Emi Social Entrepreneurship Guide PDF

THE SOCIAL
ENTREPRENEUR’S GUIDE
TO CHANGING THE WORLD
From inspirational vision to
successful impact venture
Authors: Filipe Santos, João Cotter Salvado, Isabel Lopo de Carvalho, Carlos Azevedo
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 5
GUIDE FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................. 6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 1 . SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR ...............................................................................10
CHAPTER 2 . SOCIETAL PROBLEM ......................................................................................19
Chapter 3 . Value Proposition ...................................................................................................32
Chapter 4 . Solution Architecture ..............................................................................................46
Chapter 5 . Sustainable Model ..................................................................................................56
Chapter 6 . Impact Framework..................................................................................................68
Chapter 7 . Value Generator .....................................................................................................81
Chapter 8 . Pilot Design ............................................................................................................87
Chapter 9 . Resource Mobilisation ............................................................................................94
Chapter 10 . Inspirational Pitching .......................................................................................... 102
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 107
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 108
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INDEX OF FIGURES
Figure 0.1 – The Step-by-Step Process of Social Entrepreneurship ................................................................... 6
Figure 1.1 - Intervention space for social entrepreneurs ................................................................................ 14
Figure 2.1 - Problem Tree ................................................................................................................................ 20
Figure 2.2 – Exploring the Causes of Childhood Obesity ................................................................................. 23
Figure 2.3 – Exploring the causes of inefficient rural transport system in Mozambique ................................ 24
Figure 2.4 – Exploring the effects of Childhood Obesity .................................................................................. 25
Figure 2.5 – Exploring the effects of the inefficient rural transport system in Mozambique ......................... 26
Figure 2.6 - Problem Tree of Childhood Obesity .............................................................................................. 27
Figure 2.7 - Problem Tree of Inefficient rural transport system in Mozambique ............................................ 28
Figure 3.1 - Process of defining the value proposition .................................................................................... 32
Figure 3.2 – Framework to narrow the scope of intervention......................................................................... 34
Figure 3.3 – Vitamimos framework to narrow the scope of intervention ....................................................... 35
Figure 3.4 – Mozambikes framework to narrow the scope of intervention .................................................... 36
Figure 3.5 - What are/are not value propositions? .......................................................................................... 41
Figure 4.1 - Core elements of Vitamimos’ value proposition .......................................................................... 48
Figure 4.2 - Core elements of Mozambikes’ value proposition) ...................................................................... 49
Figure 5.1 - Key resources ................................................................................................................................ 57
Figure 5.2 – Key resources identification table ................................................................................................ 58
Figure 6.1 - Purposes of measuring social impact ............................................................................................ 69
Figure 6.2 - Benefits of measuring social impact ............................................................................................. 69
Figure 6.3 - Theory of Change of Vitamimos .................................................................................................... 72
Figure 6.4 - Theory of Change of Mozambikes ................................................................................................ 73
Figure 7.1 – Impact Venture Value Generator ................................................................................................. 83
Figure 8.1 - Main outcomes to take into account while designing the pilot ................................................... 87
Figure 9.1 - Sources for resources mobilisation ............................................................................................... 94
Figure 9.2 - Investor expectations and funding mechanisms for the early days of impact ventures.............. 98
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INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1.1 - SIN Problems .................................................................................................................................. 13
Table 3.1 - Organisation of the causes of "childood obesity" by common natureError! Bookmark not defined.
Table 3.2 - Organisation of the causes for the "inefficient rural transport system in Mozambique" ....... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Table 3.3 - Innovation Matrix........................................................................................................................... 34
Table 3.4 - Elements of a Value Proposition .................................................................................................... 40
Table 6.1 - Data collection for Vitamimos ....................................................................................................... 75
Table 6.2 - Data collection for Mozambikes .................................................................................................... 75
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INTRODUCTION
Building the impact economy
In the 1980s, a new movement known as “social entrepreneurship” emerged globally. The
movement was led by a new generation of entrepreneurs dedicated to solving societal problems
through innovative, sustainable, and scalable business models. The growth of this movement has
triggered a transformation in the behaviour of players from the commercial, social, and public
sectors, engaging them in cross-sector dialogue and joint initiatives. Inspired by social
entrepreneurs, corporations have begun to change their traditional corporate social responsibility
policies by increasingly engaging in impact initiatives and practices that benefit society, while public
officials have started incorporating practices and policies validated by social entrepreneurs. Given
the growing visibility and success of social entrepreneurs, over the last decade an impact investing
space has emerged to finance these innovative initiatives and organisations, beginning a
transformation in the finance sector that has gained momentum since the 2008 financial crisis.
Social entrepreneurship is thus a movement that has conquered a wider space in society, and is
establishing the foundations for a truly impact-oriented economy. Each one of us can be a part of
this movement. We just need to focus on a societal problem we care about that is being neglected
by society, understand it deeply, develop a novel solution to the problem, and put the solution in
practise.
This Guide provides the tools, knowledge, and inspiration to help you become an effective social
entrepreneur. It is the result of a partnership that connects the excellence of INSEAD’s academic
knowledge in social entrepreneurship with the practical knowledge of IES – Social Business School,
a marriage of reasoned knowledge and inspired action, with the intention of creating value for
society.
The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation has been a key partner in the development of this Guide and
we deeply appreciate all the support they have given to IES over the years. We also thank the
pioneering partners that enabled the training programmes “IES powered by INSEAD in Portugal” –
the Municipality of Cascais and EDP Foundation, as well as the Apax Foundation for supporting the
INSEAD social entrepreneurship initiative efforts to expand its training programmes worldwide. We
thank, in particular, the more than two thousand participants in Social Entrepreneurship Bootcamps
who applied and validated the Bootcamp framework and helped us improve the manual. We also
thank all the people and institutions who believed in and supported the project of creating a
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pioneering social business school in Portugal, the first of its kind in the world. This Guide is for them
and for all those who believe that we have the power within us to create a better world.
For those who are now beginning their social entrepreneurship journey, we thank you for possessing
the courage to embark on a path to change the world.
GUIDE FRAMEWORK
The practice of social entrepreneurship is a constructive process that can be divided into three main
phases. The “envision” phase is related to the social entrepreneur and the team, what drives them,
what kind of societal problems they seek to solve, and the better world they want to create. The
“design” stage that follows is essential to developing a robust solution with a sustainable model
that generates measurable impact. These elements are then put together in a coherent model with
a strong value generation potential. After the design stage it’s time to “act”! In this stage, a clear
focus is needed to launch pilots to validate and refine the solution. It is also essential to effectively
mobilise resources and to be able to communicate, in an inspiring way, the novel solution and how
it can change the world for the better.
Guide Framework
1. Social Entrepreneur
ENVISION 2. Societal Problem
3. Value Proposition
4. Solution Architecture
5. Sustainable Model
DESIGN
6. Impact Framework
7. Value Generator
8. Pilot Design
ACT 9. Resource Mobilisation
10. Inspirational Pitch
Figure 0.1 – The Step-by-Step Process of Social Entrepreneurship
Each of these ten steps is developed in a chapter of this manual. At the end of each, there is a Task
that summarises the key ideas and allows social entrepreneurs to apply them to their impact
initiative.
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Naturally, this is not a linear process, but rather an iterative one, with frequent discoveries and
opportunities for refinement. This guide allows social entrepreneurs to confidently engage in this
learning process, being better prepared for the obstacles and surprises that they will encounter
along the social entrepreneurial path.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our deepest gratitude to all the people who helped create this Guide. In particular to:
Ana Gonçalves Pereira

Ana Ai Quintas
Ana Melro
Ana Rita Ramos
Carolina Coelho
Catarina King
Christine Driscoll
Ester Rosa
Etna Marlene Correia
Frederico Fezas Vital
Grace Sai
Hugo Menino Aguiar
Inês Boavida
Kátia Almeida
Lauren Thomas
Lénia Mestrinho
Luís Jerónimo
Luísa Valle
Miguel Alves Martins
Miguel Neiva
Nuno Frazão
Paul Kewene-Hite
Pedro Tunes
Ricardo Zózimo
Rita Fortunato Baptista
Rita Megre
Rui Mesquita
Tiago Ferreira
And to the more than 1000 participants and coaches in the “IES powered by INSEAD” Bootcamps,
the 1000 MBAs and EMBAs who followed the social entrepreneurship boot camp at INSEAD and all
participants of INSEAD social entrepreneurship boot camps around the world.
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CHAPTER 1
SOCIAL
ENTREPRENEUR
“We can change the world and make it a better place.
It is in your hands to make a difference.”
Nelson Mandela
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CHAPTER 1 . SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR
GOALS OF THIS CHAPTER
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discover what social entrepreneurship is and understand what drives social entrepreneurs
• Interpret and classify societal problems
• Recognise the importance of the entrepreneurial team
GETTING STARTED
A new generation of entrepreneurs is developing solutions that have the potential to improve lives
around the globe. They are driven by the will to solve major societal challenges in an effective way,
are relentless in the pursuit of their vision, and will not give up until they have spread their solutions
widely (Austin & Reficco, 2009). They are people with a deep desire to help others by developing
solutions with positive impact. Resilience, creativity, passion, energy, and optimism are traits that
often characterise them. Because of these characteristics, social entrepreneurs often succeed in
creating innovative and sustainable solutions to important and neglected societal problems, which
is the essence of the process of social entrepreneurship.
1. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Although there have been many examples of social entrepreneurs throughout history, such as Saint
Francis of Assisi, Florence Nightingale, and Michael Young, only recently has this movement gained
global momentum, scale, and credibility. Social entrepreneurship is becoming established as a
professional vocation, a viable career path, and an area of academic inquiry. Commercial, public,
and social sector leaders have begun to see social entrepreneurship as a powerful mechanism to
create value and are increasingly engaging with social entrepreneurs to develop innovative actions
that benefit society. Academic institutions are also entering this field, often driven by the
enthusiasm of students, and are multiplying the number of courses, case studies, and research
projects that they offer focused on social entrepreneurship.
Social entrepreneurship is the process of designing and implementing innovative solutions to

important and neglected societal problems. When a solution is proven more effective and
efficient than the established ones, we have a social innovation (Santos, 2012).
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In this guide, we call initiatives developed by social entrepreneurs with the primary goal of creating
societal value “impact ventures”. It is common to find six main characteristics in impact ventures:
• MISSION – aim to solve important and neglected societal problems.

