMEDY
• Story through text and illustrated images
D. BLACK COMEDY
• 50% of the narrative is presented without
E. FARCE words

PROSE FICTION- is literature created from • The reader must interpret the images to
the imagination, not presented as fact, though it comprehend the story completely.
may be based on a true story or situation. Types
of literature in the fiction include the novel, • Textual portions are presented in traditional
short story and novella. form.

• Myth • Some illustrated novels may contain no text at

all.
• Legend
• Span all genres. • Shojo- Girl‘s Manga (Sailormoon)

• Examples include The Invention of Hugo • Seinen- Men‘s Manga (Akira)

Cabret by Brian Selznick and The Arrival by
Shaun Tan. • Josei- Women‘s Manga (Loveless, Paradise
Kiss)
DIGI-FICTION
• Kodomo- Children‘s Manga (Doraemon, Hello
• Triple Media Literature Kitty)

• Combines three media: book, movie/video and DOODLE FICTION

internet website To get the full story, students
must engage in navigation, reading, and viewing • Literary presentation where the author
in all three forms. incorporates doodle writing, drawings and
handwritten graphics in place of the traditional
• Patrick Carman‘s Skeleton Creek and Anthony font.
Zuiker‘s Level 26 are examples.
• Drawing enhances the story, often adding
GRAPHIC NOVEL humorous elements

• Narrative in comic book formats • Examples include The Diary of a Wimpy Kid
by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by Stephan
• Narrative work in which the story is conveyed Pastis.
to the reader using a comic form.
TEXT-TALK NOVELS
• The term is employed in broadly manner,
encompassing non-fiction works and • Blogs, email and IM format narratives
thematically linked short stories as well as
fictional stories across a number of genres. • Stories told almost entirely in dialogue
simulating social network exchanges.
• Archie Comics by John Goldwater and
illustrator, Bob Montana, is a good example. CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE

MANGA • Is genre fiction which addresses issues of

modern womanhood, often humorously and
• Japanese word for comics lightheartedly.

• It is used in the English-speaking world as a • Chick Lit typically features a female

generic term for all comic books and graphic protagonist whose femininity is heavily
novels originally published in Japan. thermalizing in the plot.

• Considered as an artistic and storytelling style. • Scarlet Bailey‘s The night before Christmas
• Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer to and Miranda Dickinson‘s It started with a Kiss
comics created by American artists in manga are examples of this.
style.
FLASH FICTION –
• Shonen- Boy‘s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One
Piece) Is a style of fictional literature of extreme
brevity
• There is no widely accepted definition of the • Examples include Suzanne Collins‘
length and category. It could range from word to Mockingjay and Sarah Maas‘ Kingdom of Ash.
a thousand.
BLOG
• SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION
• A weblog, a website containing short articles
• Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, called posts that are changed regularly.
never worn.
• Some blogs are written by one person
• Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him, containing his or her own opinions, interests and
Shit. experiences, while others are written by different
people.
CREATIVE NON-FICTION
HYPER POETRY
• Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative
non-fiction • Digital poetry that uses links and hypertext
mark-up
• A genre of writing that uses literary styles and
techniques to create factually accurate • It can either involved set words, phrases, lines,
narratives. etc. that are presented in variable

• Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as order but sit on the page much as traditional
technical writing or journalism, which is also poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem
rooted in accurate fact, but is not primarily that move and transform.
written in service to its craft.
• It is usually found online, through CD-ROM
• As a genre, creative non-fiction is still and diskette versions exist. The earliest
relatively young and is only beginning to be examples date to no later than the mid1980‘s.
scrutinized with the same critical analysis given
to fiction and poetry. CONVENTIONAL and 21st CENTURY
GENRES
• 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand,
and Stars by Antoine de SaintExupery are Types of Literature Prose
examples. a literary medium distinguished from poetry
SCIENCE FICTION especially by its greater irregularity and variety
of rhythm and its closed resemblance to the
• Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with patterns of everyday speech.
imaginative concepts such as futuristic science
and technology, space travel, time travel, faster Poetry – writing that formulates a concentrated
than light travel, a parallel universe and extra- imaginative awareness of experience in language
terrestrial life. chosen and arranged to create a specific
response through its meaning, sound, and
• Often explores the potential consequences of rhythm.
scientific and other innovations and has been
called a ―literature of ideas‖. Literary Genres –

Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Nonfiction

 FICTION Novels The Nibelungenlied – consists of 39 parts called
adventures, it tells the story of Siegfried and
• Short stories • Flash fiction / Sudden Fiction how he helps King Gunther win his bride. It is
also about the lack of union between rival,
POETRY
kindred tribes.
• Lyric : ode, song, elegy, sonnet, formal verses
The Song of Roland – probably written near the
• Narrative : epic, ballad, metrical tales
end of the 11th century. The story depicted the
• Dramatic : tragedy, comedy, classical drama great struggle of Christian knights of France
under Charlemagne against the Moors or the
 DRAMA • Prose Drama • Theater of the Mohammedans.
Absurd • Epic Theater
The Cid – written about 1200. The story tells of
EPICS the deeds of the great ―Cid‖ or ―Lord‖ Rodrigo
in his wars with the Moors.
• Sumerian/Babylonian (3,500B.C.)
The Divine Comedy – written by Dante, is the
The Epic of Gilgamesh – 24 clay tablets written greatest epic of Italy and of Medieval
in cuneiform writing; the search for immortality Christianity. The epic has three parts: Inferno,
• Persian Shanamah – the epic of kings, 60,000 Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The great purpose to
couplets written by Firdausi ; includes the story be accomplished in the epic is the salvation of
of ―Rustam and Sohrab‖ the soul.
• Indian Mahabharata – two families are Other Narrative Poems
claiming the kingdom; includes the play
―Shakuntala‖ written by Kalidasa Ramayana - Metrical Romance – a long rambling love story
Rama, Sita, and Lakhsman live in the forest for in verse. It is the type of literature most
14 years; Sita is abducted by Ravan characteristics of the Middle ages. Chivalry,
romantic love, religion predominate. Wonderful
• Greek The Iliad – written by Homer, consists and impossible adventures are set forth.
of 24 books covering the last 49 days of the
tenth year of the Trojan War, probably in the The Ballad – a short narrative poem which
10th century B.C. The Odyssey – also by could be sung. It‘s very short and told in great
Homer, consists also of 24 books, represents the rapidity. It tells a simple, serious story which
ten-year struggle of Odysseus to reach and save usually had a tragic ending; love, tragedy, and
his own kingdom, Ithaca, after the fall of Troy. the supernatural predominate.  Lord Randall,
Get Up and Bar the Door, Lochinvar, Richard
• Roman The Aeneid – was written by Virgil in
Cory, Eleanor Rigby, Ang Huling El Bimbo
the first century A.D. .The story tells of how
Aeneas is able to found the city of Rome. Other Narrative Poems

