Handbook of COVID 19 Prevention en Mobile PDF

Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention
and Treatment
The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Compiled According to Clinical Experience
Editor’s Note:
Faced with an unknown virus, sharing and collaboration are the best remedy.
The publication of this Handbook is one of the best ways to mark the courage and wisdom our
healthcare workers have demonstrated over the past two months.
Thanks to all those who have contributed to this Handbook, sharing the invaluable experience
with healthcare colleagues around the world while saving the lives of patients.
Thanks to the support from healthcare colleagues in China who have provided experience that
inspires and motivates us.
Thanks to Jack Ma Foundation for initiating this program, and to AliHealth for the technical
support, making this Handbook possible to support the fight against the epidemic.
The Handbook is available to everyone for free. However, due to the limited time, there might be
some errors and defects. Your feedback and advice are highly welcomed!
Prof. Tingbo LIANG

Editor-in-Chief of the Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment
Chairman of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment
Foreword
This is an unprecedented global war, and mankind is facing the same enemy, the novel corona-
virus. And the first battlefield is the hospital where our soldiers are the medical workers.
To ensure that this war can be won, we must first make sure that our medical staff is guaranteed
sufficient resources, including experience and technologies. Also, we need to make sure that the
hospital is the battleground where we eliminate the virus, not where the virus defeats us.
Therefore, Jack Ma Foundation and Alibaba Foundation have convened a group of medical
experts who have just returned from the frontlines of fighting the pandemic. With the support of
The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (FAHZU), they quickly
published a guidebook on the clinical experience of how to treat this new coronavirus. The
treatment guide offers advice and reference against the pandemic for medical staff around the
world who are about to join the war.
Thanks to the medical staff from FAHZU. While taking huge risks in treating COVID-19 patients,
they wrote down their treatment experience day and night in this Handbook.
Over the past 50 days, 104 confirmed patients have been admitted to FAHZU, including 78 severe
and critically ill ones. Thanks to the pioneering efforts of medical staff and the application of
new technologies, to date, we have witnessed a miracle. No staff is infected, and there is no
missed diagnosis or patient deaths.
Today, with the spread of the pandemic, these experiences are the most valuable sources of
information and the most important weapon for medical workers on the battlefield. This is a
brand-new disease, and China was the first to suffer from the pandemic. Isolation, diagnosis,
treatment, protective measures, and rehabilitation have all been started from scratch, but we
hope that with the advent of this Handbook doctors and nurses in other affected areas can learn
from our experience when entering the battlefield and they won't have to start from zero.
This pandemic is a common challenge faced by mankind in the age of globalization. At this
moment, sharing resources, experiences and lessons, regardless of who you are, is our only
chance to win. Because the real remedy for epidemics is not isolation, but cooperation.
This war has just begun.
Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment
Contents
Part One Prevention and Control Management
I. Isolation Area Management......................................................................................................1
II. Staff Management..................................................................................................................4
III. COVID-19 Related Personal Protection Management.............................................................5
IV. Hospital Practice Protocols during COVID-19 Epidemic...........................................................6
V. Digital Support for Epidemic Prevention and Control..............................................................16
Part Two Diagnosis and Treatment

I. Personalized, Collaborative and Multidisciplinary Management.............................................18
II.Etiology and Inflammation Indicators.....................................................................................19
III. Imaging Findings of COVID-19 Patients................................................................................21
IV. Application of Bronchoscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of COVID-19 Patients........22
V. Diagnosis and Clinical Classification of COVID-19..................................................................22
VI. Antiviral Treatment for Timely Elimination of Pathogens......................................................23
VII. Anti-shock and Anti-hypoxemia Treatment..........................................................................24
VIII. The Rational Use of Antibiotics to Prevent Secondary Infection...........................................29
IX. The Balance of Intestinal Microecology and Nutritional Support...........................................30
X. ECMO Support for COVID-19 Patients.....................................................................................32
XI. Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19 Patients............................................................35
XII. TCM Classification Therapy to Improve Curative Efficacy.......................................................36
XIII. Drug Use Management of COVID-19 Patients......................................................................37
XIV. Psychological Intervention for COVID-19 Patients................................................................41
XV. Rehabilitation Therapy for COVID-19 Patients.......................................................................42
XVI. Lung Transplantation in Patients with COVID-19.................................................................44
XVII. Discharge Standards and Follow-up Plan for COVID-19 Patients........................................45
Part Three Nursing

I. Nursing Care for Patients Receiving High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) Oxygen Therapy..........47
II. Nursing Care in Patients with Mechanical Ventilation.............................................................47
III. Daily Management and Monitoring of ECMO (Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation).......49
IV. Nursing Care of ALSS (Artificial Liver Support System)...........................................................50
V. Continuous Renal Replacement Treatment (CRRT) Care..........................................................51
VI. General Care.........................................................................................................................52
Appendix
I. Medical Advice Example for COVID-19 Patients.......................................................................53
II. Online Consultation Process for Diagosis and Treatment.......................................................57
References........................................................................................................................................ ..........59
1 Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment
Part One Prevention and

Control Management
I. Isolation Area Management
Fever Clinic
1.1 Layout
(1) Healthcare facilities shall set up a relatively independent fever clinic including an
exclusive one-way passage at the entrance of the hospital with a visible sign;
(2) The movement of people shall follow the principle of “three zones and two passag-
es”: a contaminated zone, a potentially contaminated zone and a clean zone provided
and clearly demarcated, and two buffer zones between the contaminated zone and the
potentially contaminated zone;
(3) An independent passage shall be equipped for contaminated items; set up a visual
region for one-way delivery of items from an office area (potentially contaminated zone) to
an isolation ward (contaminated zone);
(4) Appropriate procedures shall be standardized for medical personnel to put on and take
off their protective equipment. Make flowcharts of different zones, provide full-length
mirrors and observe the walking routes strictly;
(5) Infection prevention and control technicians shall be assigned to supervise the medical
personnel on putting on and removing protective equipment so as to prevent contamination;
(6) All items in the contaminated zone that have not been disinfected shall not be removed.
1.2 Zone Arrangement

(1) Set up an independent examination room, a laboratory, an observation room, and a
resuscitation room;
(2) Set up a pre-examination and triage area to perform preliminary screening of patients;
(3) Separate diagnosis and treatment zones: those patients with an epidemiological history
and fever and/or respiratory symptoms shall be guided into a suspected COVID-19 patient
zone; those patients with regular fever but no clear epidemiological history shall be guided
into a regular fever patient zone.
1.3 Patient Management

(1) Patients with fevers must wear medical surgical masks;
(2) Only patients are allowed to enter the waiting area in order to avoid overcrowding;
(3) The duration of the patient’s visit shall be minimized so as to avoid cross infections;
(4) Educate patients and their families about early identification of symptoms and essential
preventative actions.
1.4 Screening, Admission and Exclusion

(1) All healthcare workers shall fully understand the epidemiological and clinical features of
COVID-19 and screen patients in accordance with the screening criteria below (see Table 1);
(2) Nucleic acid testing (NAT) shall be conducted on those patients who meet the screening
criteria for suspected patients;
(3) Patients who do not meet the screening criteria above, if they do not have a confirmed
epidemiological history, but cannot be ruled out from having COVID-19 based on their
symptoms, especially through imaging, are recommended for further evaluation and to obtain a
comprehensive diagnosis;
(4) Any patient who tests negative shall be re-tested 24 hours later. If a patient has two negative
NAT results and negative clinical manifestations, then he or she can be ruled out from having
COVID-19 and discharged from the hospital. If those patients cannot be ruled out from having
COVID-19 infections based on their clinical manifestations, they shall be subjected to additional
NAT tests every 24 hours until they are excluded or confirmed;
(5) Those confirmed cases with a positive NAT result shall be admitted and treated collectively
based on the severity of their conditions (the general isolation ward or isolated ICU).
Table 1 Screening Criteria for Suspected COVID-19 Cases
① Within 14 days before the onset of the disease, the patient

has a travel or residence history in the high-risk regions or
countries;
② Within 14 days before the onset of the disease, the patient

has a history of contact with those infected with SARS-CoV-2
Epidemi- (those with a positive NAT result);
ological ③ Within 14 days before the onset of the disease, the patient The patient The The patient has
meets 1 patient no epidemio-
History had direct contact with patients with fever or respiratory
epidemio- has no logical history,
symptoms in high-risk regions or countries;
logical epidemi- meets 1-2
④ Disease clustering (2 or more cases with fever and/or history and ological clinical
respiratory symptoms occur at such places as homes, offices, 2 clinical history manifestations,
school classrooms, etc. within 2 weeks). manifesta- and but cannot be
tions. meets 3 excluded from
① The patient has fever and/or respiratory symptoms; clinical COVID-19
manifes- through
② The patient has the following CT imaging features of tations. imaging.
COVID-19: multiple patchy shadows and interstitial changes
occur early, particularly at the lung periphery. The conditions
Clinical further develop into multiple ground-glass opacities and
Manifes- infiltrates in both lungs. In severe cases, the patient may have
tations lung consolidation and rare pleural effusion;
③ The white blood cells count in the early stage of the disease
is normal or decreased, or the lymphocyte count decreases
over time.
Expert
Suspected Case Diagnosis Yes Yes
consultation
Isolation Ward Area
2.1 Scope of Application

The isolation ward area includes an observation ward area, isolation wards, and an
isolation ICU area. The building layout and workflow shall meet the relevant requirements
of the hospital isolation technical regulations. Medical providers with negative pressure
rooms shall implement standardized management in accordance with relevant require-
ments. Strictly limit access to isolation wards.
2.2 Layout
Please refer to fever clinic.
2.3 Ward Requirements

(1) Suspected and confirmed patients shall be separated in different ward areas;
(2) Suspected patients shall be isolated in separated single rooms. Each room shall be
equipped with facilities such as a private bathroom and the patient’s activity should be
confined to the isolation ward;
(3) Confirmed patients can be arranged in the same room with bed spacing of not less than
1.2 meters (appx 4 feet). The room shall be equipped with facilities such as a bathroom and
the patient’s activity must be confined to the isolation ward.
2.4 Patient Management

(1) Family visits and nursing shall be declined. Patients should be allowed to have their
electronic communication devices to facilitate interactions with loved ones;
(2) Educate patients to help them prevent further spread of COVID-19, and provide instruc-
tions on how to wear surgical masks, proper handwashing, cough etiquette, medical
observation and home quarantine.
II. Staff Management
Workflow Management
(1) Before working in a fever clinic and isolation ward, the staff must undergo strict training
and examinations to ensure that they know how to put on and remove personal protective
equipment. They must pass such examinations before being allowed to work in these
wards.
(2) The staff should be divided into different teams. Each team should be limited to a ma-
ximum of 4 hours of working in an isolation ward. The teams shall work in the isolation
wards (contaminated zones) at different times.
(3) Arrange treatment, examination and disinfection for each team as a group to reduce the
frequency of staff moving in and out of the isolation wards.
(4) Before going off duty, staff must wash themselves and conduct necessary personal hy-
giene regimens to prevent possible infection of their respiratory tracts and mucosa.
Health Management
(1) The front-line staff in the isolation areas – including healthcare personnel, medical
technicians and property & logistics personnel – shall live in an isolation accommodation
and shall not go out without permission.
(2) A nutritious diet shall be provided to improve the immunity of medical personnel.
(3) Monitor and record the health status of all staff on the job, and conduct health monitor-
ing for front-line staff, including monitoring body temperature and respiratory symptoms;
help address any psychological and physiological problems that arise with relevant experts.
(4) If the staff have any relevant symptoms such as fever, they shall be isolated immediately
and screened with an NAT.
(5) When the front-line staff including healthcare personnel, medical technicians and property
& logistics personnel finish their work in the isolation area and are returning to normal life,
they shall first be NAT tested for SARS-CoV-2. If negative, they shall be isolated collectively at
a specified area for 14 days before being discharged from medical observation.
III. COVID-19 Related Personal Protection Management
Protection Level Protective Equipment Scope of Application
· Disposable surgical cap

· Disposable surgical mask
Level I · Work uniform · Pre-examination triage,
protection general outpatient department
· Disposable latex gloves
or/and disposable isolation
clothing if necessary
· Fever outpatient department

· Disposable surgical cap · Isolation ward area (including isolated
· Medical protective mask (N95) intensive ICU)
Level II
· Work uniform · Non-respiratory specimen examination
protection
· Disposable medical protective of suspected/confirmed patients
uniform · Imaging examination of suspected/

· Disposable latex gloves confirmed patients
· Goggles · Cleaning of surgical instruments used

with suspected/confirmed patients
· Disposable surgical cap · When the staff performs operations

such as tracheal intubation,
· Medical protective mask (N95) tracheotomy, bronchofibroscope,
· Work uniform gastroenterological endoscope, etc.,
during which, the suspected/confirmed
Level III · Disposable medical protective patients may spray or splash respiratory
uniform
secretions or body fluids/blood
protection
· Disposable latex gloves · When the staff performs surgery and
· Full-face respiratory protective autopsy for confirmed/suspected
devices or powered air-purify patients
ing respirator
· When the staff carries out NAT for COVID-19
Notes:
1. All staff at the healthcare facilities must wear medical surgical masks;
2. All staff working in the emergency department, outpatient department of infectious diseases,
outpatient department of respiratory care, department of stomatology or endoscopic examina-
tion room (such as gastrointestinal endoscopy, bronchofibroscopy, laryngoscopy, etc.) must
upgrade their surgical masks to medical protective masks (N95) based on Level I protection;
3. Staff must wear a protective face screen based on Level II protection while collecting respirato-
ry specimens from suspected/confirmed patients.
IV. Hospital Practice Protocols during COVID-19 Epidemic
Guidance on Donning and Removing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to

manage COVID-19 Patients
1. First put on special work

clothes and work shoes
7. Put on disposable
2. Wash hands
latex gloves
8. Donning
6. Put on goggles and completed 3. Put on a disposable
protective clothing surgical cap
5. Put on inner disposable 4. Put on a medical

nitrile/latex gloves protective mask (N95)
Protocol for Donning PPE:

Put on special work clothes and work shoes → Wash hands → Put on disposable surgical cap →
Put on medical protective mask (N95) → Put on inner disposable nitrile/latex gloves → Put on
goggles and protective clothing (note: if wearing protective clothing without foot covers, please
also put on separate waterproof boot covers), put on a disposable isolation gown (if required in
the specific work zone) and face shield/powered air-purifying respirator(if required in the
specific work zone) → Put on outer disposable latex gloves
1. Replace the outer

gloves with new ones
6. Remove inner
2. Remove protective clothing
disposable latex gloves
along with outer gloves
7. Removal
completed
5. Remove cap 3. Remove goggles
4. Remove mask
Protocol for Removing PPE:

Wash hands and remove visible bodily fluids/blood contaminants on the outer surfaces of both hands
→ Wash hands replace outer gloves with new gloves → Remove powered air-purifying respirator or
self-priming filter-type full-face mask/mask (if used) → Wash hands → Remove disposable gowns
along with outer gloves (if used) → Wash hands and put on outer gloves → Enter Removal Area No. ①
→ Wash hands and remove protective clothing along with outer gloves (for gloves and protective
clothing, turn inside out, while rolling them down) (note: if used, remove the waterproof boot covers
with clothing) → Wash hands → Enter Removal Area No. ② → Wash hands and remove goggles →
Wash hands and remove mask → Wash hands and remove cap → Wash hands and remove inner
disposable latex gloves → Wash hands and leave Removal Area No. ② → Wash hands, take a shower,
put on clean clothes and enter the clean area
Disinfection Procedures for COVID-19 Isolation Ward Area
2.1 Disinfection for Floor and Walls

(1) Visible pollutants shall be completely removed before disinfection and handled in
accordance with disposal procedures of blood and bodily fluid spills;
(2) Disinfect the floor and walls with 1000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant through
floor mopping, spraying or wiping;
(3) Make sure that disinfection is conducted for at least 30 minutes;
(4) Carry out disinfection three times a day and repeat the procedure at any time when there
is contamination.
2.2 Disinfection of Object Surfaces

(1) Visible pollutants should be completely removed before disinfection and handled in
accordance with disposal procedures of blood and bodily fluid spills;
(2) Wipe the surfaces of objects with 1000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant or wipes
with effective chlorine; wait for 30 minutes and then rinse with clean water. Perform disinfec-
tion procedure three times a day (repeat at any time when contamination is suspected);
(3) Wipe cleaner regions first, then more contaminated regions: first wipe the object surfac-
es that are not frequently touched, and then wipe the object surfaces that are frequently
touched. (Once an object surface is wiped clean, replace the used wipe with a new one).
2.3 Air Disinfection

(1) Plasma air sterilizers can be used and continuously run for air disinfection in an environment with
human activity;
(2) If there is no plasma air sterilizers, use ultraviolet lamps for 1 hour each time. Perform this operation
three times a day.
2.4 Disposal of Fecal Matter and Sewage

(1) Before being discharged into the municipal drainage system, fecal matter and sewage
must be disinfected by treating with chlorine-containing disinfectant (for the initial
treatment, the active chlorine must be more than 40 mg/L). Make sure the disinfection time
is at least 1.5 hours;
(2) The concentration of total residual chlorine in the disinfected sewage should reach 10
mg/L.
Disposal Procedures for Spills of COVID-19 Patient Blood/Fluids
3.1 For spills of a small volume (< 10 mL) of blood/bodily fluids:

(1) Option 1: The spills should be covered with chlorine-containing disinfecting wipes (con-
taining 5000 mg/L effective chlorine) and carefully removed, then the surfaces of the object
should be wiped twice with chlorine-containing disinfecting wipes (containing 500 mg/L
effective chlorine);
(2) Option 2: Carefully remove the spills with disposable absorbent materials such as gauze,
wipes, etc., which have been soaked in 5000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfecting solution.
3.2 For spills of a large volume (> 10 mL) of blood and bodily fluids:
(1) First, place signs to indicate the presence of a spill;
(2) Perform disposal procedures according to Option 1 or 2 described below:
① Option 1: Absorb the spilled fluids for 30 minutes with a clean absorbent towel (containing
peroxyacetic acid that can absorb up to 1 L of liquid per towel) and then clean the contami-
nated area after removing the pollutants.
② Option 2: Completely cover the spill with disinfectant powder or bleach powder contain-
ing water-absorbing ingredients or completely cover it with disposable water-absorbing
materials and then pour a sufficient amount of 10,000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant
onto the water-absorbing material (or cover with a dry towel which will be subjected to
high-level disinfection). Leave for at least 30 minutes before carefully removing the spill.
(3) Fecal matter, secretions, vomit, etc. from patients shall be collected into special contain-
ers and disinfected for 2 hours by a 20,000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant at a
spill-to-disinfectant ratio of 1:2.
(4) After removing the spills, disinfect the surfaces of the polluted environment or objects.
(5) The containers that hold the contaminants can be soaked and disinfected with 5,000
mg/L active chlorine-containing disinfectant for 30 minutes and then cleaned.
(6) The collected pollutants should be disposed of as medical waste.
(7) The used items should be put into double-layer medical waste bags and disposed of as
medical waste.
Disinfection of COVID-19 Related Reusable Medical Devices
4.1 Disinfection of powered air-purifying respirator
Powered air-purifying respirator
Hood Motor and strap Particulate

Battery surface Breathing tube
filter box
DO NOT detach the

filter box
Soak in 1000 mg/L

chlorine-contain-
Repeatedly wipe them with 1000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant and let the ing disinfectant for
disinfectant work for 30 minutes 30 minutes
Wipe all parts repeatedly and evenly with a soft cloth dipped Wash it with
in the cleaning liquid (clean water) clean water
Let parts dry and place them in a zip lock bag for future use
Note: Do not touch the

Note: Do not let Note: Please be careful when
filter element when
liquid enter the wiping the battery contacts
cleaning the outer
main unit air located at the bottom of the
surface. Replace the filter
outlet or motor. motor. Do not touch the
element according to the
battery contacts directly.
product’s instructions.
Make sure this part is
completely dry before next
use or storage.
Note: The disinfection procedures for protective hood described above are only for reusable protec-
tive hoods (excluding disposable protective hoods).
4.2 Cleaning and Disinfection Procedures for Digestive Endoscopy and Bronchofibro-
scopy
(1) Soak the endoscope and reusable valves in 0.23% peroxyacetic acid (confirm the
concentration of the disinfectant before use to make sure it will be effective);
(2) Connect the perfusion line of each channel of the endoscope, inject 0.23% pero-
xyacetic acid liquid into the line with a 50 mL syringe until fully filled, and wait for 5
minutes;
(3) Detach the perfusion line and wash each cavity and valve of the endoscope with a
disposable special cleaning brush;
(4) Put the valves into an ultrasonic oscillator containing enzyme to oscillate it.
Connect the perfusion line of each channel with the endoscope. Inject 0.23% pero-
xyacetic acid into the line with a 50 mL syringe and flush the line continuously for 5
minutes. Inject air to dry it for 1 minute;
(5) Inject clean water into the line with a 50 mL syringe and flush the line continuously
for 3 minutes. Inject air to dry it for 1 minute;
(6) Perform a leakage test on the endoscope;
(7) Put in an automatic endoscopic washing and disinfection machine. Set a high level
of disinfection for treatment;
(8) Send the devices to the disinfection supply center to undergo sterilization with
ethylene oxide.
4.3 Pre-treatment of Other Reusable Medical Devices

(1) If there are no visible pollutants, soak the device in 1000 mg/L chlorine-containing
disinfectant for at least 30 minutes;
(2) If there are any visible pollutants, soak the device in 5000 mg/L chlorine-containing
disinfectant for at least 30 minutes;
(3) After drying, pack and fully enclose the devices and send them to the disinfection
supply center.
Disinfection Procedures for Infectious Fabrics of Suspected or Confirmed Patients
5.1 Infectious fabrics

(1) Clothes, bed sheets, bed covers and pillowcases used by patients;
(2) Ward area bed curtains;
(3) Floor towels used for environmental cleaning.
5.2 Collection methods

(1) First, pack the fabrics into a disposable water-soluble plastic bag and seal the bag with
matching cable ties;
(2) Then, pack this bag into another plastic bag, seal the bag with cable ties in a gooseneck
fashion;
(3) Finally, pack the plastic bag into a yellow fabric bag and seal the bag with cable ties;
(4) Attach a special infection label and the department name. Send the bag to the laundry
room.
5.3 Storage and washing

(1) Infectious fabrics should be separated from other infectious fabrics (non-COVID-19) and
washed in a dedicated washing machine;
(2) Wash and disinfect these fabrics with chlorine-containing disinfectant at 90 oC for at least
30 minutes.
5.4 Disinfection of transport tools

(1) Special transport tools should be used specifically for transporting infectious fabrics;
(2) The tools shall be disinfected immediately each time after being used for transporting
infectious fabrics;
(3) The transport tools should be wiped with chlorine-containing disinfectant (with 1000
mg/L active chlorine). Leave disinfectant for 30 minutes before wiping the tools clean with
clean water.
Disposal Procedures for COVID-19 Related Medical Waste

(1) All waste generated from suspected or confirmed patients shall be disposed of
as medical waste;
(2) Put the medical waste into a double-layer medical waste bag, seal the bag with
cable ties in a gooseneck fashion and spray the bag with 1000 mg/L chlorine-
containing disinfectant;
(3) Put sharp objects into a special plastic box, seal the box and spray the box with
1000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant;
(4) Put the bagged waste into a medical waste transfer box, attach a special
infection label, fully enclose the box and transfer it;
(5) Transfer the waste to a temporary storage point for medical waste along a
specified route at a fixed time point and store the waste separately at a fixed location;
(6) The medical waste shall be collected and disposed of by an approved medical
waste disposal provider.
Procedures for Taking Remedial Actions against Occupational

Exposure to COVID-19
Occurrence of COVID-19 related occupational exposure
Exposure of
Damaged Direct exposure
Intact skin mucous Sharp object
skin of respiratory
exposure membranes, injury
exposure tract
such as the eyes
Remove the contami- Flush with Immediately leave

Squeeze blood out
nants with clean tissues plenty of the isolation area.
from proximal end to
or gauze, then apply normal saline Gargle with plenty of
distal end → Flush the
0.5% iodophor or 75% or 0.05% normal saline or
wound with running
alcohol to the skin and iodophor for 0.05% iodophor. Dip
water → Disinfect with
let the solution sit for at disinfection a cotton swab into
75% alcohol or 0.5%
least 3 minutes for 75% alcohol, and
iodophor
disinfection, thoroughly wipe in a circular
flush with running water motion the nasal
cavity gently
Evacuate from the isolation area and enter the

designated isolation room
Report to relevant departments
Isolate and observe people with exposures other than intact skin exposure for 14 days. In case
of symptoms, report to the relevant departments in a timely manner
(1) Skin exposure: The skin is directly contaminated by a large amount of visible bodily
fluids, blood, secretions or fecal matter from the patient.
(2) Mucous membrane exposure: Mucous membranes, such as the eyes and respiratory
tract are directly contaminated by visible bodily fluids, blood, secretions or fecal matter
from the patient.
(3) Sharp object injury: Piercing of the body by sharp objects that were directly exposed to
the patient's bodily fluids, blood, secretions or fecal matter.
(4) Direct exposure of respiratory tract: Falling off of a mask, exposing the mouth or nose to
a confirmed patient (1 miter away) who is not wearing a mask.
Surgical Operations for Suspected or Confirmed Patients
8.1 Requirements for Operation Rooms and Staff PPE

(1) Arrange the patient in a negative pressure operating room. Verify the temperature, humid-
ity and air pressure in the operation room;
(2) Prepare all required items for the operation and use disposable surgical items if possible;
(3) All surgical personnel (including surgeons, anesthesiologists, hand-washing nurses, and
charge nurses in operating room) should put on their PPE in the buffer room before entering
the operating room: Put on double caps, medical protective mask (N95), medical goggles,
medical protective clothing, boot covers, latex gloves, and powered air-purifying respirator;
(4) The surgeons and the hand-washing nurses should wear disposable sterile operating
clothes and sterile gloves in addition to the PPE as mentioned above;
(5) Patients should wear disposable caps and disposable surgical masks according to their
situation;
(7) The charge nurses in the buffer room are responsible for delivering items from the buffer
area to the negative pressure operating room;
(8) During the operation, the buffer room and the operating room shall be tightly closed, and
the operation must be carried out only if the operation room is under negative pressure;
(9) Irrelevant personnel shall be excluded from entering the operating room.
8.2 Procedures for Final Disinfection

(1) Medical waste shall be disposed of as COVID-19 related medical waste;
(2) Reusable medical devices shall be disinfected according to the disinfection
procedures of SARS-CoV-2 related reusable medical devices;
(3) Medical fabrics shall be disinfected and disposed of according to the disinfection
procedures for SARS-CoV-2 related infectious fabrics;
(4) Surfaces of objects (instruments and devices including device table, operating
table, operating bed, etc.);
① Visible blood/bodily fluid pollutants shall be completely removed before dis-
infection (handled in accordance with disposal procedures of blood and bodily fluid
spills).
② All surfaces shall be wiped with a disinfectant containing 1000 mg/L active
chlorine and allowed to sit for 30 minutes with the disinfectant.
(5) Floors and walls:
① Visible blood/bodily fluid pollutants shall be completely removed before disinfec-
tion (handled in accordance with disposal procedures of blood and bodily fluid
spills).
② All surfaces shall be wiped with a disinfectant containing 1000 mg/L active
chlorine and allowed to sit for 30 minutes with the disinfectant.
(6) Indoor air: Turn off the fan filter unit (FFU). Disinfect the air by irradiation by
ultraviolet lamp for at least 1 hour. Turn on the FFU to purify the air automatically for
at least 2 hours.
9
9 Procedures for Handling Bodies of Deceased Suspected or
Confirmed Patients
(1) Staff PPE: The staff must make sure they are fully protected by wearing work
clothes, disposable surgical caps, disposable gloves and thick rubber gloves with
long sleeves, medical disposable protective clothing, medical protective masks
(N95) or powered air purifying respirators (PAPRs), protective face shields, work
shoes or rubber boots, waterproof boot covers, waterproof aprons or waterproof
isolation gowns, etc.
(2) Corpse care: Fill all openings or wounds the patient may have, such as mouth,
nose, ears, anus and tracheotomy openings, by using cotton balls or gauze dipped
in 3000-5000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant or 0.5% peroxyacetic acid.
(3) Wrapping: Wrap the corpse with a double-layer cloth sheet soaked with disinfec-
tant, and pack it into a double-layer, sealed, leak-proof corpse wrapping sheet
soaked with chlorine containing disinfectant.
(4) The body shall be transferred by the staff in the isolation ward of the hospital via
the contaminated area to the special elevator, out of the ward and then directly
transported to a specified location for cremation by a special vehicle as soon as
possible.
(5) Final disinfection: Perform final disinfection of the ward and the elevator.
V. Digital Support for Epidemic Prevention and Control
Reduce the Risk of Cross Infection when Patients Seek Medical Care
(1) Guide the public to get access to non-emergency services such as chronic diseases
treatment online so as to decrease the number of visitors in healthcare facilities. Doing so
minimizes the risk of cross infection.
(2) Patients who must visit healthcare facilities should make an appointment through other
means, including Internet portals, which provides necessary guidance in transportation,
parking, arrival time, protective measures, triage information, indoor navigation, etc. Collect
comprehensive information online by patients in advance to improve the efficiency of
diagnosis and treatment and limit the duration of the patient’s visit.
(3) Encourage patients to take full advantage of digital self-service devices to avoid contact
with others so as to lower the risk of cross infections.
Lower Work Intensity and Infection Risk of Medical Personnel
(1) Collect shared knowledge and experience of experts through remote consultation and
multidiscipline team (MDT) to offer the optimum therapeutics for difficult and complicated
cases.
(2) Take mobile and remote rounds to lower unnecessary exposure risks and work intensity
of medical personnel while saving protective supplies.
(3) Access the patients’ latest health conditions electronically through health QR codes
(note: everyone is required to obtain a GREEN code through the health QR system to travel
around the city) and online epidemiological questionnaires in advance to provide triage
guidance to the patients, especially those with fever or suspected cases, while effectively
preventing the risk of infection.
(4) Electronic health records of patients in fever clinics and the CT imaging AI system for
COVID-19 can help reduce the work intensity, quickly identify highly-suspected cases and
avoid missed diagnoses.
Rapid Response to Emergency Needs of COVID-19 Containment
(1) Basic digital resources required by a cloud-based hospital system allows for immediate
usage of the information systems needed for emergency response to the epidemic, such as
the digital systems equipped for newly established fever clinics, fever observation rooms
and isolation wards.
(2) Utilize the hospital information system based on the Internet infrastructure frame to
conduct online training for healthcare workers and one-click deployment system, and to
facilitate the operation and support engineers to perform remote maintenance and new
functions update for medical care.
【FAHZU Internert + Hospital - A Model for Online Healthcare】
Since the outbreak of COVID 19, FAHZU Internet+ Hospital quickly shifted to offer online
healthcare through Zhejiang’s Online Medical Platform with 24-hour free online consul-
tation, providing telemedicine service to patients in China and even around the world.
Patients are provided access to the first-rate medical services of FAHZU at home, which
reduces the chances of transmission and cross infection as a result of their visits to the
hospital. As of March 14, over 10,000 people have used the FAHZU Internet+ Hospital
online service.
· Instructions for Zhejiang Online Medical Platform:

① Download Alipay app;
② Open Alipay (China Version) and find “Zhejiang Provincial Online Medical Platform”;
③ Choose a hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine);
④ Post your question and wait for a doctor to respond;
⑤ A notification will pop up when a doctor replies. Then open Alipay and click Friends;
⑥ Click Zhejiang Online Medical Platform to see more details and start your consultation.
【Establishing the International Medical Expert Communication Platform

of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine】
Due to the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang
University School of Medicine (FAHZU) and Alibaba jointly established the International
Medical Expert Communication Platform of FAHZU with an aim to improve the quality of
care and treatment and promote the sharing of global information resource. The
platform allows medical experts all over the world to connect and share their invaluable
experience in the fight against COVID-19 through instant messaging with real-time
translation, remote video conferencing, etc.
· Instructions on the International Medical Expert Communication Platform of The First

Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
① Visit www.dingtalk.com/en to download DingTalk app.
② Sign up with your personal information (Name and Phone Number) and log in.
③ Apply to join the International Medical Expert Communication Platform of FAHZU:
Method 1: Join by team code. Select “Contacts” > “Join Team” > “Join by Team
Code”, then enter the Input ID: ‘YQDK1170’.
Method 2: Join by scanning the QR code of the International Medical Expert Com-
munication Platform of FAHZU.
④ Fill out your information to join. Enter your name, country and medical institution.
⑤ Join the FAHZU group chat after the admin has approved.
⑥ After joining the group chat, medical staff can send instant messages assisted by
AI translation, receive remote video guidance, and access to medical treatment
guidelines.
Part Two
Diagnosis and Treatment
I. Personalized, Collaborative and Multidisciplinary Management
FAHZU is a designated hospital for COVID-19 patients, especially severe and critically ill individuals
whose condition changes rapidly, often with multiple organs infected and requiring the support
from the multidisciplinary team (MDT). Since the outbreak, FAHZU established an expert team
composed of doctors from the Departments of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine, ICU,
Laboratory Medicine, Radiology, Ultrasound, Pharmacy, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Psychology,
Respiratory Therapy, Rehabilitation, Nutrition, Nursing, etc. A comprehensive multidisciplinary
diagnosis and treatment mechanism has been established in which doctors both inside and outside
the isolation wards can discuss patients’ conditions every day via video conference. This allows for
them to determine scientific, integrated and customized treatment strategies for every severe and
critically ill patient.
Sound decision-making is the key to MDT discussion. During the discussion, experts from different
departments focus on issues from their specialized fields as well as critical issues to diagnoses and
treatment. The final treatment solution is determined by experienced experts through various
discussions of different opinions and advice.
Systematic analysis is at the core of MDT discussion. Elderly patients with underlying health
conditions are prone to becoming critically ill. While closely monitoring the progression of COVID-19,
the patient's basic status, complications and daily examination results should be analyzed
comprehensively to see how the disease will progress. It is necessary to intervene in advance to stop
the disease from deteriorating and to take proactive measures such as antivirals, oxygen therapy,
and nutritional support.
The goal of MDT discussion is to achieve personalized treatment. The treatment plan should be
adjusted to each person when considering the differences among individuals, courses of disease,
and patient types.
Our experience is that MDT collaboration can greatly improve the effectiveness of the diagnosis and
treatment of COVID-19.
II. Etiology and Inflammation Indicators
1
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acid
1.1 Specimen Collection
Appropriate specimens, collection methodds and collection timing are important to
improve detection sensitivity. Specimen types include: upper airway specimens
(pharyngeal swabs, nasal swabs, nasopharyngeal secretions), lower airway specimens
(sputum, airway secretions, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), blood, feces, urine and
conjunctival secretions. Sputum and other lower respiratory tract specimens have a
high positive rate of nucleic acids and should be collected preferentially. SARS-CoV-2
preferentially proliferates in type II alveolar cells (AT2) and peak of viral shedding
appears 3 to 5 days after the onset of disease. Therefore, if the nucleic acid test is
negative at the beginning, samples should continue to be collected and tested on
subsequent days.
1.2 Nucleic Acid Detection

Nucleic acid testing is the preferred method for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection. The
testing process according to the kit instructions is as follows: Specimens are
pre-processed, and the virus is lysed to extract nucleic acids. The three specific genes of
SARS-CoV-2, namely the Open Reading Frame 1a/b (ORF1a/b), nucleocapsid protein
(N), and envelope protein (E) genes, are then amplified by real-time quantitative PCR
technology. The amplified genes are detected by fluorescence intensity. Criteria of
positive nucleic acid results are: ORF1a/b gene is positive, and/or N gene/E gene are
positive.
The combined detection of nucleic acids from multiple types of specimens can improve
the diagnostic accuracy. Among patients with confirmed positive nucleic acid in
respiratory tract, about 30% - 40% of these patients have detected viral nucleic acid in
the blood and about 50% - 60% of patients have detected viral nucleic acid in feces.
However, the positive rate of nucleic acid testing in urine samples is quite low.
Combined testing with specimens from respiratory tract, feces, blood and other types of
specimens is helpful for improving the diagnostic sensitivity of suspected cases,
monitoring treatment efficacy and the management of post-discharge isolation
measures.
2 Virus Isolation and Culture

Virus culture must be performed in a laboratory with qualified Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3).
The process is briefly described as follows: Fresh samples of the patient's sputum,
feces, etc. are obtained and inoculated on Vero-E6 cells for virus culture. The cytopathic
effect (CPE) is observed after 96 hours. Detection of viral nucleic acid in the culture
medium indicates a successful culture. Virus titer measurement: After diluting the virus
stock concentration by a factor of 10 in series, the TCID50 is determined by the
micro-cytopathic method. Otherwise, viral viability is determined by plaque forming
unit (PFU).
3 Detection of Serum Antibody

Specific antibodies are produced after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serum antibody
determination methods include colloidal gold immunochromatography, ELISA,
chemiluminescence immunoassay, etc. Positive serum-specific IgM, or specific IgG
antibody titer in the recovery phase ≥4 times higher than that in the acute phase, can be
used as diagnostic criteria for suspected patients with negative nucleic acid detection.
During follow-up monitoring, IgM is detectable 10 days after symptom onset and IgG is
detectable 12 days after symptom onset. The viral load gradually decreases with the
increase of serum antibody levels.
4 Detecting Indicators of Inflammatory Response

It is recommended to conduct tests of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, ferritin,
D-dimer, total and subpopulations of lymphocytes, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ and
other indicators of inflammation and immune status, which can help evaluate clinical
progress, alert severe and critical tendencies, and provide a basis for the formulation of
treatment strategies.
Most patients with COVID-19 have a normal level of procalcitonin with significantly
increased levels of C-reactive protein. A rapid and significantly elevated C-reactive
protein level indicates a possibility of secondary infection. D-dimer levels are
significantly elevated in severe cases, which is a potential risk factor for poor prognosis.
Patients with a low total number of lymphocytes at the beginning of the disease
generally have a poor prognosis. Severe patients have a progressively decreased
number of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The expression levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in
severe patients are increased greatly. Monitoring the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 is helpful to
assess the risk of progression to a severe condition.
5 Detection of Secondary Bacterial or Fungal Infections

Severe and critically ill patients are vulnerable to secondary bacterial or fungal
infections. Qualified specimens should be collected from the infection site for bacterial
or fungal culture. If secondary lung infection is suspected, sputum coughed from deep
in the lungs, tracheal aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and brush specimens
should be collected for culture. Timely blood culture should be performed in patients
with high fever. Blood cultures drawn from peripheral venous or catheters should be
performed in patients with suspected sepsis who had an indwelling catheter. It is
recommended that they take blood G test and GM test at least twice a week in addition
to fungal culture.
6 Laboratory Safety
Biosafety protective measures should be determined based on different risk levels of
experimental process. Personal protection should be taken in accordance with BSL-3
laboratory protection requirements for respiratory tract specimen collection, nucleic
acid detection and virus culture operations. Personal protection in accordance with
BSL-2 laboratory protection requirement should be carried out for biochemical,
immunological tests and other routine laboratory tests. Specimens should be
transported in special transport tanks and boxes that meet biosafety requirements. All
laboratory waste should be strictly autoclaved.
III. Imaging Findings of COVID-19 Patients
Thoracic imaging is of great value in the diagnosis of COVID-19, monitoring of therapeutic

efficacy, and patient discharge assessment. A high-resolution CT is highly preferable. Portable
chest X-rays are helpful for critically ill patients who are immobile. CT for baseline evaluation
of patients with COVID-19 is usually performed on the day of admission, or if ideal therapeutic
efficacy is not reached, it can be re-performed after 2 to 3 days. If symptoms are stable or
improved after treatment, the chest CT scan can be reviewed after 5 to 7 days. Daily routine
portable chest X-rays are recommended for critically ill patients.
COVID-19 at the early stage often presents with multifocal patchy shadows or ground glass
opacities located in the lung periphery, subpleural area, and both lower lobes on chest CT
scans. The long axis of the lesion is mostly parallel to the pleura. Interlobular septal thickening
and intralobular interstitial thickening, displaying as subpleural reticulation namely a "crazy
paving" pattern, is observed in some ground glass opacities. A small number of cases may
show solitary, local lesions, or nodular/ patchy lesion distributed consistent with bronchus
with peripheral ground glass opacities changes. Disease progression mostly occurs in the
course of 7-10 days, with enlarged and increased density of the lesions compared with
previous images, and consolidated lesions with air bronchogram sign. Critical cases may show
further expanded consolidation, with the whole lung density showing increased opacity,
sometimes known as a "white lung". After the condition is relieved, the ground glass opacities
can be completely absorbed, and some consolidation lesions will leave fibrotic stripes or
subpleural reticulation. Patients with multiple lobular involvement, especially those with
expanded lesions should be observed for disease exacerbation. Those with typical CT pulmo-
nary manifestations should be isolated and undergo continuous nucleic acid tests even if the
nucleic acid test of SAR-CoV-2 is negative.
Typical CT features of COVID-19 :

Figure 1, Figure 2: patchy ground glass opacities;
Figure 3: nodules and patchy exudation;
Figure 4, Figure 5: multifocal consolidation lesions;
Figure 6: diffuse consolidation, "white lung".
IV. Application of Bronchoscopy in the Diagnosis and

Management of COVID-19 Patients
Flexible bronchoscopy is versatile, easy to use, and well tolerated in mechanically ventilated
COVID-19 patients. Its applications include:
(1) Collection of respiratory specimens from the lower respiratory tract (i.e. sputum,
endotracheal aspirate, bronchoalveolar lavage) for SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogens guides
the selection of appropriate antimicrobials, which may lead to clinical benefits. Our experi-
ence indicates that lower respiratory specimens are more likely to be positive for SAR-CoV-2
than upper respiratory specimens.
(2) Can be used for localization of the site of bleeding, cessation of hemoptysis, sputum or
blood clots removal; if the site of bleeding is identified by bronchoscopy, local injection of
cold saline, epinephrine, vasopressin, or fibrin as well as laser treatment can be performed
via the bronchoscope.
(3) Assist in the establishment of artificial airways; guide tracheal intubation or percutane-
ous tracheotomy.
(4) Drugs such as infusion of α-interferon and N-acetylcysteine can be administrated via the
bronchoscope.
Bronchoscopic views of extensive bronchial mucosal hyperemia, swelling, mucus-like
secretions in the lumen and jelly-like sputum blocking the airway in critically ill patients.
(Figure 7).
Figure 7: Bronchoscopic manifestations of COVID-19: bronchial mucosa swelling and

congestion; large amounts of mucus secretions in the lumen
V. Diagnosis and Clinical Classification of COVID-19
Early diagnosis, treatment and isolation should be carried out whenever possible. Dynamic
monitoring of lung imaging, oxygenation index and cytokine levels are helpful for early
identification of patients who may develop into severe and critical cases. A positive result of
the nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 is the gold standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19. However,
considering the possibility of false negatives in nucleic acid detection, suspected cases
characteristic manifestations in CT scans can be treated as confirmed cases even if the nucleic
acid test is negative. Isolation and continuous tests of multiple specimens should be carried
out in such cases.
The diagnostic criteria follow Protocols for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-2019. A
confirmed case is based on epidemiological history (including cluster transmission), clinical
manifestations (fever and respiratory symptoms), lung imaging, and results of SARS-CoV-2
nucleic acid detection and serum-specific antibodies.
Clinical Classifications:
1 Mild Cases
The clinical symptoms are mild and no pneumonia manifestations can be found in
imaging.
2 Moderate Cases
Patients have symptoms such as fever and respiratory tract symptoms, etc. and
pneumonia manifestations can be seen in imaging.
3 Severe Cases
Adults who meet any of the following criteria: respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/min;
oxygen saturation ≤ 93% at a rest state; arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/oxy-
gen concentration (FiO2) ≤ 300 mmHg. Patients with > 50% lesions progression within 24
to 48 hours in lung imaging should be treated as severe cases.
4 Critical Cases
Meeting any of the following criteria: occurrence of respiratory failure requiring
mechanical ventilation; presence of shock; other organ failure that requires monitoring
and treatment in the ICU.
Critical cases are further divided into early, middle and late stages according to the
oxygenation index and compliance of respiratory system.
● Early stage: 100 mmHg <oxygenation index ≤150 mmHg; compliance of respiratory
system ≥30 mL / cmH2O; without organ failure other than the lungs. The patient has a
great chance of recovery through active antiviral, anti-cytokine storm, and supportive
treatment.
● Middle stage: 60 mmHg < oxygenation index ≤100 mmHg; 30 mL/cmH2O >
compliance of respiratory system ≥15 mL/cmH2O; may be complicated by other mild or
moderate dysfunction of other organs.
● Late stage: oxygenation index ≤ 60 mmHg; compliance of respiratory system <15