• INNOVATION – develop novel approaches that challenge traditional views.
• IMPACT – change behaviours and structures to contribute towards improvements in societal and
individual well-being.
• EMPOWERMENT – engage with and build the capacity of stakeholders.
• SCALABILITY – implement business models that can achieve scale and reach.
• SUSTAINABILITY – use resource mobilisation strategies that can sustain the solution over time.
In developing impact ventures, social entrepreneurs typically act differently than commercial
entrepreneurs, sharing what they know with others, empowering partners and customers, and
implementing co-created solutions. Their goal is not to build an organisation that endures over time,
but rather to develop a solution that is sustainable and can be widely adopted and disseminated to
other communities and countries. Effective social entrepreneurs aim to address the root causes of
societal problems and not just the symptoms, thus creating conditions for positive and sustainable
impact.
2. Societal problems addressed by social entrepreneurs – SIN PROBLEMS
In which domains can social entrepreneurs potentially achieve the most impact? There is little
potential impact in focusing on domains that benefit from an efficient market solution or from a
universally available and effective public service. On the contrary, social entrepreneurs often look
for the gaps, the market failures, the neglected areas, the injustices, and the societal inequalities.
As the main goal of social entrepreneurs is to have a positive impact on society, they tend to tackle
societal problems that have three main characteristics: they display Spillovers, are Important, but
Neglected. These are what we call “SIN problems” (Santos, 2012).
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
Spillovers Problems that have spillovers (value Four billion people worldwide lack reliable access
to society that goes beyond the value to electricity and thus have no access to light once
for the parties considered in a market the sun sets. The regions most affected are Sub-
transaction) are preferred domains of Saharan Africa and India, regions where most of the
action for social entrepreneurs. These lighting needs are provided through the buying and
are domains where markets fail to burning of kerosene. Yet, kerosene is costly, emits
generate societal value and that
noxious fumes, can cause fires and releases carbon
governments often ignore,
dioxide. Thus, kerosene use has strong negative
particularly when they affect mainly
disenfrachised populations. When a spillovers:
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problem with spillovers is solved, a • Poor people have less disposable income since
multiplier impact happens. kerosene can cost up to 40% of household
income;
• Higher incidence of illnesses, in particular those
associated with fumes (equivalent to smoking two
packs of cigarrettes per day for 780 million
people);
• Thousands of fire accidents happen every year,
causing injuries and property damage;
• Millions of tons of carbon dioxide are emitted
every year, worsening the greenhouse effect.
Given these negative spillovers, replacing the use of

kerosene with a safe, cheap, and healthier lighting
solution can create significant value for society.
Important The importance of a problem depends 1. Globally, there are more than 650 million people
on: living with disabilities. In terms of blindness, 285
million people are estimated to be visually
(a) its scope, which is related with the
impaired worldwide, of which 39 million are blind.
geographical relevance of the
Blind people face severe challenges in the labor
problem. The greater the territorial
market and in their daily lives, being confronted
coverage and the proportion of the
with stereotypes, fears, avoidance and prejudice1.
population negatively affected by the
Yet, 80% of all visual impairment causes can be
problem, the greater the opportunity
prevented or cured 2, although once a person
for the social entrepreneur to create
becomes blind it is frequently an irreversible
value for society.
situation. If blind people are not properly included
(b) the severity of the negative in society, there is a waste of human capital as they
consequences of the problem and the have a higher probability of being unemployed and
irreversibility of the effects. The requiring social support, which means that society
greater the negative consequences has to bear these costs.
for the target population and the
greater the irreversibility of the
effects, the greater the opportunity 2. About 1.3 billion tonnes of food are wasted every
for the social entrepreneur to create year all over the world. This has an economic cost
value for society. of $750 billion USD, adds 3.3 billion tonnes of
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and wastes 1.4
billion acres of arable land (28% of the world’s
total).
Neglected A problem is neglected when it is not There are around 350 million colour blind people in
addressed by governments, markets, the world. 10% of the male population suffers from
or civil society. The level of neglect of a degree of colour blindness. According to
a problem can be defined by the lack research, 42% of colour blind people feel it is hard
of an effective dominant solution. The to be fully integrated socially; for example, 88%
reason can be a general lack of have trouble dressing or have to ask for help to
awareness of the problem or a low choose what to wear 3. This is a problem that has
effectiveness of the existing solutions been neglected by society, despite colour being
that aim to address the problem. In regularly used as a mechanism to guide, signal, and
either case, the greater the neglect, share (ignoring the needs of colour blind people).
the greater the potential for an
1
http://www.dialogue-in-the-dark.com/about
2
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/
3
http://www.coloradd.net
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impact initiative to create value for
society.
Table 1.1 - SIN problems
Naturally, not all problems are SIN and deserve to be tackled by social entrepreneurs. A societal
problem such as the lack of tools specifically built for left-handed people may affect many people,
but the negative impact is not severe, so its importance is low. The need for entertainment does
not have many spillovers beyond the person who wants to be entertained, so the traditional offering
of such items, such as the market for cinema or music, is generally an effective mechanism to deliver
value. Other societal problems, such as the diagnosis and prevention of HIV infections, have
received so much attention in Western societies (also because of its importance and spillovers) that
effective and freely available public services were deployed in many countries, thus lowering the
level of neglect of the problem.
Still, many societal problems exhibit a high level of SIN characteristics. From all these potential areas
of work, how does a social entrepreneur identify the opportunities for value creation that he or she
should be tackling? In other words, what is the ideal intervention space for those who want to
embark on the adventure of social entrepreneurship?
3. INTERVENTION SPACE FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS
There are three major drivers of effective value creation for the social entrepreneur - problem,
passion, and knowledge. These three elements constitute the social entrepreneur’s intervention
space. It can be generated by answering three simple questions, as illustrated in the following figure.
SIN PROBLEMS: Which societal

problems are worth solving?
PASSION: What are you KNOWLEDGE: What do

passionate and/or deeply you understand and have
care about? expertise in?
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Figure 1.1 - Intervention space for social entrepreneurs
PROBLEM: Which societal problems are worth solving?
Social entrepreneurs are people committed to solving a societal problem, often because they faced
the problem first-hand, or a family member or friend has, or because they worked on the problem
for a long time. However, it should be a societal problem whose solution is relevant– a SIN problem,
as explained earlier, or else the ability of the social entrepreneur to create value for society is
jeopardised and it becomes just a personal interest of the entrepreneur.
PASSION: What are you passionate or deeply care about?
Social entrepreneurs focus on solving societal problems they feel passionate or care about, which
gives them the motivation and resilience to overcome challenges and stay engaged. Passion can be
defined as a positive, intense feeling that you have towards something that is profoundly meaningful
to you as an individual (Gallo, 2014). Passion for solving a problem or improving a situation is
something that is at the core of a person’s identity. When you’re passionate about something, you
can’t help yourself from thinking about it, acting on it, and talking about it to other people. As a
social entrepreneur, you should find your passion, what motivates you in searching for opportunities
to improve the world; in other words, what makes your heart sing. Sometimes the passion resides
not in the societal problem you choose to tackle, but in the passion for certain activities or themes
– like sports, animals, arts or music, that can then be used as a tool to solve societal problems. The
value creation potential of the social entrepreneur resides in placing that passion at the service of
society.
KNOWLEDGE: What do you understand and have expertise in?
Social innovation often comes from the application of knowledge to a societal problem. What social
entrepreneurs know, their experience and expertise, is highly relevant for their effectiveness.
Whereas other people may look at the problem from the outside, social entrepreneurs try to
understand problems intimately, usually from within, through personal experience, direct
observation or field research. With persistence, they discover mistaken assumptions and act to
correct them. Due to the relevance of their expertise for the development of specific solutions, they
propose novel contributions that increase their chances of having a strong impact.
It is at the crossroads of problem, passion, and knowledge that great impact ventures arise. Ideally,
all three elements should be present, or at the very least two of them in some significant measure.
At the same time, you should not be alone in your social entrepreneurship journey - teamwork is
extremely relevant. A focus on team building can reinforce and complement the identification of
the intervention space of the social entrepreneur.
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4. THE SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR AND THE TEAM
Social entrepreneurs need to be humble and recognise that it is difficult to do everything alone.
They must ask themselves questions such as: What do I enjoy doing? What am I really good at doing?
What am I not good at doing? What kind of people do I need around me? (Below & Tripp, 2010). A
strong and talented management team is essential to the success of the impact venture. A strong
team means that people are working towards a common purpose and shared goals and, in doing so,
they are combining their varied skills in complementary roles and in cooperation with each other.
Impact ventures are more likely to perform well when their founders work effectively as a team.
Good teamwork creates synergy – the combined effect of the team is greater than the sum of
individual efforts. By working together, a team can apply individual perspectives, experiences, and
skills towards solving complex problems, creating new solutions that may be beyond the scope of
any one individual. It enables mutual support and learning, and can strengthen the sense of
belonging and commitment to the impact venture.
CLOSING THE CHAPTER
Francis of Assisi, one of the greatest social entrepreneurs of his time, built multiple organisations
that created structural changes in their fields (Bornstein, 2004). He once said, “Start by doing what's
necessary; then do what's possible; and suddenly you are doing the impossible”. The capacity to
generate impact grows in an individual as small-scale efforts gradually lead to more ambitious ones.
Thus, social entrepreneurs often start with small-scale innovative solutions to neglected problems
of society that, if well designed and deployed, can achieve great impact.
With this guide, we aim to help social entrepreneurs develop their impact ventures and create more
value for society. This will be an inspirational journey marked with victories, challenges, mistakes,
and learning. Are you ready?
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KEY SOURCES OF INSPIRATION:
This article describes the theoretical foundations of social entrepreneurship and why the social entrepreneur
should focus on SIN societal problems:
Santos, F. M. (2012). A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(3), 335–351.
doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1413-4
In this book, you will discover how pioneers are disrupting industries, value chains, and business designs,
creating fast-growing markets in every corner of the world:
The Power of Unreasonable People: How Social Entrepreneurs Create Markets that Change the World, by J.
Elkington and P. Hartigan. (2008) Boston – Harvard Business School Press.
This book provides vivid profiles of many social entrepreneurs who are pioneering problem-solving models that
will reshape the 21st century and what they have in common:
Bornstein, D. (2004). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the power of new ideas. New York:
Oxford University Press.
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TASK 1. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR
1. Impact venture name:
2. Names of team members:
3. PROBLEM: Briefly describe the problem you would like to address and why it is relevant as a
SIN problem (Spillovers, Importance, Neglect). (1-2 sentences)
4. WHY? Why is this problem important to you? What connects you to this problem (passion,
knowledge, motivation, personal experience)?
5. TEAM: How can each member contribute to the success of team? (Expertise, experience, skills,
access to partners or clients, etc.)
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CHAPTER 2
SOCIETAL PROBLEM
“If I had an hour to solve a problem I would spend 55 minutes thinking
about the problem and 5 minutes thinking about solutions.”
Albert Einstein
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CHAPTER 2 . SOCIETAL PROBLEM
GOALS OF THIS CHAPTER
• Find your focus and identify the core problem you want to solve and its main causes and effects;
• Describe the problem quantitatively and qualitatively;
• Analyse its main causes and effects by applying the problem tree.
GETTING STARTED
Social entrepreneurs create innovative solutions to address important and neglected societal
problems, mobilising the ideas, capacities, resources, and social arrangements required for
sustainable social transformations (Bornstein, 2004). More than inventors, social entrepreneurs are
architects of solutions who do not remain overly attached to their own ideas, having the humility to
see them evolve into something bigger that empowers others to act for change. In this regard, social
entrepreneurs differ from commercial entrepreneurs. While commercial entrepreneurs seek
opportunities to create and capture value, being driven by financial results (Boschee, 1995), social
entrepreneurs focus their attention on the societal problem to be solved, even if their proposed
solution does not appear to allow for making significant profits. Given the centrality of the societal
problem to social entrepreneurs, a careful analysis of the problem becomes essential for the
development of an effective solution. For this reason, we present the “problem tree” tool that
provides a framework for analysing the causes and effects of a chosen problem.
1. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM TREE?
The problem tree is a tool that promotes the understanding of the anatomy of the societal problem
through the identification of its causes and effects and the causality links between them. The chosen
problem – which we will call the “core problem” - is organised as a tree that has roots and branches
- causes and effects. These are schematically organised as shown in the following figure:
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EFFECTS
CORE PROBLEM
CAUSES
Figure 2.1 - Problem Tree
2. WHY USE THE PROBLEM TREE?
Social entrepreneurs should always try to tackle the root causes of problems rather than their
symptoms or effects. The problem tree tool helps represent reality and to focus the process of
analysis: the problem is understood in its entirety but is also broken down into its different
components. The problem tree facilitates not only the discussion and clarification of the causes and
effects of problems, but also the understanding of why a specific problem persists and has not yet
been solved by society.
This tool also allows social entrepreneurs to:
• Establish what additional information or evidence is needed in order to proceed with the
development of an effective solution;
• Understand the challenges they may face in the development of the solution, for example, at the
level of the resources required or relevant partnerships;
• Find domains of intervention that best fit with the team’s competencies and where it is easier to
leverage resources.
3. HOW TO DEVELOP THE PROBLEM TREE
STEP 1: Choose the core problem