• Medieval / European Metrical Tale – comparable to a short story in

verse. It deals with any emotion or phase of life,
Beowulf – England‘s oldest epic is about the
and its story is told in as simple, straightforward,
heroic deeds of Beowulf who helps save the
and realistic a manner as possible
kingdom of Heorot.
1. The Canterbury Tales – written by Geoffrey performance.  An Enemy of the People (Henrik
Chaucer. It is a large collection of otherwise Ibsen)  The Injustice Done to Tou Ngo
isolated stories. It features the different people (Hanqing)  Fuente Ovejuna (Lope de Vega) 
of Medieval England. Cyrano de Bergerac (Edmond Rostand)  The
2. The Decameron – written by Giovanni Boar (Anton Chekhov)  Death of a Salesman
Boccaccio. It is a collection of tales told by a ten (Arthur Miller)
young people escaping the Black Death from the The Essay
city of Florence.
An analytic, interpretative, or critical literary
Lyric Poetry Ode – the most majestic type of composition usually much shorter and less
poetry. It expresses enthusiasm, lofty praise of systematic and formal than a dissertation or
some person or thing, deep reflection, or thesis and usually dealing with its subject from a
retained feeling  Ode to the West Wind limited and often personal point of view.
(Shelley), Ode to Duty (Wordsworth) Elegy –
voices the author‘s personal grief for a loved one • Familiar Essay – an informal, light-hearted
or a meditation on death. It is a poem of form
lamentation.  Break, Break, Break (Tennyson);
Crossing the Bar (Tennyson) • Formal Essay – a serious form of the essay 
Michel de Montaigne used the term essais in
Sonnet – composed of 14 iambic pentameter 1571  Francis Bacon – Father of the English
lines  How Do I Love Thee? (Barrett essay  Charles Lamb – Father of the familiar
Browning)  Sonnet 18 (Shakespeare) essay

Dramatic Poetry Prose Fiction

Poetic Plays - dramas written in verse form The Short Story – brief fictional prose narrative
usually concerned with a single effect conveyed
 Greek and Roman Drama: Oedipus Rex, in a single significant episode or scene and
(Sophocles)  Shakespearean drama : Othello, involving a limited number of characters,
King Lear, The Tempest sometimes only one.

Dramatic Monologues – has but one speaker The Novel - fictional prose narrative of
and is not adapted for regular stage presentation. considerable length and a certain complexity
The great master of this form was Robert
Browning. He chooses a particular crisis in the that deals imaginatively with human experience
life of the speaker, makes him or her lay bare the through a connected sequence of events
depths of his/her soul and unconsciously reveals involving a group of people in a specific setting.
all the hidden springs and motives for action. 
Types of Novels
My Last Duchess (Browning)
Picaresque novel – an early form of the novel,
Prose Drama
usuallya first-person narrative relating the
A composition intended to portray life or adventure of a rogue or lowborn adventurer who
character or tell a story usually involving drifts from place to place.  Don Quixote
conflicts and emotions through action and (Miguel de Cervantes)  The Adventures of
dialogue and typically designed for theatrical Hucleberry Finn (Mark Twain)
Epistolary novel – told through the medium of Without Musicians (Sholom Aleichem)
letters by one or more of the characters. This Nonfiction
was one of the earliest forms of the novel to be
developed.  The Color Purple (Alice Walker)  Journals and Letters  The Diary of a Young
The Black Box ( Amos Oz) Girl (Anne Frank)  Letter to Indira Tagore
(Rabindranath Tagore)
Gothic novel - European romantic,
pseudomedieval fiction having a prevailing Literary Journalism  The Frighthening Joy
atmosphere of mystery and terror.  (De Volkskrant)  Building Atomic Security
Frankenstein ( Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley)  (Zycie Warszawy)
Dracula (Bram Stoker)
Autobiography  By Any Other Name (Santha
Roman a clef – has extraliterary interest of Rama Rau)  The Long Walk to Freedom
portraying identifiable, sometimes real people (Nelson Mandela)
more or less thinly disguised as fictional
Biography  China Men (Maxine Hong
character.  Animal Farm (George Orwell) 
Kingston)  The Last Seven Months of Anne
Finnegan‘s Wake (James Joyce)
Frank (Willy Lindwer)
Historical novel – has its setting a period of
history and that attempts to convey the spirit, Memoirs  Angela‘s Ashes (Frank McCourt) 
manners, and social conditions of a past age with Tuesdays with Morrie (Mitch Alboom)
realistic detail and fidelity to historical fact.  Essays  Of Repentance (Michel de Montaigne)
War and Peace (Leo Tolstoi)  Viajero (F. Sionil  A Small Place (Jamaica Kincaid)
Jose)
Satire  A Modest Proposal (Jonathan Swift) 
Novel of manners – re-creates a social world ,
Cup Inanity and Patriotic profanity (Buenos
conveying with finely detailed observation the
Aires Herald)
customs, values, and mores of a highly
developed and complex society.  Pride and Speeches
Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility (Jane Austen) 
The Age of Innocence ( Edith Wharton)  Letter to the English (Joan of Arc)  Gettyburg
Address (Abrahan Lincoln)
Other Fiction Genres
DRAMA
Detective stories – employs suspense, crime,
investigation, logical thinking.  The Adventures Classical Drama
of the Speckled Band (Arthhur Conan Doyle)  • Macbeth (William Shakespeare) Realistic
Death Arrives on Schedule (Hansjörg Martin) Drama
Science fiction – uses science, technology, the • ―Master Harold‖…and the Boys (Athol
future, the unknown.  The Feeling of Power Fugard) Expressionist Drama
(Isaac Asimov)  The Expedition (Rudolf
Lorenzen) • The Stronger (August Strindberg) Theater of
the Absurd
Humorous stories – light, funny, entertaining
pieces  Lohengrin (Leo Slezak)  A Wedding
• The Man who Turned into a Dog (Osvaldo DIGI-FICTION
Dragun)
• Triple Media Literature
• The Bald Soprano (Eugene Ionesco) Magic
Realist Drama • Combines three media: book, movie/video and
internet website To get the full story, students
• A Solid Home (Elena Garro) must engage in navigation, reading, and viewing
in all three forms.
Literary Terms
• Patrick Carman‘s Skeleton Creek and Anthony
Comedy – the genre of dramatic literature that Zuiker‘s Level 26 are examples.
deals with light or amusing with the serious and
profound in a light, familiar, or satirical manner. GRAPHIC NOVEL