mL/cmH2O; diffuse consolidation of both lungs that requires the use of ECMO; or failure
of other vital organs. The mortality risk is significantly increased.
VI. Antiviral Treatment for Timely Elimination of Pathogens
An early antiviral treatment can reduce the incidence of severe and critical cases. Although
there is no clinical evidence for effective antiviral drugs, currently the antiviral strategies based
on the characteristics of SAR-CoV-2 are adopted according to Protocols for Diagnosis and
Treatment of COVID-19: Prevention, Control, Diagnosis and Management.
1 Antiviral Treatment
At FAHZU, lopinavir/ritonavir (2 capsules, po q12h) combined with arbidol (200 mg po
q12h) were applied as the basic regimen. From the treatment experience of 49 patients
in our hospital, the average time to achieve negative viral nucleic acid test for the first
time was 12 days (95% CI: 8-15 days). The duration of negative nucleic acid test result
(negative for more than 2 times consecutively with interval ≥ 24h) was 13.5 days (95% CI:
9.5 - 17.5 days).
If the basic regimen is not effective, chloroquine phosphate can be used on adults
between 18-65 years old (weight ≥ 50 kg: 500 mg bid; weight ≤50 kg: 500 mg bid for first
two days, 500 mg qd for following five days).
Interferon nebulization is recommended in Protocols for Diagnosis and Treatment of
COVID-19. We recommend that it should be performed in negative-pressure wards
rather than general wards due to the possibility of aerosol transmission.
Darunavir/cobicistat has some degree of antiviral activity in viral suppression test in
vitro, based on the treatment experience of AIDS patients, and the adverse events are
relatively mild. For patients who are intolerant to lopinavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ cobici-
stat (1 tablet qd) or favipiravir (starting dose of 1600 mg followed by 600 mg tid) is an
alternative option after the ethical review. Simultaneous use of three or more antiviral
drugs is not recommended.
2 Course of Treatment
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The treatment course
course of chloroquine
of chloroquine phosphate
phosphate should beshould
no morebe no7 more
than days. than 7 days. The
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The course
treatment courseof
ofother regimenshas
other regimens hasnotnot been
been determined
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usually
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weeks. Antiviral should bebestopped
should stopped ififnucleic
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times.
VII. Anti-shock and Anti-hypoxemia Treatment

During the progression from the severe to critically ill stage, patients may develop severe
hypoxemia, cytokine cascade and severe infections that might develop into shock, tissue
perfusion disorders, and even multiple organ failure. Treatment is aimed at incentive removal
and fluid recovery. The artificial liver support system (ALSS) and blood purification can
effectively diminish inflammatory mediators and cytokine cascade and prevent the incidence
of shock, hypoxemia and respiratory distress syndrome.
1 Usage of Glucocorticoids when Necessary

Appropriate and short-term use of corticosteroids to inhibit cytokine cascade and to
prevent disease progression should be considered for patients with severe COVID-19
pneumonia as early as possible. However, a high dose of glucocorticoids should be
avoided due to adverse events and complications.
1.1 Indication for Corticosteroids
① for those in severe and critically ill stage;
② for those with persistent high fever (temperature above 39°C);
25 Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment9
③ for those whose computerized tomography (CT) demonstrated patchy ground-glass

attenuation or more than 30% area of the lungs are involved;
④ for those whose CT demonstrated rapid progression (more than 50% area involved in
pulmonary CT images within 48 hours);
⑤ for those whose IL-6 is above ≥ 5 ULN.
1.2 Application of Corticosteroids
Initial routine methylprednisolone at a dose of 0.75~1.5 mg/kg intravenously once a day
(nearly 40 mg once or twice a day) is recommended. However, methylprednisolone at a
dose of 40 mg q12h can be considered for patients with falling body temperature or for
patients with significantly increased cytokines under routine doses of steroid. Even
methylprednisolone at a dose of 40 mg-80 mg q12h can be considered for critical cases.
Closely monitor body temperature, blood oxygen saturation, blood routine, C-reactive
protein, cytokines, biochemical profile and lung CT every 2 to 3 days during the
treatment as necessary. The dosage of methylprednisolone should be halved every 3 to
5 days if medical conditions of patients are improved, the body temperature normaliz-
es, or involved lesions on CT are significantly absorbed. Oral methylprednisolone
(Medrol) once a day is recommended when the intravenous dose is reduced to 20 mg
per day. The course of corticosteroids in not defined; some experts have suggesting
ceasing corticosteroids treatment when patients are nearly recovered.
1.3 Special Consideration during Treatment
① screening of TB by T-SPOT assay, HBV and HCV by antibody assay should be
performed before corticosteroid therapy;
② proton pump inhibitors could be considered to prevent complications;
③ blood glucose should be monitored. High blood glucose should be treated with
insulin when necessary;
④ low serum potassium should be corrected;
⑤ liver function should be monitored closely;
⑥ traditional Chinese herbal medicine may be considered for patients who are sweat-
ing;
⑦ sedative-hypnotics can be administered temporarily for patients with sleep disorder.
2 Artificial Liver Treatment for Suppression of Cytokine Cascade

The artificial liver support system (ALSS) can conduct plasma exchange, adsorption,
perfusion, and filtration of inflammatory mediators such as endotoxins and harmful
metabolic substances of small or medium molecular weight. It can also provide serum
albumin, coagulation factors, balance fluid volume, electrolytes and acid-base ratio,
and manifest anti-cytokine storms, shock, lung inflammation, et al. In doing so it can
also help to improve multiple organ functions including the liver and kidney. Thus, it can
increase treatment success and reduce the mortality of severe patients.
2.1 Indication for ALSS
① serum inflammatory indicator (such as IL-6) level rises to ≥ 5 ULN, or rising rate is ≥1
time per day;
② involved area of pulmonary CT or X-ray images ≥10% progression per day;
③ artificial liver support system is required for the treatment of underlying diseases.
Patients meeting ① + ②, or patients meeting ③.
2.2 Contraindications
There is no absolute contraindication in the treatment of critically ill patients. However,
ALSS should be avoided in the following situations:
① Severe bleeding disease or disseminated intravascular coagulation;
② Those who are highly allergic to blood components or drugs used in the treatment
process such as plasma, heparin and protamine;
③ Acute cerebrovascular diseases or severe head injury;
④ Chronic cardiac failure, cardiac functional classification ≥ grade III;
⑤ Uncontrolled hypotension and shock;
⑥ Severe arrhythmia.
Plasma exchange combined with plasma adsorption or dual plasma molecular
adsorption, perfusion, and filtration is recommended according to the patients’
situation. 2000 mL of plasma should be exchanged when ALSS is performed. Detailed
operating procedures can be found in the Expert Consensus on the Application of
Artificial Liver Blood Purification System in the Treatment of Severe and Critical Novel
Coronavirus Pneumonia.
ALSS significantly reduces the time that critically ill patients stay in the ICU in our
hospital. Typically, the levels of serum cytokines such as IL-2/IL-4/IL-6/TNF-α are
remarkably decreased, and oxygen saturation is significantly improved after ALSS.
3 Oxygen Therapy for Hypoxemia

Hypoxemia can present due to impaired respiratory functions by COVID-19. Oxygen
supplementation treatment can correct hypoxemia, relieving secondary organ damage
caused by respiratory distress and hypoxemia.
3.1 Oxygen therapy
(1) Continual oxygen saturation monitoring during oxygen therapy
Some patients do not necessarily have impaired oxygenation functions at the onset of
infection but may manifest rapid deterioration in oxygenation over time. Therefore,
continual monitoring of oxygen saturation is recommended, before and during oxygen
therapy.
(2) Oxygen therapy as soon as possible
Oxygen therapy is not necessary for patients with oxygen saturation (SpO 2) of more than
93% or for patients without obvious symptoms of respiratory distress without oxygen
treatment. Oxygen therapy is strongly recommended to the patients with symptoms of
respiratory distress. It should be noted that some severe patients with PaO 2/FiO 2 < 300
had no obvious symptoms of respiratory distress.
(3) Treatment goal of oxygen therapy
The treatment goal of oxygen therapy is to maintain the oxygen saturation (SpO 2) at
93%-96% for patients without chronic pulmonary disease and at 88%-92% for patients
with chronic type II respiratory failure. Specially, the oxygen concentration should be
increased to 92%-95% for patients whose SpO 2 drops below 85% frequently during daily
activities.
(4) Control oxygen therapy

PaO 2/FiO 2 is a sensitive and accurate indicator of oxygenation function. The stability and
monitorability of FiO 2 are very important for patients with disease progression and PaO2/FiO 2
below 300 mmHg. Controlled oxygen therapy is the preferred treatment.
High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy is recommended for patients with the
following conditions: SpO 2 < 93%; PaO 2/FiO 2 < 300 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa); respiratory
rate > 25 times per min at bed; or remarkable progression on X-ray imaging. Patients should
wear a surgical mask during HFNC treatment. The airflow of HFNC oxygen therapy should
start at a low level and gradually increased up to 40-60 L/min when PaO 2/FiO 2 is between
200-300 mmHg so that patients do not feel obvious chest tightness and shortness of breath.
An initial flow of at least 60 L/min should be given immediately for patients with obvious
respiratory distress.
Tracheal intubation for patients is dependent on disease progression, systemic status and
complication of patients for those with stable situation but with a low oxygenation index
(<100 mmHg). Thus, detailed evaluations of the clinical condition of patients is very important
before decision making. Tracheal intubation should be performed as early as possible for
patients with an oxygenation index less than 150 mmHg, worsening symptoms of respiratory
distress or multiple organ dysfunction within 1-2 hours after high-flow (60 L/min) and
high-concentration (> 60%) HFNC oxygen therapy.
Older patients (> 60 years old) with more complications or PaO2/FiO2 less than 200 mmHg
should be treated in ICU.
3.2 Mechanical Ventilation
(1) Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV)
NIV is not strongly recommended in COVID-19 patients who fail HFNC treatment. Some severe
patients progress to ARDS rapidly. Excessive inflation pressure may cause gastric distension
and intolerance which contribute to aspiration and worsen lung injury. A short-term (less than
2 hours) use of NIV can be closely monitored if the patient has acute left heart failure, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease or is immunocompromised. Intubation should be performed
as early as possible if improvement of respiratory distress symptoms or PaO 2/FiO 2 is not
observed.
NIV with a double circuit is recommended. A virus filter should be installed between the mask
and the exhalation valve when applying NIV with a single tube. Suitable masks should be
chosen to reduce the risk of virus spread through air leakage.
(2) Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
① Principles of invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients
It is important to balance the ventilation and oxygenation demands and the risk of
mechanical ventilation-related lung injury in the treatment of COVID-19 .
· Strictly set the tidal volume to 4 – 8 mL/kg. In general, the lower the lung compliance, the
smaller the preset tidal volume should be.
· Maintain the platform pressure < 30 cmH O (1 cmH2O = 0.098 kPa) and driving pressure <15
2
cmH 2O.
· Set PEEP according to the ARDS’s protocol.
· Ventilation frequency: 18-25 times per minute. Moderate hypercapnia is allowed.
· Administer sedation, analgesia, or muscle relaxant if the tidal volume, platform pressure
and driving pressure are too high.
② Lung Recruitment
Lung recruitment improves the heterogeneous distribution of lesions in patients with

ARDS. However, it may result in severe respiratory and circulatory complications and
therefore, the lung recruitment maneuver is not routinely recommended. The assessment
of lung expandability should be performed prior to the application.
(3) Prone Position Ventilation
Most critically ill patients with COVID-19 respond well to prone ventilation, with a rapid
improvement of oxygenation and lung mechanics. Prone ventilation is recommended as
a routine strategy for patients with PaO2/FiO2 < 150 mmHg or with obvious imaging
manifestations without contraindications. Time course recommended for prone
ventilation is more than 16 hours each time. The prone ventilation can be ceased once
PaO2/FiO2 is greater than 150 mmHg for more than 4 hours in the supine position.
Prone ventilation while awake may be attempted for patients who have not been
intubated or have no obvious respiratory distress but with impaired oxygenation or have
consolidation in gravity-dependent lung zones on lung images. Procedures for at least 4
hours each time is recommended. Prone position can be considered several times per
day depending on the effects and tolerance.
(4) Prevention of Regurgitation and Aspiration
Gastric residual volume and gastrointestinal function should be routinely evaluated.