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The purpose of this first step is to discuss and agree on the main problem to be analysed and tackled.
Defining a problem is not the simple task that one might assume it to be – what at first seems to be
a central problem is often merely a symptom or effect of a deeper problem, so it is important to
collect, compare and discuss different points of view throughout the definition process.
It is useful to avoid defining the problem based on generalisations and vague concepts. The more
broadly defined or vague the problem, the more likely it is that the roots will be widespread. As a
result, mapping out the causes can quickly get out of hand, making the problem seem overwhelming
and hampering the development of a meaningful and effective solution. For example, the core
problem should not be simply “unemployment”. It is a very broad problem and its causes are
different depending on the type of unemployment under discussion. It should be reframed, for
instance, as “long-term unemployment” or “youth immigrant unemployment”. Following the same
reasoning, “ageing population” should not be framed as a problem, as “ageing” is not a problem in
itself. Social entrepreneurs need to identify what kinds of problems are related with ageing, for
example “elderly isolation in rural or urban areas” or “deterioration of physical health among people
over 65 years old”.
Finally, social entrepreneurs should not get stuck on trying to find the right wording for the core
problem. There will be an opportunity to ‘reframe’ the problem during the iterative process of
designing the impact venture. At this initial stage, it is important to be sure that all team members
understand the identified problem. It is critical to ensure that it has the SIN elements described
earlier (spillovers, importance, and neglect) and that the team feels passionate about its resolution.
STEP 2: List all the problems that cause the central problem
In this step, the causes of the problem are developed sequentially. First, the direct causes of the
problem are identified, followed by the underlying causes of those direct causes, and so on, until
the roots of the core problem become clear. The key mechanism to build the problem tree is to ask
"why?" After doing the “why?” exercise two or three times, social entrepreneurs are usually close
to the root causes.
It is important to formulate problems and their causes without naming specific solutions, because
doing otherwise may block the team’s ability to think of alternative solutions. For instance, don’t
formulate the problem as “immigrants don’t have a government pension plan”. Instead, the
problem is: “older immigrants have no savings for their retirement years”, which may open the
discussion to different possible solutions. Also, do not make formulations of your own
interpretations, i.e., “the government is lazy”, but formulate objective issues, such as “the
government does not issue licences”. Social entrepreneurs may need to move causes around as they
decide whether they are primary, secondary, or tertiary causes.
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Next, we present two detailed examples of the problem tree analysis, focusing on child obesity in
developed countries and inefficient rural transportation in developing countries.
CASE 1: The causes of childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21 st century. The problem is global and
is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. The prevalence has
increased at an alarming rate. Globally, an estimated 170 million children (aged < 18 years) are estimated to be
overweight4. 42 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2013 5. There can be genetic or
hormonal causes of childhood obesity, but excess weight is mainly due to overeating and under-exercising. If children
consume more calories than they expend, the result will be unnecessary weight gain. Childhood obesity is mostly
the result of a number of causes working together to increase the risk. For instance, unhealthy food is identified as
one of the direct causes of childhood obesity. What are the causes of unhealthy eating habits? On one hand, there
is an oversupply of unhealthy options in schools, which promotes the regular consumption of high-calorie foods,
cookies, sodas, candy, chips, and snacks. On the other hand, unhealthy eating habits can be promoted in the family
environment. If a child opens up the refrigerator or kitchen cabinets and is greeted by bags of chips, candy bars, and
microwave pizza, then they are likely to eat them.
And what are the causes of these two problems? One can be related with the excessive marketing of unhealthy,
mass-produced foods, which are usually high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and are low in nutrients. These
types of foods are highly advertised through media targeting children and adolescents, while advertising for
healthier foods is less prevalent in comparison. Additionally, one of the causes specifically related to unhealthy
eating habits at home is the lack of time of parents and caretakers to cook healthy food for their children as
compared with fast food6.
This exercise of going to the root causes of the problem should be repeated for the other identified main causes, as
exemplified in the following figures.
Childhood Obesity
Unhealthy eating
? ? ?
habits
Oversupply of Unhealthy eating

unhealthy options in habits within the family
schools environment
4 http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/
5 Excessive exposure to
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Lack of time to cook
marketing of unhealthy
Note to clarify the concepts:
food Overweight means
healthyhaving
food more body weight than is considered normal or healthy for
one’s age or build. On the other hand, Obesity is the condition of being obese, i.e., excess amount of body fat. While
an overweight person will carry excess weight, they may or may not have excess accumulation of fat. Body mass index
(BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. It is
defined as a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of their height in metres (kg/m2). The WHO definition
is: 1. a BMI greater than or equal to 25 is overweight; 2. a BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obesity.
6
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/problem.html
22
Figure 2.2 – Exploring the Causes of Childhood Obesity
CASE 2: The causes of the inefficient rural transport systema in

Mozambique
Mozambique, a developing East African country, still faces critical infrastructure challenges. The starkest lies in the
transport sector7due to a lack of an efficient and affordable transportation system. One of the reasons for this is
that road networks in rural areas are in bad conditions and, in some cases, can only be used seasonally. Also, there
is insufficient investment in the rehabilitation and maintenance of roads and/or poor construction work.
In Mozambique’s rural areas, many “roads” are simple tracks, trails, paths and footbridges. Most mobility activities
occur by foot, less by animal traction and even less by motorisation. Besides the poor condition of rural roads, there
is limited access to convenient transportation. Public transportation is mainly available in cities like Maputo, Beira,
and Nampula. There is an alternative transport in cities and some rural zones, called “chapa”, run by private
companies8. However, these vehicles are usually 9-seat vans or pick-ups and normally carry a greater number of
passengers, leaving little or no room for carrying goods. On the top of this, these vehicles are in poor condition and
are extremely unsafe. This scarcity of public transport in rural areas, the high cost of a personal vehicle, as well as
their low quality and reduced lifespan, leave rural Mozambicans (an average Mozambican earns <$2 USD/day) with
few transportation alternatives9.
7
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-5885
8
Public Transports’ price: 7 MZN; Chapa’s price: 9 MZN
http://www.rtp.pt/noticias/index.php?article=603543&tm=7&layout=121&visual=49
9 A second hand Toyota Duet imported from Japan, from 2004, with 43,000 Km – Price: $1470
http://www.autorec.co.jp/car-detail.php?refno=19639A2N5&post_maker=TOYOTA&post_model=DUET
In 2011 the Mozambican minimum wage in agriculture was 2,005 MZN ($67)
http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/noticias/news_folder_econom_neg/abril-2011/governo-aprova-reajuste-salarial/
23
Inefficient rural transport system
in Mozambique
Limited access to
Poor road networks in ?
convenient ?
rural areas
transportation
Lack of Insufficient Low number of people

maintenance of investment in paved with personal means of ?
existing roads road network transportation
Incapacity to buy
Reduced life span of
vehicles due to low ?
means of transportation
income
Low product quality
Figure 2.3 – Exploring the causes of inefficient rural transport system in Mozambique
STEP 3: List all the effects caused by the core problem
After focusing on the causes, the next step is to consider the effects (or symptoms) of the problem.
First, the direct effects of the core problem are identified. Then, the secondary effects are pointed
out, and so on, until the end effects that are associated with the core problem are reached. Be
careful not to mix the causes of a problem with its effects; a cause is the reason why something
happens, while an effect is usually what we see as the result of a problem.
Be aware that some causes can simultaneously be effects. This happens when we are in the
presence of vicious cycles. For instance, stress causes sleep disturbances, which, in turn, cause more
stress. Or childhood obesity leads to a decrease in physical exercise, which then reinforces obesity.
CASE 1: The effects of childhood obesity
Overweight children, compared to children of a healthy weight, are more likely to develop many health problems,
such as high cholesterol and high blood pressure, which are associated with heart disease in adults. Type 2 diabetes,
previously considered an adult disease, has increased dramatically in overweight children and adolescents. They
also suffer from poor psychological health, as the most immediate consequence of being overweight (as perceived
by children themselves) is social discrimination and low self-esteem. There are also social implications, such as
bullying at school, discrimination, difficulties playing sports, and fatigue that severely affect the children's well-
being. It is important to note as well, that, over a lifetime, the increased medical costs associated with childhood
obesity are estimated at $19,000 USD per child (Finkelstein, Graham, & Malhotra, 2014).
24
Figure 2.4 – Exploring the effects of Childhood Obesity
CASE 2: The effects of the inefficient rural transport systema in

