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SCIENCE—Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 6

First Edition, 2020

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Quarter 1 Module 6
Biomolecules- Enzymes

Author: Wilnelia C. Balington

Moodle Editor: Shela L. Caballero
Reviewers:
Management Team:
Gemma G. Cortez, Chief Education Supervisor, CID
Leylanie V. Adao, Education Program Supervisor, LRMD
Cesar Chester O. Relleve, Education Program Supervisor, ADM Coordinator
Antonio P. Faustino Jr., Education Program Supervisor, Science

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 What I know? ☐ Accomplished

Remembering Activity: What do you think?

What comes to your mind when you hear the word enzymes?

Click or tap here to enter text.

Figure 1: Threads

Look at the spool of threads. What do you observe? What

can you say about it? How are threads alike with enzymes
in terms of structure? If you say threads varies in colors, and
they are made of long strands you are right. Enzymes are
proteins. They are made up of long chains of amino acids.
Although we cannot say that they truly vary in color like the
threads, we can say that, there are many kinds of enzymes
that are responsible for breaking down the food that the living
organisms eat to get their much-needed energy.
Carbohydrates in general is the main source of energy for
most living things, while proteins, carry out most of the function of all the bodily
processes. Hence, enzymes, as proteins are among the fundamental biological
molecules that are essential in sustaining living organisms as the most important
catalysts for metabolisms. Do you have similar ideas as to what are enzymes?

Awesome! You are good to go now to our very first lesson in this module. As you
go along, you will discover more of the amazing features of enzymes and how they
work to support your need for energy and the rest of the living creatures.

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 What I need to know? ☐ Accomplished

You have learned in your junior high school sciences that our body has the
ability to break down the food that we eat. The digestion process is necessary to
extract the nutrients as well as the energy that can be gained from the food we eat.
The cells cannot take in food in its complex forms and must be reduced into soluble
substances that can easily get into the cells for them to utilized as fuel. Energy from
the food that living organisms eat are obtained with the help of enzymes.

Enzymes are long chains of amino acids or protein macromolecules. The

sequence of amino acids in proteins varies, so it produces enzymes with different
shapes and functions. Note that the shape or structure of an enzyme is very
important to its function. Enzymes are the catalysts involved in biological chemical
reactions. The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are
chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes. Some genetically inherited
diseases are due to lack of enzymes; i.e. albinism and phenylketonuria. The study
of enzymes is termed enzymology.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

There are a thousand of enzymes that have specific roles to which they act as
catalysts for the metabolic activities of the body. Let us learn what they are, how
they look like, how they work, and their importance in the metabolic activities of
every living organisms.

After the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Describe the components of an enzyme
b. Explain oxidation/reduction reactions
c. Determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate
affect enzyme activity

To greatly understand the lesson, you will answer the following essential questions
throughout the discussions:
■ What are enzymes?
■ What are the components of enzyme and how it works?

What is in? ☐ Accomplished

Have you ever thought of what can happen when there are no specific
enzymes to digest the food that we eat? Can we supply our body with the much -
needed energy of the cells to perform its function? What can happen to
substances that may accumulate in the body because there is no way by which it
can be converted to be used by the cell?
Did you know that one of the inheritable diseases called phenylketonuria is due
to the increase in levels of a substance called phenylalanine in the blood?
Phenylalanine is a building block of proteins (an amino acid) that is obtained
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through the diet. It is found in all proteins and in some artificial sweeteners. If PKU
is not treated, phenylalanine can build up to harmful levels in the body, causing
intellectual disability and other serious health problems. This genetic disorder is
due to the mutation in the PAH gene. The PAH gene provides instructions for
making an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme converts the
amino acid phenylalanine to other important compounds in the body. If gene
mutations reduce the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase, phenylalanine from
the diet is not processed effectively. As a result, this amino acid can build up to
toxic levels in the blood and other tissues. Because nerve cells in the brain are
particularly sensitive to phenylalanine levels, excessive amounts of this substance
can cause brain damage.

Let us now delve into what are enzymes, its components and how it works.

Components of Enzymes
Enzymes are life’s great facilitators. They make the conditions needed for
biochemical reactions to happen fast. The general name that chemists use for a
chemical entity that increases the speed of a reaction is a “catalyst.” Thus, enzymes
are biological catalysts--they speed-up the chemical reactions that happen inside
living things.