Farce – a light, dramatic composition that uses • Narrative in comic book formats
highly improbable situations, stereotyped
characters, extravagant exaggeration, and violent • Narrative work in which the story is conveyed
horseplay. to the reader using a comic form.

Allegory – a more or less symbolic fictional • The term is employed in broadly manner,
narrative that conveys a secondary meaning not encompassing non-fiction works and
explicitly set forth in the literal narrative. thematically linked short 12 stories as well as
fictional stories across a number of genres.
Satire - a usually topical literary composition
holding up a human or individual vices, folly, • Archie Comics by John Goldwater and
abuses, or shortcomings to censure by means of illustrator, Bob Montana, is a good example.
ridicule, irony, or other methods, sometimes MANGA
with an intent to bring about improvement
• Japanese word for comics
Foreshadowing – the organization and
presentation of events and scenes in a work of • It is used in the English-speaking world as a
fiction or drama so that the reader or observer is generic term for all comic books and graphic
prepared to some degree for what occurs later in novels originally published in Japan.
the work.
• Considered as an artistic and storytelling style.
ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
• Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer to
• Story through text and illustrated images comics created by American artists in manga
style.
• 50% of the narrative is presented without
words • Shonen- Boy‘s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One
Piece)
• The reader must interpret the images to
comprehend the story completely. • Shojo- Girl‘s Manga (Sailormoon)

• Examples include The Invention of Hugo • Seinen- Men‘s Manga (Akira)

Cabret by Brian Selznick and The Arrival by
Shaun Tan. • Josei- Women‘s Manga (Loveless, Paradise
Kiss)
• Kodomo- Children‘s Manga (Doraemon, Hello  Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks,
Kitty) never worn.