Mozambique
The inefficient rural transport system contributes towards an increase in the journey times of the rural population,
leading to difficult commutes. What are the effects of these increased journey times? They lead to an increase in the
costs related to developing economic activities, such as trade and employment. The majority of jobs consist of
collecting or growing, and selling product daily in markets. As such, incomes are limited by strength (carry capacity),
speed (product spoils), and health (long commutes in the hot sun). And what are the effects of these increased costs?
It limits the opportunity for people to generate income and, as such, decreases the participation rate of rural areas
in the regional and national economy, thus perpetuating the poverty cycle. Also, over 60% of people are illiterate
due to lack of schools and thousands die from HIV and malaria each year, frequently due to their inability to reach
clinics for medical treatment10.
10 http://www.mozambikes.com
25
Limitation of opportunities to
generate income,
perpetuating poverty
Increased costs related with ? ?

economic activity
Rural populations face long

commutes to access services ?
and markets
Inefficient rural transport

system in Mozambique
Figure 2.5 – Exploring the effects of the inefficient rural transport system in Mozambique
26
STEP 4: Organise causes and effects in a tree format
Finally, the identified causes and effects of the core problem are organised schematically in one
single tree as shown in the following figures. The core problem is the “tree trunk” and should be
placed at the centre of the tree, the identified causes become the roots of the tree, and the effects
will become the branches of the tree. Any vicious cycles can be indicated with a link between the
effects and the causes.
CASE 1: Childhood obesity
Economic Implications:
Increased medical
expenses of 19,000 $US
over a lifetime
Poor physical health: high Poor psychological Social Implications: Overweight reduces the
cholesterol, high blood health: low self-esteem, Discrimination and social level of physical exercise
pressure, type II diabetes, depression, etc. exclusion, bullying in
and cardiovascular schools
Childhood Obesitiy
Unhealthy eating habits. Genetic propensity to Physical Inactivity

obesity
Oversupply of Unhealthy eating Parentsl obesity

unhealthy options in habits within the Family Practices that
the school family environment promote a
sedentary lifestyle
Excessive exposure Lack of time Healthy eating Children spend an excess of More school-age
to Marketing of to cook often perceived to time in sedentary children are driven
unhealthy food healthy food be more expensive entertainment (TV, to school by their
than less healthy computers, videogames) parents, reducing
options physical activity
Figure 2.6 - Problem Tree of Childhood Obesity
27
Limitation of opportunities to
generate income
Increased costs related with High mortality rate due to the inability High illiteracy rate due to the inability
economic activity to reach clinics to reach schools
Rural populations face long commutes Communities are isolated during the Enterprises have high transportation
to access services and markets rainy season costs
Inefficient rural transport

system in Mozambique
Poor road networks in rural Limited access to convenient

areas transportation
Insufficient investment in road

rehabilitation and maintenance Reduced number of Limited availability
people with personal and reach of public
means of transportation transportation
Reduced lifespan of means of

transportation Large share of older and poor-
condition vehicles that generate
high vehicle operating costs
Low product
quality
Figure 2.7 - Problem Tree of Inefficient rural transport system in Mozambique
CLOSING THE CHAPTER

The purpose of this exercise is to foster a discussion and dialogue about the core problem as factors
are arranged and re-arranged, often forming sub-dividing roots and branches. Take time to allow
each team member to explain their feelings and reasoning, show available data, and record related
ideas and points that come up under titles such as solutions, concerns, and decisions. Using sticky
notes and/or an erasable board is also conducive to a better brainstorming session.
It is also important to work on the problem tree not only with your team members, but together
with other stakeholders who will usually bring up new ideas from their specific contexts. For
instance, doing this exercise with service users, staff, or volunteers may provide a different angle
than working with managers or entrepreneurs.
Finally, you should accompany the problem tree analysis with thorough research and understanding
of the societal problem you are approaching. It is excellent if your analysis entails an in-depth
understanding of the economic cost of a societal problem, the different segments of the population
most affected, as well as those that are more costly to society. This analysis should draw upon field
28
knowledge and be corroborated with quantitative and qualitative data. For the quantitative data,
you can use available statistics about the problem you are approaching or conduct questionnaires
to collect standardised data. This gives strength to your analysis and answers questions such as how
much, how many, how often, and to what extent. The qualitative data looks at “why” and attempts
to further and deepen the understanding of the societal problem. This type of data is frequently
concerned with opinions, feelings, and experiences, and can be collected through direct observation
in the field and by interaction with individuals on a one to one basis or in a group setting11. There
are tools such as the ”empathy map” (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010) that can be useful to distil and
organise qualitative data, as it helps sketch the profile of a target segment and understand its
environment, behaviours, concerns, and aspirations to help uncover causes and effects, and come
up with new ways to tackle the identified societal problem.
More information about practical methodologies for implementing the problem tree and examples related to
other contexts can be found here:
Dearden, P., Jones, S., & Sartorius, R. (2003). Tools for Development - A handbook for those engaged in
development activity. Available at:
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications/toolsfordevelopmen
t.pdf
More information about concrete applications of the problem tree and other problem-solving methodologies
can be found here:
Brown, D., & Kusiak, J. (2007). Problem Analysis Techniques. Melbourne: IRM Training. Available at:
http://www.rmchsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Problem-Analysis-Techniques.pdf
In the “Problem Definition” chapter, you can find tips for examining how a team currently frames an issue or
topic, helping to reveal their unspoken assumptions about how they interpret what is going on and why it
matters:
Julier J., Kimbell L. (2012). Problem Definition. The Social Design Methods Menu. Available at:
http://www.lucykimbell.com/stuff/Fieldstudio_SocialDesignMethodsMenu.pdf
11
http://libweb.surrey.ac.uk/library/skills/Introduction%20to%20Research%20and%20Managing%20Information%20Lei
cester/page_54.htm
29
TASK 2. SOCIETAL PROBLEM
1. Write down a clear description of the “core problem” your impact venture wants to solve.
Tip: Frame the problem in terms of something that you can change
Tip: The more focused the problem statement the better
2. Develop the Problem Tree (causes and effects)

Tip: It is useful to use sticky notes so the tree can be reorganised easily.
2.1 . List all of the causes that lie at the origin of the core problem
Tip: Ask several times why the problem and each direct cause happens.
2.2 . List all of the effects resulting from the core problem
Tip: Ask, “What are the negative consequences related with the existence of this problem?”
2.3 . Organise the causes and effects hierarchically in the problem tree
Tip: The tree roots represent the different levels of causes and the tree branches represent the different levels of the
effects.
30
CHAPTER 3
VALUE
PROPOSITION
“Anything the mind can conceive and believe, it can achieve”
Napoleon Hill
31
CHAPTER 3 . VALUE PROPOSITION
GOALS OF THIS CHAPTER:
• Analyse the design alternatives available for the solution and narrow its scope;
• Scan the market to get to know who else is working in your field;
• Identify the main elements of your value proposition.
GETTING STARTED
After the core problem is broken down into its causes and effects, it is time to focus energy on
solving it by developing an effective solution with a strong value proposition.
The value proposition describes how the offer that is proposed to the target audience differs from
the dominant solution(s) available (assuming that such solutions exist) and explains why the target
audience may prefer it to the these other options (Lindic & Silva, 2011). A value proposition thus
defines what the impact venture intends to provide to the customer’s life and well-being (Lanning,
2000), taking into account what they truly value. The goal of this chapter is to identify the main
elements of the value proposition that increase the likelihood of solving the identified societal
problem and generating positive impact. For this purpose, we will go through a set of steps that
enable the transition from the problem tree to the value proposition.
1. HOW TO DEVELOP THE VALUE PROPOSITION
The process presented in this chapter is organised in 3 steps:
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3
Compare with the dominant Define main elements of the

Value differentiation
solution value proposition
Figure 3.1 - Process of defining the value proposition
STEP 1: Compare with the dominant solution
The problem tree usually offers alternative intervention paths. In order to define where to focus, it
is important to find the key causes where a future intervention may be more effective in tackling
the societal problem.
32
To guide this choice, it is important to search for other solutions that are well established and
identify which causes, if any, are already being effectively addressed. You should then try to
understand why the problem persists and narrow the possible scope of intervention by selecting
which set of causes are not being addressed. It is important to develop some research in order to
find out who is working in your field, which solutions are being implemented, what is actually
working and what is not, and what is the potential for value-creating improvements. This is the
equivalent of market research or analysis of the “competition” – although it makes more sense to
see other solution providers not as competitors at all, but instead as potential allies in the search
for better solutions. In fact, the true competition for social entrepreneurs is the absence of effective
solutions or their weak implementation.
To do this solution benchmarking, basic internet search methods may be a good way to start the
research, but they are far from sufficient. Other types of sources should be used, such as:
• Calling up experts for more information and references. At the end of the conversation, be sure to ask
them for recommendations as to the most effective solutions and references of other people to
contact;
• Setting up site visits to other organisations that are doing similar work in the local community, asking
them about the solutions that have been tried and the obstacles that they have encountered;
• Reading material related to the societal problem. There are probably numerous books, newspapers,
magazines, and journal articles about your subject;
• Getting experience in the field and immersed in the reality of the problem being addressed.
Note that the point of this exercise is not to criticise other solutions. Social entrepreneurs are trying
to add value by thinking about alternative solutions to a problem. The other players may be
potential partners and allies, as will become clear in the following chapters.
In some cases, social entrepreneurs may find that society is completely ignoring the problem and its
causes, providing them with an open field to innovate, as long as they are able to raise awareness
about the importance of the problem that is being neglected.
In other cases, social entrepreneurs may find that society has actually developed a standard and
dominant approach to address the specific problem that they have decided to tackle. This dominant
solution (DS) may be widely used, but inefficient or ineffective, which would explain why the
problem is still categorised as a SIN problem with negative implications for society (the use of
kerosene to address the lack of access to electricity being a case in point, as explained earlier). In
these cases, the DS should then become your true competition – your goal is to either make people
adopt your solution over the DS or complement it with a new offer.
33
DOMINANT SOLUTION Why is this solution currently failing to solve the existing problem?
Table 3.1 – Analysis of the Dominant Solution
However, established solutions are hard to dislodge. They can become a norm, a habit, or even an
institution. For this reason, to break the status quo, social entrepreneurs need to be disruptive
innovators, i.e., they need to develop a new solution that is much better (10 times better!) than the
DS in at least one relevant characteristic (price, ease of use, accessibility, etc.). The DS, if it exists for
the societal problem they are tackling, provides a reference point for building a differentiated
solution by developing the core elements of the value proposition.
STEP 2: Value Differentiation
Now that social entrepreneurs have a deeper understanding of a particular set of causes and the
existing solutions for tackling them, they need a process to help choose the best cause (or set of
causes) to address and to build a differentiated solution. To do so, it is important to reflect on the
following four questions:
What is the cause (or set of causes) for which a possible solution is more likely to succeed
and to create value for society?
KEY CAUSE(S)
You should analyse which causes have more probability of producing the desired results.
One approach is to scan the negligence level of a given set of causes, justifying the reason
for intervention based on the absence of competing solutions or by their lack of
effectiveness.
TARGET
Which target audience should be the priority? Who will benefit?
AUDIENCE
It is important to know who is more affected by the problem you want to solve and whose
behaviour needs to change for the problem to be tackled. This is where the best opportunity
to create value and make a difference exists.
What experiences and skills does the team have and how do these influence the set of
causes being preferred?
EXPERIENCES Your team’s professional experiences and skills matter for choosing the cause (or set of
AND SKILLS causes) to intervene in. The team’s knowledge and expertise can be critically important in
the design of your solution.
What are your interests and passions, and how do they motivate your choice of one set of
INTERESTS causes and instruments?
AND PASSIONS Your interests and passions are what drive you. Passion will help you create the highest
expression of your talents, because it is something that is intensely meaningful and central
to your identity.
Figure 3.2 – Framework to narrow the scope of intervention
34
CASE 1: Vitamimos - Childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is one of the main global challenges of our time. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates
that, in 2013, the number of obese children under 5 years old was over 42 million, 75% of whom lived in developing
countries.12
The problem also affects developed countries. For example, in Portugal, 32.1% of children between 6 and 9 years
old are overweight, of which 14.5% are obese (this sums up to a prevalence of overweight of 32.1% within this
population13).
Vitamimos14 is an impact venture that aims to reduce childhood obesity. It is a nutrition education centre located in
a public park that empowers children to develop healthier eating habits and lifestyles. This impact venture was
launched in 2008 by Ana Quintas, a schoolteacher with an undergraduate degree in Geography and a vast
experience in projects related to education and health promotion. She was passionate about healthy cooking and
innovative teaching methodologies for children.
As a schoolteacher, she had close contact with children and the problem of childhood obesity concerned her greatly.
She felt that she had to do something about it. Given her expertise in this area, Ana concluded that a potentially
effective way to prevent childhood obesity was to promote healthy eating habits by empowering children as change
agents – instead of telling them what they should or should not eat, what if they could learn to cook for themselves
and see how tasty and fun cooking healthy food can be? She researched the topic and discovered that, at that time,
there were only two organisations developing culinary workshops for children. Nevertheless, she believed that the
price of those workshops was a barrier to reaching a massive number of children. Furthermore, those ventures were
not oriented towards intervening in the school, which is one of the places where children spend most of their time.
So, she recognised an opportunity to do better that was worthy of exploration.
KEY CAUSE(S) Unhealthy Eating Habits
Portuguese children between the 6 and 14 years