Classification of Enzymes

Most enzymes are named by combining the name of the substrate with the -
ase suffix (e.g., protease, urease). Nearly all metabolic reactions inside the body
rely on enzymes in order to make the reactions proceed quickly enough to be useful.
Below is the list of classification of enzymes and their function.

Enzyme Classification Function

1. Oxidoreductases - involved in electron transfer

2. Hydrolases - cleave the substrate by hydrolysis

(uptaking a water molecule)

3. Isomerases - transfer a group in a molecule to form

an isomer

4. Ligases (or synthetases) - couple the breakdown of a

pyrophosphate bond in a nucleotide to
the formation of new chemical bonds

5. Oxidoreductases - act in electron transfer

6. Transferases - transfer a chemical group from one

molecule to another

Table 1. Classification of enzymes and their function

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Components of Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins. They are high molecular weight compounds made up
principally of chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The figure
below illustrates the molecular structure of most proteins to which enzymes are
categorized in the different biomolecules. Since enzymes are proteins their
molecular components are made up of -COOH- group (carboxylic group), the NH2
group (amino group). The sequence of amino acids in proteins varies, so it produces
enzymes with different shapes and functions.

Figure 2. Enzymes as Proteins: Molecular Structure

Moreover, enzymes have active site, which contains one or more binding
sites that orient the substrate in the correct configuration as well as the catalytic
site, which is the part of the molecule that lowers activation energy. In some cases,
enzymes contain an allosteric site where an activator or inhibitor can bind to cause
a conformation change that affects the enzyme activity. Chemicals called activators
can enhance enzyme activity, while inhibitors decrease enzyme activity.

Figure 3. Components of Enzyme : The Active Site: Figure 4. Components of Enzyme : Illustrating Allosteric
Binding Site and Catalytic Site Site and the Inhibitor Molecule

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 There are other terms we need to know more about enzyme components,.
The apoenzyme refers to the protein portion of an enzyme. It is also referred to as
the whole enzyme. Cofactors on the other hand are the nonprotein component
which help catalyzes by forming a bridge between the enzyme and the substrate.
Meanwhile, coenzyme are organic cofactor. An example of these cofactors where
the molecules you have encountered in photosynthesis and cellular respiration
when you were in your ninth grade.These are: NAD+ NADP+ FAD as well as the
coenzyme A, which assists in the enzymatic reaction by accepting atoms removed
from the substrate or by donating atoms required by the substrate, and electron
carriers.

How Enzyme Works

In biochemical reactions, we call the starting molecules as substrates. The

enzyme interacts with a substrate, converting it into a new product. Nearly all
metabolic reactions inside the body rely on enzymes in order to make the reactions
proceed quickly enough to be useful. Enzymes orients the substrate into position
that increases the probability of a reaction. To visualize this process consider the
following steps in enzyme action:
1. The enzyme and the substrate are in the same area. Some situations have more
than one substrate molecule that the enzyme will change.
2. The enzyme grabs on to the substrate at a special area called the active site.
The combination is called the enzyme/substrate complex. Enzymes are very,
very specific and don't just grab on to any molecule. The active site is a specially
shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is like
the grasping claw of the robot on the assembly line. It can only pick up one or
two parts.
3. A process called catalysis happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed.
It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something
new. It will break or build chemical bonds. When done, you will have the
enzyme/products complex.
4. The enzyme releases the product. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to its
original shape. It is then ready to work on another molecule of substrate.

Figure 5. How Enzyme Works: Enzyme Action Steps

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 There are two models by which scientists are explaining the process of
enzymatic reaction: First, is the "Lock and Key" model that was proposed by Emil
Fischer in 1894. In this model, the enzyme and the substrate have three-
dimensional shapes that fit each other. Daniel Koshland in 1958, modified the lock
and key, to what he named as “Induced Fit” model. His model proposes that enzyme
molecules can change their shape, depending on the interaction with the substrate,
and sometimes the substrate change shape as they interact until the active site is
fully bound. These two models, are currently the accepted hypothesis as to how
enzymes are acting on the substrates.

Figure 6. How Enzymes Work: The Lock & Key vs. Induced Fit Model

Did you know…

That existence of enzymes has been known for well over a century. Some
of the earliest studies were performed in 1835 by the Swedish chemist Jon
Jakob Berzelius who termed their chemical action catalytic. It was not until
1926, however, the first enzyme that was obtained in pure form, was
accomplished by James B. Sumner of Cornell University. Sumner was
able to isolate and crystallize the enzyme urease from the jack bean. His
work earned him the 1947 Nobel Prize.

