evK¨web¨v‡mi iƒc‡iLv

cÖYe (Phoneme), A¶i (Syllable), kã (Word), eM© (Phrase), cÖ¯Íve (Clause) Avi evK¨
(Sentence) − fvlvwe‡køl‡Yi GB QqwU GKK Av‡Q e‡j hw` a‡i wbB Avgiv ‡gvUvgywUfv‡e Z‡e cÖ_g
`yÕwU GKK co‡e aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i AvIZvq, Z…Zxq GKKwU co‡e iƒcZ‡Ë¡i AvIZvq Ges PZz_©, cÂg Avi ló
GKK `yÕwU co‡e evK¨Z‡Ë¡i AvIZvq| k‡ãi mv‡_ kã ‡Rvov w`‡q ‡Kgb K‡i eM© ‰Zwi nq Avi e‡M©i
mv‡_ eM© ‡Rvov w`‡q ‡Kgb K‡i evK¨ ‰Zwi Kiv hvq ZvB wba©vwiZ n‡e evK¨ZvwË¡K Dcv‡½| evK¨ZË¡ ev
evK¨web¨vm‡K hw` gvbe-gw¯Í‡¯‹ Aew¯’Z fvlv-A‡½i GKwU Dcv½ ev gwWDj wn‡m‡e hw` ‡`‡Lb Z‡e
evK¨ZË¡ n‡e evK¨ ‰Zwii KviLvbv| kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e hw` ‡`Lv nq Z‡e evK¨ ‡Kgb K‡i ‰Zwi nq ev
evK¨ZvwË¡K Dcv½ ‡Kgb K‡i KvR K‡i Zv Avwe®‹vi-Av‡jvPbv KivB n‡e evK¨Z‡Ë¡i KvR| evK¨ZË¡
wePv‡ii eû g‡Wj i‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv Pgw¯‹i kvmb I AvKl©Y ZË¡ (Government &
Binding theory) (`ªóe¨: Pgw¯‹ 1980 I cieZx© Ab¨vb¨ iPbv) Ges Gi me©‡kl iƒc cwiwgZ e¨vKiY
cÖKí (Minimalist Program) (`ªóe¨: Pgw¯‹ 1995 I cieZx© Ab¨vb¨ iPbv) Kg‡ewk AbymiY Kivi ‡Póv
Ki‡ev| wb‡Pi `ywU evK¨ w`‡q ïiæ Kiv hvK|

1. FK weÁv‡bi eB co‡Q|

2. weÁv‡bi eB FK co‡Q|

Dc‡i 1bs I 2 bs ev‡K¨i Zyjbv hw` Kiv nq Z‡e ‡`Lv hv‡e ‡h 1bs ev‡K¨ ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ ‡h RvqMvq wQj
2bs ev‡K¨ ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ ‡mB RvqMvq ‡bB; aŸwbµgwU ev‡K¨i evgw`‡K ‡Kv_vI m‡i ‡M‡Q| Avcbviv
ej‡Z cv‡ib, 2bs ev‡K¨ ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ ‡Kb evgw`‡K m‡i hv‡e, ÔFKÕI ‡Zv Wvbw`‡K m‡i ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
nu¨v, Aek¨B cv‡i wKš‘ evK¨web¨v‡mi Pg¯‹xq mÄbbx ZË¡¸‡jv‡Z evK¨¯’ ‡Kvb Dcv`vb evgw`‡K mi‡Z
cv‡i bv e‡j a‡i ‡bqv nq| ‡Kb G iKg a‡i ‡bIqv nq ev ‡Kb ‡Kvb Dcv`vb evgw`‡K mi‡Z cv‡i bv Zv
G Aa¨v‡qi c‡ii w`‡K ejv n‡e|

a‡i ‡bqv hvK ‡h 1bs I 2bs ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ A_©MZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q: 2bs ev‡K¨ ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ kãeÜwUi
Dci ‡Rvi ‡`qv n‡”Q| 1bs ev‡K¨ ‡Kvb Dcv`v‡bi DciB ‡Rvi ‡`qv n‡”Q bv| 1bs ev‡K¨ ‡h KvVv‡gvwU
Av‡Q ‡mwUB GB ev‡K¨i cÖv_wgK KvVv‡gv ev g~j KvVv‡gv (Kernel Structure)| 1bs ev‡K¨ ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ
Gi Ae¯’vb wµqvi evgw`‡K| myZivs wµqvi evgw`‡Ki RvqMvUvB ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ Gi g~j Ae¯’vb| GB
Ae¯’vbUv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ Gi ev¯‘wfUv| 2bs ev‡K¨ ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ wb‡Ri ev¯‘wfUv
‡Q‡o bZzb GK RvqMvq wM‡q e‡m‡Q| GiKgfv‡e evK¨¯’ ‡Kvb Dcv`vb evK¨KvVv‡gvi evgw`‡K Ab¨ ‡Kvb
bZzb RvqMvq m‡i hvIqv‡K ejv nq Movement hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡Z cv‡i Awfevmb| Awfevm‡bi
d‡j ev‡K¨i cÖv_wgK KvVv‡gv‡Z ‡h cwieZ©b Av‡m Zv‡K ejv nq Transformation hv‡K evsjvq ejv nq
mseZ©b|

Awfevmb Kivi wKQz kZ© Av‡Q| GKwU kZ© n‡”Q GB ‡h ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ − GB kãµgwU‡K GK mv‡_
Awfevmb Kiv‡Z n‡e| 3bs ev‡K¨ ÔweÁv‡biÕ K_vwU‡K ÔeBÕ ‡_‡K Avjv`v K‡i Awfevmb Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j
evK¨wU MÖnY‡hvM¨ _vK‡Q bv (* wP‡ýi gv‡b n‡”Q evK¨wU MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq)| ‡`Lv hv‡”Q, ev‡K¨i GKvwaK

1
Dcv`vb GKwÎZ n‡q Avjv`v Avjv`v GKK (Unit) MVb K‡i Ges Awfevm‡bi mgq Gme GK‡Ki AvšÍM©V‡b
n¯Í‡¶c Kiv hvq bv| myZivs ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ GKwU ÔevwK¨KÕ GKK| G ai‡bi evwK¨K GKK‡K ejv nq eM©
(Phrase)| ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ GKwU eM©| Avgiv Dc‡i ‡`‡LwQ, Awfevmb Ki‡Z n‡j eM©¸‡jv Zv‡`i hveZxq
Dcv`vbmn Awfevmb K‡i, ‡Kvb Dcv`vb ev¯‘wfUvq ‡Q‡o Av‡m bv| ‡Kb Awfevmb ‡LqvjLywk g‡Zv Kiv
hvq bv? ‡Kb Awfevm‡bi mgq ev‡K¨i wewfbœ GK‡Ki AvšÍKvVv‡gvi cÖwZ j¶¨ ivL‡Z nq? we‡kl GKwU
evK¨KvVv‡gvMZ cÖwZeÜ (Constraint) _vKvi Kvi‡Y GgbwU nq e‡j a‡i ‡bIqv nq| mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y G
cÖwZeÜwU‡K ejv nq KvVv‡gv wbf©iZv (Structure Dependancy)| ‡Kvb gvbefvlv KvVv‡gv-wbf©i bv n‡q
cv‡i bv|

3. *FK weÁv‡bi co‡Q eB|

KvVv‡gv-wbf©iZvi cÖwZeÜwU wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU aªæc`| Kv‡K e‡j aªæc`? mÄbbev`x fvlvweÁvbxiv wek¦vm
K‡ib ‡h gvbefvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi wKQz mvaviY wbqg Av‡Q| GB wbq‡gi mgwó‡K Zuviv bvg w`‡q‡Qb
mve©Rbxb e¨vKiY ev wek¦e¨vKiY (Universal Grammar)| e¨vKi‡Yi hZ wbqg Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ wKQy wbqg
n‡”Q wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi aªæc` (Principle) Avi Ab¨ wKQy wbqg n‡”Q wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi ‡Lqvj (Parameter)|
e¨vKi‡Yi ‡h wbqg¸‡jv me fvlvq Av‡Q ‡m¸‡jv n‡”Q wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi aªæc` Avi ‡h wbqg¸‡jv cÖwZwU
fvlvq Avjv`v ‡m¸‡jv n‡”Q wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi ‡Lqvj| we‡kl fvlv we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Avgiv ‡mB fvlvi ‡h
wbqg¸‡jv Avwe®‹vi Kwi ‡m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQz wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi ‡Lqvj wKQz aªæc`| wek¦e¨vKi‡Y ‡Kvb ‡Kvb
aªæc` i‡q‡Q Zv wewfbœ fvlvi wbqg¸‡jvi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv ‡_‡K wba©vwiZ n‡Z cv‡i|

ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ GK ai‡bi eB| ÔFK weÁv‡bi eB co‡QÕ bv e‡j Avcwb ej‡Z cv‡ib ÔFK eB co‡QÕ|
GLv‡b ÔweÁv‡biÕ K_vUv ev` co‡jI e‡M©i ev ev‡K¨i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi ‡Kvb nvwb n‡”Q bv| wKš‘ Avgiv hw`
ewj *ÔFK weÁv‡bi co‡QÕ Z‡e wKš‘ evK¨wU Avi MÖnY‡hvM¨ _vK‡e bv| Gi gv‡b n‡”Q ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ
kãµgwUi g‡a¨ ÔeBÕ K_vUvB cÖavb| mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y ÔeBÕ n‡”Q ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ e‡M©i wki (Head)| wki
n‡”Q e‡M©i ‡mB Dcv`vb hv‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i eM© M‡o D‡V Ges ‡h Dcv`vbwU ev` w`‡j cy‡iv eM©wUB Aw¯ÍZ¡nxb
n‡q c‡o| myZivs wki n‡”Q e‡M©i me©cÖavb Dcv`vb| GKUz c‡i Avgiv G e¨vcv‡i AviI Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡ev|

ev‡K¨ ‡h me kã e¨eüZ nq Zv‡`i Avjv`v Avjv`v ‡kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq Gme
‡kÖYx‡K Avgiv c` (Class of word ev Parts of speech) ej‡ev| mÄbbx e¨vKiY Nivbvq c`
‡gvUvgywUfv‡e Pvi cÖKvi: bvgc`, we‡klYc`, wµqvc` Avi cyimM© (Preposition) ev (evsjv ev Rvcvwb‡Z)
AbymM© (Postposition)| Bs‡iwR‡Z in, for RvZxq kã we‡k‡l¨i c~‡e© e‡m (D`vniY: in the garden, for
the boy) e‡j cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y G‡`i bvg Preposition hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡Z cv‡i ÔcyimM©Õ| evsjvq
ÔwfZ‡iÕ, Ôcv‡kÕ, BZ¨vw` AbymM© bvgk‡ãi c‡i e‡m ev bvgkã‡K ÔAbymiYÕ K‡i| D`vniY Ôiv¯Ívi cv‡kÕ,
Ôev‡·i wfZ‡iÕ, BZ¨vw`| ‡h‡nZz GB ai‡bi kã bvgkã‡K AbymiY K‡i ‡m‡nZz GB c`¸‡jvi cÖ_vMZ
bvg ÔAbymM©Õ (Postposition) eRvq ivLv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|

‡Kvb kã we‡kl¨ ev bvgc`, ‡Kvb kã we‡klY, Avevi ‡KvbwU ev wµqv| evsjv cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y Ôev‡K¨
e¨eüZ wewfbœ kã‡K c`Õ ejv n‡q _v‡K| AvgivI g‡b Kwi ‡h ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ cÖwZwU kãB ‡Kvb bv ‡Kvb

2
Ôc`Õ Gi AšÍf³ y© |1 g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, wki ‡h c‡`i n‡e eM©I n‡e wVK ‡mB c‡`i| ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ bvgeM©
(Noun Phrase ev NP) KviY GB eM©wUi wki ÔeBÕ bvgc‡`i AšÍfy©³| myZivs ÔeBÕ n‡”Q bvgwki (Noun
head)| bvgeM©, wµqveM©, we‡klY eM© (ev weYeM©), wµqv we‡klY eM© (ev wµweY eM©), AbymM© eM© (ev
AbyeM©)... evsjvfvlvi †gvUvgywU G KqwU eM© Av‡Q| mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y me©bvg‡K bvgwki wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
Kiv nq e‡j Ôme©bvg eM©Õ e‡j Avjv`v ‡Kvb eM© ‡bB| cÖ_vMZ evsjv e¨vKi‡YI ejv nq: ‡h c` bvgc‡`i
cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq ZvB me©bvg c`| myZivs cÖwZwU me©bvg eM© n‡e GK GKwU bvgeM©|

wµqvwki‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V wµqveM© (Verb Phrase ev VP)| ÔwPwV ‡j‡LÕ e‡M©i wki n‡”Q wµqvc`
Ô‡j‡LÕ, myZivs GwU wµqveM©| ÔLye fv‡jvÕ e‡M©i wki n‡”Q we‡klY Ôfv‡jvÕ, myZivs GwU weYeM©
(Adjectival Phrase ev AP)| Ô‡Nvov Lye ZvovZvwo ‡`uŠovqÕ ev‡K¨ ÔLye ZvovZvwoÕ wµqvwe‡klY eM© ev
wµweY eM© (Adverbial Phrase ev AdvP), KviY Gi wki n‡”Q wµqv we‡klY ÔZvovZvwoÕ| Avgiv Dc‡i
e‡jwQ, mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y AbymM© GKwU c`| Ôiv¯Ívi cv‡kÕ e‡M©i wki Ôcv‡kÕ GKwU AbymM©| myZivs Ôiv¯Ívi
cv‡kÕ GKwU ÔAbyeM©Õ (Postpositional Phrase ev PP) Ges Ôcv‡kÕ n‡”Q Abywki|2

wki QvovI e‡M© _vK‡Z cv‡i AviI wZb wZbwU Dcv`vb: we‡klK (Specifier), c~iK (Complement) Avi
cÖmviK (Adjunct ev (Modifier)| bvgeM© ÔGB gRvi weÁv‡bi eBwUÕ ‡Z ÔGBÕ n‡”Q we‡klK, ÔeBwUÕ n‡”Q
wki, ÔweÁv‡biÕ n‡”Q c~iK Avi ÔgRviÕ n‡”Q cÖmviK| Bs‡iwR The new book of science bvge‡M© the n‡”Q
we‡klK, book n‡”Q wki, of science n‡”Q c~iK Avi new n‡”Q cÖmviK| cÖ_vMZ Bs‡iwR e¨vKi‡Y the ‡K
ejv nq Article ev wb‡`©kK| evsjvq GiKg wb‡`©kK ‡bB, Av‡Q ÔwUÕ ev ÔUvÕ Gi g‡Zv Dcv`vb| G¸‡jvi
bvg ‡`qv ‡h‡Z cv‡i: AeaviK| AeaviK¸‡jv bvgwk‡ii wbw`©óZv ‡`¨vwZZ K‡i Ges GKB mv‡_ GUvI e‡j
‡h bvgwkiwU GKwU we‡kl ‡kÖYxi AšÍfy©³|

Avgiv Dc‡i e‡jwQ, c` n‡”Q k‡ãi ‰eb¨vwmK ‡kªYx (Syntactic class)| c`‡K ‰eb¨vwmK ‡kªYx ejwQ,
KviY k‡ãi ‡kªYxKi‡Yi g~‡j i‡q‡Q k‡ãi ‰eb¨vwmK ev ‰eqvKiwYK f~wgKv| ev‡K¨ cÖwZwU kã GKwU
we‡kl ‰eqvKiwYK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ‡Kvb kã ev‡K¨ e¨envi Kivi Av‡M Rvb‡Z n‡e: 1. ‡mB we‡kl
kãwU ‡Kvb c‡`i AšÍfy©³ (A_©vr kãwUi ‡kªYx ev RvZ wK?) Ges 2. ev‡K¨ ‡mB kãwU ‡Kvb ‰eqvKiwYK
f~wgKv (Grammatical function) cvjb Ki‡e| A‡bK ‡¶‡Î kãwU ‡Kvb c‡`i AšÍfy©³ Rvbv ‡M‡j ev‡K¨
‡mB kãwU ‡Kvb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e Zv Rvbv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb, bvgkã n‡Z cv‡i ev‡K¨i KZ©v
(Subject); n‡Z cv‡i wµqv I Abym‡M©i c~iK (Complement)| ÔFK eB c‡oÕ ev‡K¨ bvgkã ÔFKÕ n‡”Q
Ôc‡oÕ wµqvi KZ©v Avi ÔeBÕ n‡”Q Ôc‡oÕ wµqvi c~iK| Ôiv¯Ívi cv‡kÕ Abye‡M© Ôiv¯ÍvÕ n‡”Q Ôcv‡kÕ
Abywk‡ii c~iK| we‡klK (g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Ôwe‡klÕ Avi Ôwe‡klKÕ GK K_v bq) wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq ‡h
k㸇jv ‡m¸‡jv A‡bK fvlv‡ZB ‡Kvb c‡`i AšÍfy³ © nq bv| evsjv e¨vKi‡Y ÔGBÕ ev divwm e¨vKi‡Yi ce

1
cvwYbxq e¨vKiY Nivbvq c‡`i msÁv n‡”Q: mycwZOšÍs c`s| A_©vr myc (kãwefw³) I wZO (wµqvwefw³) hy³ kã‡K c` e‡j| Ae¨‡qi mv‡_ ‡Kvb myc
ev wZO hy³ nq bv wKš‘ Zvi c‡iI Ae¨q‡K c` wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y ev‡K¨ e¨veüZ cÖwZwU kã‡K c` e‡j| GB `yBwU msÁvi
‡KvbwUB Avgv‡`i msÁvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K bq|
2
cvðvZ¨ e¨vKiY Nivbvq AvU cÖKv‡ii c‡`i K_v ejv nq| cvwbYxq e¨vKi‡Y c` cuvP cÖKvi: we‡kl¨, we‡klY, me©bvg, Ae¨q Avi wµqv| cÖ_vMZ
e¨vKi‡Y AbymM© Ae¨q c‡`i AšÍfy©³ wKš‘ ‡h‡nZz A‡bK iKg kã‡KB Ae¨q bv‡g WvKv nq ‡m‡nZz eZ©gvb cy¯Í‡K ÔAe¨q eM©Õ bv e‡j Bs‡iwR
Preposition Gi AbyKi‡Y ÔAbymM© c`Õ bv‡g bZzb GKwU e‡M©i cÖ¯Íve KiwQ| G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z ‡`Lyb fÆvPvh©¨ 1998: 51-74|

