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LAB MANUAL

Submitted To: Sir ADEEL AHMED

Submitted By: NASIR ABBAS

M. AFZAL
MUJAHID HUSSAIN
SHAMSHEIR ALI
Reg No:
BSEET01183006
BSEET01191005
BSEET01183004
BSEET01191003

Section:
Department:
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The University of Lahore

S. No Name of the Experiment

1 Introduction of Multisim

2 Introduction of Oscilloscope and Multimeter

3 Study and Plotting of VI characteristic of diode

4 Study and Plotting of VI characteristic of Thyristor

5 Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R load uncontrolled

6 Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R load controlled

7 Single Phase half wave rectifier with RL load

Uncontrolled

8 Single Phase half wave rectifier with RL load

Controlled

9 Effect of freewheeling Diode

10 Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier with R load

Uncontrolled
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11 Single Phase Fully Controlled Converter

12 Single Phase Fully Controlled with RL load Converter
13 Uncontrolled Full-wave Rectifier
14 Three-Phase Full Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
15 THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CONVERTER WITH R LOAD
16 Three Phase Half Wave Rectifier R load uncontrolled

17 THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE

CONVERTER WITH RL LOADS
18 THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CONVERTER WITH R LOAD
19 Controlled 3-Phase full wave rectifier with inductive
load
20 Uncontrolled 3-Phase full wave rectifier with
inductive load
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LAB#1
Introduction of Multisim

Objective:
Multisim 2001 is an electrical system design tool with a
large component data
base and easy to use graphical interface for the design
needs of the students. The purpose of this lab
assignment is to familiarize students with the use of
Multisim simulation software.

To start:
The application software has been installed on the PCs
in the lab. Double click
on the icon for Multisim 2001 the program will start.
Start to explore the features of the software.

Some guidelines: Use the multi users’ guide for this lab;
some basic pointers are listed below:
1. Double click the Multisim icon, the program is
launched and a MULTISIM window appears on
the screen.
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2. On the extreme left is the component toolbar.

Place the cursor on each of the buttons to
read the stated nomenclature and familiarize
with what is available where. For this lab you
may only need the top two buttons which
display sources and basic passive components
when cursor is placed over them.
3. Click on New and start a new circuit window.
4. Now look at the left side on component
toolbar. Top most button on the menu is the
DC power symbol. You select a dc power
supply can click on it and then take the cursor
to Circuit window (the major white part in the
window). Click again and the DC power symbol
will be pasted on the circuit window.
5. Next click on Resistor symbol and view
another pulls down menu. Top most buttons
on the menu is the resistor symbol l. You can
click on it and then take the cursor to Circuit
window (the major white part in the window).
Click again and the resistor symbol finds a
place in the circuit window. Use the mouse to
connect the elements displayed in the circuit
window together in a logical manner.

6. Now set up the circuits that are given in figure-

1 and figure-2 one by one.
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7. On the extreme right side is the Instruments

toolbar. Topmost button displays multimeter.
Place it in the circuit window.
8. Connect the multimeter in various parts of the
two circuits and measure various required
currents and voltages.
9. Continue further experimentation and
exploration till end of class time.
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Ammeter Voltmeter

I3 I5

I1 I2 I4 IB
IA
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Review Question
1 . What is Multisim?
2 . Explain uses of multisim?
3 . write about bars on multisim ?
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LAB#2
Introduction of Oscilloscope and Multimeter
Objectives
1 Introduce the Oscilloscope and learn some uses.
2 Observe Audio signals.
3 Introduce the Signal Generator (also called a
Function Generator).
4 Make some gain measurements on the servo.

Equipment:
! oscilloscope and wires
Supply
! 10 kΩ resistor
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Procedure
In class we’ve moved beyond simple DC and have been
talking about voltages and currents that are functions of
time. These waveforms are AC or at least have an AC
component. Simple multimeters are adequate to
measure DC voltages and currents but can only give
some average or effective (RMS) values for AC. Some
will also measure frequency and/or peak values but to
see the waveform as a function of time you need to use
an oscilloscope. Today you will learn to make some
basic measurements using the ‘scopes found in our lab,
but first, familiarize yourself with the scope and its
control groups:
1. The screen should be obvious.
2. Right beneath the screen are 6 unlabeled keys.
They are “softkeys” and their functions will be shown
on the bottom of the screen and will depend on the
state of the scope.
3. Under the softkeys is a USB port you may find useful
later, and on the left, the power key.
4. The knobs and keys on the right side of the scope are
grouped according to function. You will be using
controls in the “Vertical”, “Horizontal”, “Trigger”,
and Measure” areas as well as some of the others.
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The inputs to the scope are the 4 BNC connectors below

all the controls.