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 Learning Checkpoint 1

How important are enzymes? How do enzymes do their job? What can
happen when an organism lacks the necessary enzymes?

📌 LEARNING KEY POINTS

Enzymes are long chains
of amino acids or protein
macromolecules. They are 📌Enzyme– are long chains of amino acids or
the catalysts involved in protein macromolecules which regulates all the
biological chemical biological chemical reactions in the body.
reactions.

📌Substrate – are the starting molecules in

biochemical reactions.

📌 Active Site – - is the component of enzyme which

contains one or more binding sites that orient the
substrate in the correct configuration.

📌 Catalytic Site – is the component of enzyme

molecule that lowers activation energy.

📌 Catalysis – is the process by which the substrate

has been changed.

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 Enzymes in Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Enzymes play an important role in the production of energy. The use and
production of energy in the living system is called metabolism. All the biochemical
reactions are carried out by enzymes. Among these chemical reactions taking
place are accomplished by the coupled reaction called oxidation-reduction.

Metabolism

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism. There are
two important metabolic pathways:
1. Catabolism- refers to a kind of metabolism in which the goal is for energy-
releasing processes. It is breaking down or degradative and generally
hydrolytic reaction (use water and break chemical bonds). It is also an
endergonic reaction-meaning it produce more energy than it consumes.
2. Anabolism- is the energy-using processes with the goal of building of
complex molecules from simpler ones. This type of metabolism involves
dehydration synthesis reactions (reactions that release water). It is also an
exergonic reaction in which it consumes more energy than produce. It is
also synonymous to biosynthesis.

Note that: Catabolism provides the building blocks and energy for
anabolism.

Figure 7. Enzymes in Oxidation-Reduction: Differences between Catabolism and Anabolism

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 Figure 8. Enzymes in Oxidation-Reduction: Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions of Metabolism

What is Oxidation-Reduction?

Oxidation-Reduction is a chemical reaction mostly relied upon by living

organisms which are carried out by enzymes. To understand this type of chemical
reaction better, let us consider this process as half reactions. Look at the
illustration below. Molecule A lose an electron, and therefore oxidized, while
molecule B gained an electron, and is therefore reduced. The losing of an electron
in a chemical reaction is called oxidation. However, the gaining of an electron in a
chemical reaction is called reduction. Hence oxidation-reduction are two sets of
chemical reaction simultaneously taking place. Often, it is also called as redox
reaction since it takes place by which oxidation reaction is paired with a reduction
reaction.

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Figure 9. Enzymes in Oxidation-Reduction: Oxidation-Reduction Illustration
 Tip:

Ligers are hybrids of lion ang tiger. They are two different organisms
belonging to the same family of cats. We can consider each organism as the two
types of chemical reactions that produces the new product we call now as liger.
Oxidation is the one side of the chemical reaction, in which the process causes
the losing of electron. Meanwhile, the reduction is another chemical reaction to
which electron is gained.

In the living system, oxidation-reduction reactions are often associated with

hydrogen electrons. Consider the illustration below. The food that we eat are
organic molecules. It contains two hydrogen atoms, with the action of enzymes in
the body, the organic molecules are broken down by means of oxidation reaction
with which an electron of hydrogen is lose. This hydrogen electron, immediately
after the oxidation took place, shall be received by NAD + which in our earlier
discussion is named as coenzyme that acts as electron carrier. The NAD+
coenzyme is not consumed in the process, and became a reduced electron carrier
in the form of NAHD + H +.

Figure 10. Enzymes in Oxidation-Reduction: Modeling Redox Reaction in Organic Molecules

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How Energy is Produced in a Redox Reaction?

Living cells use redox reactions in catabolism to obtain energy from nutrient
molecules. Cells acquire nutrients, simplify them from a highly reduced compound
with a lot of hydrogen atoms to a highly oxidized compound which can serve as
an energy source.

Let us take for example glucose. Glucose is the simplest of all

carbohydrates which serves as the main source of energy of most living
organisms. During cellular respiration glucose is further simplified and is extracted
to produce the energy needed by the cell we call as ATP. There are many series
of steps involved in the breaking down of glucose. It runs in three phases:
glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and electron transport chain. The full details of this
concept shall be discussed in your succeeding biology subject.

Meanwhile, for purpose of understanding how enzymes work to produce

energy through redox reaction, let us just picture out how ATP is produced during
cellular respiration. This begins with the oxidation of glucose C6H12O6 molecule to
produce CO2 and H2O. The energy in glucose is removed in a stepwise manner
and ultimately trapped by ATP.