3
(m¨) ev cette (‡mZ) wb‡`©kK we‡klY| Bs‡iwR‡Z the ev evsjvq ÔUv/RbÕ BZ¨vw` Dcv`vb ‡Kvb c‡`i
AšÍfy©³ bq| myZivs ‡`Lv hv‡”Q, c‡`i cÖ_vMZ ‡kªYx¸‡jvi evB‡iI wKQy wKQy kã _vK‡Z cv‡i|

we‡klY mvaviYZ e¨eüZ nq bvgk‡ãi cÖmviK wn‡m‡e Ges wµqvwe‡klY e¨eüZ nq wµqvi cÖmviK
wn‡m‡e| ÔgRvi eBÕ, Ôjvj Av‡jvÕ, Ôeo mgm¨vÕ BZ¨vw` bvge‡M© ÔgRviÕ, ÔjvjÕ Avi ÔeoÕ h_vµ‡g bvgwki
ÔeBÕ, ÔAv‡jvÕ I Ômgm¨vÕÕi cÖmviK| wµqvwe‡klY e¨eüZ nq wµqvi cÖmviK wn‡m‡e| wµqveM© ÔAv‡¯Í
nuv‡UÕ I Ô`ªæZ ‡j‡LÕ-‡Z wµqvwe‡klY ÔAv‡¯ÍÕ I Ô`ªæZÕ wµqvwki Ônuv‡UÕ I Ô‡j‡LÕ Gi cÖmviK| Z‡e ‡Kvb
bvgc`I e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i cÖmviK wn‡m‡e| bvgeM© ÔevsjvMvbÕ G bvgkã ÔevsjvÕ bvgwki ÔMvbÕ Gi
cÖmviK| ÔFK ivZ `yBUvq NygvqÕ ev‡K¨ ÔivZ `yBUvqÕ n‡”Q ÔNygvqÕ wµqvi cÖmviK| ‡Kvb wµqveM©I e¨eüZ
n‡Z cv‡i cÖmviK wn‡m‡e| ÔMZKvj ‡Kbv eBÕ bvge‡M© wµqveM© ÔMZKvj ‡KbvÕ bvgwki ÔeBÕ‡qi cÖmviK|
cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y wµqv Ges evK¨ GB Df‡qiB cÖmviK _vK‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb : Ôcjvkxi hy× hLb PjwQj
ZLb hyׇ¶‡Îi A`~‡i GK MÖv‡g GK K…lK Miæ-jvOj w`‡q ‡¶‡Z Pvl KiwQjÕ ev‡K¨ Ôcjvkxi hy× hLb
PjwQj ZLbÕ Ñ GB kãµgwU cy‡iv ev‡K¨i cÖmviK| mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y Aek¨ GB kãµgwU‡K ÔPvl KivÕ
wµqvi cÖmviK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|3

we‡klK I cÖmviK Aek¨B e‡M©i cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb wKš‘ G `y‡Uvi ‡KvbwUB Acwinvh© Dcv`vb bq| Avgiv
Av‡MB e‡jwQ, e‡M©i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb n‡”Q wki| ÔFK GB gRvi eBwU co‡QÕ bv e‡j ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i
ÔFK eB co‡QÕ| GLv‡b we‡klK ÔGBÕ, AeaviK ÔwUÕ Ges cÖmviK ÔgRviÕ ev` c‡o‡Q wKš‘ Zvi c‡iI
bvgeM©wU MÖnY‡hvM¨ i‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR‡Z Rik is reading an interesting book of science ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i,
Avevi cÖmviK interesting Avi we‡klK an ev` w`‡q Rik is reading books of science I ejv ‡h‡Z
cv‡i| wKš‘ wki book ‡K ‡Kvb g‡ZB ev` ‡`qv P‡j bv|

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y ÔFK eB c‡oÕ RvZxq kãe܇K evK¨ ejv nq| AvgivI GZ¶Y ZvB e‡jwQ| cÖ_vMZ
evsjv e¨vKi‡Y hw` ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ GKwU evK¨ Ab¨ GKwU ev‡K¨i Dci wbf©ikxj _v‡K Z‡e ‡mwU‡K ejv nq
RwUj evK¨| ÔAvwg Rvwb ‡h FK eB co‡QÕ RwUj ev‡K¨i D`vniY| GB RwUj ev‡K¨ i‡q‡Q `yÕwU cÖ¯vÍ e
(Clause): 1. ÔAvwg RvwbÕ Ges 2. ÔFK eB co‡QÕ| cÖ_gwU g~j cÖ¯Íve (Principal clause) I wØZxqwU c~iK
cÖ¯Íve (Complement clause)| ÔRvbvÕ wµqvi c~iK n‡”Q cÖ¯Íve ÔFK eB co‡QÕ| GK w`K ‡_‡K ‡`L‡j
cÖ¯Íve Avi wµqve‡M©i g‡a¨ ‡Kvb Zdvr ‡bB| cÖ¯Ív‡e _v‡K wµqv, KZ©v, wµqvi c~iK Avi cÖmviK|
wµqve‡M©I wVK GB K‡qKwU Dcv`vbB _v‡K| wµqv `yB iKg: mgvwcKv (Finite ev Flexional) Avi
AmgvwcKv (Non-finite)| ‡h cÖ¯Ív‡ei wµqvwU mgvwcKv ‡mwU ÔmgvwcKv cÖ¯ÍveÕ Avi ‡h cÖ¯Ív‡ei wµqvwU
AmgvwcKv ‡mwU ÔAmgvwcKv cÖ¯ÍveÕ| ÔFK Rvg©vb wkL‡Z wf‡qbvq hv‡eÕ ev‡K¨ ÔFK Rvg©vb wkL‡ZÕ
AmgvwcKv cÖ¯Íve (KviY, ÔwkL‡ZÕ AmgvwcKv wµqv) Avi ÔFK wf‡qbvq hv‡eÕ mgvwcKv cÖ¯Íve (KviY
Ôhv‡eÕ mgvwcKv wµqv)|

Avgiv GZ¶Y ev‡K¨i wewfbœ A‡½i AvšÍKvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© Rvbjvg| mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y eM© I ev‡K¨i
AvšÍmsMVb we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl KvVv‡gv e¨envi Kiv nq| KvVv‡gvwUi bvg G·-evi KvVv‡gv ev

3
wµqv I ev‡K¨i cÖmviK‡K A‡bK KvVv‡gvev`x (Structuralist) Av‡jvPbvq Avbymw½K ev cvwicvwk¦K
© c~iK (Circumstantial complement) I
ejv n‡q _v‡K|

4
G·-evi e„¶wPÎ| G·-evi KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖwZwU e‡M©i cÖZxK n‡”Q X′′ (X double bar)| X′′ ‡K XPI ejv
‡h‡Z cv‡i| X′′ ev XP gv‡b n‡”Q ‡h ‡Kvb eM©| GLv‡b P n‡”Q Phrase ev e‡M©i Gi msw¶ß iƒc Avi X
n‡”Q e‡M©i wki| X n‡Z cv‡i ‡h ‡Kvb c`| hw` ‡Kvb e‡M© X = wµqv nq ‡mwU n‡e wµqveM©| Avevi Ab¨
‡Kvb e‡M© hw` X = we‡kl¨ nq Z‡e ‡mwU n‡e bvgeM©| myZivs XP n‡Z cv‡i ‡h ‡Kvb eM© − bvgeM©,
wµqveM©, weYeM©, BZ¨vw`|

XP
e„¶wPÎ-1

we‡klK X'
(Specifier)

c~iK X°
(Complement)

cÖwZwU XP Gi i‡q‡Q wZbwU ¯Íi: cÖ_g ¯Í‡i XP, wØZxq ¯Í‡i X′ Ges Z…Zxq I me©‡kl ¯Í‡i X°| wØZxq
¯Í‡i X′ Gi evgw`‡K _v‡K e‡M©i we‡klK (Specifier ev ms‡¶‡c Spec)| Z…Zxq ¯Í‡i X° Gi Wvb ev
evgw`‡K _v‡K wk‡ii c~iK| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq: XP ‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j Avgiv cv‡ev `yÕwU e„šÍ (Noeud): 1.
we‡klK Avi 2. X′ (X-bar)| Gi ci X′ ‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j cvIqv hv‡e AviI `yÕwU e„šÍ: e‡M©i wki X°
Ges wk‡ii ev‡g ev Wv‡b wk‡ii c~iK|

e„¶wPÎ-2 NP e„¶wPÎ-3 VP

GKwU N' FK V'

weÁv‡bi eB weÁv‡bi eB co‡Q

G·-evi KvVv‡gv eY©bvq e„¶wPÎ e¨envi Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i, ev 4 I 5bs D`vni‡Yi g‡Zv Z…Zxq eÜbxI
e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

4. NP[Spec N′ N°] D`vniY: NP[GKwU N′ weÁv‡bi eB]

5. VP[Spec V′ NP V°] D`vniY: VP[FK V′ [weÁv‡bi eB] co‡Q]

Avgiv j¶¨ Ki‡Z cvwi ‡h wk‡ii c~iK nq Ab¨ GKwU eM© Ges evsjvq c~iK eM©wU _v‡K wk‡ii evg
w`‡K| ‡hgb, 3bs e„¶wP‡Î ÔFK weÁv‡bi eB co‡QÕ wµqve‡M© c~iK n‡”Q bvgeM© ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ| GB
bvgeM©wU Av‡Q wµqvwki Ôc‡oÕ Gi evgw`‡K| ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ bvge‡M© bvgwki ÔeBÕ Gi evgw`‡K i‡q‡Q Gi
c~iK ÔweÁv‡biÕ| AbyeM© Ôevwoi cv‡kÕ-‡Z c~iK ÔevwoiÕ Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q Abywki Ôcv‡kÕ Gi evgw`‡K| cÖkœ
n‡Z cv‡i, ‡Kb Bs‡iwR bvgeM© A book of science G c~iK [of science] wM‡q em‡Q wk‡ii Wvbw`‡K Avi
evsjvi ‡ejvq c~iK [weÁv‡bi] wM‡q em‡Q wk‡ii evg w`‡K?
5
 6. AP[Spec A′ A°] D`vniY: AP[Spec A′ fv‡jv]