Conclusion:

Review Question
What is oscilloscope?
What is DMM?
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Write functions of DMM?

Write function of oscilloscope?
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LAB#3
Study and Plotting of VI characteristic of diode

Objective:

1. To plot Volt-Ampere Characteristics of

Silicon P-N Junction Diode.
2. To find cut-in Voltage for Silicon P-N
Junction diode.
3. To find static and dynamic resistances in
both forward and reverse biased conditions for
Si P-N Junction diode.

Components:
Name Qty
Diodes IN 1
4007(Si) 1
Resistor 1K ,
10K
Equipment:

Name Range Qty

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Bread Board - 1
Regulated 0-30V DC 1
Power
Supply 0- 1
Digital 200 A/20mA 1
Ammeter 0-2V/20V DC
Digital
Voltmeter

Connecting
Wires
Theory:

Donor impurities (pentavalent) are

introduced into one-side and acceptor
impurities into the other side of a single
crystal of an intrinsic semiconductor to form a
p-n diode with a Junction called depletion
region (this region is depleted off the charge
carriers). This Region gives rise to a potential
barrier V called Cut- in Voltage. This is the
voltage across the diode at which it starts
conducting. It can conduct beyond this
Potential.
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The P-N junction supports uni-directional

current flow. If +ve terminal of the input
supply is connected to anode (P-side) and –ve
terminal of the input supply is connected to
cathode (N- side) then diode is said to be
forward biased. In this condition the height of
the potential barrier at the junction is lowered
by an amount equal to given forward biasing
voltage. Both the holes from p-side and
electrons from n-side cross the junction
simultaneously and constitute a forward
current (injected minority current – due to
holes crossing the junction and entering N-
side of the diode, due to electrons crossing the
junction and entering P-side of the diode).
Assuming current flowing through the diode to
be very large, the diode can be approximated
as short-circuited switch.

If –ve terminal of the input supply is connected

to anode (p-side) and +ve terminal of the input
supply is connected to cathode (n-side) then the
diode is said to be reverse biased. In this
condition an amount equal to reverse biasing
voltage increases the height of the potential
barrier at the junction. Both the holes on p-side
and electrons on n-side tend to move away from
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the junction thereby increasing the depleted

region. However the process cannot continue
indefinitely, thus a small current called reverse
saturation current continues to flow in the
diode. This small current is due to thermally
generated carriers. Assuming current flowing
through the diode to be negligible, the diode can
be approximated as an open circuited switch.

The volt-ampere characteristics of a diode

explained by following equation:

I =I0 (ev/( vT) - 1) where

I=current flowing in the diode
I0=reverse saturation current
V=voltage applied to the diode
VT=volt-equivalent of
temperature=kT/q=T/11,600=26mV
(@ room temp). =1 (for
Ge) and 2 (for Si)

It is observed that Ge diode has smaller cut-in-

voltage when compared to Si diode. The
reverse saturation current in Ge diode is larger
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in magnitude when compared to silicon diode.

Circuit Diagram

Procedure:
Forward Biased Condition:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (1)
using silicon PN Junction diode.
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2. Vary Vf gradually in steps of 0.1 volts upto

5volts and note down the corresponding
readings of If .
3. Step Size is not fixed because of non linear
curve and vary the X-axis variable (i.e. if
output variation is more, decrease input
step size and vice versa).
4. Tabulate different forward currents
obtained for different forward voltages.

Reverse biased condition:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (2)

using silicon PN Junction diode.
2. Vary Vr gradually in steps of 0.5 volts upto 8
volts and note down the corresponding
readings of Ir.
3. Tabulate different reverse currents obtained
for different reverse voltages. (Ir = VR / R,
where VR is the Voltage across 10K
Resistor).
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Observations
Si diode in forward biased conditions:
Sl. Forward Forward
No Voltage current
across through
RPS the diode
the
Voltage If (mA)
diode
Vf
(volts)
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Si diode in reverse biased conditions:

Reverse Reverse
Sl. No Voltage current
RPS through
across the
Voltage the diode
diode Vr
(volts) Ir ( A)

Calculations from Graph:

If (mA)
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V r ( volts ) V f( volts )

Ir ( A)

Precautions:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed
the ratings of the diode. This may lead to
damage the diode.
2. Connect voltmeter and Ammeter in correct
polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless
you have checked the circuit connections as
per the circuit diagram.