Figure 11. Enzymes in Oxidation-Reduction: Cellular Respiration

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 📌 LEARNING KEY POINTS
The body produces energy
with the help of enzymes
which breaks down the
food through a series of 📌Metabolism– is the sum of all the chemical reactions in an
oxidation-reduction organism.
reaction during cellular
respiration.
📌Anabolism– is the energy-using processes with the goal
of building of complex molecules from simpler ones.

📌Catabolism– refers to a kind of metabolism in which the

goal is for energy-releasing processes; breaking down of
substances to produce energy.

📌Oxidation– is the removal of electrons in a chemical

reaction.

📌 Reduction – is the gain of electrons in a chemical

reaction.
📌 Redox reaction – is a chemical reaction in which
oxidation reaction is paired with a reduction reaction. (Also called
coupling reaction)

Learning Checkpoint 2

How do enzymes aid in harnessing the energy

from the food that we eat?

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 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activities

Biochemical reactions are necessary for growth, repair of damaged tissues, and to
obtain energy and they take place in all living organisms’ bodies. These reactions are called
‘metabolism’ and they happen all the time in living organisms. If these ceases, this leads to
the death of the organism.

All of these reactions that occur in living organisms require high activation energy
to take place. In order to lessen the cell’s consumption of energy, there is a catalyst we call
enzymes to ensure that the chemical reactions occur rapidly and reduce the activation of
energy.

Like other chemical catalysts enzymes participate in the reaction without getting
affected. It means that they speed up the chemical reactions inside the cells without getting
consumed. Enzymes are affected by the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and the
temperature. Enzymes are highly specific compared to other catalysts, and each enzyme
is specialized for one reactant substance. In the previous discussion, we call the reactant
substance in an enzyme as substrate.

Take note that every enzyme, is specialized for one type of reaction or a few
reactions. The main role of enzymes in any chemical reactions taking place in the body of
an organism is to lower the activation energy required to get the reaction started. However,
enzymes may be affected by several factors to perform its function well.

You must have heard some people are saying that you must drink warm water for
the easy digestion of the food that you take. In China, drinking hot warm tea before and
after meal has been customary. They truly believed that warm drinks will aid in the easy
digestion of food and gets more of the beneficial nutrients. More so, tea contains L-Carnitine
that truly aids in digestion process. Thus, drinking tea, is more than just a status quo among
them.

Recently, a lot of people are getting the habit of drinking milk tea be it cold or warn.
It comes in many different flavors. Are we really living a healthy lifestyle by doing so?

In this lesson, we will find out the factors affecting enzyme activity. We will try to
look into whether we are living a healthy lifestyle too with the varying food that we take in.
These include trendy milk teas and more.

Concentration of Enzymes

Since enzymes are essential in hastening chemical reaction, will it matter if there is
less or too much concentration of enzymes in the body?
Enzymologists, have studied how enzyme concentration affects the speed of
activation of a chemical reaction. They have observed that there is a direct proportional
relationship between the speed of activation against concentration of enzyme. This means
that as the concentration of the enzyme is increased, the velocity of the reaction
proportionately increases. This property is used for determining the activities of serum
enzymes during the diagnosis of diseases.

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 Figure 12. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: Enzyme Concentration against Enzyme Velocity

Concentration of Substrate

(a) (b)

Figure 13. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: Substrate Concentration against Reaction Rate

Look at the two graphs above. Graph (a) illustrates how reaction rate behaves as
substrate concentration increases. This means that, In the presence of a given amount of
enzyme, the rate of enzymatic reaction increases as the substrate concentration increases
until a limiting rate is reached, after which further increase in the substrate concentration
produces no significant change in the reaction rate. At this instance, so much substrate is
present that essentially all of the enzyme active sites have substrate bound to them. In
other words, the enzyme molecules are saturated with substrate. The excess substrate
molecules cannot react until the substrate already bound to the enzymes has reacted and
been released (or been released without reacting). How would you relate this graph to too
much intake of milk tea?

This therefore, can give us a conclusion that although we may have enzymes
responsible to help in activating the chemical reaction in our body to break down the food
we eat, enzymes may not be able to perform at its best when there is too much
concentration of a substrate. Eating the right amount of food at a right interval is a must to
give our body a chance to properly digest the food that we eat. So, the next time you would
want to drink milk tea, think and count first your caloric intake for the day.
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Effect of Temperature

Enzymes as they are proteins its nature makes them extremely sensitive to
temperature changes. Enzymatic activity occurs within a narrow range of temperatures
compared to ordinary chemical reactions. Every enzyme has a certain temperature at which
it is more active. This point is called the optimal temperature, which ranges between 37 to
40C°.

