Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 34 views

    DP 1 3 SG

    Uploaded by

    AKASH JAISWAL
    This document provides an overview of SQL concepts and conventions used throughout a SQL course. It defines key clauses like SELECT, FROM, and WHERE. It explains concepts like projection, selection, and joins. It also covers data types, operators, expressions, aliases and NULL values. The document is intended to introduce SQL concepts and syntax prior to examples and hands-on practice in the course.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    DP 1 3 SG

    Uploaded by

    AKASH JAISWAL
    34 views31 pages
    This document provides an overview of SQL concepts and conventions used throughout a SQL course. It defines key clauses like SELECT, FROM, and WHERE. It explains concepts like projection, selection, and joins. It also covers data types, operators, expressions, aliases and NULL values. The document is intended to introduce SQL concepts and syntax prior to examples and hands-on practice in the course.

    Original Title

    DP_1_3_sg

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of SQL concepts and conventions used throughout a SQL course. It defines key clauses like SELECT, FROM, and WHERE. It explains concepts like projection, selection, and joins. It also covers data types, operators, expressions, aliases and NULL values. The document is intended to introduce SQL concepts and syntax prior to examples and hands-on practice in the course.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views31 pages

    DP 1 3 SG

    Uploaded by

    AKASH JAISWAL
    This document provides an overview of SQL concepts and conventions used throughout a SQL course. It defines key clauses like SELECT, FROM, and WHERE. It explains concepts like projection, selection, and joins. It also covers data types, operators, expressions, aliases and NULL values. The document is intended to introduce SQL concepts and syntax prior to examples and hands-on practice in the course.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    Release Date: August, 2015

    Updates:
    3
    4
    5
    SELECT clause: Specifies the columns to be displayed (or use * symbol to display all columns).
    FROM clause: Specifies the table containing the column(s) listed in the select clause.
    Column: An implementation of an attribute or relationship in a table.

    6
    The following SQL style conventions are used throughout this course:
    SQL Keywords in UPPERCASE – e.g. SELECT, FROM, WHERE.
    Column and table names in lower case – e.g. first_name, employees.
    Each clause on a new line – e.g.
    SELECT last_name
    FROM employees
    WHERE employee_id = 101;

    7
    Projection: You can use the projection capability in SQL to choose the columns in a table that you want
    returned by your query. You can choose as few or as many columns of the table as you require.
    Selection: You can use the selection capability in SQL to choose the rows in a table that you want returned
    by a query. You can use various criteria to restrict the rows that you see

    8
    The SELECT clause determines Projection.
    The WHERE clause determines Selection.

    The execution of this query would result in the display of the salary column for any employees with the
    last_name Smith.

    9
    Sometimes doing a SELECT * FROM table can take a long time to return the data. It all depends on the
    number of rows stored in that particular table. Remember, Oracle tables can store millions of rows of data.

    10
    All examples on the slides have a semicolon after each statement. Oracle Application Express does not
    require this syntax, but other Oracle SQL Interfaces do, so we have included them in the courseware.

    11
    12
    13
    Arithmetic expression: an expression that results in a numeric value.

    14
    Arithmetic operator: A symbol used to perform an operation on some values

    15
    16
    17
    18
    The example on the left uses Operator Precedence to determine the order in which the operations are
    performed. As * (multiplication) has higher precedence, the salary is first multiplied by 12, then 100 is
    added to the result of the multiplication. So for employee King (salary 24000), 12*24000 is calculated =
    288000, then 100 is added to give the answer 288100.
    The example on the right uses parenthesis to force the addition to be carried out first, the result of the
    addition is then multiplied by 12. So King has 24000+100 = 24100, this is then multiplied by 12 to give the
    answer 289200.

    19
    NULL: A value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable .

    20
    NULL: A value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable .

    21
    22
    In the example, a row with a null value in the commission_pct column will return a null value for the
    salary*commission_pct column in this query.

    NULL values are displayed in APEX using the – (dash) symbol.

    23
    Column alias: renames a column heading for display purposes. The original column name in the table
    remains unchanged.

    24
    25
    Double quotation marks are required for aliases longer than one word or when the format of the alias is
    anything other than the default uppercase name (e.g., Department Name, or department, or dept.)

    The first example uses the AS keyword, but has no "double quotes ", so the aliases are displayed in the
    default UPPER case.
    The second example omits AS, but as the intended alias is more than one word, uses the double quotes.
    Using the optional AS keyword makes SQL statements easier to read.

    26
    27
    28
    29
    30

    You might also like