Appropriate enteral nutrition is recommended to be given as earlier as possible.
Nasointestinal feeding and continuous nasogastric decompression are recommended.
Enteral nutrition should be suspended and aspiration with 50 mL syringe be done before
transfer. If no contraindication exists, a 30° semi-sitting position is recommended.
(5) Fluid Management
Excessive fluid burden worsens hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients. To reduce pulmonary

exudation and improve oxygenation, the amount of fluid should be strictly controlled
while ensuring the patient's perfusion.
(6) Strategies to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
VAP bundled strategies should be strictly implemented:
① Select appropriate type of endotracheal tube;
② Use a endotracheal tube with subglottic suction (once every 2 hours, aspirated with 20
mL empty syringe each time);
③ Place the endotracheal tube at the right position and correct depth, fix properly and
avoid pulling;
④ Maintain the airbag pressure at 30 - 35 cmH2O (1 cmH2O = 0.098 kPa) and monitor
every 4 hours;
⑤ Monitor the airbag pressure and deal with water condensates when the position
changes (two people cooperate in dumping and pouring the water condensates into a
capped container containing a pre-made disinfectant chlorine solution); deal with
secretions accumulated in the airbag;
⑥ Clean up secretions from the mouth and nose timely.
(7) Weaning of Ventilation
Sedatives is reduced and discontinued before awakening when the patient’s PaO2/FiO2 is
more than 150 mmHg. Intubation withdrawal should be performed as earlier as possible
if permitted. HFNC or NIV is used for sequential respiratory support after withdrawal.
VIII. The Rational Use of Antibiotics to Prevent Secondary Infection
COVID-19 is a disease of viral infection, therefore antibiotics are not recommended to prevent
bacterial infection in mild or ordinary patients; it should be used carefully in severe patients
based on their conditions. Antibiotics can be used with discretion in patients who have the
following conditions: extensive lung lesions; excess bronchial secretions; chronic airway
diseases with a history of pathogen colonization in the lower respiratory tract; taking
glucocorticoids with a dosage ≥ 20 mg × 7d (in terms of prednisone). The options of antibiotics
include quinolones, the second or third generation cephalothins, β-lactamase inhibitor

compounds, etc. The antibiotics should be used for the prevention of bacterial infection in
critically severe patients, especially those with invasive mechanical ventilation. The
antibiotics such as carbapenems, β-lactamase inhibitor compounds, linezolid and
vancomycin can be used in critically ill patients according to the individual risk factors.
The patient’s symptoms, signs and indicators such as blood routine, C-reactive protein, and
procalcitonin, need to be closely monitored during the treatment. When the change of a
patient’s condition is detected, a comprehensive clinical judgment needs to be made. When
the secondary infection cannot be ruled out, qualified specimen need to be collected for
testing by smear preparation, cultivation, nucleic acid, antigen and antibody, in order to
determine the infectious agent as early as possible. Antibiotics can be empirically used in the
following conditions: ① more expectoration, darker sputum color, especially yellow pus
sputum; ② the rise of body temperature which is not due to exacerbation of the original
disease; ③ the marked increase of white blood cells and/or neutrophils; ④ procalcitonin ≥ 0.5
ng/mL; ⑤ Exacerbation of oxygenation index or circulatory disturbance that are not caused
by the viral infection; and the other conditions suspiciously caused by bacteria infections.
Some COVID-19 patients are at the risk of secondary fungal infections due to weakened
cellular immunity caused by viral infections, the use of glucocorticoid and/or broad-spectrum
antibiotics. It is necessary to do respiratory secretions microbiological detections such as
smear preparation and cultivation for critically ill patients; and provide timely D-Glucose
(G-test) and galactomannan (GM-test) of blood or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for suspected
patients.
It is necessary to be vigilant with possible invasive candidiasis infection and anti-fungal
therapy. Fluconazole or echinocandin can be used in the following conditions: ① patients are
given broad-spectrum antibiotics for seven days or more; ② patients have parenteral
nutrition; ③ patients have invasive examination or treatment; ④ patients have positive
candida culture in the specimen obtained from two body parts or more; ⑤ patients have
significantly increased results of G-test.
It is necessary to be vigilant with possible invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Anti-fungal
therapy such as voriconazole, posaconazole, or echinocandin are considered to be used in
the following conditions: ① patients are given glucocorticoid for seven days or more; ②
patients have agranulocytosis; ③ patients have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and
aspergillus culture are tested positive in the specimen obtained from the airway; ④ patients
have significantly increased results of GM-test.
IX. The Balance of Intestinal Microecology and Nutritional Support
Some COVID-19 patients have gastrointestinal symptoms (such as abdominal pain and
diarrhea) due to direct viral infection of the intestinal mucosa or antiviral and anti-infective
drugs. There has been report that the intestinal microecological balance is broken in
COVID-19 patients, manifesting a significant reduction of the intestinal probiotics such as
lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. Intestinal microecological imbalance may lead to
bacterial translocation and secondary infection, so it is important to maintain the balance of
intestinal microecology by microecological modulator and nutritional support.
1 Microecologics Intervention
(1) Microecologics can reduce bacterial translocation and secondary infection. It can
increase dominant gut bacteria, inhibit intestinal harmful bacteria, reduce toxin
production and reduce infection caused by gut microflora dysbiosis.
(2) Microecologics can improve the gastrointestinal symptoms of patients. It can reduce
water in feces, improve fecal character and defecation frequency, and reduce diarrhea
by inhibiting intestinal mucosal atrophy.
(3) The hospital with relevant resources can perform intestinal flora analysis. Therefore,
the intestinal flora disturbance can be discovered early according to the results.
Antibiotics can be adjusted timely and probiotics can be prescribed. These can reduce
the chances of intestinal bacterial translocation and gut-derived infection.
(4) Nutrition support is an important means to maintain intestinal microecological
balance.Intestinal nutrition support should be applied timely on the basis of effective
evaluations of nutritional risks, gastroenteric functions, and aspiration risks.
2 Nutrition Support
The severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients who are in a state of severe stress are at
high nutritional risks. Early evaluations of nutrition risk, gastrointestinal functions and
aspiration risks, and timely enteral nutritional support are important to the patient’s
prognosis.
(1) Oral feeding is preferred. The early intestinal nutrition can provide nutritional
support, nourish intestines, improve intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal immunity,
and maintain intestinal microecology.
(2) Enteral nutrition pathway. Severe and critically ill patients often harbor acute
gastrointestinal damages, manifested as abdominal distension, diarrhea, and
gastroparesis. For patients with tracheal intubation, intestinal nutrition tube indwelling
is recommended for post-pyloric feeding.
(3) Selection of nutrient solution. For patients with intestinal damage, predigested
short peptide preparations, which are easy for intestinal absorption and utilization, are
recommended. For patients with good intestinal functions, whole-protein preparations
with relatively high calories can be selected. For hyperglycemia patients, nutritional
preparations which are beneficial to glycemic controlling are recommended.
(4) Energy supply. 25-30 kcal per kg body weight, the target protein content is 1.2-2.0
g/kg daily.
(5) Means of nutritional supply. Pump infusion of nutrients can be used at a uniform
speed, starting with a low dosage and gradually increasing. When possible, the
nutrients can be heated before feeding to reduce intolerance.
(6) The elderly patients who are at high aspiration risks or patients with apparent
abdominal distention can be supported by parenteral nutrition temporarily. It can be
gradually replaced by independent diet or enteral nutrition after their condition
improves.
X. ECMO Support for COVID-19 Patients
COVID-19 is a novel, highly infectious disease primarily targeting pulmonary alveoli, which
damages primarily the lungs of critically ill patients and leads to severe respiratory failure.
For the application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in COVID-19 treatment,
medical professionals need to pay close attention to the following: the time and means of
intervention, anticoagulant and bleeding, coordination with mechanical ventilation, awake
ECMO and the early rehabilitation training, strategy of handling for complications.
1 ECMO Intervention Timing

1.1 Salvage ECMO
In the state of mechanical ventilation support, measures such as lung protective
ventilation strategy and prone position ventilation have been taken for 72 h. With the
onset of one of the following conditions, salvage ECMO intervention needs to be
considered.
(1) PaO2/FiO2 < 80 mmHg (regardless of what the PEEP level is);
(2) Pplat ≤ 30 mmHg, PaCO2 > 55 mmHg;
(3) The onset of pneumothorax, air leakage > 1/3 tidal volume, duration > 48 h;
(4) Circulation deterioration, the dosage of norepinephrine > 1 μg/(kg×min);
(5) Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in vitro life support ECPR.
1.2 Replacement ECMO
When the patient is not suitable for long-term mechanical ventilation support, i.e., the
patient is not able to obtain the expected results, ECMO replacement needs to be
adopted immediately. With the onset of one of the following conditions, ECMO
replacement needs to be considered.
(1) Decreased lung compliance. After the pulmonary recruitment maneuver, the
compliance of the respiratory system < 10 mL/cmH2O;
(2) Persistent exacerbation of pneumomediastinum or subcutaneous emphysema. And
the parameters of mechanical ventilation support cannot be reduced within 48 h,
according to the estimation;
(3) PaO2/FiO2 < 100 mmHg. And it cannot be improved by routine methods in 72 h.
1.3 Early Awake ECMO
Early awake ECMO can be applied to patients who have been supported by mechanical
ventilation with the expected high parameters for more than 7 days and who meet the
necessary conditions of awake ECMO. They might benefit from it. All the following
conditions must be met:
(1) The patient is in a clear state of consciousness and is fully compliant. He or she
understands how ECMO works and its maintenance requirements;
(2) The patient is not complicated with neuromuscular diseases;
(3) Pulmonary damage score Murry > 2.5;
(4) Few pulmonary secretions. The time interval between the two airway suction
procedures > 4 h;
(5) Stable hemodynamics. Vasoactive agents are not required for assistance.
2 Cathetering Methods
Because the ECMO supporting time for most COVID-19 patients is greater than 7 days,
the seldinger method should be used as much as possible for the ultrasound guided
peripheral catheter insertion, which reduces the bleeding damages and infection risks
brought about by intravascular cathterization by venous angiotomy, especially for the
early awake ECMO patients. Intravascular catheterization by venous angiotomy may be
considered only for the patients with bad blood vessel conditions, or the patients
whose catheterization cannot be identified and selected by ultrasound, or the patients
whose seldinger technique failed.
3 Mode Selection
(1) The first choice for the patients of respiratory impairment is the V-V mode. The V-A
mode should not be the first option just because of the possible circulation problems.
(2) For the respiratory failure patients complicated with cardiac impairment, PaO2/FiO2
< 100 mmHg, the V-A-V mode ought to be selected with the total flux > 6 L/min and V/A
= 0.5/0.5 is maintained by current limiting.
(3) For the COVID-19 patients without severe respiratory failure but complicated with
serious cardiovascular outcomes leading to cardiogenic shock, the V-A assisted by
ECMO mode ought to be selected. But IPPV support is still needed and the awake ECMO
should be avoided.the awake ECMO should be avoided.
4 Flux Set-value and Target Oxygen Supply

(1) The initial flux > 80% cardiac output (CO) with a self-cycling ratio < 30%.
(2) SPO2 > 90% is to be maintained. FiO2 < 0.5 is supported by mechanical ventilation or
the other oxygen therapy.
(3) To ensure the target flux, 22 Fr (24 Fr) vein access canula is the first choice for the
patient with a body weight below (above) 80 kg.
5 Ventilation Setting
Normal ventilation maintenance by adjusting the sweep gas level：
(1) The initial air flow is set to be Flow: sweep gas = 1:1. The basic target is to maintain
PaCO2 < 45mmHg. For the patients complicated with COPD, PaCO2 < 80% basal level.
(2) The patient’s spontaneous respiratory strength and respiratory rate (RR) should be
maintained, with 10 < RR < 20 and without chief complaint of breathing difficulty from
the patient.
(3) The sweep gas setup of the V-A mode needs to ensure the 7.35-7.45 PH value of the
bloodstream out of the oxygenator membrane.
6 Anti-Coagulation and Bleeding Prevention

(1) For the patients without active bleeding, without visceral bleeding, and with platelet
count > 50×109/L, the recommended initial heparin dosage is 50 U/kg.
(2) For the patients complicated with bleeding or with platelet count < 50×109/L, the
recommended initial heparin dosage is 25 U/kg.
(3) The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT) being 40—60 sec is proposed to be
the target of anticoagulation maintenance dosage. The trend of D-dimer change
should be considered at the same time.
(4) Heparin-free operation may be performed in the following circumstances: the ECMO
support must continue but there is fatal bleeding or active bleeding that has to be
controlled; whole heparin coated loop and catheterization with blood flow > 3 L/min.
The recommend operation time < 24 hour. Replacement devices and consumables need
to be prepared.
(5) Heparin resistance. Under some conditions of heparin usage, aPTT is not able to
reach the standard and blood coagulation happens. In this case, the activity of plasma
antithrombin III (ATIII) needs to be monitored. If the activity reduces, fresh frozen
plasma needs to be supplemented to restore heparin sensitivity.
(6) Heparin induced thrombopenia (HIT). When HIT happens, we recommend to perform
plasma exchange therapy, or to replace heparin with argatroban.
7 Weaning from ECMO and Mechanical Ventilation

(1) If a patient treated by V-V ECMO combined with mechanical ventilation satisfies the
awake ECMO condition, we suggest to first try to remove the artificial airway, unless the
patient has ECMO related complications, or the expected time of removal of all the
assisting machines is less than 48 h.
(2) For a patient who has too much airway secretions that frequent artificial suction
clearance is needed, who is expected to have a long-term mechanical ventilation
support, who satisfies the conditions PaO2/FiO2 > 150 mmHg and time > 48 h, whose lung
image changes for the better, and whose damages related to mechanical ventilation
pressure have been controlled, the ECMO assistance may be removed. It is not
recommended to keep ECMO intubation.
XI. Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19 Patients
Since Behring and Kitasato reported the therapeutic effects of diphtheria antitoxin plasma in
1891, plasma therapy has become an important means of pathogen immunotherapy for acute
infectious diseases. The disease progression is rapid for severe and critically ill patients of an
emerging infectious disease. In the early phase, the pathogens damage the target organs
directly and then lead to severe immuno-pathological damage. The passive immune
antibodies can effectively and directly neutralize the pathogens, which reduces the damage
of the target organs and then block the subsequent immune-pathological damages. During
multiple global pandemic outbreaks, WHO also emphasized that “convalescent plasma the rapy
is one of the most recommended potential therapies, and it has been used during other
epidemic outbreaks”. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the initial mortality rate was rather
high due to the lack of specific and effective treatments. As mortality rate is an important
metric that the public concerns, clinic treatments which can reduce the fatality rate of critical
cases effectively are key to avoid public panic. As a provincial-level hospital in Zhejiang
province, we have been responsible to treat the patients from Hangzhou and the critically ill
patients of the province. There are abundant potential convalescent plasma donors and
critically ill patients who need convalescent plasma treatment in our hospital.
1 Plasma collection
In addition to the common requirements of blood donation and procedures, the following details
should be noted.
1.1 Donors
At least two weeks after recovery and being discharged (the nucleic acid test of the sample taken from
the lower respiratory tract remains negative≥14 days). 18 ≤ Age ≤ 55. The body weight＞50 kg (for
male) or ＞45 kg (for female). At least one week since last glucocorticoid usage. More than two weeks
since last blood donation.
1.2 Collection Method

Plasmapheresis, 200-400 mL each time (based on medical consultation).
1.3 Post-Collection Testing

In addition to the general quality test and the test of blood-borne disease, the blood samples need to
be tested for:
(1) Nucleic acid testing for SARS-CoV-2;
(2) 160-fold dilution for the qualitative test of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM detection; or 320-fold
dilution for the qualitative test of whole antibody detection. If possible, keep > 3 mL plasma for the
viral neutralization experiments.
The following should be noted. During the comparison of virus neutralization titer and luminescent
IgG antibody quantitative detection, we found that the present SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibody
detection does not fully demonstrate the actual virus neutralization capability of the plasma.
Therefore, we suggested the virus neutralization test as the first choice, or test the overall antibody
level with the 320-fold dilution of the plasma.
2 Clinical Use of the Convalescent Plasma

2.1 Indication
(1) Severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients tested positive in respiratory tract test;
(2) The COVID-19 patients who are not severe or critically ill, but in a state of immunity suppression;
or have low CT values in the virus nucleic acid testing but with a rapid disease progression in the lungs.
Note: In principle, the convalescent plasma should not be used on COVID-19 patients with disease
course exceeding three weeks. But in clinical applications, we found that the convalescent plasma
therapy is effective for patients with a disease course exceeding three weeks and whose virus nucleic
acid tests continuously to show positive from respiratory tracts specimen. It can speed up virus
clearance, increase the numbers of the plasma lymphocytes and NK cells, reduce the level of plasma
lactic acid, and improve renal functions.
2.2 Contraindication
(1) Allergy history of plasma, sodium citrate and methylene blue;
(2) For patients with history of autoimmune system diseases or selective IgA deficiency,
the application of convalescent plasma should be evaluated cautiously by clinicians.
2.3 Infusion plan In general, the dosage of convalescent plasma therapy is ≥400 mL for
one infusion, or ≥ 200 mL per infusion for multiple infusions.
XII. TCM Classification Therapy to Improve Curative Efficacy
1 Classification and Stage