Enzymatic activity gradually lowers as the temperature rises more than the optimal
temperature until it attains a certain temperature at which the enzyme activity stops
completely due to the change of its natural composition. This suggests that increased
temperature does not disrupt peptide bonds of the enzyme structure.

Meanwhile, if the temperature lowers below the optimal temperature, the enzyme
activity lowers until the enzyme reaches a minimum temperature at which the enzyme
activity is the least. The enzyme activity stops completely at 0C°, but should the
temperature rise again, then the enzyme gets reactivated once more.
So, can we say that the Chinese were right about drinking warm tea before and
after meal? Yes, their beliefs and lifestyle are scientifically well-founded. A warmer
temperature aids in the optimal activation of enzyme and may truly aid in the easy digestion
of food that we eat.

Figure 14. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: Temperature against Enzyme Activity

Effect of pH

pH refers to the potential of hydrogen. It is the best measurement for determining

the concentration of hydrogen ion (H+) in a solution. This tells whether the liquid is acidic,
basic or neutral. Mostly, all liquids with a pH below 7 are called acids, whereas liquids with
a pH above 7 are called bases or alkaline. Liquids with pH 7 are neutral and equal the
acidity of pure water at 25 C°. You can determine pH of any solution using the pH indicators.

Figure 15. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: pH Indicator

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 You have learned that enzymes are protein substances that comprise acidic
carboxylic groups (COOH–) and basic amino groups (NH2) in our earlier lessons in this
module. Therefore, this nature of enzymes is affected by changing the pH value. Each
enzyme has a pH value that it works at with maximum efficiency called the optimal pH. If
the pH is lower or higher than the optimal pH, the enzyme activity decreases until it stops
working. In example, pepsin works at a low pH, i.e, it is highly acidic, while trypsin works at
a high pH, i.e, it is basic. However, most enzymes work at neutral pH 7.4.

This nature of enzyme activity, also gives us an idea that when our stomach is too
acidic, aside from the fact that we experience difficulty of digesting the food that we have
eaten our tendency is to vomit it to regulate the pH of our stomach. Too much acidity of the
stomach can lead to peptic ulcers.

Figure 16. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity

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 📌 LEARNING KEY POINTS

Enzyme activity are affected

by concentration of substrate, 📌Optimal temperature– is the temperature at which
changes in temperature, and
pH. enzymes work with maximum efficiency.

📌Optimal pH– is the pH value that enzymes work with

maximum efficiency.

📌Enzymologists– are the scientists that deals with the

study of enzymes and its activity.

Learning Checkpoint 3
How are enzyme activity affected by concentration of substrate,
changes in temperature, and ph?

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 Learning Checkpoint 4

Multiple choice. To check your understanding, please answer the

following questions by writing your answer on the space provided.
What would complete the statement below?
Choose 1. Enzymes are biological ______ that speed up chemical
an item.
reactions in living organisms.

a. substances
b. catalysts
c. molecules
d. factors
What are enzymes?
Choose 2.
an item.
a. Enzymes are protein molecules, which are made up of
long chains of amino acids.
b. Enzymes are carbohydrate molecules, which are made
up monosaccharides.
c. Enzymes are substance that are consumed in a
chemical reaction.
d. Enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction.
What do you call the science that deals with the study of
Choose 3.
an item.
enzymes?

a. Enzymagic
b. Enzylogic
c. Enzymatic
d. Enzymology
Which refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions taking
Choose 4.
an item.
place in the body?

a. Enzymatic activity
b. Metabolism
c. Catabolism
d. Anabolism

Which is the type of metabolism in which its goal is to break-

Choose 5.
an item.
down molecules to release the energy stored in substances?
a. Anabolism
b. Catabolism
c. Endergonic
d. Exergonic
Which refers to the kind of chemical reaction in which more energy is
Choose 6. produced than consumed?
an item.
a. Endergonic
b. Exergonic
c. Anabolic
d. Catabolic

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 Learning Checkpoint 4

Multiple choice. To check your understanding, please answer the

following questions by writing your answer on the space provided.