TARGET AUDIENCE
old (~31% overweight)
Primary school teacher with experience in health

EXPERIENCES AND SKILLS
promotion in the school context
Very strong passion for healthy cooking and

INTERESTS AND PASSIONS
innovative teaching methodologies for children
Figure 3.3 – Vitamimos framework to narrow the scope of intervention
12 http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/
13 http://mun-si.com/wp-content/uploads/Silva-AL-Ramos-C-Carvalho-MA-Rito-A.pdf
14 http://www.vitamimos.pt
35
CASE 2: Mozambikes - efficient rural transport system in
Mozambique
Lauren Thomas and Rui Mesquita, the co-founders of Mozambikes, met in 2008 in Mozambique. Lauren was doing
a summer volunteer programme with TechnoServe and Rui had moved to Mozambique for professional reasons.
During that summer, Lauren and Rui quickly discovered that they were both passionate about cycling. Lauren used
to rent bicycles to help her explore new places during her travels, including Cambodia, Vietnam, Singapore, Holland,
and Spain. Rui also used to cycle as a hobby, especially mountain biking.
In the summer of 2009, Lauren went back to Mozambique and decided to go on a road trip throughout the country
with Rui. During those days they found many people walking long distances, carrying heavy water containers or
bundles of wood on their heads and backs. They quickly realised that transportation was an urgent need for these
Mozambicans and started researching the subject. They became interested in why bicycles were not more prevalent
in Mozambique. They then found some key bottlenecks in the bicycle industry and wanted to address them. The two
big problems in Mozambique are (1) the quality of bicycles and (2) their high price. The bicycles are brought in by
traders and are as cheap as possible, which means they are very low in quality. And yet, due to transport costs and
trader margins, they are still too expensive for the people who really need them. The low quality means also that
the buyer will have to support high maintenance costs and there isn’t any customer service available. By addressing
the need for efficient, accessible, and reliable transportation with affordable and sturdy bicycles, they could bring
significant benefits to the life of rural Mozambicans.
Reduced number of people with personal

KEY CAUSE(S)
transportation means
Rural Mozambicans (70% of total population 15)

TARGET AUDIENCE who need to make long commutes in order to
access basic services or sell their products
Management and marketing;

EXPERIENCES AND SKILLS knowledge on how to develop a business in
Mozambique
Co-founders’ common passion for cycling and

travelling
Figure 3.4 – Mozambikes framework to narrow the scope of intervention
STEP 3: Define core elements of the value proposition
Once social entrepreneurs identify the key causes and target audience they aim to address, taking
into account their experiences and skills, interests and passions, they can develop the main
elements of their value proposition.
15
World Bank Data from 2011, indicator: rural population (% of total population),
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS
36
A value proposition should ultimately aim to provide distinct benefits that help solve target
customers’ problems by being distinctive (i.e., superior to the existent solutions), measurable (i.e.,
based on tangible points of difference) and sustainable (i.e., valid for a long period of time)
(Anderson, Narus, & Van Rossum, 2006). Therefore, a value proposition is not about features or
offerings but about the customers’ perception in terms of their needs and wants (Barnes, Blake, &
Pinder, 2009). Hence, customers assess a certain venture’s value proposition based on the following
formula: perceived value = perceived benefits minus perceived costs.
The perceived benefit of a venture is frequently equated with the characteristics and functionalities
of its products/services and their quality. However, during the decision-making process, customers
ultimately make decisions based on the benefits a product/service is perceived to offer, not its
characteristics or features per se. During a value proposition assessment, customers also evaluate
the perceived costs. These are a combination of price and other costs related to product/service
acquisition, use, and disposal, such as time to acquire, risk, search, and effort. Both perceived
benefits and perceived costs drive the value customers perceive: the higher the perceived benefits
and lower the perceived costs, the higher the value perceived by the customer. As innovation per
se does not have a direct link with enhanced benefits, it is important to decide carefully in which
dimensions to innovate in order to offer customers an enhanced value proposition (Lindic & Silva,
2011).
A complication in using the concept of value propositions for impact ventures is that social
entrepreneurs should not only be focused on the needs and wants of target clients, but should also
be aware of the system improvements that their solutions may bring, even if these benefit
stakeholders who will not pay or benefit society at large. This is what distinguishes social
entrepreneurs from commercial entrepreneurs.
Below is a non-exhaustive list of elements that may contribute to value creation, their definitions,
and illustration with cases of impact ventures. Note that these elements are not mutually exclusive.
You can have solutions that deliver a strong value proposition combining more than one element.
ELEMENT DEFINITION EXAMPLE
NOVELTY Satisfaction of a Fruta Feia (Ugly Fruit), Portugal

set of needs that
The European Union (EU)’s strict standards for fruit and
clients were not
vegetables are bolstered by supermarkets’ own appearance-
fully aware of
based quality controls and can result in farmers being unable to
through a novel
sell up to 25 percent of their crops based on aesthetic criteria. The
offering
rejected produce is generally left to rot. This contributes to an
estimated 89 million tonnes of food wasted in the EU every year.
In the United States (US), it is similarly estimated that around 30–
40 percent of all food produced is wasted annually. Fruta Feia
(Ugly Fruit) distributes fresh fruit and vegetables that
supermarkets consider too ugly to sell, but that are just as
nutritionally sound as their prettier siblings. It collects local
farmers’ products deemed too ugly to sell in supermarkets and
distributes these products directly to consumers at reduced prices
through two outlets in Lisbon. It provides a two-way benefit:
helping struggling local producers to sell crops they would
37
otherwise lose, and helping Lisbon consumers access affordable
fresh fruit and vegetables. Customers pay a small registration fee
to join the programme, and then pay around $4.77 USD a week
for an eight-pound box of fresh produce. By the end of 2014, Fruta
Feia had saved 70 tonnes of “ugly” fruits and vegetables from
going to waste and offered a strong value proposition to their
suppliers and customers by solving a market inefficiency in a novel
way.
PERFORMANCE Improve Nuru Energy, Kenya

performance of
Off-grid technologies are a cost-effective and appropriate solution
already-existing
to meeting the energy needs of rural areas in developing
products or
countries. Current off-grid products (solar lamps, home solar
services
lighting systems, etc.) are costly and unreliable. Because of these
challenges, over 90% of the market still uses kerosene. Kerosene
emits noxious fumes, causes fires and releases millions of tonnes
of carbon dioxide annually. It can also use up 40% of household
income per month. As a more efficient solution was needed, Nuru
created The POWERCycle - the most efficient charger in the
market, providing 240 minutes of light for every minute of
pedalling, recharging 5 lights anytime, anywhere in just 20
minutes.
CUSTOMISATION Adapt products Saúde Criança (Healthy Children), Brazil

and services to the
Saúde Criança’s work focuses on disadvantaged families whose
specific needs of
children have recurrent health problems. Their approach is based
clients
on a Family Action Plan (FAP) - a set of actions with goals and
deadlines unique to each family assisted. The FAP is developed by
a multidisciplinary team of social workers, nutritionists,
psychologists, psychiatrists, and lawyers, among others, with the
collaboration of the family. Every family is assisted individually,
according to their needs and potentials, during a period of
approximately two years. The family’s progress is tracked in
regular meetings with the Saúde Criança team to help the family
achieve dignity and autonomy.
DESIGN Differentiate the Beesweet, Portugal

format of the
Honey bees – wild and domestic – perform about 80 percent of all
product or service
pollination worldwide. A third of the food eaten worldwide
depends on pollinators, especially bees, for a successful harvest.
Yet, since 2006 beekeepers have been noticing their honeybee
populations have been dying off at increasingly rapid rates 16.
Declining bee populations thus pose a threat to global agriculture.
Beesweet, an impact venture focused on preserving the bees,
markets honey naturally flavoured in an innovative package. The
package has the form of a drop, it is ergonomic, lightweight,
practical to use, zero waste and able to ensure the quality of the
product.
BRAND The clients can (Red), USA

find value in the
AIDS - which is preventable and now treatable - has killed 39
simple act of using
million people since 1985. Today, of the 35 million people living
and showing a
16 http://www.globalresearch.ca/death-and-extinction-of-the-bees/5375684
38
specific product or with HIV, only 13 million have access to life-saving treatment that
service because of costs $0.40 USD per day. (RED) is an impact venture founded in
the brand 2006 by Bono and Bobby Shriver to generate a sustainable flow of
elements private sector funds towards fighting AIDS in Africa. The
fundraising is done through the sale of (RED) products from iconic
companies - like Apple, Starbucks, and Motorola – and from (RED)
events. 100% of the money generated goes to AIDS work. Product
(RED) was one of the first social enterprise efforts to go beyond
charity because it didn’t ask consumers for donations or to change
their behaviour. Instead, it raised money by leveraging people’s
buying decisions and wants.
EMOTIONAL Positive feelings or Terra dos Sonhos (Land of Dreams), Portugal