COVID-19 can be divided into early, middle, critical and recovery stages. At the early
stage, the disease has two main types: “wet lungs” and “external cold and internal
heat.” The middle stage is characterized by “intermittent cold and heat.” The critical
stage is characterized by “internal block of epidemic toxin.” The recovery stage is
characterized by “qi deficiency in lung-spleen.” The disease initially belongs to wet
lung syndrome. Due to fever, both intermittent cold and heat treatments are
recommended. In the middle stage, cold, dampness, and heat coexist, belonging to
“cold-heat mixture” in terms of TCM. Both cold and heat therapy should be
considered. According to the theory of TCM, heat should be treated with cold drugs. But
cold drugs impair Yang and lead to a cold spleen and stomach and cold-heat mixture in
the middle-Jiao. Therefore, in this stage both cold and heat therapies should be
considered. Because cold-heat symptoms are commonly seen in COVID-19 patients, the
cold-heat therapy is better than other approaches.
2 Therapy Based on Classification

(1) Wet lungs Ephedra Herb 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarumg 10 g, Coix Seed 30 g,
Liquoric Root 6 g, Baical Skullcap Root 15 g, Huoxiang 10 g, Reed Rhizome 30 g,
Cyrtomium Rhizome 15 g, Indian Buead 20 g, Chinese Atractylodes Rhizome 12 g,
Officinal Magnolia Bark 12 g.
(2) External cold and internal heat
Herba Ephedrae 9 g, Raw Gypsum Fibrosum 30 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarumg 10 g,
Liquoric Root 6 g, Baical Skullcap Root 15 g, Pericarpium Trichosanthis 20 g, Fructus
Aurantii 15 g, Officinal Magnolia Bark 12 g, Tripterospermum Cordifolium 20 g, White
Mulberry Root-bark 15 g, Pinellia Tuber 12 g, Indian Buead 20 g, Platycodon Root 9 g.
(3) Intermittent cold-heat
Pinellia Tuber 12 g, Baical Skullcap Root 15 g, Golden Thread 6 g, Dried Ginger 6 g,
Chinese Date 15 g, Kudzuvine Root 30 g, Costustoot 10 g, Indian Buead 20 g, Thunberg
Fritillary Bulb 15 g, Coix Seed 30 g, Liquoric Root 6 g.
(4) Internal block of epidemic toxin
Use cheongsimhwan for treatment.
(5) Qi deficiency of lung and spleen
Membranous Milkvetch Root 30 g, Pilose Asiabell Root 20 g, Roasted Largehead
Atractylodes Rhizome 15 g, Indian Buead 20 g, Fructus Amomi 6 g, Siberian
Solomonseal Rhizome 15 g, Pinellia Tuber 10 g, Tangerine Peel 6 g, Wingde Yan Rhizome
20 g, Semen Nelumbinis 15 g, Chinese Date 15 g.
Patients in different stages should take different approaches. One dose per day. Boil the
medicine in water. Take it every morning and evening.
XIII. Drug Use Management of COVID-19 Patients
COVID-19 patients are often complicated with underlying diseases receiving multiple types of
drugs. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the adverse drug reactions and drug
interactions so as to avoid drug-induced organ damage and improve the success rate of
treatment.
1 Identification of adverse drug reactions

It has been demonstrated that the incidence of abnormal liver function is 51.9% in
COVID-19 patients who have received lopinavir/ritonavir combined arbidol antiviral
treatment. Multivariate analysis revealed that antiviral agents and more concomitant
medications are two independent risk factors of abnormal liver function. Therefore,
monitoring of the adverse drug reactions should be strengthened; the unnecessary
drug combinations should be reduced. The main adverse reactions of antiviral agents
include:
(1) Lopinavir /ritonavir and darunavir/cobicistat: diarrhea, nausea, vomit, the increase
of serum aminotransferase, jaundice, dyslipidemia, the increase of lactic acid.
Symptoms will recover after drug withdrawal.
(2) Arbidol：the increase of serum aminotransferase and jaundice. When combined with
lopinavir, the incidence rate is even higher. The symptoms will recover after drug
withdrawal. Sometimes a slowdown of the heart could be induced; thus it is necessary
to avoid the combination of arbidol with β–receptor inhibitors such as metoprolol and
propranolol. We suggest to stop taking the drugs when the heart rate drops below
60/min.
(3) Fapilavir: elevation of plasma uric acid, diarrhea, neutropenia, shock, fulminant
hepatitis, acute kidney injury. The adverse reactions were commonly seen in elderly
patients or patients complicated with cytokine storm.
(4) Chloroquine phosphate: dizziness, headache, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, different
kinds of skin rash. The most severe adverse reaction is cardiac arrest. The main adverse
reaction is the ocular toxicity. An electrocardiogram needs to be examined before
taking the drug. The drug should be prohibited for patients with arrhythmia (e.g.,
conduction block), retinal disease, or hearing loss.
2 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Some antiviral and antibacterial drugs need therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Table
1 presents the plasma concentrations of such drugs and their dosage adjustment. Upon
the onset of aberrations of plasma drug concentration, the treatment regimens need to
be adjusted by considering the clinical symptoms and concomitant drugs.
Table 1 The range of concentrations and points for attention of the common
TDM drugs for the COVID-19 patients
Time points of blood The range of Principles of dosage

Drug names collection concentrations adjustment
(peak) 30 min after lopinavir： Correlated with drug

lopinavir/ drug administration efficacy and side
ritonavir (trough) 30 min before (trough）> 1 μg/mL effects.
drug administration (peak) < 8.2 μg/mL
10 min before the drug Interpretation and

imipenem 1~8 μg/mL
administration adjust the plasma
drug concentration
10 min before the drug based on MIC of the
meropenem
administration
1~16 μg/mL
pathogen testing
The trough
concentration
correlates with the
failure rate of
10~20 mg/L (15~20 anti-infective therapy
30 min before the drug and renal toxicity.
vancomycin mg/L for the severe
administration When the
MRSA infection)
concentration is
overly high,
reduction of drug
frequency or single
dose is required.
The trough
concentration
correlates with
30 min before the drug myelosuppression
linezolid administration 2~7 μg/mL adverse reactions.
The blood routine
test needs to be
closely monitored.
The trough
concentration
correlates with the
30 min before the drug therapeutic
voriconazol administration 1~5.5 μg/mL efficacy and
adverse reactions
such as impaired
liver function.
3 Paying attention to the potential drug interactions

Antiviral drugs such as lopinavir/ritonavir are metabolized through the enzyme CYP3A
in the liver. When patients receiving concomitant medications, the potential drug
interactions need to be carefully screened. Table 2 shows interactions between antiviral
drugs and common drugs for underlying diseases.
Table 2 Interactions between antiviral drugs and common drugs for underlying
Contraindication in
Drug names Potential interactions
combined medication
When combined with drugs associated with

CYP3A metabolism (e.g., statins,
immunosuppressors such as tacrolimus,
Combined use with amiodarone
voriconazole), the plasma concentration of the
lopinavir/ (fatal arrhythmia), quetiapine
combined drug may increase; leading to
(severe coma), simvastati
ritonavir 153%, 5.9 folds, 13 folds increase of the AUC of
(rhabdomyolysis) is prohibited.
rivaroxaban, atrovastatin, midazolam,
respectively. Pay attention to clinical symptoms
and apply the TDM.
When combined with drugs associated with

darunavir/ CYP3A and/or CYP2D6 metabolism, the plasma
concentration of the combined drugs may See lopinavir/ritonavir.
cobicistat
increase. See lopinavir/ ritonavir.
It interacts with CYP3A4, UGT1A9 substrates,

arbidol
inhibitors, and inducers.
① Theophyllinum increases the bioavailability

of fapilavir.
② It increases the bioavailability of

acetaminophen by 1.79 folds.
fapilavir
③ Its combination with pyrazinamide increases
the plasma uric acid level.
④ Its combination with repaglinide increases

the plasma repaglinide level.
Prohibit to combine with the

drugs that may lead to the
chloroquine
prolonged Q-T interval (such as
phosphate
moxifloxacin, azithromycin,
amiodarone, etc.).
Note：“—”: no relevant data；TDM：therapeutic drug monitoring；AUC：area under the curve；

UGT1A9：uridine diphosphate glucosidase 1A9.
4 Avoiding medical damage in special populations

Special populations include pregnant women, patients with hepatic and renal
insufficiency, patients supported by mechanical ventilation, patients under continuous
renal replacement therapy (CRRT) or, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), etc.
The following aspects need to be noted during drug administration.
(1) Pregnant women

Lopinavir/ritonavir tablets could be used. Favipiravir and chloroquine phosphate are
prohibited.
(2) Patients with hepatic insufficiency Drugs that are excreted unchanged through the
kidney are preferred, such as penicillin and cephalosporins, etc.
(3) Patients with renal insufficiency (including those on hemodialysis)
Drugs that are metabolized through the liver or excreted through the liver-kidney double
channels are preferred, such as linezolid, moxifloxacin, ceftriaxone, etc.
(4) Patients under CRRT for 24h For vancomycin, the recommended regimen is: loading dose 1 g
and maintenance dose 0.5 g, q12h. For imipenem, the maximum daily dosage should not exceed
2 g.
XIV. Psychological Intervention with COVID-19 Patients
1 The psychological stress and symptoms of COVID-19 patients

Confirmed COVID-19 patients often have symptoms such as regret and resentment,
loneliness and helplessness, depression, anxiety and phobia, irritation and sleep
deprivation. Some patients may have panic attacks. Psychological evaluations in the
isolated wards demonstrated that, about 48% of confirmed COVID-19 patients
manifested psychological stress during early admission, most of which were from their
emotional response to stress. The percentage of delirium is high among the critically ill
patients. There is even a report of encephalitis induced by the SARS-CoV-2 leading to
psychological symptoms such as unconsciousness and irritability.
2 Establishing a dynamic mechanism for evaluation and warning of

psychological crisis
Patients’ mental states (individual psychological stress, mood, sleep quality, and
pressure) should be monitored every week after admission and before discharge. The
self-rating tools include: Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20), Patient Health
Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9） and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7). The peer-rating
tools include: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
(HAMA), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In such a special environment
as the isolated wards, we suggest that patients should be guided to complete the
questionnaires through their cell phones. The doctors can interview and perform scale
assessing through face-to-face or online discussion.
3 Intervention and treatment based on the assessment
3.1 Principles of intervention and treatment
For mild patients, psychological intervention is suggested. Psychological

self-adjustment includes breathing relaxation training and mindfulness training. For
moderate to severe patients, intervention and treatment by combining medication and
psychotherapy are suggested. New antidepressants, anxiolytics, and benzodiazepines
can be prescribed to improve the patients’ mood and sleep quality. The second
generation antipsychotics such as olanzapine and quetiapine can be used to improve
psychotic symptoms such as illusion and delusion.
3.2 The recommendation of psychotropic medications in elderly patients
Middle-aged or elderly COVID-19 patients’ medical situations are often complicated by

physical diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. Therefore, when selecting
psychotropic medications, the drug interactions and their effects on respiration must be
fully considered. We recommend using citalopram, escitalopram, etc. to improve
depression and anxiety symptoms; benzodiazepines such as estazolam, alprazolam,
etc. to improve anxiety and sleep quality; olanzapine, quetiapine, etc. to improve
psychotic symptoms.
XV. Rehabilitation Therapy for COVID-19 Patients
Severe and critically ill patients suffer from different degrees of dysfunction, especially
respiratory insufficiency, dyskinesia and cognitive impairment, during both acute and
recovery stages.
1 Rehabilitation therapy for severe and critically ill patients

The goal of early rehabilitation intervention is to reduce breathing difficulties, relieve
symptoms, ease anxiety and depression and lower the incidence of complications. The
process of early rehabilitation intervention is: rehabilitation assessment - therapy -
reassessment.
1.1 Rehabilitation assessment

