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Class 1: I. Pronunciation in Latin Vowels

Latin vowels generally have the same pronunciation as their English equivalents. Consonants also usually have similar sounds, with some exceptions such as C sounding like S before certain letters and X sounding like KS. Nouns are declined based on their declension, with each declension sharing the same case endings. The nominative and genitive cases are key for determining a noun's declension.

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83 views

Class 1: I. Pronunciation in Latin Vowels

Latin vowels generally have the same pronunciation as their English equivalents. Consonants also usually have similar sounds, with some exceptions such as C sounding like S before certain letters and X sounding like KS. Nouns are declined based on their declension, with each declension sharing the same case endings. The nominative and genitive cases are key for determining a noun's declension.

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sonya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 1

I. Pronunciation in Latin

Vowels Latin Vowel Pronunciation


a a (father)
e e (pet)
i ee (need)
o o (drop)
u oo (soon)
y y (youth)

Remember: A few vowel combinations, called diphthongs, are read as one letter.

Latin Diphthong Pronunciation


ae* e (red)
au ow (how)
ei ey (they)
eu eu (leucocyte)
oe e (red)

* If over the e in diphthong ae or oe there are, so called, puncta diaeresis – points of separate, eg. word
aër (air), we read letters separately.

Remember: Most Latin consonants have the same sounds as in English but with the exceptions
listed below.

Consonants
Latin Consonant Pronunciation
c si (before e, i, y, ae, oe) (cinema) k (before a, o, u, before
consonants, in the end of a word) (computer)
g g (good; never as in ginger)
j y (young)
r r (grill)
s s (softly)
v v (vinegar)
x ks (tax)
z dz (adze)
bs bs (obsession)
bt bt (obtuse)
cc kk (book-keeping)
ch ch (character; never as in chapel)
ngu ngv (before vowel) (linguistics) ngju (before consonant)
(angular)
ph ph (microphone)
th t (turn)
rh r (grill)
ti ti (patio; never as in motion)
qu kv (quota)

Exercise 1
Please read the following words correctly:

1. cancer, medicamentum, auris, abortus, articulatio, lingua


2 .ventriculus, res, oculus, sanguis, pectus, thorax
3 .corpus, dens, fel, epiphysis, caries, oesophagus
4. hemispherium, ichthyismus, thrombus, scarlatina, angulus, olfactus
5. intestinum, incisura, rhinitis, series, aqua, pharmacon
6 .oedema, musculus, vena, cytoplasma, defectus, dolor
7 .rabies,sutura, causa, medicus, cellula, os
8. curatio, visus, homo, lapis, cutis, abductor
9. diaphysis, processus, sulcus, scabies, epicondylus, fascia
10. punctum, insertio, ictus, cranium, epithelium, cavum
11. encephalon, colon, metacarpus, bacterium, plexus, vitium
12. rubeola, exophthalmia, diphtheria, migraena, costa, tactus

II. Glossary of Latin grammatical terms


Latin Nouns

* Latin nouns have gender: they’re masculinum (masculine), femininum (feminine), or neutrum (neuter). Each
of gender has own suffix attached to the word.

* Latin nouns have five basic cases that determine what function the noun serves in the sentence. The word’s
suffix determines the noun’s case.

* Latin has five declensions (noun groups that use the same suffix for each case). * Latin nouns are declined in
two numerals: singularis (singular) and pluralis (plural).

Declining Nouns
* A noun can have a wider range of uses just by changing its suffix (or the letters attached to the end of
the word). What follows are the most commonly used cases:

Nominativus (Nominative): indicates Subject


Remember: Latin doesn’t have articles (such a, an, the), so when you translate a sentence from
Latin to English, you’ll have to add those yourself.

Genetivus (Genitive): indicates Possesion


Remember: When you translate Genetive into English, use of before noun
Dativus (Dative): indicates Indirect object

Accussativus (Accusative): indicates Direct object

Ablativus (Ablative): Expresses how sth happens – by, with or from

* Vocativus (Vocative): Used only in adressing or calling someone.


Declension is a group of nouns that form their cases the same way – that is, use the same suffix. Every
noun has two basic forms: Nominativus and Genetivus (always in this order), that have to be
presented in dictionary. In what declension a noun is declined we recognize by the suffix of
Genetivus:

Memorize the endings of Nominative and Genitive singular of all declensions: Declension First
Second Third Fourth Fifth Gender f m n m f n m n f Endings Nominative -a -us -um -on
different -us -u -es Endings Genitive -ae -i -is -us –ēi

Declension First Second Third Fourth Fifth


Gender f m n m f n m n f
Endings -a -us -um different -us -u -es
Nominative -on
Endings -ae -i -is -us –ēi
Genitive

Exercise 2
Please read and determine a declension of the following nouns (presented in two basic forms):

1. cancer, cancri; medicamentum, medicamenti; auris, auris; abortus, abortus; articulatio, articulationis;
lingua, linguae;
2. ventriculus, ventriculi; res, rei; oculus, oculi; sanguis, sanguinis; pectus, pectoris; thorax, thoracis;
3. corpus, corporis; dens, dentis; fel, fellis; epiphysis, epiphysis; caries, cariei; oesophagus, oesophagi;
4. hemispherium, hemispherii; ichthyismus, ichtyismi; thrombus, thrombi; scarlatina, scarlatinae;
angulus, anguli; olfactus, olfactus;
5. intestinum, intestini; incisura, incisurae; rhinitis, rhinitidis; series, seriei; aqua, aquae; pharmacon,
pharmaci; 6. oedema, oedematis; musculus, musculi; vena, venae; cytoplasma, cytoplasmatis; defectus,
defectus; dolor, doloris;
7. rabies, rabiei; sutura, suturae; causa, causae; medicus, medici; cellula, cellulae; os, ossis;
8. curatio, curationis; visus, visus; homo, hominis; lapis, lapidis; cutis, cutis; abductor, abductoris;
9. diaphysis, diaphysis; processus, processus; sulcus, sulci; scabies, scabiei; epicondylus, epicondyli;
fascia, fasciae;
10. punctum, puncti; insertio, insertionis; ictus, ictus; cranium, cranii; epithelium, epithelii; cavum,
cavii;
11. encephalon, encephali; colon, coli; metacarpus, metacarpi; bacterium, bacterii; vitium, vitii;
plexus, plexus; 12. rubeola, rubeolae; exophthalmia, exophthalmiae; diphtheria, diphtheriae; migraena,
migraenae; tactus, tactus; costa, costae.

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