CONNECTION emotions
Terra dos Sonhos was founded in 2007 and it grants the wishes of
associated with
children with life-threatening medical conditions, helping them
using a venture’s
achieve their most inspiring dreams, regardless of their conditions
products or
and limitations, thus creating positive feelings of fulfilment and
services
empowerment in the children. The Terra dos Sonhos model
involves well-known people in the delivery of those dreams, thus
creating a network of emotionally-connected supporters of the
impact venture that includes celebrities, parents, and the medical
community.
REDUCTION IN COSTS Offer a similar SPEAK, Portugal

/ PRICE value at a reduced
Sociocultural exclusion of immigrants due to cultural
price
incomprehension, ignorance, or stereotypes is common in many
parts of the world. SPEAK aims to solve this problem by providing
a linguistic and cultural programme where any person can apply
to be a volunteer teacher or a student of a particular language and
culture. A teacher of one course can be a student of another
course thus creating community and exchanges between
Portuguese people and immigrants and among immigrants of
different nationalities in a city.
SPEAK aims to solve a social problem but it also needs to be
financially sustainable. For that, the founders developed SPEAK
PRO, a commercial offer that aims to enable the financial
sustainability of the project. SPEAK PRO offers fast and low-cost
language and translation services leveraging the SPEAK
community and IT tools. Thus, SPEAK, as a whole, is an impact
venture: its mission is the inclusion of immigrants and promotion
of cross-cultural understanding. The commercial offer exists to
ensure the financial sustainability of the venture.
ACCESSIBILITY Make products Dentistas do Bem (Dentists for Good), Brazil & Portugal
and services
Lack of dental care and oral hygiene is a serious health problem,
accessible to
clients that did not especially among children from poor families. The many resulting
have access to health problems include facial malformations, tooth loss, and
them before mouth cancer, in addition to a profound impact on self-esteem
and the sufferer’s social and professional life. Dentistas do Bem
provides dental care to low-income children and teenagers living
in poor neighbourhoods. Patients are selected from students in
5th to 8th grade schools who are given preference according to
39
treatment urgency, income levels and how close they are to
getting their first job.
Treatment takes place at a volunteer dentist’s office. All the
treatment costs are absorbed by the dentist. Patients receive oral
care, reconstruction, preventive, and educative information until
they reach 18 years of age.
CONVENIENCE / EASE Make products or ColorAdd. , Portugal

OF USE services more
There are close to 400 million colour blind people in the world.
convenient or
ColorAdd is a simple and universal code that enables colour blind
easier to use
people to identify colours. This code has a wide spectrum of
application on different products or services that use colour as a
factor of identification, orientation, or choice.
ColorAdd has 4 main areas of focus: education, health, transports,
and accessibilities. Viarco’s colour pencils, Cin’s ink, Oporto’s tube
system and main hospital, Lisbon’s central hospital, and the public
agency for educational evaluation are among the most important
ColorAdd clients. The expansion into clothing and footwear began
in 2012 in collaboration with some important brands (like Zippy,
Modalfa and Dkode). All the products and services that receive
the ColorAdd code become easier to use for colour blind people
and thus more inclusive. Because of the differentiation and
inclusiveness of these products, they also became more
competitive in the market.
Table 3.2 - Elements of a Value Proposition
2. COMMUNICATING THE VALUE PROPOSITION
Once social entrepreneurs define the core elements of the value proposition, it is important to
communicate them. The communication of the value proposition requires a clear, compelling,
credible, and succinct statement (2-4 sentences) directed at the main clients/beneficiaries and other
stakeholders, emphasising the unique and differentiating characteristics of the initiative that allow
for the creation of value for the target-audience. In a value proposition, you should mention your
target customer/segment, statement of need/opportunity, the key benefits you’re going to offer,
and statement of differentiation that is relevant to the target customer.
VALUE PROPOSITIONS...
...ARE NOT: .... ARE:
• A list of vague ideas or concepts • Measurable, with a proposed set of specific results
40
• Clear – they can be read and understood in less
• Statements of what the initiative will do
than 30 seconds
• What clients want and demand • Describe experiences that the client will value
• Differentiate what can and cannot be delivered to

• Impossible promises
whom
Figure 3.5 - What are/are not value propositions?
CASE 1: Vitamimos - Childhood obesity
Vitamimos makes healthy eating for children fun and accessible. It implements hands-on cooking and
nutrition education programmes for young people aged 5 through 12. The cooking classes introduce
children to the fun of preparing and enjoying healthy food that is both nutritious and delicious - an
essential step towards health and well-being. Students learn basic cooking skills and the joy of eating and
cooking with fresh fruits and vegetables, becoming empowered as change agents who prefer to cook and
eat healthy meals.
CASE 2: Mozambikes - efficient rural transport system in

Mozambique
Bicycles have been proven to yield significant benefits for the development of third-world countries as
they enable rural populations to transport more products, travel longer distances, reach schools or clinics,
and access clean water. Mozambikes strives to offer these benefits by providing higher quality bicycles
at low market prices to rural populations in Mozambique.
CLOSING THE CHAPTER
A value proposition is a promise of value to be delivered, as well as the belief on behalf of the client
or beneficiary that that value will be superior to that provided by alternative solutions, in particular
when compared to the DS. It summarises why a potential customer would adopt a product or service
and how it will add more value or better solve a problem compared to other offerings.
Your value proposition needs to be understandable to the final user and to the key stakeholders you
are interacting with. In order to do that, you need to understand and adopt the language your
customers and stakeholders use to describe your offering and how they will benefit from it.
41
This article explains what value propositions are and what steps are necessary to build an excellent value
proposition:
Futurecurve. (2011). Winning value propositions. Available at: http://futurecurve.com/wp-