Result:
1. Cut in voltage = ……… V
2. Static forward resistance = ……….
3. Dynamic forward resistance = ……….
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Review Question
What is VI curve?
What will effect on VI curve during FB of diode?
What will effect on VI curve during RB of diode?
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LAB#4
Study and Plotting of VI characteristic of Thyristor

Objective
To study and plot the characteristics of the thyristor.

Apparatus
1. Power electronic trainer
2. Dual channel Oscilloscope
3. Two AVO meter
4. Two DC power supply

Introduction
A thyristor is a four-layer p-n-p-n semiconductor
device consisting of three p-n junctions. It has three
terminals: anode, cathode and a gate. Figure (1) shows
the thyristor symbol and a sectional view of the three-
pn junctions.
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Experiment No. 1
Thyristor Characteristic

Figure ( 1 ): Thyristor Symbol & p - n Junctions

When the anode voltage made positive with

respect to the cathode, junctions J1 and J3 are forward
biased and junction J2 is reverse biased. The thyristor
said to be in the forward blocking or off-state condition.
A small leakage current flows from anode to cathode
and is called the off state current. If the anode voltage
VAK is increased to a sufficiently large value, the reverse
biased junction J2 would breakdown. This is known as
avalanche breakdown and the corresponding voltage is
called the forward breakdown voltage VBO. Since the
other two junctions J1 and J3 are already forward
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biased, there will be free movement of carriers across all

three junctions. This results in a large forward current.
The device now said to be in a conducting or on state.
The voltage drop across the device in the on-state is due
to the ohmic drop in the four layers and is very small (in
the region of 1 V). In the on state the anode current is
limited by an external impedance or resistance as shown
in figure (2-a).

V-I Characteristics of Thyristor

Figure (2) shows the V-I characteristics and the circuit
used to obtain these characteristics.

2
Figure (2): Thyristor Circuit & V - I Characteristics
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The important points on this characteristic are:

1-Latching Current IL
This is the minimum anode current required to
maintain the thyristor in the onstate immediately after a
thyristor has been turned on and the gate signal has
been removed. If a gate current, greater than the
threshold gate current is applied until the anode current
is greater than the latching current IL then the thyristor
will be turned on or triggered.

2-Holding Current IH
This is the minimum anode current required to
maintain the thyristor in the on state. To turn off a
thyristor, the forward anode current must be reduced
below its holding current for a sufficient time for mobile
charge carriers to vacate the junction. If the anode
current is not maintained below IH for long enough, the
thyristor will not have returned to the fully blocking
state by the time the anode-tocathode voltage rises
again. It might then return to the conducting state
without an externally applied gate current.
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3-Reverse Current IR
When the cathode voltage is positive with respect to
the anode, the junction J2 is forward biased but
junctions J1 and J3 are reverse biased. The thyristor is
said to be in the reverse blocking state and a reverse
leakage current known as reverse current IR will flow
through the device.

4-Forward Break-over Voltage VBO

If the forward voltage VAK is increased beyond VBO,
the thyristor can be turned on. However, such a turn-on
could be destructive. In practice, the forward voltage is
maintained below VBO and the thyristor is turned on by
applying a positive gate signal between gate and
cathode.

5-Once the thyristor is turned on by a gate signal and its

anode current is greater than the holding current, the
device continues to conduct due to positive feedback
even if the gate signal is removed. This is because the
thyristor is a latching device and it has been latched to
the on state.