Which refers to the metabolism in which energy is used to build

Choose an 7.
item.
complex molecules from simpler ones?

a. Anabolism
b. Catabolism
c. Endergonic
d. Exergonic
What do you call the chemical reaction in which more energy
Choose an 8.
item.
is consumed than produced?

a. Anabolic
b. Catabolic
c. Endergonic
d. Exergonic
Which type of a chemical reaction results in a removal of
Choose an 9.
item.
electrons?

a. Redox reaction
b. Reduction reaction
c. Oxidation reaction
d. Phosphorylation
Which refers to the coupled reaction of gaining and losing an
Choose an 10. electron?
item.

a. Redox reaction
b. Reduction reaction
c. Oxidation reaction
d. Phosphorylation
What do you call the process in which electrons are gained in
Choose an 11. a chemical reaction?
item.

a. Redox reaction
b. Reduction reaction
c. Oxidation reaction
d. Phosphorylation
Choose an 12. How do you call the enzymes that catalyze redox reactions?
item.

a. Ligases
b. Kinases
c. Peptidases
d. dehydrogenase

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 Learning Checkpoint 4

Multiple choice. To check your understanding, please answer the

following questions by writing your answer on the space provided.

Choose an 13. Which electron is mostly involved in oxidation-reduction in

item.
the living system?

a. Mg
b. Na
c. K
d. H
Which of the following IS NOT TRUE about enzymes?
Choose an 14 a. The enzyme activity stops completely at 100C.
item.
b. Most enzymes work at neutral pH 7.4.
c. Every enzyme has a certain temperature at which it is
more active.
d. Enzymes lower the activation energy required to get the
reaction started.
Which of the following IS TRUE about factors affecting
Choose an 15 enzymatic reaction based on concentration of substrate?
item.
a. The higher the substrate, the lower the activation energy
is needed.
b. The concentration of substrate has no significant effect in
increasing enzymatic reaction.
c. In a given amount of enzyme, the rate of enzymatic
reaction increases as the substrate concentration increases.
d. The lower the concentration of the substrate, the higher
the enzyme concentration is needed.
16. Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions by changing
Choose an
item.
which of the following quantities associated with the
reaction?
a. The enthalpy of formation
b. The activation energy
c. The equilibrium constant
d. The change in Gibb’s free energy

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 Learning Checkpoint 4

Multiple choice. To check your understanding, please answer the

following questions by writing your answer on the space provided.

Enzymes has a certain temperature at which it is more

Choose an 17. active. What do you call this range of temperature at which
item.
enzymes are more active?
a. Active temperature
b. Temperature range
c. Optimal temperature
d. Thermal optimum
Which of the following affects enzyme activity?
Choose an 18. a. Substrate concentration
item.
b. (pH)
c. Temperature
d. All of the above
Choose an 19. Why enzymes are affected by changes in temperature?
item.

a. Enzymes are proteins its nature makes them extremely

sensitive to temperature changes.
b. Enzyme activity occurs within a narrow range of
temperatures compared to ordinary chemical reactions.
c. Every enzyme has a certain temperature at which it is
more active called optimal temperature.
d. All of the above.

20. How does pH affect enzymatic reaction? (Select multiple

Choose an
item.
answers)
a. Each enzyme has a pH value that it works at with
maximum efficiency called the optimal pH.
b. If the pH is lower or higher than the optimal pH, the
enzyme activity decreases until it stops working.
c. The pH level changes have no significant effect in
enzymatic reaction.
d. Enzymes are neither affected by change in pH.

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 What is more? ☐ Accomplished

Creating Models of Enzymatic Reaction

Directions: Using colored papers, cut out figures which you would represent as
enzymes and substrate. Explain the enzymatic reaction by differentiating the two
models: Lock and Key and Induced Fit theory. Furthermore, try answering this
question: Which do you think is the most appropriate theory that best describes
enzymatic reaction?