content/uploads/2011/04/Value-Propositions-white-paper.pdf
This book presents the value proposition canvas which helps to develop products and services adjusted to the
clients’ most pressing needs:
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2014). Value Proposition Design: How to create products and services Customers
Want (Startegyzer). John Wiley & Sons.
This toolkit has been designed for development practitioners to invent, adopt, or adapt ideas that can deliver
better results:
Nesta. (2013). DYI – Development Impact and you. Available at: http://diytoolkit.org/
42
TASK 3. VALUE PROPOSITION
1. What is/are the dominant solution(s) for the problem you propose to solve and how/why is your
solution better (e.g., more effective, lower cost, wider reach, easier to adopt, etc.)?
Tip: You should aim to create a solution that is 10 times better than the dominant solution(s) in at least one relevant
aspect.
2. Develop the basis of a differentiated solution using the following table:
KEY CAUSE(S)
TARGET AUDIENCE
EXPERIENCES AND SKILLS
3. Identify the core elements of your value proposition:
43
4. Define and Communicate your value proposition (2-3 sentences)
Tip: Do not forget to mention your target customer/segment, statement of need/opportunity, the key benefits you’re
going to offer, and the elements of value differentiation.
44
CHAPTER 4
SOLUTION
ARCHITECTURE
"No solution can ever be found by running in three different directions."
Deepak Chopra
45
CHAPTER 4 . SOLUTION ARCHITECTURE
• Understand the linkages between the core elements of your value proposition;
• Identify the key activities that need to be developed to deliver value;
• Map the activity system that connects key activities with core elements.
GETTING STARTED
After analysing the problem you are trying to solve, selecting the target segment, and identifying
the core elements of the value proposition, the next step of the venture design process is to develop
a sustainable solution.
Yet, a solution orientation is often hindered by the obsession of our economic system with the
concept of organisations - the private sector has corporations and the social sector has charities,
associations, foundations, cooperatives, etc. These organisations often become the centre of
attention for managers. However, what matters for social entrepreneurs is not the organisation
itself, but the sustainable solution to the societal problem, which often requires interaction among
different organisations that share resources in order to create value for society.
Sustainable solutions are approaches that either permanently address the root causes of a problem
or institutionalise a system that continuously addresses the problem, ideally with minimal
intervention from the original innovators. This means that true social entrepreneurs who deeply
care about value creation should try to make themselves dispensable to the solution they are
building.
Naturally, social entrepreneurs often get emotionally attached to the solution and may focus on
sustaining the organisation more than on solving the societal problem. Yet, what should matter to
the social entrepreneur is the solution and its underlying business model17, not their organisation in
itself (Santos, 2012).
The goal of this chapter is to define the key activities needed to deliver the solution as well as its
interconnections. Social entrepreneurs need to ensure that this system of activities works with
reliability and quality to solve the societal problem.
Business models are defined as the interconnected set of activities that create value by addressing a
17
particular need.
46
1. DEVELOPING THE ACTIVITY SYSTEM
An activity system is a tool that charts the significant activities and their relationships with each
other and with the core elements of the value proposition. This exercise can be done in 3 steps, as
explained below.
STEP 1: Revisit the core elements of the value proposition
The starting point is to look once again at the value proposition and its core elements. These core
elements are the key design choices that simultaneously contribute to value creation and
differentiate your solution from alternative solutions. Once you have identified them, it is essential
to assess how well each of these core value elements fit together. Is each element consistent with
the identified problem and the overall value that you are trying to create? Do the different elements
reinforce each other?
CASE 1: Vitamimos
47
Vitamimos makes healthy eating fun and accessible for children. It implements hands-on cooking and
nutrition education programmes for young people aged 5 through 12. The cooking classes introduce
children to the fun of preparing and enjoying healthy food that is both nutritious and delicious - an
essential step towards health and well-being. Students learn basic cooking skills and the joy of eating and
cooking with fresh fruits and vegetables, becoming empowered as change agents who prefer to cook and
eat healthy meals.
What are the core elements of the above value proposition? The educational programmes are
entertaining, financially accessible, and experiential. This enables the effective transmission of healthy
cooking skills and the empowerment process.
EMPOWERMENT
FOR CHANGE
HANDS-ON
FUN COOKING AND
EXPERIENCE NUTRITION
EDUCATION
PROGRAMMES ACCESSIBLE
Figure 4.1 - Core elements of Vitamimos’ value proposition
CASE 2: Mozambikes
HIGHER LOWER
QUALITY MARKET
BICYCLES PRICES
48
Bicycles have been proven to yield significant benefits for the development of third-world countries, as
they enable rural populations to transport more products, travel longer distances, reach schools or clinics,
and access clean water. Mozambikes strives to offer these benefits to Mozambique by providing higher
quality bicycles at low market prices to rural populations in Mozambique.
The core elements of the value proposition are the high quality of the bicycles and the low market price.
Figure 4.2 - Core elements of Mozambikes’ value proposition)
STEP 2: Identifying the key activities
After mapping out the core elements of the value proposition, social entrepreneurs can start
thinking about the necessary activities needed to deliver the value proposition.
At this stage, it is important to focus on key activities only, to reduce the complexity of the exercise
(thus ignoring the more standard support activities). Therefore, you should identify the activities
that create value for your target audience. You should develop this list of activities, not forgetting
that you are just getting started, so begin with something simple and narrow at this stage.
CASE 1: Vitamimos
49
Vitamimos was launched in 2008 and started to develop its educational programmes in schools in order to reach as
many children as possible. Vitamimos created the programme “The Fruit Grows at Home”, a contest in which children
up to 10 years of age were encouraged to pack one piece of fruit in their lunchboxes per day during one month. The
teachers monitored the children’s lunchboxes and gave them a stamp on their contest participation every time they
brought fruit. At the end of the contest, the children received a diploma recognising their effort. Vitamimos developed
this programme between 2008 and 2010 in the Carcavelos Group of Schools – Cascais (in Portugal). Later, the
programme was disseminated by APCOI (Portuguese Association Against Childhood Obesity) under the name “Fruit
Heroes” and became a national movement reaching 136,205 students in 2014 in several schools across the country.
More recently, Vitamimos launched Eco-Chefs, an educational programme with the aim of promoting healthy eating
habits and environmentally-friendly practices. The project is based on the methodology of peer education, where
middle school students (aged between 12 and 14 years) train primary school students (aged between 6 and 9 years)
with the Eco-Chefs methodology. The first session is targeted towards the middle school students so they understand
the goals of the programme. Then, interested students may volunteer to join the Eco-Chefs brigade. These volunteers
take part in a specific training programme with Vitamimos in order to acquire the skills needed to organise the
sessions for the primary school students, with the goal of raising awareness among children of the importance of
healthy lifestyles and environmentally-friendly practices, always with a fun and hands-on approach.
In April 2011, the company founded the Vitamimos Nutritional Centre in Carcavelos, Portugal, strengthening a
solution based on the different core elements of the value proposition. It runs several initiatives, such as a cafeteria
where children and their families can have fun and eat in a healthy and accessible way. The space has child-adapted
kitchen equipment and holds short thematic workshops in healthy cooking. It is also used for private theme parties
in which healthy food cooked by participants is served. Concurrently, Vitamimos continues to develop activities in
schools as well as other activities that guarantee the financial sustainability of their solution (such as catering for
corporate events).
CASE 2: Mozambikes
In March 2009, Rui and Lauren founded Mozambikes to produce high quality bikes and sell them at very low prices to
populations that otherwise could not afford them. They created an innovative solution based on placing advertising
on the bicycles. Mozambikes sells branded bicycles that promote company brands, projects and important social
messages, so that the price can be subsidised through the selling of cost-effective advertising. These bicycles are then
either purchased by the branding customer to distribute to their employees, customers, and communities, or sold at
reduced rates in rural markets. Acknowledging that there are people across Mozambique who cannot afford a bicycle,
individual donors around the world can also donate bikes that will be given to residents in the poorest regions of
Mozambique. To guarantee the high quality of the bikes, they started to think about the product’s characteristics,
aiming to offer a well-built bicycle capable of carrying heavy loads and being used in rural areas with poor roads. Rui
had already bought a standard bicycle in Maputo, and three weeks later it had fallen apart. The quality of the bicycle
was extremely poor and he realised that Mozambikes’ bicycles had to be stronger and prepared for bumpy roads, so
the bicycles were carefully designed and produced in order to make them very resistant. Unfortunately, there were no
locally-produced bicycle components, so they searched for suppliers in India and China. They asked for a sample from
three different suppliers and then chose a Chinese supplier who offered the best option in terms of price/quality. They
looked for reinforced components designed for both men and women. They also planned a very strict assembly
process, which was fundamental to guaranteeing higher-quality bicycles than the existent ones on the market. In
addition, the paint and branding had to be resistant to wear and tear, so that the price of the bikes could be subsidised
for a longer period of time.
STEP 3: Mapping the activity system
50
There is no linear or unique way to represent the activity system. It depends on the different
elements of the value proposition and the links that exist between them and with the key activities.
Nevertheless, it is important to graphically depict the key activities, their connections to each other
and to the core elements of the value proposition, and the point of connection to the
clients/beneficiaries and main stakeholders. This activity system map will allow you to identify new
connections or revisit proposed ones, and improve the solution design.
To begin the mapping process of the activity system, you can start by representing the core elements
of the value proposition revisited in Step 1 of this chapter in a more salient way (e.g., with darker-
coloured circles). Then, you can represent the key activities identified in Step 2 in a less salient way
(e.g., with lighter-coloured circles). Finally, you can link the circles according to their relation to the
value creation process. For example, the hands-on nature of Vitamimos’ workshops reinforces the
fun and empowerment core elements for children.
Adapted Hands-on
kitchen
Family
FUN activities
Group
activities
LOW- EMPOWERMENT
COST
Simple and
innovative School-
pedagogic based
al content
Figure 5.1 – Activity system map - Vitamimos
51
More resistant
Adapted to and prepared for
rural areas bumpy roads
Capable of Designed for both

carrying heavy men and women
material
Assembly process that

assures adaption and
resistance
Paint and branding of

Supply the best the bikes
bicycle components
in terms of Higher-quality
price/quality
bicycles
Lower market
prices
Subsidise the price Donation of

through cost- bikes by wealthy
effective individuals
advertisement on
bikes
Sell to rural
Mozambicans at
subsidised prices
Figure 5.2 – Activity system map - Mozambikes
CLOSING THE CHAPTER

The first part of this chapter required you to connect your impact venture’s value proposition to the
activities that will allow you to deliver this value proposition better than the existent solutions. This
gives you a robust and consistent solution.
The relevance of a key activity will increase in function of its contribution to each of the core
elements of the value proposition. On the other hand, a core element that is not supported by any
key activity is probably one that will not be achieved in the solution and needs to be revisited. Also,
it is important to make sure that both the core elements of the value proposition and the key
activities are aligned with your experiences, skills, interests, and passions. At this stage it could be
52
interesting to return to the previous chapter where this topic was developed to find out what other
key activities could be brought in to reinforce the core elements.
There is an important tip at this stage: remain focused! There is a temptation to specify many
activities at once in order to deliver value to multiple stakeholders. However, no solution can ever
be found by running in multiple directions. So, start with a targeted offering and test if it works in
practice (Chapter 8 will help you design a pilot). If it doesn’t work, you can try other options. And if
it does work, you will have the opportunity to scale it afterwards.
53
TASK 4. SOLUTION ARCHITECTURE
1. Map the core elements of your value proposition and assess how they reinforce each other.
2. Identify the key activities needed to deliver the core elements of the value proposition.
-
-
-
-
-
3. Graphically represent your activity system, showing the links and interdependencies (both
among activities and between activities and the core elements of the value proposition).
Tip: Focus on activities that reinforce each other and are able to create virtuous cycles within the system.
54
CHAPTER 5
SUSTAINABLE
MODEL
"In the long history of humankind, those who learned to collaborate and
improvise most effectively have prevailed.”
Charles Darwin
55
CHAPTER 5 . SUSTAINABLE MODEL
• Understand the sustainability of an impact initiative;

• Identify and leverage resources through partnerships and by empowering your clients or
beneficiaries;
• Understand the different sources of revenue for an impact venture.
GETTING STARTED
Impact ventures face the dual challenge of achieving mission-related goals while maintaining a
healthy financial condition that ensures the venture’s economic viability. This is one feature that
differentiates impact ventures from traditional models of charity. It is not possible to have a high-
impact venture if there is no effective strategy for sustaining its impact over time. Nor is it enough
to simply manage for profitability if the goal is to create value for society.
The key activities in the solution must be matched with key resources and partnerships, so that the
solution develops the desired sustainability. The effective mobilisation of resources and
partnerships is a key factor for social entrepreneurs’ success. It is important to avoid the temptation
to accomplish everything alone – the impact venture should look for options to leverage resources
and activities that already exist in society whenever possible.
So, social entrepreneurs should design the business model in a way that it can generate sufficient
revenue to cover expenses and allow for reinvestment in the scaling of the venture and/or in
increasing its organisational capacity. To do so, they have to identify the resources required to
develop the key activities (human resources, equipment, rents, etc.) and resources that the impact
venture may generate (client revenues, contracting services, external funding, etc.). If the resources
that the venture generates are superior or equal to the resources that it consumes, then the model
is sustainable. If it is not sustainable, social entrepreneurs need to rethink their business model and
strategy to discover ways of increasing revenues, reducing operational costs, or looking for more
partners to obtain the necessary resources.
This chapter presents several revenue streams and illustrates mechanisms for increasing efficiency
and improving resource generation, with the goal of boosting the sustainability of the impact
venture.
56
1. HOW TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY IN AN IMPACT VENTURE?
Sustainability is a broad concept that can be defined as the ability to continuously generate the
physical and working capital needed for the development of the activities of an initiative so that it
may achieve its mission.
The mission of impact ventures is to create value for their target audience and, at the same time,
maintain a stable financial condition. In order to understand how an impact venture can develop a
strategy for sustainability, it is important to understand its business model.
First, impact ventures will pursue activities that can only be implemented with a given set of
resources that have a specific cost. This cost can be divided between financial and non-financial
transactions, under the principle that everything should be accounted for. The reasoning is that
social entrepreneurs bravely pursue opportunities without being constrained by the resources
currently in hand. So, the focus of impact ventures should be leveraging all types of resources (not
just money!) – skills, philanthropic or government support, business partnerships, etc.
According to Dees (2004), every social entrepreneur starts with a stock of intangible resources,
including an idea, relevant knowledge, experience, relationships, reputation, passion, and
commitment. These resources are used to attract the money and other resources needed to get the
venture off the ground and generate impact in society.
To succeed in doing this, it is essential to explore the possibility of leveraging resources without
compromising the quality of the products or services. Next, you will go through the steps of
leveraging the resources needed for implementing effective solutions.
STEP 1. Link the activity system to the required key resources
Resources are fuel for the solution of the social entrepreneur. These may be physical, intellectual,
human and relational, as shown in the table below:
PHYSICAL INTELLECTUAL HUMAN RELATIONAL
Brands, skills, Specialised technical Social capital,