3
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Procedure
1- TO observe the terminal configuration of a thyristor,
thyristor's body is generally connected with anode
terminal by the manufacture; hence, the anode
terminal can be identified with help of a multimeter.
Now, measure the resistance between other two
terminals (gate and cathode) of the thyrsitor. The
forward-biased p-n junction of a diode shows a low
resistance than the reverse-biased junction. When
the AVO meter shows a low resistance then the gate
(G) terminal is the one, which connected with
positive terminal of the multi-meter battery.
2- Connect the circuit shown in figure (3). Apply the
30volt across the anode and cathode terminals
through 1.1 k resistor. The device must be on the
off state with open gate.
3- Increase the gate supply voltage gradually until the
thyristor turn on. Recode the minimum gate current
(Igmin) required turning on the thyristor.
4- Set the source voltage to zero volts. Adjust the gate
voltage to a slightly higher value than what is found
in the step (3). Keep the gat voltage constant over
the experiment. Increase gradually the source
voltage (in steps) so that the anode current (Ia)
increased in steps. Open and close the gate terminal
after each step. If anode current is greater than the
latching current (IL) of the device, then the device
stay on even after the gate terminal is opened.
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5- Increase the anode current from the latching current

level by increasing slightly the supply voltage. Open
the gate terminal. Now start reducing the anode
current gradually by adjusting the voltage source
until the thyristor goes into blocking mode. The
anode current at this instant called holding current
(IH).
6- Connect the circuit shown in Fig (4). Use the
oscilloscope in the X-Y mode, and then connect the
point A to channel I and point B to channel II. Draw
the shape will appear on the oscilloscope screen.
These shapes represent the V-I characteristics.

Review Question
What is VI curve of thyristor?
What will effect on VI curve during FB of thyristor?
What will effect on VI curve during RB of thyristor?
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LAB#5
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R load
uncontrolled
Objective:
To study the single-phase half wave rectifier behavior for
different types of load.
Apparatus Used:
1. ST2712 board 2. DC voltmeter 3.
DC ammeter 4. Oscilloscope 5. Capacitor 220 µF
Procedure:
R Load
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (4).
2. Switch on the power supply of the board.
3. Measure the load dc and ac voltage values, record the
result in table I.
4. Display the load voltage and current waveforms on
the oscilloscope.
5. Display the voltage waveform across the diode on the
oscilloscope
6. Plot the displayed waveforms in your graph paper.
7. Switch off the power supply.
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Figure (4) Practical circuit for half-wave single

phase rectifier with R load.

R-L Load
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (5).
2. Switch on the power supply of the board.
3. Measure the load dc and ac voltage values, record the
result in table I.
4. Display the load voltage and current waveforms on
the oscilloscope.
5. Display the voltage waveform across the diode on the
oscilloscope
6. Plot the displayed waveforms in your graph paper.
7. Switch off the power supply.
8. Repeat 2-7 steps with the connection of freewheeling
diode.
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Figure (5) Practical circuit for half-wave single

phase rectifier with R-L load.

Review Question
What is Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R
load uncontrolled?
Write the apparatus name using in this
experiment?
Write applications of this circuit?
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LAB#6
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R load
controlled

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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FOR RL LOAD
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Review Question
What is the purpose of this experiment?
What is Imax?
What is Imean?
What is firring pulls?
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LAB#7
Single Phase half wave rectifier with RL load
Uncontrolled

Objectives
• To build a half-wave rectifier.
• To obtain the effect of change load on the output:
DC and its Fourier components.
• To obtain a half-wave rectifier flywheel diode.

2. Experiment
Part I: HWR with resistive load

Procedure
1. Connect the Circuit as shown in Figure 3.1.
2. Put 𝑉𝑃 = 10, and f=1KHz.
3. Measure the output voltage at R=1KΩ.
4. Measure the 𝑉𝐷𝐶, and 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 for output voltage in
Table 3.1.
5. Measure the FFT for output voltage.
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6. Repeat step 2,3, and 4

a. R=4.7KΩ.

b. R=10KΩ.

R(KΩ) 𝑉𝐷𝐶(V) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠(𝑉)

1
4.7
10

Review Question
How To build a half-wave rectifier
Write about input and output of given circuit
What is Vp
What is VDC
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LAB#8
Single Phase half wave rectifier with RL load
Controlled
Objective:
To obtain the output waveform of single-phase half-
controlled bridge converter with RL Loads
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Result:

Review Question
What is Single Phase half wave rectifier with
RL load Controlled
How work diode and triac
Write about out put of the circuit
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LAB#9
Effect of freewheeling Diode
Objective

: - A freewheeling diode is basically a diode connected

across the inductive load terminals to prevent the
development of high voltage across the switch. When
the inductive circuit is switched off, this diode gives a
short circuit path for the flow of inductor decay current
and hence dissipation of stored energy in the inductor.
This diode is also called Flywheel or Fly-back diode.
Purpose of using Freewheeling Diode:
1. The Freewheeling Diode improves the waveform of
the load current of Rectifier circuits, inverter circuits,
and chopper circuits by making it continuous.
2. The Freewheeling protect the SCRs from damage in
the circuits with Inductive Load from the excessive
reverse voltage creating by the Inductive Load.
3. The Freewheeling Diode improves the Input Power
Factor of Phase controlled
Rectifiers.
4. The Freewheeling diode sustains the average
output voltage of the circuit with Inductive Load.
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5. It also helps to reduce Ripple components in the

output signal of the circuit with Inductive Load.

