Waveguide Introduction: Lecture Outline
Waveguide Introduction: Lecture Outline
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Waveguide Introduction
Lecture Outline
• What is a waveguide?
• Examples of waveguides
Slide 2
1
2/12/2020
What is a Waveguide?
Slide 3
What is a Waveguide?
A waveguide is a structure that confines the propagation of waves to a single path.
They are “pipes” for electromagnetic waves.
Slide 4
2
2/12/2020
Waveguide Modes
The field inside a waveguide must obey Maxwell’s equations. This limits what field
configurations are possible into a discrete set. Each solution is called a “mode.” Each mode
looks different and behaves differently inside the waveguide.
Slide 5
Slab Vs. Channel Waveguides
Slab waveguides confine waves Channel waveguides confine waves in
in only one transverse direction. two transverse directions.
Confinement
Confinement
Slide 6
3
2/12/2020
Map of Waveguides (LI Media)
• Confines and transports waves.
Waveguides • Supports higher‐order modes.
• Has one or less conductors.
• Usually what is implied by the
Transmission Lines “Pipes” label “waveguide.”
• Contains two or more conductors.
• No low‐frequency cutoff.
• Thought of more as a circuit clement Metal Shell Pipes Dielectric Pipes
Homogeneous Inhomogeneous • Enclosed by metal. • Composed of a core and a cladding.
• Has TEM mode. • Supports only • Does not support TEM mode. • Symmetric waveguides have no low‐
• Has TE and TM quasi‐(TEM, TE, • Has a low frequency cutoff. frequency cutoff.
modes. & TM) modes.
Homogeneous Channel Waveguides
Single‐Ended
• Supports TE and TM modes • Confinement along two axes.
coaxial microstrip • TE & TM modes only supported in
circularly symmetric guides.
buried parallel coplanar strips
if one axis is uniform.
plate • Otherwise supports quasi‐TM • Confinement only along one axis.
and quasi‐TE modes. • Supports TE and TM modes.
• Interfaces can support surface waves.
Notes on Transmission Lines
• Contains two or more conductors
• No low frequency cutoff. Works down to DC.
• Supports TEM, TE, and TM modes when the dielectric is
homogeneous
• Supports higher‐order modes, not just TEM.
• Serve more as a circuit element than a wave device
• Very compact for low frequency signals
• Tend to be lossy at very high frequencies
(> 10 GHz) due to skin effect and dielectric loss
Slide 8
4
2/12/2020
Notes on Metal Pipe Waveguides
• Contains on a single conductor
• Has a low frequency cutoff below which there is no
propagation of waves
• Supports TE and TM waves only if dielectric is
homogeneous
• Field confined to inside of the waveguide
• Less lossy for very high frequency waves
• Prohibitively large size at low frequencies
Slide 9
Notes on Dielectric Waveguides
• Does not contain any metals
• Symmetric dielectric waveguides have no low‐frequency cutoff
• Symmetric waveguides (e.g. slabs & circularly symmetric)
support TE and TM modes
• Most have a low frequency cutoff below which no waves can
propagate
• Hybrid modes still tend to be strongly linearly polarized
• Optical fibers are dielectric waveguides
• Field extends outside of the core
Slide 10
10
5
2/12/2020
Examples of
Waveguides
Slide 11
11
Channel Waveguides for Integrated Optics
12
6
2/12/2020
Channel Waveguides for Radio Frequencies
Isolated Wire Twisted Pair Transmission Line Rectangular Waveguide
Shielded‐Pair Transmission Line Coaxial Cable
Slide 13
13
Channel Waveguides for Electrical Circuits
Transmission lines are metallic structures that guide electromagnetic waves from DC to very high frequencies.
Microstrip Parallel‐Plate Transmission Line
Slide 14
14
7
2/12/2020
Structures Supporting Surface Waves
Surface‐Plasmon Polariton (SPP)
Slide 15
15
Notes on Waveguides
• Everything that “pipes” electromagnetic energy is a
waveguide
• The label “waveguide” usually refers to waveguides
that are not transmission lines
• Waveguides support an infinite number of discrete
modes
• Most modes have cutoff frequencies, below which
they are not supported and decay very quickly
Slide 16
16