7. PP[Spec P′ P°] D`vniY: PP[Spec P′ [evwoi] cv‡k]

e„¶wPÎ-4 PP e„¶wPÎ-5 PP

P' p'

evwoi cv‡k beside NP

the house

e‡M©i wki _vK‡e, c~iK _vK‡e − G¸‡jv ‡h ‡Kvb fvlvi ‡ejvq mZ¨| GwU wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi aªæc`| wKš‘ ‡mB
c~iK wk‡ii ‡Kvb w`‡K em‡e Zvi wbqg me fvlvq GK bq| GwU wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU ‡Lqvj
(Parameter)| evsjv ev Rvcvwb‡Z c~iK e‡m wk‡ii evg w`‡K Avi Bs‡iwR-divwm‡Z c~iK e‡m wk‡ii Wvb
w`‡K| evsjv ev Rvcvwb fvlv‡K ejv nq Left-brancing language ev Head-last language Avi Bs‡iwR-
divwm‡K ejv nq Right-brancing language ev Head-first language| evsjv ev Rvcvwb n‡”Q evgcÖmvix
fvlv Avi Bs‡iwR-divwm n‡”Q WvbcÖmvix fvlv|

me e‡M©iB cÖmviK _vK‡Z cv‡i ‡hgb Av‡Q wb‡Pi eM©¸‡jv‡Z:

8. VP[Spec V′ NP V°] D`vniY:VP[FK AdvP[ZvovZvwo] V′ NP[eB] c‡o]

9. PP[Spec AdvP P′ P°] D`vniY: PP[Spec(e) AdvP[wVK] P′ cv‡k]

10. NP[Spec AP N′ N°] D`vniY: NP[GKwU AP[PgrKvi] N′ eB]

Avgiv e‡jwQ, evsjv evgcÖmvix fvlv Ges ‡m Kvi‡Y evsjvq ‡h ‡Kvb wk‡ii c~iK e‡m wk‡ii evg w`‡K|
cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i, cÖmviK wk‡ii ‡Kvbw`‡K em‡e, Wvbw`‡K bv evgw`‡K? (8-10) D`vni‡Y Avgiv j¶¨
Ki‡Z cvwi ‡h evsjvq cÖmviKI c~i‡Ki g‡Zv wk‡ii evgw`‡K e‡m| bvgwk‡ii cÖmviK Avi AbymM©wk‡ii
cÖmviK wk‡ii evgw`‡K Qvov em‡ZB cv‡i bv| *[cv‡k wVK] ev *[eB PgrKvi] MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Z‡e
wµqvwe‡klY wµqvwk‡ii Wvbw`‡K, ev wµqvwki I c~i‡Ki AšÍewZ© ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv
ej‡Z cvwi: FK [eB c‡o ZvovZvwo] ev FK [eB ZvovZvwo c‡o]| Avgv‡`i `vwe, G `yÕwU ev‡K¨
wµqvwe‡klY [ZvovZvwo] wµqve‡M©i evgw`‡KB ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q Z‡e wµqvwe‡klY ms‡hvwRZ nevi ci
cÖ_g ev‡K¨ [eB c‡o] Ges wØZxq ev‡K¨ [eB] ev‡K¨i evgw`‡K Awfevmb K‡i‡Q| GB Awfevm‡bi d‡j
ev‡K¨i Av_©¯Í‡i cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| cÖ_g ev‡K¨ wµqveM© [eB c‡o] Ges wØZxq ev‡K¨ bvgeM© [eB] Gi Dci
‡Rvi ‡`qv n‡”Q| ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h cÖ_g ev‡K¨ wµqveM© [eB c‡o] I wØZxq ev‡K¨ [eB] D¾¡wjZ
(Focalized) n‡q‡Q|

6
 XP
e„¶wPÎ-6 XP

Spec X'
(e) XP XP

XP X'
Spec X'
(e)
XP X° e„¶wPÎ-7
XP X°

(‡Kvb e„‡šÍ hw` ‡Kvb fvwlK Dcv`vb bv _v‡K Z‡e ‡m e„šÍwU Lvwj Av‡Q e‡j aiv nq Ges ‡mB e„‡šÍi wb‡P (e) wPý †`Iqv nq)

j¶¨ Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h c~i‡Ki Ae¯’vb e‡M©i wki ev X° Gi wVK evgw`‡K (ev fvlvwe‡k‡l Wvbw`‡K)
Avi cÖmvi‡Ki Ae¯’vb Gi c‡ii avc X′ cv‡k| Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi c~iK ms‡hvwRZ n‡”Q X° Gi mv‡_
Avi cÖmviK ms‡hvwRZ n‡”Q X′ Gi mv‡_| Aek¨ A‡bK ‡¶‡Î XP Gi mv‡_I cÖmviK hy³ n‡Z cv‡i|
8bs e„¶wP‡Î Avgiv ‡`LwQ ‡h cÖmviK hy³ n‡j X′ ev XP Gi ‡Kvb weKvk nq bv| 8bs e„¶wP‡Î V′ e„‡šÍ
AP[PgrKvi] hy³ nevi c‡iI N′ Gi ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nqwb A_©vr N′ weKwkZ n‡q N° G cwiYZ nqwb| myZivs
ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h cÖmvi‡Ki ms‡hvRb e„¶wP‡Î ‰eb¨vwmK ‡Kvb cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡i bv wKš‘ c~i‡Ki
ms‡hvR‡b e„¶wP‡Î ‰eb¨vwmK cwieZ©b Av‡m|

NP PP
e„¶wPÎ-8 e„¶wPÎ-9

Spec N' Spec P'

GKwU e

AP N' AP P'
PgrKvi wVK

XP N° XP P°
weÁv‡bi eB iv¯Ívi cv‡k

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y KZ©vi Ab¨ GKwU bvg Av‡Q : D‡Ïk¨ (Subject)| D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© hv wKQz ejv nq Zvi
bvg we‡aq (Predicate)| wµqv Avi we‡klY e¨eüZ nq we‡aq wn‡m‡e| D`vniY: ÔeBUv gRviÕ| GLv‡b
ÔgRviÕ we‡aq| cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y G ai‡Yi we‡kl‡Yi bvg Ôwe‡aq we‡klYÕ| G iKg `vwe Kiv Ag~jK bq
‡h we‡aq Avm‡j GK ai‡Yi cÖmviK| ‡hgb ÔFK NygvqÕ ev‡K¨ wµqvc` ÔNygvqÕ bvgc` ÔFKÕ Gi
cÖmviK| Z‡e KvVv‡gvev`x I mÄbbx − GB Dfq avivi e¨vKi‡YB wµqv‡K bvgc‡`i cÖmviK wn‡m‡e
‡`Lv‡bv nq bv| GLv‡b e¨vcviUv ‡`Lv nq D‡ëv w`K ‡_‡K| wµqve‡M©i wki n‡”Q wµqv| KZ©v bvgc`wU
n‡”Q ‡mB e‡M©i we‡klK| Ab¨ ‡Kvb bvgeM© ‡mB wµqve‡M©i c~iK| ÔFK eB c‡oÕ wµqve‡M© bvgc` ÔFKÕ
n‡”Q we‡klK Ges bvgc` ÔeBÕ n‡”Q c~iK| ÔFK NygvqÕ ev‡K¨ ev wµqve‡M© wµqvwki ÔNygvqÕ Gi ‡Kvb
c~iK ‡bB KviY ÔNygvqÕ wµqvwU AKg©K|

7
 e„¶wPÎ-10 VP e„¶wPÎ-11 VP

FK V' FK V'

NP V° V°
eB c‡o Nygvq

ÔFK eB c‡oÕ ev‡K¨ ÔFKÕ I ÔeBÕ ‡K Avgiv bvgkã ejwQ| G¸‡jv Avm‡j GKwU e‡M©i wki| KZ©v
bvge‡M©i wki bvgkã ÔFKÕ Avi c~iK bvge‡M©i wki bvgkã ÔeBÕ| GB wki¸‡jvi mv‡_ c~iK, cÖmviK,
we‡klK ‡hvM K‡i B‡”Q Ki‡jB Avgiv G¸‡jv‡K AviI eo K‡i wb‡Z cvwi| ‡hgb Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi,
ÔPÆMÖv‡gi FKÕ, Ô1995 mv‡j c¨vwi‡m _vKv FKÕ, ÔfvlvZ‡Ë¡i eBÕ, ÔevK¨Z‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLvi g‡Zv GKUv gnv
wew”Qwi, wK”Qz ‡evSvi Dcvq ‡bB Ggb cÖeÜÕ, BZ¨vw`|

‡Kgb K‡i ‰Zwi nq GK GKwU eM©? ‡Kgb K‡i bvgc` ÔfvlvZË¡Õ Ab¨ bvgc` ÔeBÕ Gi c~iK wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq| ‡Kgb K‡iB ev bvgc` ÔeBÕ wM‡q ‡RvU euv‡a Ôc‡oÕ wµqvc‡`i mv‡_, ev ÔeB c‡oÕ wµqv
eM©wU wM‡q hy³ nq bvgc` ÔFKÕ Gi mv‡_? cwiwgZ e¨vKiY cÖKí Abymv‡i GK kã Ab¨ GK k‡ãi mv‡_
ev GKwU eM© Ab¨ GKwU e‡M©i mv‡_ wM‡q ‡RvU euv‡a we‡kl ‡h GKwU cÖwµqvq Zvi bvg Merge| Gi evsjv
cÖwZkã n‡Z cv‡i msevnb| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i, GZ iKg c` _vK‡Z GKUv bvgk‡ãiB ev ‡Kb Ôc‡oÕ
wµqvc‡`i mv‡_ msevwnZ n‡Z n‡e? ‡Kvb we‡klY c` ‡hgb aiæb, ÔgRviÕ ‡Kb Zv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv?
*gRvi c‡oÕ kãµgwU ‡Kb MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq bv? DËi n‡”Q GB ‡h ‡Kvb fvlvi kã‡Kv‡li cÖwZwU k‡ãi
wKQz Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y (Subcategorical features) i‡q‡Q| ‡hgb ÔcovÕ wµqvi Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y n‡”Q:
[bvgeM©] ⎯ cov| A_©vr ÔcovÕ wµqvc‡`i GKwU c~iK _vK‡e Ges ‡mwU n‡e GKwU bvgeM©| Ô‡`IqvÕ
wµqvi ‡h `yBwU c~iK _vK‡e, GKwU Kg©c~iK (wK ‡`Iqv n‡”Q) Ges Ab¨wU m¤cÖ`vb ev MÖnxZv c~iK (Kv‡K
‡`Iqv n‡”Q) Zv Ô‡`IqvÕ wµqvi Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y ‡_‡KB wba©vwiZ n‡q hvq| ÔcovÕ ev Ô‡`IqvÕ wµqvc‡`i
Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y¸‡jv Aek¨B evK¨web¨v‡m cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z n‡e| ‡Kvb k‡ãi Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y
evK¨web¨v‡m cÖwZdwjZ nevi GB ‡h eva¨evaKZv mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y Zvi bvg Projection principle hvi
evsjv cÖwZkã n‡Z cv‡i cÖ‡¶cY| cÖwZwU fvlvq cÖ‡¶c‡Yi e¨vcvi i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡¶cY wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi Ab¨
GKwU aªæc`|