Procedure:
1. Connect the Circuit as shown in Figure 3.4.
2. Put 𝑉𝑃 = 10, and f=1KHz.
3. Measure the output voltage.
4. Measure the 𝑉𝐷𝐶, and 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 for output voltage in
Table 3.4.
5. Measure the FFT for output voltage.

Review Question
What is freewheeling diode
How its work
Write the purpose to use this diode
What is Vrms
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LAB#10
Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier with R load
Uncontrolled
. Objectives
• To build a full-wave rectifier
• To obtain the effect of change load on the output:
DC and its Fourier components

2. Experiment
Part I: FWR with resistive load

1. Connect the Circuit as shown in Figure 4.1.

2. Put 𝑉𝑃 = 10, and f=1KHz.
3. Measure the output voltage at R=1KΩ.
4. Measure the 𝑉𝐷𝐶 ,and 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 for output voltage in
Table 3.1.
5. Measure the FFT for output voltage.
6. Repeat step 2,3, and 4
c. R=4.7KΩ.
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d. R=10KΩ.

R(KΩ) 𝑉𝐷𝐶(V) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠(𝑉)

1
4.7
10

Review Question
What is the purpose of this experiment
Draw the input voltage for this circuit and also output
wave from
Write any two uses of this circuit
What is different between Single Phase Full Wave
Rectifier with R load Uncontrolled and controlled
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LAB#11
Single Phase Fully Controlled Converter
AIM:
To construct a single phase fully controlled full wave bridge rectifier and to observe the output
wave forms with 1. R load 2. R-L load with freewheeling diode 3. R-L load without freewheeling
diode

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
In the bridge rectifier the entire four rectifier is the capability of wide voltage variation
between +Vdc (av) to –Vdc (av), maximum i.e. 2Vm/ π volts. Such rectifiers find application in DC
motor loads for both motoring and electrical braking of the motor.

FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R LOAD:

During positive half cycle, SCR T1 and SCR T11 are triggered
simultaneously through independent isolated gate pulses. The pair of SCR’s conducts up to
π. SCR T2 and SCR T21 are to be triggered in the next half cycle with another pair of isolated
gate pulses. The triggering angle of the pairs of SCR’s can be varied by varying the control
voltages.

For R load, the average output voltage can be found from

Vdc (av) = (1/π)αfπVmsinӨdө

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ

Vdc (av) = (Vm/π) [1+cosα]

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FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH FREE-

WHEELING DIODE:

When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with RL
load with freewheeling diode during positive half cycle T1 and T11 are forward biased. When
T1 and T11 fired at wt=α, the load is connected to the input supply through T 1 and T11
during period α≤wt.≤π. During the period from π≤wt≤(π+α), the input voltage is negative
and freewheeling diode DF is forward biased, DF conducts to provide the continuity of
current in the inductive load. The load current is transferred from T 1 and T11 to
DFandthyristor are turned off at wt=π. During negative half cycle of input voltage, thyristor
T2 and T21 are forward biased, and the firing of T2and T21 at wt=π+α will reverse bias DF. The
diode is turned off and the load connected to the supply through T2 and T21.

This conversion has better power factor due to the freewheeling diode.

The average output voltage can be found from

Vdc (av) = (1/π) α∫πVmSinӨdӨ

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ

Vdc (av) = (Vm/π) [1+cosα]

FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH OUT

FREEWHEELING DIODE:

When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with RL load, during
the positive half cycle thyristor T1 and T11 are forward biased and these two thyristors are
fired simultaneously at wt=α, the load is connected to the input supply through T1 and T11.
Due to inductive load T1 and T11 will continue to conduct till wt=π+α, even though the input
voltage is already negative. During negative half cycle of the input voltage, thyristor are
forward biased, and firing of thyristors T2 and T21 at wt= π+α will apply the supply voltage
across thyristors T1 and T11 as reverse blocking voltage. T1 and T11 will be turned off due to
line or natural commutation and load current will be transferred from T1 and T11 to T2 and

T21.