DOODLE FICTION  Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him,

Shit
• Literary presentation where the author
incorporates doodle writing, drawings and SCIENCE FICTION
handwritten graphics in place of the traditional
font. • Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with
imaginative concepts such as futuristic science
• Drawing enhances the story, often adding and technology, space travel, time travel, faster
humorous elements than light travel, a parallel universe and extra-
terrestrial life.
• Examples include The Diary of a Wimpy Kid
by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by Stephan • Often explores the potential consequences of
Pastis. scientific and other innovations and has been
called a ―literature of ideas‖.
TEXT-TALK NOVELS
• Examples include Suzanne Collins‘
• Blogs, email and IM format narratives
Mockingjay and Sarah Maas‘ Kingdom of Ash.
• Stories told almost entirely in dialogue
BLOG
simulating social network exchanges.
• A weblog, a website containing short articles
CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE
called posts that are changed regularly.
• Is genre fiction which addresses issues of
• Some blogs are written by one person
modern womanhood, often humorously and
containing his or her own opinions, interests and
lightheartedly.
experiences, while others are written by different
• Chick Lit typically features a female people.
protagonist whose femininity is heavily
thermalizing in the plot.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
• Scarlet Bailey‘s The night before Christmas
and Miranda Dickinson‘s It started with a Kiss 1. Character– A character in a short story is a
are examples of this. person, in some stories an animal, who takes
part in the action of the story or other literary
FLASH FICTION
work. The way an author develops the character
• Is a style of fictional literature of extreme in a story is very important in making the story
brevity appeal to the readers. It is said that the heart of
the story are the characters. The two most
• There is no widely accepted definition of the important characters in a short story are the
length and category. It could range from word to protagonist and the antagonist.
a thousand.
a. The protagonist is considered as the main
SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION character or most important of all the characters.
It is the character who learns something or
undergoes some changes throughout the course d. Falling Action– This point occurs after the
of the story. Some stories depict the protagonist climax as the problems in the story start to work
as the hero of the story, while in other stories the themselves out. The excitement becomes less
protagonist is not considered a hero as he has and less as the conflict is resolved.
done nothing heroic. In any case, the story
always revolves around the protagonist. e. Resolution– This is the solution to the
problem in a story. The solution may not be
b. The antagonist is the character that what you hoped for but as long as it fits the story
challenges the main character. It has no concern in tone and theme, the conflict has been
for the well-being of the main character. The resolved.
antagonist may be a person, the nature, the
society, or any intangible matter that contends 4. Conflict– Every story needs to have a
with or creates a problem for the protagonist. problem and this problem is called conflict. The
main character, also called the protagonist, needs
2. Setting– The place (locale) and time (period ) to have someone or something to challenge him.
when the story happens is called the setting. The Without conflict, the story will not go anywhere
setting may be based on real place and real time and will not be very interesting to the readers.
or it may also be based on the author’s The main character may be faced with one of the
imagination. When analyzing the setting of the four different types of conflict. These four types
story, consider where the action is taking place. of conflict are:
Most authors use descriptive words to describe
the landscape, scenery, buildings, season, or • man versus man; • man versus nature; • man
weather to provide a strong sense of setting versus himself; and • man versus society.
which will help the reader visualize the story 5. Theme- This is the central idea in a short
and connect to the story’s plot. story and a general truth. This is considered as
3. Plot– A plot is the actual story. It is what the the author’s message to the readers.
story is all about. It is also the series of events 6. Point of View – This is the way the story is
and characters’ actions that lead to the highest told or narrated. It is also known as the vantage
point of interest in a short story. The following point that a writer uses to narrate the story. The
are the different parts of a story’s structure: following are the types of point of view in a
a. Exposition –This is the beginning of the short story:
story. This is where the author introduces the a. First Person – the narrator participates in and
characters, identifies where the story is tells the story using the pronoun ‘I’.
happening, and establishes the main conflict.
b. Limited Third Person – the narrator is not in
b. Rising Action–This event occurs as you the story and narrates using the pronouns ‘she’
begin to move throughout the story. This is or ‘he’. Also, the narrator is unable to see into
where conflicts start to build. the minds of the characters.
c. Climax– It is the most exciting part of a short c. Omniscient Third Person – the narrator is
story. This is the part in the story when not in the story and tells the story using the
important decisions are made or important pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’. In this point of view, the
things are discovered. narrator can tell the thoughts of the characters as
he can see into their minds.