EXCRETORY SYSTEM occurs here.

The blood cells and URETERS

proteins remain in the blood.
- The human excretory system functions - There is one ureter that comes out of
to remove waste from the human body Proximal Convoluted Tubule each kidney as an extension of the renal
- During this process animals get rid of pelvis.
- The Bowman’s capsule extends
nitrogenous waste products of - The ureter is a thin muscular tube that
downwards to form the proximal
metabolism, including ammonia, urea, carries urine from the kidneys to the
tubule. Water and reusable materials
and uric acid. bladder.
from the blood are now reabsorbed
KIDNEY back into it. URINARY BLADDER

- The main organ of the human excretory The loop of Henle - It is a sac-like structure that is lined with
system smooth muscle layer and is responsible
- The proximal tubule leads to the
- They are divided into three regions- the for storage of urine till it is expelled
formation of a u-shaped loop called the
renal cortex which is the outer layer, from the body by micturition.
Loop of Henle. The Loop of Henle has
- renal medulla which is the inner three parts: The descending limb, the u-
- The bladder receives urine from the
layer ureters, one from each kidney.
shaped bend, and the ascending limb. It
- the renal pelvis which is responsible is in this area that the urine becomes - The level of the urinary bladder
for carrying the urine from the concentrated as water is reabsorbed. placement in the body differs in men
The descending limb is freely permeable and women.
kidney to the ureter.
- The functional unit of a kidney is called to water whereas the ascending limb is URETHRA
the nephron. impermeable to it.
- This is a tube that arises from the
NEPHRON Distal Convoluted Tubule urinary bladder and functions to expel
- The Loop of Henle leads into the distal urine to the outside by micturition.
- A nephron is the basic unit of structure
convoluted tubule which is where the - The urethra is shorter in females and
in the kidney.
kidney hormones cause their effect. longer in the males. In males, the
- A nephron is used separate to water,
And the distal convoluted tubule leads urethra functions as a common path for
ions and small molecules from
to the collecting ducts. sperms and urine.
the blood, filter out wastes and toxins,
- The opening of the urethra is guarded
and return needed molecules to the Collecting Duct by a sphincter that is autonomic ally
blood.
- The distal convoluted tubule of each controlled.
Bowman’s capsule nephron leads to the collecting ducts. Skin
- is the first part of the nephron which is The collecting ducts together form the
renal pelvis through which the urine - The skin is the largest organ in the body.
a cup-shaped structure and receives the
passes into the ureter and then into the Its primary function is to protect
blood vessels. The glomerular filtration
urinary bladder. the different organs of the body.
 However, the skin helps in excretion by - Absorption : taking in nutrients by cells - The stomach is a hollow organ, or
the way of sweat. The skin eliminates "container," that holds food while it is
compounds like NaCl, some amount of - Egestion : removing any leftover being mixed with enzymes that
urea etc. wastes continue the process of breaking down
The digestive tract food into a usable form.
Lungs
- A long muscular tube with many Small intestine
- Lungs are the primary respiratory
organs and they help take in oxygen sections and areas - Made up of three segments - the
and expel carbon dioxide. But, in this - Begins with the mouth and ends with duodenum, jejunum, and ileum - the
process, they also function to eliminate the anus small intestine is a 22-foot long
some amount of water in the form of Mouth muscular tube that breaks down food
vapor. using enzymes released by the pancreas
- Chewing breaks the food into pieces and bile from the liver.
Liver
that are more easily digested, while
saliva mixes with food to begin the Pancreas
- The liver has an important function in
excretion. It is said to be the first line of process of breaking it down into a form - The pancreas secretes digestive
defense when it comes to hormones, your body can absorb and use. enzymes into the duodenum, the first
fats, alcohol, and drugs. Most drugs PHARYNX segment of the small intestine. These
undergo a first pass metabolism which enzymes break down protein, fats, and
occurs in the liver. Few drugs are - For the digestive system, its muscular carbohydrates. The pancreas also
eliminated directly by the kidneys. The walls function in the process of makes insulin, secreting it directly into
liver is said to play a role in the swallowing, and it serves as a pathway the bloodstream.
elimination of excess fats for the movement of food from the
and cholesterol that is essential to the mouth to the esophagus. Liver
health of the body. - The liver has multiple functions, but its
Esophagus
The digestive system main function within the digestive
- Located in your throat near your system is to process the nutrients
- is used for breaking down food into trachea (windpipe), the esophagus absorbed from the small intestine.
nutrients which then pass into the receives food from your mouth when
circulatory system and are taken to you swallow. By means of a series of - Bile from the liver secreted into the
where they are needed in the body. muscular contractions called small intestine also plays an important
peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food role in digesting fat. In addition, the
- Ingestion : taking in food to your stomach. liver is the body's chemical "factory." It
takes the raw materials absorbed by the
- Digestion : breaking down food into Stomach intestine and makes all the various
nutrients
chemicals the body needs to function.
Gallbladder anal sphincters (internal and external). - Malignant lesion may develop on the
The lining of the upper anus is lips, oral cavity, tongue and pharynx.
- The gallbladder stores and concentrates specialized to detect rectal contents. It Generally consumption cell carcinomas.
bile, and then releases it into the lets you know whether the contents are
duodenum to help absorb and digest liquid, gas, or solid. Gastritis
fats.
ANOREXIA - Inflammation of the lining of the
Colon (large intestine) stomach.
- Lack of appetite could be from
- The colon is a 6-foot long muscular tube emotional or physical factors - is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion
that connects the small intestine to the of the lining of the stomach. It can occur
- lab tests may be done to assess
rectum. The large intestine is made up suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic).
of the cecum, the ascending (right) STOMATITIS
colon, the transverse (across) colon, the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid - Inflammation of the oral mucosa
- When stomach acid backs up into your
colon, which connects to the rectum. - Stomatitis, a general term for an
esophagus — a condition called acid
inflamed and sore mouth, can disrupt a
The appendix reflux — you may feel a burning pain in
person's ability to eat, talk, and sleep.
the middle of your chest. It often occurs
- is a small tube attached to the cecum. Gingivitis after meals or at night.
The large intestine is a highly
specialized organ that is responsible for - Gingivitis means inflammation of the Gallstones
processing waste so that emptying the gums, or gingiva.
- Gallstones are hard deposits that form
bowels is easy and convenient. Herpes Simplex Type 1 in your gallbladder — a small, pear-
Rectum shaped sack that stores and secretes
- Infection affecting the lips and mucous bile for digestion.
- The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8- membranes of the mouth
- Gallstones can form when there’s too
inch chamber that connects the colon -  an infection caused by the herpes much cholesterol or waste in your bile,
to the anus. It is the rectum's job to simplex virus. The virus causes painful or if your gallbladder doesn’t empty
receive stool from the colon, to let the sores on your lips, gums, tongue, roof of properly. When gallstones block the
person know that there is stool to be your mouth, and inside your cheeks. ducts leading from your gallbladder to
evacuated, and to hold the stool until your intestines, they can cause sharp
evacuation happens. LEUKOPLAKIA pain in your upper-right abdomen.
Anus - Abnormal thickening and whitening of Celiac disease
the epithelium of the mucous
- The anus is the last part of the digestive membrane of the cheek and tongue. - Celiac disease is a serious sensitivity to
tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting gluten, which is a protein found in
of the pelvic floor muscles and the two Oral Cancer wheat, rye, and barley. Eat gluten, and
 your immune system goes on the - Hemorrhoids are an inflammation of
attack: It damages your villi, the finger- the blood vessels at the end of your
like protrusions in your small intestines digestive tract. They can be painful and
that help you absorb nutrients from the itchy. Causes include chronic
foods you eat. constipation, diarrhea, straining during
bowel movements, and a lack of fiber in
Crohn’s Disease
your diet.
- Crohn’s disease is part of a group of
Diverticulitis
digestive conditions called
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). - Small pouches called diverticula can
Crohn’s most commonly affects the form anywhere there are weak spots in
terminal ileum, which connects the end the lining of your digestive system, but
of the small bowel and the beginning of they are most commonly found in the
the colon, but it can affect any part of colon. If you have diverticula but
the digestive tract.  no symptoms, the condition is called
diverticulosis, which is quite common
Ulcerative Colitis
among older adults and rarely causes
- The symptoms of ulcerative colitis are problems. But if the pouches become
very similar to those of Crohn's, but the inflamed, it’s called diverticulitis.
part of the digestive tract affected is Symptoms include fever and abdominal
solely the large intestine, also known as pain. 
the colon. If your immune system
Anal fissure
mistakes food or other materials for
invaders, sores or ulcers develop in the - Anal fissures are tiny, oval-shaped
colon’s lining. If you experience tears in the lining of the very end of
frequent and urgent bowel movements, your digestive tract called your anus.
pain with diarrhea, blood in your stool, The symptoms are similar to those of
or abdominal cramps, visit your doctor hemorrhoids, such as bleeding and pain
after moving your bowels. Straining and
Irritable bowel syndrome
hard bowel movements can cause
- Signs of IBS can vary widely: You can be fissures, but so can soft stools and
constipated or have diarrhea, or have diarrhea.
hard, dry stools on one day and loose -
watery stools on another. Bloating is
also a symptom of IBS.

Hemorrhoids