Rubric in Creating Model of Enzymatic Reaction

Criteria 4 6 8 10
Poor Fair Good Exemplary

The Model The model was 50 % or more The student left one or The student included The student included all the
All assigned aspects of incomplete. The student was two of the major the major elements of elements of the model and
the model are included not able to accurately explain elements of the model the model but correctly the concepts of inhibition.
and are represented many of the relationships. The but correctly explained explained the He/She correctly explained
correctly in relationship model did not help to enhance the relationships of relationships. Although all relationships of the
to each other. The model understanding of the concepts those he/she did some aspects were left model. The model was
“works” to enhance of enzyme activity for include. Although out, the model was completely original and
understanding of the readers/audience. some aspects were original and “worked” to improve the
audience/reader. left out, the model was successfully improved understanding of enzyme
original and the understanding of activity for
successfully improved enzyme activity for the reader/audience.
the understanding of reader/audience.
enzyme activity for the
reader/audience.
Work Quality/Effort The work is done with little Work is done with fair The work was done The quality of work done
The work done effort, quality is not what the effort, but the quality is with good effort that is exceeded expectations and
demonstrates full effort student is capable of. It is still not what the reflected in the quality showed that the student is
that the student is proud evident that the work was student is capable of. of the product. The proud of his/her effort. The
of. The quality that was rushed and little time was It is evident that the outcome shows what effort that was put into this
put into this task is the spent on the final product. work was rushed. the student is capable task is the best that it can
best it can be by the Work is incomplete of. It is evident that time be for the student.
student. was put into developing
this model.
Video Quality (Only for The camera work is choppy The camera work may The camera work is The camera work is smooth
those who opted for and the scenes are blurry or be choppy or panning generally smooth and and the focus is crisp.
video output) panning is too fast. Sound and is too fast. Sound and the focus is usually Sound and visual files are
visual files contain significant visual files may have crisp. Sound and visual distortion free. Transitions
distortion. Transitions are some distortion but it files are mostly are timed for smooth
awkward between scenes. doesn't distract the distortion free. movement between
Titles are illegible. Technical viewer. There are Transitions provide a scenes. Titles are legible.
difficulties seriously interfere some technical smooth movement There are few technical
with the viewer's ability to see, problems, but the between scenes. Titles problems, and none of a
hear, or understand content. viewer is able to follow are mostly legible. serious nature.
the presentation. There are few technical
problems.

In creating your model, always have the rubrics in mind. As an Give your best shot.
output, you should submit it in 8 ½ by 11 bond paper. You can This will be your
also submit a video clip of your output in mp4 format using the Performance Task 1.
stop motion technique through (YouTube, Google sites, or
Facebook, etc).

23
 ☐ Accomplished
What I have learned?

24
 You may check your
answers in the last part of
this Module. Did you get
them correct? That is great!
You really mastered the
lesson!

Remember that enzymes are proteins which are made up of long

chains of amino acids. Enzymes aids in lowering the activation energy
for a chemical reaction to take place. Hence, they are catalysts for
chemical reactions, in which they hasten the chemical reaction without
being consumed in the process.

The process of energy utilization and breaking down of

substances is known as catabolism. Meanwhile, when energy is used
to build or synthesize biomolecules essential for the bodily processes of
the organisms, we call it as anabolism. Together, these two processes
are called metabolism.

Most living organisms rely on redox reactions to produce their

much-needed energy called ATP. Enzymes play an important role in the
breaking down of the food that we eat.

Redox reactions are two half reactions of oxidation and

reduction. Oxidation is the chemical reaction in the process loses
electrons. On the other hand, reduction is a result of a chemical reaction
where electron is gained. Thus, oxidation-reduction or redox reaction is
a coupling reaction for which the chemical reactions resulted to both
losing and gaining of electrons.

The cellular respiration process is the best example for which

metabolic activity by means of oxidation-reduction reaction takes place.
This begins with the oxidation of glucose C 6H12O6 molecule to produce
CO2 and H2O. The energy in glucose is eventually converted to ATP.

Enzymes, as they are proteins its activity are affected by so

many factors like: concentration of the substrate, changes in
temperature, and the acidity or alkalinity of its environment as
determined by pH.

Critical Thinking Questions

1. How critical is the role of enzymes in biological metabolisms?

2. Why oxidation-reduction is considered as coupling reaction?
3. Will too much substrate affects the rate of enzyme activity?
4. How can the changes in the temperature affects enzyme activity?
5. Why the pH of the environment is essential for enzyme activity?

25
 Let us Connect ☐ Accomplished

Reflective Essay: You have learned how critical enzymes are in the metabolic
activities of living organisms. Let us try to explore more on this concept by conduct
a research. It has been a practice that new-born babies are being subjected to what
we call as “new-born” screening. Research about what information about the babies
are being explored in this screening process. Cite one metabolic problem being-
detected by this technique. Explain the importance of knowing this metabolic
disorder among babies and relate its importance to the concepts you have learned
in this module. You may submit your research output in the following format and
strictly follow the rubrics for your chosen output.