During the period from α to π, the input voltage Vs and input current is positive, and the
power flows from the supply to the load. The converter is said to be operated in rectification
mode. During period from π to π+α, the input voltage Vs is negative and the input current is
positive, and there will be reverse from the load to the supply. The converter is said to be
operated in inversion mode.

The average output voltage can be found from

Vdc (av) = (1/π)α∫π+αVmSinӨdӨ

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ+α
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Vdc (av) = (2Vm/π) [1+cosα]

PROCEDURE FOR R LOADS:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of fully controlled rectifier
with R load using isolation transformer.
2. The gate cathode terminals of the 4 SCR’s are connected to the respective
points on the firing module.
3. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct before
switching on the equipments.
4. Keep the firing angle knob at 180 degree (minimum position). Switch ON the
firing unit.
5. Now switch ON the power circuit (MCB).
6. The firing angle is varied output wave form is seen on a CRO.
7. The firing angle is varied and DC output voltage and current through the load
is noted.
8.The firing angle knob at 180 degree (minimum position), Switch OFF the
power circuit (MCB) & then firing unit. Remove the patch cards.
Do the experiment for R-L & motor loads

TABULAR COLUMN:
SI. Firing angle α in Load voltage Load current
degrees
NO. In volts In Amp

Result:

Review Question:
1; Why we use this circuit?
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LAB#12
Single Phase Fully Controlled with RL load Converter
AIM:
To construct a single phase fully controlled and half controlled full wave bridge rectifier
and to observe the output wave forms with

4. R-L load with freewheeling diode

5. R-L load without freewheeling diode

APPARATUS:
Isolation transformer, controlled rectifier module, firing unit, rheostat 100 ohms/2A,
inductance 100 mH or 250 mH/3A, patch cards etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE FOR R LOADS:

Same procedure like R load
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TABULAR COLUMN:
SI. Firing angle α in Load voltage Load current
degrees
NO. In volts In Amp

RESULT:

Review Question:
Why we use this Circuit?
What is difference between r and RL load?
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Experiment:13
Uncontrolled Full-wave Rectifier
1. Objectives

• To build a full-wave rectifier

• To obtain the effect of change load on the output: DC and its Fourier components

2. Experiment
Part I: FWR with resistive load

Figure 4.1 FWR with resistive load

1. Connect the Circuit as shown in Figure 4.1.

2. Put 𝑉𝑃 = 10, and f=1KHz.
3. Measure the output voltage at R=1KΩ.
4. Measure the 𝑉𝐷𝐶, and 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 for output voltage in Table 3.1.
5. Measure the FFT for output voltage.
6. Repeat step 2,3, and 4
c. R=4.7KΩ.
d. R=10KΩ.

average, and effective output voltage

R(KΩ) 𝑉𝐷𝐶(V) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠(𝑉)

4.7

10
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RESULT

Review Question:

What is difference between controlled and uncontrolled?

What is vdc?
What is FFT?

LAB#14

Three-Phase Full Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier

THEORY:
Three Phase full wave uncontrolled rectifier circuit is more complex and expensive than half wave.
However, there are advantages of low ripple voltage, smooth output voltage waveform, no dc
component introducing into input current of each phase, and high efficiency of power conversion.
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With this lab you will understand the characteristics of three phase full wave uncontrolled rectifier,
measure the voltage and current values.

AIM:
* Know the circuit of Three Phase Full Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier.

* Know the waveforms of Three Phase Full Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier

REQUIREMENTS:
Isolating Transformer
Differential Amplifier
RMS Meter
Resistor Load Unit
Inductive Load Unit
Oscilloscope
Wires

Current Transducer

Power Diode Set

Fuse Set

Circuit Diagram

PROCEDURE:
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1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4.3 in LT-spice Program.
2. Put 𝑉𝑝=15v, and f=50Hz.
3. Add the LT-spice Model for the diode 1𝑁4007.
4. Measure the output voltage at R=1KΩ, and L=1mH.
5. Measure the following values for the output voltage in Table 4.4.
a. Peak Value.
b. Frequency.
c. 𝑉𝐷𝐶.
d. 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠.
6. Measure the fourier component for the output voltage.
7. Measure the FFT for the output voltage.