evsjvq ‡Kvb bvgkã hw` Ab¨ ‡Kvb bvgwk‡ii cÖmviK wn‡m‡e msevwnZ nq Z‡e ‡mB bvgkãwU‡K lôx
wefw³ MÖnY K‡i m¤^Ü KviK ev m¤^Ü c‡` cwiYZ n‡Z n‡e − GB we‡kl Z_¨wU me bvgk‡ãi Dcc`xq
¯^j¶‡Y cÖwZdwjZ n‡e| ‡hgb ÔeBÕ bvgk‡ãi GKwU Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y n‡”Q [m¤^Üc`] ⎯ eB|
cÖ‡¶c‡Yi wbqg Abymv‡i ÔeBÕ Gi cÖmviK/c~iK n‡Z n‡j bvgkã†K m¤^Üc‡`i iƒc wb‡Z n‡e| A_©vr
ÔF‡Ki eBÕ ejv hv‡e wKš‘ *ÔFK eBÕ ejv hv‡e bv| wb‡`©kK we‡klY ÔGBÕ I cÖ‡¶c‡Yi wbqg Abymv‡i
wM‡q msevwnZ n‡e bvgeM© ÔweÁv‡bi eBÕ Gi mv‡_| ÔGB weÁv‡bi eBUvÕ bvgeM©wU MV‡bi ‡¶‡Î
msevn‡bi wewfbœ avc¸‡jv n‡e wbgœiƒc (evsjv bvge‡M©i AvšÍM©Vb m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi R‡b¨ ‡`Lyb
`vk¸ß 2003, fÆvPvh©¨ 2008):

8
11. [eBUv]+[weÁv‡bi]→ [[weÁv‡bi] [eBUv]] +GB → [[GB [weÁv‡bi][eBUv]]

12. [book] + [of science] → [[book][of science]] + The → [[The [book][of science]]

cÖ‡¶c‡Yi mgqB wba©vwiZ n‡q hvq e‡M©i wki ‡KvbwU| Avgiv e‡jwQ, ‡h kãwU wki n‡e ‡mB k‡ãi c`
Abymv‡i e‡M©i ‡kªYx wba©vwiZ n‡q hvq (bvgeM©, wµqveM©, BZ¨vw`)| ‡hgb, Bs‡iwR fvlvq GKwU bvgeM© I
GKwU cyimM© eM© (ev cyieM©) (Prepostional phrase) eM© ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ msevwnZ n‡q MwVZ nq bvgeM©
[book of science]| wKš‘ beMwVZ eM©wU cyieM© bv n‡q bvgeM©B nq ‡Kb? bvgeM© nq G Kvi‡Y ‡h GB
e‡M©i wki n‡”Q bvgc` ÔeBÕ|

IP

I′
NP
Avwg I°
VP B

V′
Spec
e

V°
CP Rvb

C′
Spec
e e„¶wPÎ-12
IP
C°
‡h FK eB co‡Q

12bs e„¶wP‡Î Avgiv bZzb GKwU eM© ‡`LwQ: IP (Inflexional phrase)| GB bZzb eM©wUi wki n‡”Q
wµqvwefw³ ev wZO myZivs Avgiv GB eM©‡K ej‡ev wZOeM©| j¶¨ Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h wZOeM© Avi cÖ¯Ív‡ei
g‡a¨ Zdvr ‡bB ‡Kvb| wZO wk‡ii c~iK n‡”Q wµqveM©| wµqve‡M©i wki n‡”Q wefw³nxb wµqvc` hv
cvwYbxq e¨vKiY Nivbvq avZz (Root) ev A½ (Stem) bv‡g cwiwPZ| e„¶wPÎ-10 I 11 ‡Z Avgiv Ôc‡oÕ I
ÔNygvqÕ wµqv‡K V° e„‡šÍ ‡`wL‡qwQjvg| 12 bs e„¶wP‡Î Avgiv GB wm×v‡šÍ cwieZ©b Avbjvg| 12bs
e„¶wP‡Î V° e„‡šÍ Av‡Q avZz ÔRvbÕ Avi wZO ev wefw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ Dcv`vb Av‡Q wµqvwki e„‡šÍ| ejv nq ‡h
ÔRvbÕ avZz wefw³ ‡bevi R‡b¨ Awfevmb K‡i wZO wki e„‡šÍ| Z‡e GgbI n‡Z cv‡i ‡h V° e„‡šÍ _vK‡e wZOšÍ
wµqv ÔRvwbÕ| Gi ci ÔRvwbÕ wZO wk‡i Awfevmb Ki‡e| A_ev wegyZ© Awfevm‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri ¯^j¶Y hvPvB
K‡i ‡b‡e wZOšÍ wµqviƒc ÔRvwbÕ|

Avgiv Dc‡i ‡`‡LwQ, ‡Kgb K‡i msevn‡bi gva¨‡g eM© MwVZ nq| GLb Avgiv ‡`L‡ev, ‡Kgb K‡i GKB
c×wZ‡Z cÖ¯Íve I evK¨ MwVZ nq| ‡Kgb K‡i Ô[Avwg Rvwb] [‡h FK eB co‡Q]Õ evK¨wU‡Z `yÕwU cÖ¯Íve

9
G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvwRZ n‡jv? Gi DËi n‡”Q ÔRvbvÕ wµqvi GKwU Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y n‡”Q: [bvgeM©],
[cÖ¯Íve] ⎯ Rvbv| A_©vr ÔRvbvÕ wµqvi c~iK n‡e ‡Kvb bvgc` ev ‡Kvb cÖ¯Íve| GB ¯^j¶Y Abymv‡i [‡h
FK eB co‡Q] cÖ¯ÍvewU c~iK wn‡m‡e ms‡hvwRZ n‡e mgvwcKv wµqv ÔRvwbÕ Gi mv‡_ ev [Avwg Rvwb]
cÖ¯Ív‡ei mv‡_| Avgiv j¶¨ Ki‡Z cvwi ‡h c~iK cÖ¯vÍ e [FK eB co‡Q] ÔRvbvÕ wµqvi mv‡_ msevwnZ n‡Z
n‡j cÖ¯ÍvewUi Av‡M A‡bK mgq GKwU Ô‡hÕ Ry‡o w`‡Z nq| ÔA‡bK mgqÕ ejjvg G Kvi‡Y ‡h evsjvq ÔAvwg
Rvwb, FK eB co‡QÕ evK¨wUI MÖnY‡hvM¨| hv‡nvK, GB Ô‡hÕ ‡Kvb c` Ges Gi ‰eqvKiwYK f~wgKvB ev wK?
cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y Ô‡hÕ GKwU Ae¨q| mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y Gi bvg Complementizer hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡Z
cv‡i m¤ú~iK| GB m¤ú~iK n‡”Q m¤ú~iK e‡M©i (Complementizer phrase ev CP) wki| 12bs e„¶wP‡Î
m¤ú~iK wk‡ii c~iK n‡”Q wZOeM©| Ô‡h FK eB co‡QÕ cÖ¯Ív‡e m¤ú~iK Ô‡hÕ Gi c~iK n‡”Q wµqveM© ÔFK eB
co‡QÕ| G·-evi KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖwZwU cÖ¯Íve g~jZ GKwU m¤ú~iK eM©|

evsjvq m¤ú~iK `yB iKg : Ô‡hÕ Avi Ôe‡jÕ| Ôe‡jÕi Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y n‡”Q : [wµqveM©] ⎯ e‡j| A_©vr
K) m¤ú~iK Ôe‡jÕ ‡Kvb wµqveM©‡K c~iK wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Ges L) GB c~iK _v‡K Ôe‡jÕÕi evgw`‡K|
AšÍZc‡¶ `yB iKg Ôe‡jÕ Av‡Q evsjvq: eY©bvg~jK I ‡nZz‡evaK| ÔFK Mvb MvB‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avwg RvwbÕ
ev‡K¨ ‡h Ôe‡jÕ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q ‡mwU eY©bvg~jK| ÔKvj e„wó n‡q‡Q e‡j gxicyi ‡iv‡W A‡bK Rj R‡g‡QÕ
ev‡K¨ †h Ôe‡jÕ Av‡Q ‡mwU ‡nZz‡evaK, KviY iv¯Ívi Rj Rgvi ‡nZz ev KviY n‡”Q MZKvj e„wó nIqv|4
m¤ú~iK Ô‡hÕ Gi Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y n‡”Q : ‡h ⎯ [wµqveM©]| Gi gv‡b n‡”Q, K) ‡Kvb wµqveM© Ô‡hÕ Gi
c~iK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, Ges L) ‡m wµqveM© _v‡K Ô‡hÕ Gi Wvb w`‡K| Avgiv evsjv‡K evgcÖmvix fvlv
e‡jwQ, KviY evsjvq ‡h ‡Kvb e‡M©i c~iK wk‡ii evgw`‡K e‡m| Gw`K ‡_‡K ‡`L‡j ÔFK eB co‡Q e‡j
Avwg RvwbÕ evK¨wU ÔAvwg Rvwb ‡h ÔFK eB co‡QÕ Gi Zyjbvq ‡ewk ¯^vfvweK| Z‡e ÔFK Mvb MvB‡Z cv‡i
‡h Avwg RvwbÕ A‡bK evsjvfvlxi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨| PÆMÖv‡gi Dcfvlvq c~iK wµqveM© Ô‡hÕ Gi evgw`‡K
_vK‡Z cv‡i|