Based on general clinical assessment, especially functional evaluation, including
respiration, cardiac status, motion and ADL should be emphasized. Focus on respiratory
rehabilitation assessment, which includes the evaluation of thoracic activity,
diaphragm activity amplitude, respiratory pattern and frequency, etc.
1.2 Rehabilitation therapy
The rehabilitation therapy of severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients mainly includes
position management, respiratory training, and physical therapy.
(1) Position management. Postural drainage may reduce the influence of sputum on the
respiratory tract, which is especially important to improve the patient’s V/Q. Patients
must learn to tip themselves into a position which allows gravity to assist in draining
excretion from lung lobes or lung segments. For patients using sedatives and suffering
from consciousness disturbance, a standing-up bed or the bed head elevation
(30°-45°-60°) may be applied if the patient’s condition permits. Standing is the best
body position for breathing in a resting state, which can effectively increase the
patient’s respiratory efficiency and maintain lung volume. As long as the patient feels
good, let the patient take a standing position and gradually increase the time standing.
(2) Respiratory exercise. Exercise can fully expand the lungs, help the excretions from
pulmonary alveoli and airway expel into the large airway so that sputum would not
accumulate at the bottom of the lungs. It increases the vital capacity and enhances lung
function. Deep-slow breathing and chest expansion breathing combined with shoulder
expansion are the two major techniques of respiratory exercises.
① Deep-slow breathing: while inhaling, the patient should try his/her best to move the
diaphragm actively. The breathing should be as deep and slow as possible to avoid the
reduction of respiratory efficiency caused by fast-shallow breathing. Compared with
thoracic breathing, this kind of breathing needs less muscle strength but has better tidal
volume and V/Q value, which can be used to adjust breathing when experiencing short
of breath.
② Chest expansion breathing combined with shoulder expansion: Increase pulmonary
ventilation. When taking a deep-slow breath, one expands his/her chest and shoulders
while inhaling; and moves back his/her chest and shoulders while exhaling. Due to the
special pathological factors of viral pneumonia, suspending breathing for a long time
should be avoided in order not to increase the burden of respiratory function, and the
heart, as well as oxygen consumption. Meanwhile, avoid moving too fast. Adjust the
respiratory rate at 12-15 times/min.
(3) Active cycle of breathing techniques. It can effectively remove bronchus excretion
and improve lung function without exacerbation of hypoxemia and airflow obstruction.
It consists of three stages (breathing control, thoracic expansion and exhalation). How
to form a cycle of breathing should be developed according to the patient’s condition.
(4) Positive expiratory pressure trainer. The pulmonary interstitium of COVID-19 patients
has been severely damaged. In mechanical ventilation, low pressure and low tidal
volume are required to avoid damages to the pulmonary interstitium. Therefore, after
the removal of mechanical ventilation, positive expiratory pressure trainer can be used
to help the movement of excretions from the low volume lung segments to the
high-volume segments, lowering the difficulty of expectoration. Expiratory positive
pressure can be generated through air flow vibration, which vibrates the airway to
achieve airway supporting. The excretions can then be removed as the high-speed
expiratory flow moves the excretions.
(5) Physical therapy. This includes ultrashort wave, oscillators, external diaphragm
pacemaker, electrical muscle stimulation, etc.
XVI. Lung Transplantation in Patients with COVID-19
Lung transplantation is an effective treatment approach for final-stage chronic lung diseases.
However, it is rarely reported that lung transplantation has been performed to treating acute
infectious lung diseases. Based on current clinical practice and results, FAHZU summarized
this chapter as a reference for medical workers. In general, following the principles of
exploration, doing the best to save life, highly selective and high protection, if lung lesions
are not significantly improved after adequate and reasonable medical treatment, and the
patient is in critical condition, lung transplantation could be considered with other
evaluations.
1 Pre-transplantation assessment
(1) Age: It is recommended that the recipients are not older than 70. Patients over 70
years old are subject to careful evaluation of other organ functions and postoperative
recovery capability.
(2) The course of the disease: There is no direct correlation between the length of the
disease course and the severity of the disease. However, for patients with short disease
courses (fewer than 4-6 weeks), a full medical assessment is recommended to evaluate
whether adequate medication, ventilator assistance, and ECMO support have been
provided.
(3) Lung function status: Based on the parameters collected from lung CT, ventilator,
and ECMO, it is necessary to evaluate whether there is any chance of recovery.
(4) Functional assessment of other major organs: a. Evaluation of the consciousness
status of patients in critical condition using brain CT scan and electroencephalography
is crucial, as most of them would have been sedated for an extended period; b. Cardiac
assessments, including electrocardiogram and echocardiography that focus on right
heart size, pulmonary artery pressure and left heart function, are highly
recommended; c. The levels of serum creatinine and bilirubin should also be
monitored; for patients with liver failure and renal failure, they should not be subjected
to lung transplantation until the functions of the liver and kidney are recovered.
(5) The nucleic acid test of COVID-19: The patient should be tested negative for at least
two consecutive nucleic acid tests with a time interval longer than 24 hours. Given the
increased incidents of COVID-19 test result returning from negative to positive after
treatment, it is recommended to revise the standard to three consecutive negative
results. Ideally, negative results should be observed in all body fluid samples, including
blood, sputum, nasopharynx, broncho-alveolar lavage, urine, and feces. Considering
the difficulty in operation, however, at least the testing of sputum and broncho-alveolar
lavage samples should be negative.
(6) Assessment of infection status: With the extended in-patient treatment, some
COVID-19 patients may have multiple bacterial infections, and thus a full medical
assessment is recommended to evaluate the situation of infection control, especially
for multidrug-resistant bacterial infection. Moreover, post-procedure antibacterial
treatment plans should be formed to estimate the risk of post-procedure infections.
(7) The preoperative medical assessment process for lung transplantation in COVID-19
patients: a treatment plan proposed by the ICU team → multidisciplinary discussion →
comprehensive medical evaluation → analysis and treatment of relative
contraindications → pre-habilitation before lung transplantation.
2 Contraindications
Please refer to The 2014 ISHLT Consensus: A consensus document for the selection of
lung transplantation candidates issued by the International Society for Heart and Lung
Transplantation (updated in 2014).
XVII. Discharge Standards and Follow-up Plan for COVID-19 Patients
1 Discharge standards
(1) Body temperature remains normal for at least 3 days (ear temperature is lower than 37.5 ℃);
(2) Respiratory symptoms are significantly improved;
(3) The nucleic acid is tested negative for respiratory tract pathogen twice consecutively (sampling
interval more than 24 hours); the nucleic acid test of stool samples can be performed at the same time
if possible;
(4) Lung imaging shows obvious improvement in lesions;

(5) There is no comorbidities or complications which require hospitalization;
(6) SpO 2 > 93% without assisted oxygen inhalation;
(7) Discharge approved by multi-disciplinary medical team.
2 Medication after discharge

Generally, antiviral drugs are not necessary after discharge. Treatments for symptoms
can be applied if patients have mild cough, poor appetite, thick tongue coating, etc.
Antiviral drugs can be used after discharge for patients with multiple lung lesions in the
first 3 days after their nucleic acid are tested negative.
3 Home isolation
Patients must continue two weeks of isolation after discharge. Recommended home
isolation conditions are:
① Independent living area with frequent ventilation and disinfection;
② Avoid contacting with infants, the elderly and people with weak immune functions at
home;
③ Patients and their family members must wear masks and wash hands frequently;
④ Body temperature are taken twice a day (in the morning and evening) and pay close
attention to any changes in the patient’s condition.
4 Follow-up
A specialized doctor should be arranged for each discharged patient’s follow-ups. The
first follow-up call should be made within 48 hours after discharge. The outpatient
follow-up will be carried out 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1 month after discharge.
Examinations include liver and kidney functions, blood test, nucleic acid test of sputum
and stool samples, and pulmonary function test or lung CT scan should be reviewed
according to the patient’s condition. Follow-up phone calls should be made 3 and 6
months after discharge.
5 Management of patients tested positive again after discharge

Strict discharge standards have been implemented in our hospital. There is no
discharged case in our hospital whose sputum and stool samples are tested positive
again in our follow-ups. However, there are some reported cases that patients are
tested positive again, after being discharged based on the standards of national
guidelines (negative results from at least 2 consecutive throat swabs collected at an
interval of 24 hours; body temperature remaining normal for 3 days, symptoms
significantly improved; obvious absorption of inflammation on lung images). It is mainly
due to sample collection errors and false negative testing results. For these patients, the
following strategies are recommended:
(1) Isolation according to the standards for COVID-19 patients.
(2) Continuing to provide antiviral treatment which has been proved to be effective
during prior hospitalization.
(3) Discharge only when improvement is observed on lung imaging and the sputum and
stool are tested negative for 3 consecutive times (with an interval of 24 hours).
(4) Home isolation and follow-up visits after discharge in accordance with the
requirements mentioned above.
Part Three Nursing

I. Nursing Care for Patients Receiving High-Flow Nasal
Cannula (HFNC) Oxygen Therapy
Assessing
Provide detailed information of the HFNC oxygen therapy to get the patient’s cooperation
before implementation. Use low dose sedative with close monitoring if necessary. Choose a
proper nasal catheter based on the diameter of the patient's nasal cavity. Adjust the head
strap tightness and use decompression plaster to prevent device-related pressure injuries
on the facial skin. Maintain the water level in the humidifier chamber. Titrate the flow rate,
the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), and the water temperature based on the patient’s
respiratory demands and tolerance.
Monitoring
Report to the attending physician to seek medical decision of replacing HFNC by mechani-
cal ventilation if any of the followings occur: hemodynamic instability, respiratory distress
evidenced by obvious contraction of accessory muscles, hypoxemia persists despite
oxygen therapy, deterioration of consciousness, the respiratory rate > 40 breaths per
minute continuously, significant amount of sputum.
Treatment of Secretions
Patients’ drool, snot, and sputum should be wiped with tissue paper, be disposed in a
sealed container with chlorine-containing disinfectant (2500 mg/L). Alternatively,
secretions can be removed by oral mucus extractor or suctioning tube and be disposed in
a sputum collector with chlorine-containing disinfectant (2500 mg/L).
II. Nursing Care for Patients with Mechanical Ventilation
Intubation Procedures
The number of the medical staff should be limited to the minimum number that can ensure
the patient’s safety. Wear powered air-purifying respirator as PPE. Before intubation,
perform administration of sufficient analgesia and sedative, and use muscle relaxant if
necessary. Closely monitor the hemodynamic response during intubation. Reduce
movement of staff in the ward, continuous purify and disinfect the room with plasma air
purification technology for 30 min after completion of intubation.
Analgesia, Sedation and Delirium Management
Determine the target pain management goal every day. Assess pain with every 4 hours
(Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool, CPOT), measure sedation with every 2 hours
(RASS/BISS). Titrate the infusion rate of analgesics and sedatives to achieve pain
management goals. For the known painful procedures, preemptive analgesia is admin-
istered. Perform CAM-ICU delirium screening in every shift to ensure an early diagnosis
of COVID-19 patients. Apply centralization strategy for delirium prevention, including
pain relief, sedation, communication, quality sleep, and early mobilization are used.
Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
The ventilator bundle is used to reduce VAP, which includes hand washing; raising the tilt
angle of the patient's bed by 30-45° if no contradiction is presented; oral care every 4 to
6 hours by using a disposable oral mucus extractor; maintain endotracheal tube (ETT)
cuff pressure at 30-35 cmH2O every 4 hours; enteral nutrition support and monitor
gastric residual volume every 4 hours; evaluating daily for ventilator removal; using
washable tracheal tubes for continuous subglottic suctioning combined with 10 mL
syringe suctioning every 1 to 2 hours, and adjusting the suctioning frequency according
to the actual amount of secretions. Dispose retentate below the glottis: the syringe
containing the subglottic secretions is immediately used to aspirate an appropriate
amount of chlorine-containing disinfectant (2500 mg/L), then be re-capped and
disposed of in a sharp container.
Sputum Suction
(1) Use a closed sputum suction system, including closed suction catheter and closed
disposable collection bag, to reduce the formation of aerosol and droplets.
(2) Collection of sputum specimen: use a closed suction catheter and a matching
collection bag to reduce exposure to droplets.
Disposal of Condensation from Ventilators
Use disposable ventilator tubing with dual-loop heating wire and automatic humidifier
to reduce the formation of condensation. Two nurses should cooperate to dump the
condensation promptly into a capped container with chlorine-containing disinfectant
(2500 mg/L). The container can then be directly put in a washing machine, which can be
heated up to 90 °C, for automatic cleaning and disinfection.
Nursing Care for the Prone Position Ventilation (PPV)
Before changing the position, secure the position of tubing and check all the joints to
reduce the risk of disconnection. Change the patient’s position every 2 hours .
III. Daily Management and Monitoring of ECMO (Extra Corporeal

Membrane Oxygenation)
ECMO equipment should be managed by ECMO perfusionists and the following items
should be checked and recorded every hour: Pump flow rate/rotation speed; blood flow;
oxygen flow; oxygen concentration; ensuring that the temperature controller is flowing;
temperature setting and actual temperature; preventing clots in circuit; no pressure to the
cannulae and the circuit tubing is not kinked, or no “shaking” of ECMO tubes; patient's
urine color with special attention to red or dark brown urine; pre & post membrane pressure
as required by the doctor.
The following items during every shift should be monitored and recorded: Check the
depth and fixation of cannula to ensure that the ECMO circuit interfaces are firm, the water
level line of the temperature controller, the power supply of the machine and the connec-
tion of the oxygen, the cannula site for any bleeding and swelling; measure leg circumfer-
ence and observe whether the lower limb on the operation side is swollen; observe lower
limbs, such as dorsalis pedis artery pulse, skin temperature, color, etc.
Daily monitoring: Post membrane blood gas analysis.
Anticoagulation management: The basic goal of ECMO anticoagulation management is

to achieve a moderate anticoagulation effect, which ensures that certain coagulation
activity under the premise of avoiding excessive activation of coagulation. That is to
maintain the balance among anticoagulation, coagulation and fibrinolysis. The patients
should be injected with heparin sodium (25-50 IU/kg) at the time of intubation and
maintained with heparin sodium (7.5-20 IU/kg/h) during the pump flow period. The
dosage of heparin sodium should be adjusted according to APTT results which should be
held between 40-60 seconds. During the anticoagulation period, the number of skin
punctures should be reduced as less as possible. Operations should be taken gently. The
status of bleeding should be observed carefully.
Implement the "ultra-protective lung ventilation" strategy to avoid or reduce the

occurrence of ventilator-related lung injury. It is recommended that the initial tidal
volume is < 6 mL/kg and the intensity of spontaneous breathing is retained (breathing
frequency should be between 10-20 times/min).
Closely observe the vital signs of patients, maintain MAP between 60-65 mmHg,
CVP < 8 mmHg, SpO2 > 90%, and monitor the status of urine volume and blood electrolytes.
Transfuse through the post membrane, avoiding infusion of fat emulsion and propofol.
According to the monitoring records, evaluate the ECMO oxygenator function during
every shift.
IV. Nursing Care of ALSS (Artificial Liver Support System)
ALSS nursing care is mainly divided into two different periods: nursing care during treatment and
intermittent care. Nursing staff should closely observe the conditions of patients, standardize the
operating procedures, focus on key points and deal with complications timely in order to success-
fully complete ALSS treatment.
Nursing Care during Treatment
It refers to nursing during each stage of ALSS treatment. The overall operation process can be
summarized as follows: operator’s own preparation, patient evaluation, installation,
pre-flushing, running, parameter adjustment, weaning and recording. The following are the
key points of nursing care during each stage:
(1) Operator's own preparation
Fully adhere to Level Ⅲ or even more strict protective measures.
(2) Patient assessment
Assess the patient's basic conditions, especially allergy history, blood glucose, coagulation
function, oxygen therapy, sedation (for sober patients, pay attention to their psychological
state) and catheter function status.
(3) Installation and pre-flushing
Use consumables with closed-loop management while avoiding the exposure to patient's
blood and body fluids. The corresponding instruments, pipelines and other consumables
should be selected according to the planned treatment mode. All basic functions and
characteristics of the consumables should be familiarized.
(4) Running
It is recommended that the initial blood draw speed is ≤ 35 mL/min to avoid low blood
pressure which might be caused by high speed. Vital signs should be monitored as well.
(5) Parameter Adjustment
When the patient's extracorporeal circulation is stable, all treatment parameters and alarm
parameters should be adjusted according to the treatment mode. A sufficient amount of
anticoagulant is recommended in the early stage and the anticoagulant dose should be
adjusted during the maintenance period according to different treatment pressure.
(6) Weaning
Adopt "liquid gravity combined recovery method"; the recovery speed ≤ 35 mL/min; after
weaning, medical waste should be treated in accordance to the SARS-Cov-2 infection
prevention and control requirements and the treatment room and instruments should be
cleaned and disinfected as well.
(7) Recording
Make accurate records of the patient's vital signs, medication and treatment parameters for
ALSS and take notes on special conditions.
Intermittent Care
(1) Observation and treatment of delayed complications:

Allergic reactions, imbalance syndromes, etc.;
(2) ALSS Intubation Care:
Medical staff during each shift should observe the patient's conditions and make records;
prevent catheter-related thrombosis; carry out professional maintenance of the catheter
every 48 hours;
(3) ALSS Intubation and Extubation Care:
Vascular ultrasonography should be performed before extubation. After extubation, the
lower limb with the intubation side of patients should not be moved in 6 hours and the
patient should rest in bed for 24 hours. After extubation, the surface of the would to be
observed.
V. Continuous Renal Replacement Treatment (CRRT) Care
Preparation before CRRT
Preparation for patient: establish effective vascular access. Generally, central vein catheterization
is performed for CRRT, with the internal jugular vein preferred. A CRRT device can be integrated
into the ECMO circuit if the two are applied at the same time. Prepare equipment, consumables,
and ultrafiltration medication before CRRT.
In-treatment Care
(1) Vascular Access Care:

Perform professional catheter care every 24 hours for patients with central venous catheteriza-
tion to properly fix access to avoid distortion and compression. When CRRT is integrated into
ECMO treatment, the sequence and the tightness of the catheter connection should be
confirmed by two nurses. Both the outflow and the inflow CRRT lines are suggested to be
connected behind the oxygenator.
(2) Closely monitor consciousness and the vital signs of patients; accurately calculate the
fluid inflow and outflow. Closely observe blood clotting within the cardiopulmonary bypass
circuit, respond effectively to any alarms, and ensure that the machine is operating properly.
Assess the electrolyte and acid-base balance in the internal environment through blood gas
analysis every 4 hours. The replacement liquid should be prepared freshly and labeled
clearly under strict sterile conditions.
Postoperative Care
(1) Monitor blood routine, liver and kidney function and coagulation function.
(2) Wipe the CRRT machine every 24 hours if continuous treatment is applied. Consumables
and wasted liquid should be disposed in accordance with hospital requirements to avoid
nosocomial infection.
VI. General Care
Monitoring
Patient vital signs should be continuously monitored, especially changes in consciousness,

respiration rate and the oxygen saturation. Observe symptoms such as cough, sputum,
chest tightness, dyspnea, and cyanosis. Monitor arterial blood gas anlysis closely. Timely
recognition of any deterioration to adjust strategies of oxygen therapy or to take urgent
response measures. Pay attention to ventilator associated lung injury (VALI) when under
high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and high-pressure support. Closely monitor
changes in airway pressure, tidal volume and respiratory rate.
Aspiration Prevention
(1) Gastric retention monitor: perform continuous post-pyloric feeding with a nutrition
pump to reduce gastroesophageal reflux. Evaluate gastric motility and gastric retention
with ultrasound if possible. Patient with normal gastric emptying are not recommended for
routine assessment;
(2) Evaluate gastric retention every 4 hours. Re-infuse the aspirate if the gastric residual
volume is < 100 mL; otherwise, report to the attending physician;
(3) Aspiration prevention during patient transportation: before transportation, stop nasal
feeding, aspirate the gastric residues and connect the gastric tube to a negative pressure
bag. During transportation, raise the patient’s head up to 30°;
(4) Aspiration prevention during HFNC: Check the humidifier every 4 hours to avoid
excessive or insufficient humidification. Remove any water accumulated in the tubing
promptly to prevent cough and aspiration caused by the accidental entry of condensation
into the airway. Keep the position of the nasal cannula higher than the machine and tubes.
Promptly remove condensation in the system.
Implement strategies to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infection and catheter-

related urinary tract infection.
Prevent pressure-induced skin injuries, including device-related pressure-induced injuries,

incontinence-associated dermatitis and medical adhesive-related skin injuries. Identify
patients at a high risk with the Risk Assessment Scale and implement preventive strategies.
Assess all patients upon admission and when their clinical conditions change with the VTE
risk assessment model to identify those who are at a high risk and implement preventive
strategies. Monitor coagulation function, D-dimer levels and VTE-related clinical manifes-
tations.
Assist eating for patients who are weak, short of breath or those with an obvious fluc-
tuating oxygenation index. Intensify oxygenation index monitoring on these patients
during meals. Provide enteral nutrition at early stages for those who are unable to eat by
mouth. During each shift, adjust the enteral nutrition rate and quantity according to the
tolerance of enteral nutrition.
Appendix
I. Medical Advice Example for COVID-19 Patients
Medical Advice of Mild COVID-19 Cases
1.1 Ordinary
· Air isolation, blood oxygen saturation monitoring, oxygen therapy with nasal cannula
1.2 Examinations
· 2019 Novel Coronavirus RNA Detection (Three Sites) (Sputum) qd
· 2019 Novel Coronavirus RNA Detection (Three Sites) (Feces) qd
· Blood routine, biochemical profile, urine routine, stool routine + OB, coagulation function
+ D dimer, blood gas analysis + lactic acid, ASO + RF + CPR + CCP, ESR, PCT, ABO + RH blood
type, thyroid function, cardiac enzymes + quantitative assay of serum troponin, four routine
items, respiratory virus test, cytokines, G/GM test, angiotensin converting enzyme
· Liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen ultrasound, echocardiography and lung CT scan
1.3 Medication
· Arbidol tablets 200 mg po tid
· Lopinavir/Ritonavir 2 tablets po q12h
· Interferon spray 1 spray pr. tid
Medical Advice of Moderate COVID-19 Cases
2.1 Ordinary
2.2 Examinations
type, thyroid function, cardiac enzymes + quantitative assay of serum troponin, four
routine items, respiratory virus test, cytokines, G/GM test, angiotensin converting enzyme
2.3 Medication
· Arbidol tablets 200 mg po tid
· Interferon spray 1 spray pr.nar tid
· NS 100 mL + Ambroxol 30mg ivgtt bid
Medical Advice of Severe COVID-19 Cases
3.1 Ordinary
3.2 Examinations
type, thyroid function, cardiac enzymes + quantitative assay of serum troponin, four routine
items, respiratory virus test, cytokines, G/GM test, angiotensin converting enzyme
3.3 Medication
· Arbidol tablets 200 mg tid
· Interferon spray 1 spray pr.nar tid
· NS 100 mL + methylprednisolone 40 mg ivgtt qd
· NS 100 mL + pantoprazole 40 mg ivgtt qd
· Caltrate 1 tablet qd
· Immunoglobulin 20 g ivgtt qd
· NS 100 mL + Ambroxol 30 mg ivgtt bid
Medical Advice of Critical COVID-19 Cases
4.1 Ordinary
Air isolation, blood oxygen saturation monitoring, oxygen therapy with nasal cannula
4.2 Examinations
· Blood routine, ABO + RH blood type, urine routine, stool routine + OB, four routine items,
respiratory virus test, thyroid function, electrocardiogram, blood gas analysis + electrolyte
+ lactic acid + GS, G/GM test, blood culture ONCE
· Blood routine, biochemical profile, coagulation function + D dimer, blood gas analysis +
lactic acid, natriuretic peptide, cardiac enzyme, quantitative assay of serum troponin,
immunoglobulin + complement, cytokine, sputum culture, CRP, PCT qd
· Blood glucose measurement q6h
4.3 Medication
· Arbidol tablets 200 mg po. tid
· Lopinavir/Ritonavir 2 tablets q12h (or darunavir 1 tablet qd)
· NS 10 mL + methylprednisolone 40 mg iv q12h
· NS 100 mL + pantoprazole 40 mg ivgtt qd
· Immunoglobulin 20 g ivgtt qd
· Thymic peptides 1.6 mg ih biw
· NS 10 mL + Ambroxol 30 mg iv bid
· NS 50 mL + isoproterenol 2 mg iv-vp once
· Human serum albumin 10 g ivgtt qd
· NS100 mL + piperacillin/tazobactam 4.5 ivgtt q8h
· Enteral nutrition suspension (Peptisorb liquid) 500 mL nasogastric feeding bid
II. Online Consultation Process for Diagnosis and Treatment
2.1 Online Consultation for Diagnosis and Treatment
Instructions on FAHZU Internet+ Hospital
FAHZU Internet+ Hospital
“Online FAHZU”app or the official website

downland Alipay, register and login
“www.zy91.com”
register and login scan the QRcode of FAHZU
choose COVID-19 choose online

consultation consultation
online consultation
(online video, specialist clinic & appointment )
consultation with choose a department
text and images and a doctor
video consultation & online consultation

one-to-one consultation with a doctor
online prescription with text and images
“Online FAHZU”app or the official website FAHZU Internet+ Hospital

“www.zy91.com”
Please feel free to contact us:

Email: [email protected], [email protected]
2.2 Online Doctors’ Communication Platform
Instructions on the International Medical Expert Communication Platform of The

First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Visit www.dingtalk.com/en or scan the QR code (Figure1) to download DingTalk app
Sign up for a DingTalk account with your name and phone number (not open to public).
Method 1: Select “Contacts” >“Join Team” > Method 2: Scan the QR code (Figure 2) of the International
“Join by Team Code” > Enter Input ID: ‘YQDK1170’. Medical Expert Exchange Platform of FAHZU.
Fill out your information to apply to join. Enter your name, country, and medical institution.
Become the member of the team after the admin’s approval.
Communicate with experts in group chat by using your mobile or PC.
Instant picture and text communication Access to medical

Remote video conference
assisted with AI translation treatment guideliness
Figure1: Scan to Download Figure 2: QR Code of FAHZU Figure 3: User Guide

DingTalk App Communication Platform
Note: Scan the QR code of Figure 3 to download user guide

Editorial Board
Editor-in-chief: LIANG Tingbo
Members: CAI Hongliu, CHEN Yu, CHEN Zuobing, FANG Qiang, HAN Weili, HU Shaohua, LI
Jianping, LI Tong, LU Xiaoyang, QU Tingting, SHEN Yihong, SHENG Jifang, WANG Huafen,
WEI Guoqing, XU Kaijin, ZHAO Xuehong, ZHONG Zifeng, ZHOU Jianying
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14. WHO. Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situation Report–22 [EB/OL].(2020-02-11)[2020-03-15].

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/
15. Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission of the People’s
Republic of China. Novel coronavirus infection pneumonia is included in the management of
notifiable infectious diseases [EB/OL]. (in Chinese) (2020-01-20)[2020-02-15].
http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s7915/202001/e4e2d5e6f01147e0a8d f3f6701d49f33.shtml
16. Chen Y, Liang W, Yang S, et al. Human Infections with the Emerging Avian Influenza A H7N9
virus from Wet Market Poultry: Clinical Analysis and Characterisation of Viral Genome [J]. Lancet
2013;381(9881):1916-1925. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60903-4.
17. Gao HN, Lu HZ, Cao B, et al. Clinical Findings in 111 Cases of Influenza A (H7N9) Virus
Infection [J]. N Engl J Med 2013;368(24):2277-2285. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1305584.
18. Liu X, Zhang Y, Xu X, et al. Evaluation of Plasma Exchange and Continuous Veno-venous
Hemofiltration for the Treatment of Severe Avian Influenza A (H7N9): a Cohort Study [J]. Ther
Apher Dial 2015;19(2):178-184. doi:10.1111/1744-9987.12240.
19. National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis
and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Expert Consensus on Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia
Treated with Artificial Liver Blood Purification System [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Infectious
Diseases 2020,13. (in Chinese) doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-2397.2020.0003.
20. Weill D, Benden C, Corris PA, et al. A Consensus Document for the Selection of Lung
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(1):1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.06.014.
Overview of FAHZU
Founded in 1947, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (FAHZU), is
the earliest affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University. With six campuses, it has now evolved into a
medical center integrating health care, medical education, scientific research and preventative
care. In terms of overall strength, FAHZU is ranked 14th in China.
As a large-size general hospital, it currently has over 6,500 employees, including academicians of
the Chinese Academy of Engineering, National Distinguished Young Scholars and other outstanding
talents. There is a total of 4,000 beds available to patients in FAHZU. Its main campus handled 5
million emergency and outpatient visits in 2019.
Over the years, FAHZU has successfully developed a number of renowned programs in organ
transplantation, pancreatic diseases, infectious diseases, hematology, nephrology, urology,
clinical pharmacy, etc. FAHZU helps many realize the radical resection of cancer and enjoy
long-term survival. FAHZU is also an integrated provider of liver, pancreas, lung, kidney, intestine
and heart transplantation. In the fight against SARS, H7N9 avian flu and COVID-19, it has gained
rich experience and fruitful results. As a result, its medical professionals have published many
articles in journals such as New England Journal of Medicine, the Lancet, Nature and Science.
FAHZU has been extensively engaged into overseas exchanges and collaboration. It has
established partnerships with over 30 prestigious universities around the world. Productive
achievements have also been accomplished through exchange of our medical experts and
technologies with Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries.
Adhering to the core value of seeking truth with prudence, FAHZU is here to offer quality health
care to everyone in need.

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Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention

Prof. Tingbo LIANG

Part Two Diagnosis and Treatment

Part Three Nursing

Part One Prevention and

1.2 Zone Arrangement

1.3 Patient Management

1.4 Screening, Admission and Exclusion

Table 1 Screening Criteria for Suspected COVID-19 Cases

① Within 14 days before the onset of the disease, the patient

② Within 14 days before the onset of the disease, the patient

Isolation Ward Area

2.1 Scope of Application

2.3 Ward Requirements

2.4 Patient Management

II. Staﬀ Management

III. COVID-19 Related Personal Protection Management

Protection Level Protective Equipment Scope of Application

· Disposable surgical cap

· Fever outpatient department

uniform · Imaging examination of suspected/

· Goggles · Cleaning of surgical instruments used

· Disposable surgical cap · When the staﬀ performs operations

IV. Hospital Practice Protocols during COVID-19 Epidemic

Guidance on Donning and Removing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to

1. First put on special work

5. Put on inner disposable 4. Put on a medical

Protocol for Donning PPE:

1. Replace the outer

5. Remove cap 3. Remove goggles

Protocol for Removing PPE:

Disinfection Procedures for COVID-19 Isolation Ward Area

2.1 Disinfection for Floor and Walls

2.2 Disinfection of Object Surfaces

2.3 Air Disinfection

2.4 Disposal of Fecal Matter and Sewage

Disposal Procedures for Spills of COVID-19 Patient Blood/Fluids

3.1 For spills of a small volume (< 10 mL) of blood/bodily ﬂuids:

Disinfection of COVID-19 Related Reusable Medical Devices

4.1 Disinfection of powered air-purifying respirator

Powered air-purifying respirator

Hood Motor and strap Particulate

DO NOT detach the

Soak in 1000 mg/L

Note: Do not touch the

4.3 Pre-treatment of Other Reusable Medical Devices

Disinfection Procedures for Infectious Fabrics of Suspected or Conﬁrmed Patients

5.1 Infectious fabrics

5.2 Collection methods

5.3 Storage and washing

5.4 Disinfection of transport tools

Disposal Procedures for COVID-19 Related Medical Waste

Procedures for Taking Remedial Actions against Occupational

Occurrence of COVID-19 related occupational exposure

Remove the contami- Flush with Immediately leave

Evacuate from the isolation area and enter the

Report to relevant departments

Surgical Operations for Suspected or Conﬁrmed Patients

8.1 Requirements for Operation Rooms and Staﬀ PPE