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Waveguide Introduction: Lecture Outline

This document provides an overview of waveguides, including: 1) A waveguide confines electromagnetic wave propagation to a single path and acts like a "pipe" for waves. 2) Waveguide modes are determined by Maxwell's equations and each mode has a different field configuration. 3) Examples are provided of different types of waveguides used for integrated optics, radio frequencies, and electrical circuits.

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Ryan
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
59 views

Waveguide Introduction: Lecture Outline

This document provides an overview of waveguides, including: 1) A waveguide confines electromagnetic wave propagation to a single path and acts like a "pipe" for waves. 2) Waveguide modes are determined by Maxwell's equations and each mode has a different field configuration. 3) Examples are provided of different types of waveguides used for integrated optics, radio frequencies, and electrical circuits.

Uploaded by

Ryan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2/12/2020

Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory

Waveguide Introduction

Lecture Outline
• What is a waveguide?
• Examples of waveguides

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What is a Waveguide?

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What is a Waveguide?
A waveguide is a structure that confines the propagation of waves to a single path.

They are “pipes” for electromagnetic waves.

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Waveguide Modes
The field inside a waveguide must obey Maxwell’s equations.  This limits what field 
configurations are possible into a discrete set.  Each solution is called a “mode.”  Each mode 
looks different and behaves differently inside the waveguide.

Slide 5

Slab Vs. Channel Waveguides
Slab waveguides confine waves  Channel waveguides confine waves in 
in only one transverse direction. two transverse directions.

Confinement
Confinement

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Map of Waveguides (LI Media)
• Confines and transports waves.
Waveguides • Supports higher‐order modes.
• Has one or less conductors.
• Usually what is implied by the 
Transmission Lines “Pipes” label “waveguide.”

• Contains two or more conductors.
• No low‐frequency cutoff.
• Thought of more as a circuit clement Metal Shell Pipes Dielectric Pipes
Homogeneous Inhomogeneous • Enclosed by metal. • Composed of a core and a cladding.
• Has TEM mode. • Supports only  • Does not support TEM mode. • Symmetric waveguides have no low‐
• Has TE and TM  quasi‐(TEM, TE,  • Has a low frequency cutoff. frequency cutoff.
modes. & TM) modes.
Homogeneous Channel Waveguides
Single‐Ended

• Supports TE and TM modes • Confinement along two axes.
coaxial microstrip • TE & TM modes only supported in 
circularly symmetric guides.

rectangular circular dual‐ridge


stripline coplanar
optical Fiber photonic crystal rib
Inhomogeneous
• Supports TE and TM modes only  Slab Waveguides
Differential

buried parallel  coplanar strips
if one axis is uniform.
plate • Otherwise supports quasi‐TM  • Confinement only along one axis.
and quasi‐TE modes. • Supports TE and TM modes.
• Interfaces can support surface waves.

shielded pair slotline no uniform axis uniform axis


dielectric Slab large‐area  interface
(no TE or TM) (has TE and TM) parallel plate Slide 7

Notes on Transmission Lines
• Contains two or more conductors
• No low frequency cutoff.  Works down to DC.
• Supports TEM, TE, and TM modes when the dielectric is 
homogeneous
• Supports higher‐order modes, not just TEM.
• Serve more as a circuit element than a wave device
• Very compact for low frequency signals
• Tend to be lossy at very high frequencies 
(> 10 GHz) due to skin effect and dielectric loss

Slide 8

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Notes on Metal Pipe Waveguides
• Contains on a single conductor
• Has a low frequency cutoff below which there is no 
propagation of waves
• Supports TE and TM waves only if dielectric is 
homogeneous
• Field confined to inside of the waveguide
• Less lossy for very high frequency waves
• Prohibitively large size at low frequencies
Slide 9

Notes on Dielectric Waveguides
• Does not contain any metals
• Symmetric dielectric waveguides have no low‐frequency cutoff
• Symmetric waveguides (e.g. slabs & circularly symmetric) 
support TE and TM modes
• Most have a low frequency cutoff below which no waves can 
propagate
• Hybrid modes still tend to be strongly linearly polarized
• Optical fibers are dielectric waveguides
• Field extends outside of the core
Slide 10

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Examples of 
Waveguides

Slide 11

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Channel Waveguides for Integrated Optics

Stripe waveguide Diffused waveguide Buried‐strip waveguide

Buried‐rib waveguide Rib waveguide Strip‐loaded waveguide


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Channel Waveguides for Radio Frequencies
Isolated Wire Twisted Pair Transmission Line Rectangular Waveguide

Shielded‐Pair Transmission Line Coaxial Cable

Slide 13

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Channel Waveguides for Electrical Circuits
Transmission lines are metallic structures that guide electromagnetic waves from DC to very high frequencies.

Microstrip Parallel‐Plate Transmission Line

Stripline Slot Line Coplanar Line

Slide 14

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Structures Supporting Surface Waves
Surface‐Plasmon Polariton (SPP)

Dyakonov Surface Wave Bloch Surface Wave

Slide 15

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Notes on Waveguides
• Everything that “pipes” electromagnetic energy is a 
waveguide
• The label “waveguide” usually refers to waveguides 
that are not transmission lines
• Waveguides support an infinite number of discrete 
modes
• Most modes have cutoff frequencies, below which 
they are not supported and decay very quickly

Slide 16

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