msevnb ‡kl nevi ci evwK¨K Dcv`vb¸‡jv ev‡K¨i evgw`‡K Awfevmb K‡i _v‡K (Av‡jvPbvi ¯^v‡_© Avgiv
a‡i wbw”Q ‡h wjwLZ ev‡K¨i g‡Zv Kw_Z ev‡K¨i KvVv‡gvwUI ‰iwLK (Lenear) Ges Gi Wvb I evg w`K
Av‡Q)| Awfevmb webv Kvi‡Y nq bv| mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y G iKg aviYv Kiv nq ‡h cÖwZwU e‡M©i wKQz ‰eb¨vwmK
¯^j¶Y (Syntactic feature) Av‡Q Ges GB ¯^j¶Y¸‡jv Aek¨B wbix¶v ev hvPvB (Check) K‡i wb‡Z nq|5
mÄbbx e¨vKiYg‡Z ‡Kvb ¯^j¶Y ÔAwbixw¶ZÕ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯^j¶Y hvPvB‡qi GKwU Dcvq n‡”Q
Awfevmb (Gi gv‡b n‡”Q, Ab¨ AviI K‡qKwU DcvqI Av‡Q)| wbw`©ó wKQz Ae¯’v‡bB ïay ¯^j¶Y wbix¶v Kiv
m¤¢e| mswkøó e‡M©i hw` ‡Kvb ¯^j¶Y wbix¶v Kivi _v‡K Z‡eB eM©wU Awfevmb Ki‡e, Ab¨_vq bq|

4
‡h c~iK cÖ¯Íve Ôe‡jÕ m¤ú~i‡Ki ev‡g _v‡K Zv‡Z ‡Kvb iKg Awfevmb mn¨ Kiv nq bv| D`vniY: wb‡Pi 1bs evK¨wU wVK MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| 2bs
ev‡K¨ Rvcvwb fvlvi m¤ú~iK kara (Kviv) Gi ‰eb¨vwmK AvPi‡Yi mv‡_ evsjv fvlvi m¤ú~iK Ôe‡jÕ wgj j¶¨ Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|

1. *nsKsGi fvM¨ wbf©i Ki‡Q Av‡gwiKvi Dci e‡j wZwb gšÍe¨ K‡ib|
(wewewmi iv‡Zi Lei 8B gvP©, 2009, Dwg© emy)

2. zikanga arimasen kara shimbuno yomimasen

(mgq-‡bB-e‡j-cwÎKv cwo bv)

5
‰eb¨vwmK ¯^j¶Y Avi Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y GK bq, GB `yB ai‡bi ¯^j¶‡Yi g‡a¨ Zdvr i‡q‡Q|

10
cwiwgZ e¨vKiY Z‡Ë¡ evK¨MV‡bi `yÕwU ¯Íi i‡q‡Q: aŸwbZvwË¡K ¯Íi (Phonetic Form) Avi ‰bqvwqK ¯Íi
(Logical Form)| ‰bqvwqK ¯Íi evK¨ KvVv‡gvi GKwU weg~Z© ¯Íi| GB ¯Í‡i Ggb wKQy Awfevmb n‡Z cv‡i
‡h¸‡jv g~Z© ¯Í‡i n‡Z cv‡i bv| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ‡h ‰bqvwqK ¯Íi A_©MZ ‡Kvb ¯Íi bq, GwUI GKwU ‰eb¨vwmK
¯Íi| Awfevmb aŸwbZvwË¡K ¯Í‡i n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi ‰bqvwqK ¯Í‡iI n‡Z cv‡i| aŸwbZvwË¡K ¯Í‡ii Awfevmb‡K
ejv nq Overt movement hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡Z cv‡i cÖZ¨¶ ev g~Z© Awfevmb| ‰bqvwqK ¯Í‡ii Awfevmb‡K
ejv nq Covert movement hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡Z cv‡i A`„k¨ Awfevmb| wb‡Pi Bs‡iwR D`vni‡Y e¨vcviUv
cwi®‹vi n‡e|

13. *There seems a man to be in the garden.

14. A man seems to be in the garden

mÄbbx e¨vKiYg‡Z evK¨¯’ cÖwZwU bvgc‡`i GKwU KviK _vK‡e Ges evK¨KvVv‡gvi Af¨šÍ‡i bvgc`‡K
Zvi KviKZ¡ wbix¶v K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Dc‡i 13bs Bs‡iwR evK¨wU MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq KviY bvgeM© [a man]
Zvi KviKZ¡ hvPvB Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| mÄbbx e¨vKiYg‡Z ‡Kvb AmgvwcKv wµqv bvgeM©‡K KviKZ¡ w`‡Z
cv‡i bv| ‡h‡nZz 13bs ev‡K¨ bvgeM© [a man] Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q AmgvwcKv wµqv to be Gi Wvb w`‡K ‡m‡nZz
G Ae¯’v‡b bvgeM© Zvi KviKZ¡ wbix¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| 14bs ev‡K¨ bvgeM© [a man] Awfevmb K‡i
wµqvwki seems Gi Wv‡b wM‡q e‡m‡Q Ges evK¨wU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡q‡Q| Gi KviY GB ‡h seems ‡h‡nZz
mgvwcKv wµqv ‡m‡nZz GB wµqve‡M©i wba©viK ¯’v‡b Awfevmb K‡i bvgeM© Zvi KviK, cyiæl I ePb
wbix¶v K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡Q|

15. *You read what?

16. Whati do you read [ti]?
17. Zzwg wK c‡ov?
18. *Whati do you read [letter] i?

15bs evK¨wU MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv nvwi‡q‡Q KviY G ev‡K¨ cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg Awfevmb K‡iwb Gi d‡j me©bvgwUi
cÖkœevPK ¯^j¶YwU Awbixw¶Z i‡q †M‡Q| 16bs ev‡K¨ cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg Awfevmb Kivi d‡j me©bvgwUi
cÖkœevPK ¯^j¶Y wbixw¶Z n‡q‡Q Ges evK¨wUI MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv AR©b K‡i‡Q| evK¨wUi evsjv Abyev‡` (17)
cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg ÔwKÕ Awfevmb K‡iwb, wb‡Ri ev¯‘wfUv AuvK‡o c‡o Av‡Q| ‡Kvb Dcv`vb Awfevmb bv
Ki‡j mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y Zv‡K ejv nq in situ hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡Z cv‡i ¯’vei| ‡Kvb ‡Kvb fvlvq
cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg ¯’vei Avevi ‡Kvb ‡Kvb fvlvq R½g| Gi gv‡b wK GB ‡h evsjvi †¶‡Î Awfevmb bv
K‡iB ‡Kvb eM© Zvi ¯^j¶Y wbix¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i? mÄbbx e¨vKiY g‡Z evsjvqI cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg
Awfevmb K‡i, Z‡e †mB Awfevmb nq ‰bqvwqK ¯Í‡i| A_©vr AwfevmbwU n‡e A`„k¨, weg~Z©| ‡Kvb fvlvq
‡Kvb Awfevmb n‡Z cv‡i cÖZ¨¶ Avevi ‡mB GKB Awfevmb Ab¨ ‡Kvb fvlvq n‡Z cv‡i A`„k¨|
cÖkœ‡evaK me©bv‡gi Awfevmb Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖZ¨¶, evsjvq A`„k¨| Rvcvwb‡ZI GB Awfevmb A`„k¨|
cÖkœ‡evaK me©bv‡gi Awfevmb wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU aªæeK A_©vr GB Awfevmb me fvlv‡ZB nq| wKš‘ evK¨
KvVv‡gvi ‡Kvb ¯Í‡i GB Awfevmb n‡e Zv we‡kl fvlvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Awfevm‡bi ¯Íi wba©viY

11
wek¦e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU ‡Lqvj (A‡bKUv m~h© ev P›`ªMÖn‡Yi g‡Zv AviwK! MÖnY wVKB n‡”Q, wKš‘ ‡Kvb ‡`‡k
MÖn‡Yi `„k¨ ‡`Lv hv‡”Q, ‡Kvb ‡`‡k ‡`Lv hv‡”Q bv)|

hLb ‡Kvb Dcv`vb bZzb ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b Awfevmb K‡i ZLb ‡mB AwfevmbiZ Dcv`vbwU wb‡Ri ev¯‘wfUvq
GKwU Trace (ms‡¶‡c t) ev ev¯‘wPý ‡i‡L hvq| ‡hgb, D`vniY-16 ‡Z AwfevwmZ bvgeM© what GKwU
ev¯‘wPý ‡i‡L ‡M‡Q wb‡Ri ev¯‘wfUvq| ev¯‘wPý (t) Avi what ‡K GKB m~PK (i) w`‡q ‡`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q GUv
‡evSv‡bvi R‡b¨ ‡h (t) Avi what GKB e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i, ‡Kgb K‡i Rvbv hv‡e ‡h read
wµqvi Wvbw`‡Ki ¯’vbwUB what Gi ev¯‘wfUv? G ¯’vbwUB what Gi ev¯‘wfUv KviY GB cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvgwU
n‡”Q read wµqvwk‡ii c~iK Ges Bs‡iwR ‡h‡nZz WvbcÖmvix fvlv ‡m‡nZz c~iKwU Aek¨B _vK‡i wk‡ii
Wvbw`‡K| ‡h ¯’v‡b ev e„‡šÍ ‡Kvb ev¯‘wPý _v‡K ‡m ¯’v‡b ev e„‡šÍ Ab¨ ‡Kvb Dcv`vb em‡Z cv‡i bv| 18bs
ev‡K¨ what Gi ev¯‘wfUvq Ab¨ GKwU bvgeM© letter ‡K emv‡bv‡Z evK¨wU MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv nvwi‡q‡Q|