Option 1: Research in document format Rubric

Criteria 4 3 2 1 0
Exceeds Meets Nearly Meets Does not No
Standard Standard Standard Meet Evidence
Standard
Reflect Shows great Relates Does not go Little or no Shows no
personal depth of learning with deeply into the explanation evidence
knowledge research and reflection of or of learning
learning - and learning, project, learning, reflection on or
stretch about reveals personal and generalizations learning, no reflection.
the learning feelings and general and limited or
module on thoughts, reflections insight, uses few details to
enzymes abstract ideas included, some detail. support
reflected uses reflection.
through use of concrete
specific language.
details.
Organization Writer Paragraph Logical No evidence
Structural demonstrates development organization; of structure or
logical present but organization of organization.
Development and subtle not perfected. ideas not
of sequencing of fully developed.
the Idea ideas through
welldeveloped
paragraphs;
transitions are
used to
enhance
organization
Conclusion The The The conclusion Incomplete
conclusion is conclusion does not and/or
engaging restates the adequately unfocused.
and restates learning. restate the
personal learning.
learning
Resources Literature is Literature is Literature is There was no
well cited cited cited but did not literature
following the following the follow the APA cited
APA format. APA format. format.

26
Option 2: Research in vlog format Rubric

Criteria Advanced Proficient Developing Beginning

10 9 7 5
Content Appropriate, Appropriate Vlogs and Vlogs not
Quality engaging, and respectful comments engaging, are
reflective, and to others. Vlogs done, lacks irrelevant, or
respectful to have a purpose engagement, difficult to follow
others. Vlogs or main topic analysis or in meaning.
are in-depth, about reading substantial
analytical, and is reflection, or
reflective, make reflective. may be off
a point and topic.
make
connections
beyond the
text.
Speech and Vlog has Speech is Vlog may Vlog may
Grammar originality and fluent. Vlog contain severalcontain
flair, may contain errors insignificant
emphasizing one or two grammar; errors in
important errors in errors may grammar;
points; contains grammar; impede errors may
no errors in errors do not viewer’s cause
grammar. impede understanding. confusion for
viewer’s Speech lackthe viewer.
understanding. fluency. Speech is
choppy without
complete
sentences or
clear topic.
References Consistently Incorporates Discusses Include no
and Support uses direct some references from references or
references to references from outside sources supporting
outside sources outside in a general evidence.
to support sources, but way, but does
thoughts. Uses may not be not use specific
APA citations consistent. references.
correctly. Errors in APA
citation
Video Quality Video is well lit Video is well lit Video is fairly Camera may
and frames the and frames the well lit within be jerky,
subject subject within minimal making it
appropriately. the frame movement. difficult to view,
Editing without Subject is poorly lit, or
enhances excessive usually within subject not
cohesiveness movement. the frame. clearly in video.
of vlog.
Sound Sound is clear Vlog is Vlog is Vlog is too
Quality and volume is understandable somewhat difficult to hear
appropriate. and volume is difficult to hear or is too loud.
appropriate. or is
occasionally
too loud.
27
 References
Additional Resources
https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2017/10/08/junior/biology-kids-enzymes?page=2
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_enzymes.html

On line References

http://www.worthington-biochem.com/introBiochem/inhibitors.html
https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/biological-catalysts-enzymes/
http://dnaofbioscience.blogspot.com/2016/05/what-is-active-site-of-enzyme.html

Images
Figure 1. https://c7.uihere.com/files/42/744/886/thread-embroidery-sewing-craft.jpg

Figure 2. http://www.worthington-biochem.com/introBiochem/images/ie01.gif

Figure 3. http://dnaofbioscience.blogspot.com/2016/05/what-is-active-site-of-
enzyme.html
Figure 4. https://science4fun.info/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/enzyme-action.jpg
Figure 5. https://www.slideshare.net/farrellw/enzymes-9646317
Figure 6. https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/biological-catalysts-enzymes/
Figure 7. https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/11/biology/2018/07/04093229/Differences-Between-Catabolism-
and-Anabolism.png
Figure 8. https://o.quizlet.com/uUUGAr4Z-s3e2CWDc.4IvQ.png
Figure 9. https://byjus.com/jee/redox-reactions/
Figure 10. https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/redox1_med.jpeg
Figure 11. https://images.slideplayer.com/31/9647257/slides/slide_6.jpg
Figure 12. self-made by the author
Figure 13. self-made by the author
Figure 14 . http://www.worthington-biochem.com/introbiochem/factors.html
Figure 15 & 16. https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/factors-affecting-enzyme-activity/#0---
factor-1-concentration-of-enzyme--

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