Table 4.4 average, and effective values for phase voltages

R(KΩ), L(mH) 𝑉𝑃(V) f (HZ) 𝑉𝐷𝐶(V) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠(V)

1,1

RESULT:

Review Question:
What is difference between in single-phase and three?
Why we use three phase rectifier?
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LAB#15
THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER
WITH R LOAD

AIM:

To study the three-phase half controlled bridge converter with R load.

APPARATUS:

S.
Equipment Range Type Quanti
No
Three phase half controlled bridge converter power
1
circuit and firing circuit
2 CRO with deferential MODEL

3 Patch chords and probes

4 Three phase transformer

5 Rheostat

6 DC Voltmeter

7 DC Ammeter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Half Controlled bridge converter with R load

PROCEDURE:

1. Make all connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect firstly 3 phase AC supply from three phase transformer to circuit.
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3. Connect firing pulses from firing circuit to Thyristors as indication in
circuit.

4. Connect resistive load 200Ω / 5A to load terminals and switch ON the

MCB and IRS switch and trigger output ON switch.
5. Connect CRO probes and observe waveforms in CRO across load and
device in three phase half controlled bridge converter.
6. By varying firing angle gradually up to 1800 and observe related
waveforms.
7. Measure output voltage and current by connecting DC voltmeter &
Ammeter.
8. Tabulate all readings for various firing angles.
9. Calculate the output voltage and current by theoretically and compare
with it practically obtained values.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Firing Output voltage (V0) Output Current (

Input Voltage
S. No Angle in Theoretical Practical Theoretical Prac
(Vin)
Degrees
1
2
3
4
5
6

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Vo = 3 Vml*(1+cosα)/2π Io = 3
Vml*(1+cosα)/2πR α= firing
angle
Vml = line to line voltage

MODEL GRAPHS:
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Input and output wave forms of a three phase half controlled bridge
converter
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PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS

1. A converter which can operate in both 3 pulse and six

pulse modes is?
2. What is the interval for SCRs triggering in three phase semi
converter?
3. What is the interval for SCRs triggering in three phase full
converter?
4. What is the function of freewheeling diode in three phase
converters?

POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS

5. What are the advantages of three phase half controlled

converters?
6. Which quadrant operation is possible with three phase
half controlled converter?

RESULT:
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LAB # 16
THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH RL LOAD

AIM: To obtain the output waveforms of three-phase full wave half-

controlled bridge rectifier with R and RL load and with or without

commutating or freewheeling Diode.

APPARATUS : MATLAB SOFTWARE

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Verify the connections before simulating.

3. Set the value of resistance .

4. Connect the scope and simulate the circuit.

5. Observe output voltage waveform.

6. Note down readings of firing angle and output voltage.

7. Also calculate theoretical and practical values of output voltages and

compare.
8. Repeat above steps for various firing angles.

9. For RL-load connect Inductance in series with resistance.

10. Repeat the above steps.

Model Graphs:
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Review Question:
What advantage of this circuit?
Write the difference between controlled and uncontrolled
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LAB#17

THREE PHASE HALF UNCONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH RL LOADS

Experiment aim
The aim of this experiment is to design and analysis of a three phase uncontrolled rectifier.

Apparatus
Make the circuit for AC-DC converter using the following parts: i. Power
electronic trainer

ii. Oscilloscope
iii. AVO meter

Theory
Rectification is the process of conversion of alternating input voltage to direct output voltage. In
diode rectifiers, the output voltage cannot be controlled. Three phase Rectifiers can be classified as:

- Three Phase Half wave rectifier

- Three Phase Full wave rectifier

Three-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier

For higher power application and where three-phase power supply is available, a three phase
bridge rectifier, as shown in figure (1), should be used. One diode is conduct at any instant. It is the
diode connected to the phase having the highest instantaneous voltage. The output voltage of the
successive phase voltages and varying from Vm/2 to Vm, three times per input cycle. The average
output voltage is:.

3 3
V V 0 . 827 V
dc m m
2

Similarly, the rms value of the output voltage can be found as:
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The rectifier has a three pulse characteristics, and load current id of less ripple contents in
relative to single-phase rectifiers, which characterize by two pulse output. The ripple frequency is 3f
(where f is input frequency) and the required smoothing reactor at the load side is of smaller size.