GgbI ejv nq ‡h wKQz ¯^j¶Y mej (Strong) Avi Ab¨ wKQz ¯^j¶Y `yej © (Weak)| ‡hme ¯^j¶Y mej
‡m¸‡jv aŸwbZvwË¡K ¯Í‡iB wbixw¶Z nq; `ye©j ¯^j¶Y¸‡jv wbixw¶Z nq ‰bqvwqK ¯Í‡i| ¯^j¶Y wbix¶‡Yi
R‡b¨ Awfevmb Ki‡ZB n‡e Ggb ‡Kvb K_v ‡bB| wbix¶YKvgx eM©wU wbwi¶Y e„‡šÍ wb‡Ri GKwU Abywjwc
(Copy) cvwV‡qI ¯^j¶Y wbix¶‡Yi KvRwU K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| 17 bs ev‡K¨ ÔwKÕ nq‡Zv Zvi GKwU Abywjwc
cvwV‡qB wbix¶‡Yi KvRwU m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q| ¯^j¶Y wbix¶‡Yi Avi GKwU Dcvq n‡”Q Probe-goal|
nvmcvZv‡j Wv³viiv A‡¯¿vcPvi Kivi mgq AwZ ¶z`ª agwb (ev Abyiƒc ‡Kvb A½ ev e¯‘) Lyu‡R ‡ei Kivi
Rb¨ GK ai‡bi ‡fuvZv gv_vi Qzwi e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| G ai‡Yi Qzwi‡K e‡j Probe| Ôwbix¶Y-‡jvjycÕ
‡Kvb eM© wbR Ae¯’v‡b ‡_‡KB wbix¶‡Yi Dchy³ ¯’v‡b (goal) Ô‡cÖveÕ XywK‡q wb‡Ri ¯^j¶Y hvPvB K‡i
wb‡Z cv‡i|

ev‡K¨i ‡h ‡Kvb Dcv`vb Awfevmb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU GKwU aªæeK| Awfevmb msµvšÍ GB aªæeKwU‡K GK
K_vq ejv nq Move α (gyf Avjdv) ev Avjdv Awfevmb| GLv‡b ÔAvjdvÕ ej‡Z ‡evSv‡bv n‡”Q Ô‡h
†Kvb Dcv`vbÕ| Avjdv Awfevm‡bi ‡ek wKQy cÖwZeÜ Av‡Q| ‡hgb, XP Avi X° Awfevmb Ki‡Z cv‡i,
X' cv‡i bv| Avi GKwU cÖwZe‡Üi bvg Subjacency hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡Z cv‡i mwbœwnwZ| AwfevmbiZ
‡Kvb Dcv`vb mwbœwnwZi kZ© f½ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv A_©vr Lye eo GKwU jvd w`‡q Dcv`vbwU A‡bK `~‡i P‡j
‡h‡Z cvi‡e bv| wewfbœ e‡M©i we‡klK ¯’v‡b ‡QvU ‡QvU jvd w`‡q Dcv`vbwU‡K ev‡K¨i evgw`‡K Awfevmb
Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb ÔKv‡K Zzwg g‡b K‡iv ‡h Zzwg Avm‡j fv‡jvev‡mv?Õ ev‡K¨i ‰eb¨vwmK KvVv‡gv n‡”Q
20| mseZ©‡bi Av‡M 20 Gi KvVv‡gv wQj 19| 19 Avi 20 Gi Zzjbv Ki‡j Avgiv ‡`L‡ev ‡h cÖkœ‡evaK
me©bvg ÔKv‡KÕ cÖ_‡g Awfevmb K‡i‡Q c~iK cÖ¯Ív‡ei m¤ú~iK e‡M©i we‡klK ¯’v‡b| Gi ci ÔKv‡KÕ
Awfevmb K‡i‡Q g~j cÖ¯Ív‡ei m¤ú~iK e‡M©i we‡klK ¯’v‡b|

19. CP[Spec C′ C° Zzwg g‡b K‡iv] CP[Spec C′ ‡h IP[Zzwg Avm‡j Kv‡K fv‡jvev‡mv]

20. ? CP[Kv‡Ki C′ C° Zzwg g‡b K‡iv] CP[ti C′ ‡h IP[Zzwg ti fv‡jvev‡mv]

Awfevm‡bi ‡¶‡Î ‡Kvb ‡Kvb eM© wbwl× Øx‡ci g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i A_©vr ‡m eM©¸‡jv Zv‡`i ‡Kvb ‡Kvb
Dcv`vb‡K e‡M©i evB‡i Awfevmb Ki‡Z ‡`q bv| G‡K ejv nq Island constraint hvi evsjv n‡Z cv‡i

12
Øxc cÖwZeÜ| ‡hgb, 21 bs ev‡K¨ Avgiv ‡`LwQ ‡h bvge‡M©i c~iK ÔweÁv‡biÕ bvge‡M©i evB‡i Awfevmb
Ki‡j evK¨wU Zvi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv nviv‡”Q| 20 I 22 bs ev‡K¨i Zzjbv Ki‡j ‡`Lv hv‡e ‡h hw` g~j cÖ¯Íve
Avi c~iK cÖ¯Ív‡ei KZ©v GKB e¨w³ nq Z‡e cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg Awfevmb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi hw` `yB
cÖ¯Ív‡ei KZ©v `yÕRb Avjv`v e¨w³ nq Z‡e cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg Awfevmb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs evsjvq
m¤ú~iK eM© Øx‡ci g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i, Z‡e g~j I c~iK cÖ¯Ív‡ei KZ©v mgm~wPZ n‡j (A_©vr Zv‡`i ‡`¨vwZZ
e¨w³ ev e¯‘ GKB n‡j) m¤¢eZ GB cÖwZeÜ wKQyUv wkw_j nq|

21. *CP[weÁv‡bi i C′ C° Avwg g‡b Kwi] CP[ti C′ ‡h IP[FK NP[ti eB] co‡Q]

22. *CP[Kv‡Ki C′ C° Avwg Rvwb bv] CP[ti C′ ‡h IP[Zzwg Avm‡j fv‡jvev‡mv ti]

‡Kb Awfevmb ïay evgw`‡KB nq? Awfevmb evgw`‡K nq KviY AwfevwmZ Dcv`vb‡K Aek¨B Zvi
ev¯‘wPý‡K wm-KgvÛ (Constituent command ev ms‡¶‡c C-command) Ki‡Z nq| wm-KgvÛ GKwU
‰eb¨vwmK ev wm›Uvw±K wbqg| ‡Kvb e„¶wP‡Îi e„šÍ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ we‡kl GK ai‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i bvg
wm-KgvÛ|

E
B C

G
F
D
e„¶wPÎ-13

e„¶wPÎ-13 ‡Z Avgiv ‡`LwQ ‡h wKQz wKQz e„šÍ ‡_‡K `yÕwU bZzb kvLv ‡ei n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU kvLvi
AMÖfv‡M i‡q‡Q GKwU e„šÍ| hw` ‡Kvb e„šÍ ‡_‡K bZzb e„šÍ ‡ei nq (‡hgb, A, C Ges E) Z‡e ‡mB e„šÍwU
n‡e gyKzwjZ bZzb e„šÍ `yÕwUi evev ev gv e„šÍ Avi bZzb e„šÍ `yÕwU n‡”Q Drme„‡šÍ mšÍvb| ‡hgb A e„šÍ n‡”Q B
I C e„‡šÍi evev ev gv; B I C n‡”Q A e„‡šÍi ‡Q‡j-‡g‡q; B I C e„šÍ ci¯úi fvB‡evb| Gi ci C e„šÍ
n‡”Q D I E e„‡šÍi evev ev gv Ges E e„šÍ n‡”Q F I G e„‡šÍi evev ev gv| GKw`‡K D I E e„šÍ ci¯úi
fvB‡evb Avi Ab¨w`‡K F I G e„šÍ ci¯úi fvB‡evb| D I E e„šÍ n‡”Q B e„‡šÍi fvB‡cv ev fvBwS KviY
Zviv B Gi fvB C Gi mšÍvb| F I G e„šÍ n‡”Q C e„‡šÍi bvwZ ev bvZbx KviY Zviv C e„‡šÍi mšÍvb E Gi
JimRvZ|

hw` ‡Kvb `yÕwU e„‡šÍi GKB evev-gv nq Z‡e ‡mB e„šÍ `yÕwU ci¯úi‡K wm-KgvÛ K‡i| 13 bs e„¶wP‡Î B
I C, Gi ci D I E Ges Zvi ci F I G ci¯úi‡K wm-KgvÛ Ki‡Q| ‡Kvb e„šÍ Zvi m‡nv`i e„‡šÍi
hveZxq mšÍvb-mšÍwZ wm-KgvÛ K‡i| 13 bs e„¶wP‡Î B e„šÍ GKvav‡i C e„šÍ (m‡nv`i e‡j), D I E e„šÍ
(fvB‡cv ev fvBwS e‡j) Ges F I G e„šÍ‡K (fvB‡cv ev fvBwSi mšÍvb e‡j) wm-KgvÛ Ki‡Q| GKB fv‡e
D e„šÍ E, F I G e„šÍ‡K wm-KgvÛ Ki‡Q| ‡Kvb AwfevwmZ Dcv`vb Aek¨B Gi ev¯‘wPý‡K wm-KgvÛ Ki‡Z
n‡e|

13
 CP

VP
Kv‡Ki C'

V'
FK
C°
(e) e„¶wPÎ-14 ti fv‡jvev‡m

e„¶wPÎ-14‡Z ‡h evK¨wU cÖ`wk©Z n‡q‡Q ‡m evK¨wUi cÖv_wgK KvVv‡gv‡Z (cÖkœ‡evaK me©)-bvgeM©

Ôfv‡jvev‡mÕ wµqvwk‡ii evgw`‡K ms‡hvwRZ n‡qwQj, KviY evsjv evgcÖmvix fvlv| Gi ci ÔKv‡KÕ m¤ú~iK
e‡M©i wba©viK ¯’v‡b Awfevmb K‡i‡Q Ges ‡m Ae¯’vb ‡_‡K ÔKv‡KÕ wb‡Ri ev¯‘wPý‡K wm-KgvÛ Ki‡Q|

23. ÔFK Kv‡K fv‡jvev‡m?Õ

24. ÔKv‡K fv‡jvev‡m FK?Õ
25. ÔFK fv‡jvev‡m Kv‡K?Õ

evsjvq (23-25) − GB wZbwU evK¨B MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges evK¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A_©cv_©K¨ ‡bB ej‡jB P‡j| Gi
g‡a¨ wØZxq ev‡K¨ ÔKv‡KÕ Awfevmb K‡i‡Q wµqve‡M©i Wvbw`‡K Ges Z…Zxq ev‡K¨ wµqve‡M©i evgw`‡K|
mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Y wm-Kgv‡Ûi eva¨evaKZvi Kvi‡Y Awfevmb n‡Z nq evgw`‡K| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i, wKfv‡e
Z…Zxq ev‡K¨i wbwl× `w¶Ycš’x Awfevmb e¨vL¨v Kiv hv‡e? DËi: ‡h ‡Kvb KvVv‡gvi g‡Zv G·-evi
KvVv‡gviI wKQz `ye©jZv Av‡Q| mÄbbx e¨vKi‡YI me fvwlK ev¯ÍeZvi e¨vL¨v ‡bB| Gi c‡iI evK¨KvVv‡gv
eY©bv I e¨vL¨vq ‡bvg Pgw¯‹ cÖewZ©Z mÄbbx e¨vKiY hZUv mdj Ab¨ A‡bK g‡WjB nq‡Zv ZZUv mdj
bq|

Avgiv e‡jwQjvg, ev‡K¨i `yÕwU ¯Íi i‡q‡Q : aŸwbZvwË¡K ¯Íi Avi ‰bqvwqK ¯Íi| GB `yB ¯Íi hw` Uv‡q Uv‡q
wg‡j hvq Z‡eB ejv hv‡e ‡h evK¨mvab (Sentence Derivation) m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| `yÕwU ¯Íi Uv‡q Uv‡q wg‡j
‡M‡j ejv nq ‡h ¯Íi `yÕ‡Uv Converge K‡i‡Q| evsjvq Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi ‡h ¯Íi¸‡jv ci¯úi mgev`x
n‡q‡Q| Avevi aŸwbZvwË¡K ¯Íi Avi ‰bqvwqK ¯Íi hw` wg‡j bv hvq Z‡e ejv nq ¯Íi `yÕ‡Uv Crash K‡i‡Q|
evsjvq Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi ‡h ¯Íi¸‡jv ci¯úi weev`x n‡q‡Q| aŸwbZvwË¡K ¯Íi Avi ‰bqvwqK ¯Íi ci¯úi
weev`x n‡j evK¨mvab n‡e bv| evK¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ GB `yÕwU ¯Íi mgev`x nIqv Acwinvh©| aŸwbZvwË¡K ¯Íi
Avi ‰bqvwqK ¯Íi mgev`x n‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨ evK¨ mvwaZ nIqvi e¨vcviwU‡K ejv nq Spell-out hv‡K evsjvq
Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi evK¨‡ùvUb| wb‡Pi me¸‡jv D`vni‡YB evK¨‡ùvUb wewNœZ n‡q‡Q| evK¨mva‡bi `yÕwU
k‡Z©i K_v Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ: 1. KvVv‡gv wbf©iZvi kZ© Ges 2. cÖ‡¶c‡Yi kZ©| Gi g‡a¨ ‡Kvb GKwU
kZ© f½ n‡j evK¨‡ùvUb wewNœZ nq|

26. *weÁv‡bi FK eB c‡o‡Q|

27. *FK Rvg©vb wkL‡Z...
28. *Kv‡K Zzwg FK fv‡jvev‡m?
29. *FK wQc w`‡q eB co‡Q|

14
26 bs D`vni‡Y KvVv‡gv wbf©iZvi kZ© f½ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ‡`Lv hv‡”Q evsjvq bvgeM© Øx‡ci g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i −
bvgwk‡ii c~iK bvge‡M©i evB‡i Awfevmb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| 27 bs D`vni‡Y cÖ‡¶c‡Yi mgm¨v Av‡Q| ÔwkL‡ZÕ
wµqviƒ‡ci Dcc`xq ¯^j¶Y h_vh_fv‡e evK¨web¨v‡m cÖ‡¶wcZ nqwb| ÔwkL‡ZÕ wµqviƒ‡ci Dcc`xq
¯^j¶Y¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q GB ‡h GwU Ab¨ mgvwcKv wµqvc‡`i cÖmviK (D`vniY: FK Rvg©vb wkL‡Z
wf‡qbv ‡M‡Q) ev c~iK (D`vniY: FK Rvgv©b wkL‡Z Pvq) wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| 27 bs ev‡K¨ Gi ‡KvbwUB
nqwb| 28 bs D`vni‡Y ‡Kv_v ‡_‡K GK DU‡Kv me©bvg ÔZzwgÕ D‡o G‡m Ab_©K Ry‡o e‡m‡Q ev‡K¨| GB ÔZzwgÕ
‡h GB ev‡K¨ ‡Kvb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q Zv ejv gyw¯‹j| Gi gv‡b n‡”Q 28 bs D`vni‡Y c~Y© cÖKvkb (Full
Interpretation) Gi kZ© f½ n‡”Q| ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ me Dcv`v‡bi c~Y© cÖKvkb wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| GwU evK¨
mva‡bi Ab¨ GKwU kZ©| c~Y© cÖKvwkZ bq Ggb ‡Kvb Dcv`vb ev‡K¨ _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|

evsjv cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y evK¨mva‡bi wZbwU k‡Z©i K_v ejv nq : 1 AvKv•Lv, 2. AvmwË Ges 3. †hvM¨Zv|
cÖ_vMZ evsjv e¨vKi‡Y D‡jøwLZ evK¨mva‡bi GB kZ©¸‡jvi mv‡_ mÄbbx e¨vKi‡Yi evK¨ mva‡bi wewfbœ
kZ© ‡hgb, 1. KvVv‡gv wbf©iZv, 2. cÖ‡¶cY Ges 3. c~Y© cÖKvk‡bi g‡a¨ A‡bK wgj i‡q‡Q| ‡KD hw` ÔFK
Rvg©vb wkL‡ZÕ e‡j ‡_‡g hvq Z‡e evK¨mvab nq bv KviY G‡Z ‡kªvZvi AvKv•Lvi wbe„wË nq bv| cÖ_vMZ
evsjv e¨vKi‡Y AvKv•Lvi e¨vcviwU ev‡K¨i Av_© ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i g‡Z AvKv•Lv
A‡bKUv aŸwb¯Í‡ii e¨vcviI e‡U KviY ïay ÔwkL‡ZÕ wµqv w`‡q ‡h evK¨mvab Kiv hv‡”Q bv Zvi GKwU
cÖavb KviY GB ‡h kãeÜwU‡Z ÔwkL‡ZÕ wµqvi cÖ‡¶c‡Yi kZ© f½ n‡q‡Q| 27bs D`vni‡Y AvKv•Lvi kZ©
f½ n‡q‡Q| 26 I 28 bs D`vni‡Y f½ n‡q‡Q AvmwËi kZ©| AvmwˇK GK ai‡Yi KvVv‡gv wbf©iZv ejv
‡h‡ZB cv‡i| Abby‡gvw`Z Awfevmb I c~Y©cÖKvk‡bi kZ© f½ n‡j AvmwË wewNœZ nq| 28 bs D`vni‡Y
AvmwË I AvKv•Lv GB Dfq kZ©B f½ n‡q‡Q|

29 bs D`vni‡Y f½ n‡q‡Q ‡hvM¨Zvi kZ©| ‡hŠw³K Ges/ev ev¯Íe `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K ‡`L‡j ÔNUv m¤¢e bqÕ
Ggb wKQy hw` ejv nq ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ Z‡eB ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h evK¨wU ‡hvM¨Zvi kZ© f½ Ki‡Q| ev¯Íe RM‡Z
wQc w`‡q eB cov hvq bv| mZ¨g~j¨ ‡bB (Aa¨vq-7 `ªóe¨) Ggb ev‡K¨i ‡hvM¨Zv _v‡K bv| Pg¯‹xq mÄbbx
e¨vKi‡Y Aek¨ ‡hvM¨Zvi e¨vcviwU‡K evK¨mva‡bi kZ© wn‡m‡e gvbv nq bv| ÔeY©nxb meyR avibv¸‡jv
Db¥‡Ëi g‡Zv Nygv‡”QÕ (Colorless green ideas sleep furiously) Pg¯‹xq `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ evsjv
evK¨, evK¨wUi ‡Kvb A_© _vKzK ev bv _vKzK|

wb‡`©wkZ iPbv

Chomsky, Noam (1995) The Minimalist Program. Cambridge: The MIT press.
Chomsky, Noam (1993) Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa lectures. Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter.
fÆvPvh©¨ wkwki (1998) mÄbbx e¨vKiY| XvKv: Pviæ cÖKvkbx|
fÆvPvh©¨ wkwki (2008) evsjv bvge‡M©I AvšÍM©Vb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fvlvweÁvb cwÎKv, el© 1, msL¨v 2: 67-86|
Dasgupta, Prabal (2003) Bangla, in George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain (eds.) The Indo-Aryan languages.
London: Routeledge.

15