( a)
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(b)

Fig.(1): a) Three-phase star rectifier.

b): Waveforms of voltage and current of the three-phase star
rectifier

Procedure
1- Connect the three phase half wave rectifier circuit shown in Fig.(1) on the power electronic trainer.
2- Turn on the power
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3- Plot the input and output waveforms on the same graph paper.
4- Measure the average and RMS output voltage by connect the AVO meter across load resistance.
5- Turn off the power
6- Add the inductive load on the output. With L=10mH measure the output voltage and plot the
output waveform.
7- Repeat step 6 with L=100mH, 500mH measure the output voltage and plot the output waveforms.
8- Repeat step 6 & 7 with connect the freewheeling diode across the load.

1. with it practically obtained values.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Firing Output voltage (V0) Output Current (

Input Voltage
S. No Angle in
(Vin) Theoretical Practical Theoretical Prac
Degrees
1
2
3
4
5
6

Review Question:

1. Compare between the practical and theoretical results for input and output voltages and currents.
2. What design parameters of the three-phase half wave rectifier?
3. When you design 30kW rectifier, what type of rectifier must be use? Why?
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LAB#18

THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R LOAD

AIM: To obtain the output waveforms of three-phase full wave half-

controlled bridge rectifier with R and RL load and with or without

commutating or freewheeling Diode.

APPARATUS : MATLAB SOFTWARE

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Verify the connections before simulating.

3. Set the value of resistance .

4. Connect the scope and simulate the circuit.

5. Observe output voltage waveform.

6. Note down readings of firing angle and output voltage.

7. Also calculate theoretical and practical values of output voltages and

compare.
8. Repeat above steps for various firing angles.

9. For RL-load connect Inductance in series with resistance.

10. Repeat the above steps.

Model Graphs:
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Review Question:
1. What design parameters of the three-phase half wave rectifier?
2. When you design 30kW rectifier, what type of rectifier must be use? Why?
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LAB#19

THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R

LOAD
AIM: To obtain the output waveforms of three-phase full wave half-

controlled bridge rectifier with R and RL load and with or without

commutating or freewheeling Diode.

APPARATUS : MATLAB SOFTWARE

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Verify the connections before simulating.

3. Set the value of resistance .

4. Connect the scope and simulate the circuit.

5. Observe output voltage waveform.

6. Note down readings of firing angle and output voltage.

7. Also calculate theoretical and practical values of output voltages and

compare.
8. Repeat above steps for various firing angles.

9. For RL-load connect Inductance in series with resistance.

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10. Repeat the above steps.
Model Graphs:

Review Question:.
1. What design parameters of the three-phase half wave rectifier?
2. When you design 30kW rectifier, what type of rectifier must be use? Why?
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LAB#20
Uncontrolled 3-Phase full wave rectifier with inductive
load
After mastering this unit, you will:

• Observe and verify the three-phase, full-wave rectifier circuits.

• Understand the difference between three phase and single phase
full-wave rectifiers.
• Be able to model a three-phase diode rectifier circuit.

EXPERIMENT

Three-phase bridge rectifier under resistive and inductive load.

Application:
A three-phase bridge rectifier is used as an input stage in many
applications (e.g., variable speed ac motor) devices.

Apparatus:
Com3LAB board is equipped with phase commutated converter, load
resistance, load inductance, load capacitance, multimeter, dual
oscilloscope, and function generator. You will use from the phase
commutated converter the six diodes V21, V23, V25, V24, V26, & V22.

• Six diodes with ratings of at least 1A & 50V.

• A load RL (H11) = Ω.
• Oscilloscope has two channels Y1, Y2, & COM. • AC & DC
voltmeters & ammeters & one nonconductive shunt.
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procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4.3 in LT-spice Program.
2. Put 𝑉𝑝=15v, and f=50Hz.
3. Add the LT-spice Model for the diode 1𝑁4007.
4. Measure the output voltage at R=1KΩ, and L=1mH.
5. Measure the following values for the output voltage in Table 4.4.
a. Peak Value.
b. Frequency.
c. 𝑉𝐷𝐶.
d. 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠.
6. Measure the Fourier component for the output voltage.
7. Measure the FFT for the output voltage.

R(KΩ), L(MH) 𝑉𝑃(V) f (HZ) 𝑉𝐷𝐶(V) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠(V)

1,1

Review Question:
Why we used 1N4007 in this circuit

What is the difference in experiment and practical on this circuit?