Facilities, buildings,
knowledge, patents, staff, administrative staff, credibility, shared
vehicles, machinery,
copyrights and volunteers, managers, commitment, social
equipment, etc.
databases, etc. etc. network, etc.
Figure 5.1 - Key resources
57
It is easier to identify the necessary resources using the activity system as a base. The resource
mobilisation tool is used to identify the existing resources, both financial and in-kind, that need to
be mobilised in order to implement the solution. To fill it in you should:
• Analyse the activity system map that depicts the solution architecture
• List the resources that you need to deliver the solution
• Among these, identify the existing or internally available resources and the ones you need to
mobilise
• After identifying the resources you need to mobilise, it is important to consider the potential resource
providers: beneficiaries, other social organisations, central or local government, corporate partners,
or other agents operating in the market
1. Resources Required 2. Internally Available (Y/N) 3. Potential Resource Providers
Figure 5.2 – Key resources identification table
STEP 2: Define a strategy to obtain (and maintain!) key resources
Knowing how to maintain resources is just as important as knowing how to mobilise them. For
example, it is not sufficient to simply ask a potential partner for resources once without maintaining
the connection, because this means that you will find a closed door in the future. It is necessary to
manage partnerships well, almost as if you were in a personal relationship, by maintaining open and
honest lines of communication in order to build trust and foster vision alignment with your partners.
Similarly, it is often not enough to get potential customers to use your product or service only once
(unless it is a vaccine, surgery, or similar product that achieves impact through single usage). You
must create an experience that the customer values, so that they desire to use it more often. Next
we will discuss how to mobilise resources.
Option 1: Use abundant, free, accessible and endogenous resources, transforming financial
transactions into non-financial transactions.
The goal is to activate the proposed solution in a sustainable way (ideally, without consuming more resources
than those generated by the solution) and use resources that are cheap, abundant and locally available.
58
Cozinha com Alma (Kitchen with Soul), Portugal
Cozinha com Alma is a Portuguese impact venture that works as a take-away with top quality food, where
clients can buy meals prepared to the highest standards. The profits from the sales to the public are used
to subsidise the meal prices for a specific customer segment - low-middle class families that have fallen
into poverty due to the economic crisis and can no longer afford to buy food for their family at regular
prices. This gives families time to reorganise their lives and overcome their financial hardships with dignity
and without having to resort to food banks. Aiming to optimise its financial model, the impact venture
tries to find ways to reduce its operational costs by creating partnerships. In fact, the key cost-savers of
the organisation’s operational activity came from its different partners, in particular from social suppliers
– that allow accessing specific raw materials and kitchen space at a reduced or zero cost – and to the
agreement with the municipality of Cascais that ceded the land for the shop without charging rent.
Furthermore, the organisation’s network of sixty volunteers also helps reduce production costs,
contributing to the economic feasibility of the model.
Option 2: Engage and empower beneficiaries and partners, making them part of the solution.
An effective strategy to mobilise resources is to empower beneficiaries to participate and engage

with key partners who value the outcomes of the impact venture.
Histórias de Ajudaris (Ajudaris Stories), Portugal
Histórias de Ajudaris is an impact initiative established in 2009 by the Ajudaris association, with the
mission of promoting literacy skills among children. It develops and publishes books written by children
for children, gathering their inspiration on issues such as citizenship, feelings, and the environment.
Seven books have already been published, engaging more than 7000 young authors, guided by their
teachers. This is a low-cost model that leverages the knowledge of the beneficiaries and, at the same
time, offers a route to market as the families of the young authors also want to buy the books.
Nuru Energy, International
Nuru Energy enlists micro-entrepreneurs to help fulfil the work of selling and recharging LED-based
lamps in rural Africa. This impact venture developed a LED lighting solution combined with cycling-
based chargers to replace the use of kerosene. Micro-entrepreneurs are then hired to sell and re-
charge the LED lights they sell to customers. This has the added benefit of empowering people who are
very close to the ones using the product or service and letting them co-create the solution.
Another resource mobilisation strategy is to identify partners. For this approach, each resource
should be analysed one-by-one so as to understand who should be strategically involved as a
partner. This does not mean that all resources should be outsourced. On the contrary, the social
59
entrepreneur should balance which actions and resources should be kept in-house and which ones
should be outsourced. The following questions can help to guide this decision process (G. Dees,
Emerson, & Economy, 2001):
• Which activities/resources is the impact venture particularly well-suited to provide? What are its
main strengths?
• Which resources can be bought cheaper and more easily that they can be built?
• Can the users be empowered to deliver some activities?
• Which activities/resources are most crucial to the value creation process? To identify these, ask: Is
this an area in which, without paying close attention to quality, errors are likely to be made? If errors
are made, how much damage will they inflict?
Social entrepreneurs should be careful about outsourcing any activities for which errors have critical
impact. If it is concluded that some activities/resources are core, but the current team is not
particularly good at delivering them, it may be possible to try to build the capability in-house.
Alternatively, perhaps a highly-motivated and skilled partner could be found to deliver these
activities.
Using these questions, the social entrepreneur can design an operating structure that builds on
strengths, protects core capabilities, keeps the team motivated, and is cost-effective.
STEP 3: Define a revenue generation strategy
Since social entrepreneurs are doing something that is valued by society, they should try to identify
who is willing to pay for it. However, earned income from market transactions is often not enough
to sustain a social entrepreneurial solution (because of the target population’s inability to pay) and
alternative or complementary mechanisms to generate income have to be developed. A sustainable
impact venture model typically mobilises different financing mechanisms. Available options are:
Option 1: Charging customers or beneficiaries if they have the ability to pay

“Earned income” refers to revenue generated by the commercial exchange of a product or service
between a buyer and a seller. It is a legitimate source of revenue for an impact venture, but it is
important to find a viable revenue stream that does not jeopardise the impact venture’s mission.
For that, it helps to ask the following questions (J. G. Dees, Emerson, & Economy, 2002):
1. Who benefits (or could benefit) from the products or services delivered by the impact
venture?
2. Is it appropriate and practical to charge a fee for this benefit?
3. How much could be charged while still keeping the offer accessible to the clients who
most need it, thus preserving the mission of the venture?
60
The social entrepreneur should thus verify if the beneficiaries can afford to pay (partially or totally)
for the products or services, which might be a different amount than what they are willing to pay.
Many social entrepreneurs may be reluctant to charge their primary beneficiaries, especially when
the beneficiaries are poor. This reluctance may be morally appropriate in some cases, but it can also
be paternalistic. A current trend in social entrepreneurship is encouraging people to take
responsibility for addressing their own problems. Sometimes charging a fee, even a small one, can
add to a person’s sense of empowerment and responsibility. It also introduces a market discipline
that can be helpful, as paying also gives beneficiaries more of a right to complain than if they had
received free services (G. Dees et al., 2001). If no one is willing to pay, it may be that the solution is
not delivering the desired value.
Impact ventures that are able to charge fees for their products or services to cover the majority of
their costs have what is typically called a “social business”. However, social entrepreneurs have to
be cautious in mobilising these revenue sources, as a common risk for consumer-paid services is
that this strategy can shift ventures towards serving a higher-income population which may reduce
the social impact of the venture.
In many cases, resource generation strategies are more complex than just charging clients and
relying on multiple sources, including charging clients who are not beneficiaries or finding
alternative revenue sources aligned with impact.
Nuru Energy, International
Nuru Energy aims to provide affordable, clean, safe, and functional lighting solutions to rural households
in India and East Africa that are unconnected to the electricity grid (off-grid). Nuru Energy accrues
revenue from the sale of each light in 3 ways: 1) revenue from light sales; 2) revenue from carbon credits;
and 3) “microfranchise fees” collected as a percentage of every entrepreneur’s recharge fee earnings.
In particular, creative structures can be developed to address the issue of affordability for
beneficiaries. These structures include sliding scales (with lower fees for poorer people),
scholarships, and deferred payment options. The cross-segment subsidy model, also called “the
Robin Hood model”, is becoming increasingly common.
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Cozinha com Alma (Kitchen with Soul), Portugal
The funding model of Cozinha com Alma is an example of a cross-segment subsidy (Robin Hood model)
combined with a sliding scale. The surplus from sales to the general public goes to a social fund that
subsidises the reduced pricing for lower middle-class families, who are selected by the Social Committee
of the local Parish (Robin Hood model). The price per meal paid by the family with the social fund varies
according to their financial situation (sliding scale model). There are 3 different payment levels according
to per capita income, and each family has a monthly maximum amount available to spend. Each family
has a client membership card (similar to the one of the general public) and the price for a full meal will
vary from €0.50 to €1.50. Also, each family will be supported for a maximum of 6 months and during this
time they should try to reorganise their lives. On average, 300 meals are sold per day to the general
public, funding 100 meals per day out of the social fund.
Social entrepreneurs often find creative ways to serve their mission and generate revenue from
customers who are not the direct beneficiaries. In this way, by producing benefits for paying
customers, the impact venture can also achieve its social mission. However, it is important to have
operational alignment – the activities that generate income are connected to the activities that
generate impact.
SAOM, Porto, Portugal

The impact venture SAOM, founded in 1976, develops several reinsertion programs for youth and elderly
people. The project “Give Meaning to Life” started in 2006 and aims to integrate people in homelessness
situations or at serious risk of social exclusion into society, giving them training in hotel and restaurant
services (ex: kitchen helper, waiter, confectioner, cook, etc.). The training has a strong practical
component, with the involvement of trainees in various catering events throughout their training. For
example, trainees work alongside the catering team, providing catering services to a paying general
public. This project achieved great success with very high completion rates and employability, while
generating market-based revenue to support it.
Option 2: Contract with third parties who have a vested interest in the offered benefits
Third-party organisations sometimes have a vested interest the work that is being developed by the
impact venture. Three likely candidates are the government, corporations, and foundations.
Government agencies may save money by contracting service delivery for those receiving public
services. This contracting can be made at the national, regional, or local level. Corporations may
benefit from the positive externalities that are created when a certain social problem is addressed,
but may also gain brand benefits, customer loyalty, employee loyalty, or product advantages from
their involvement with an impact venture.
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ColorADD, Portugal
ColorADD’s model of selling its code for use in products offered by companies and public entities is an
example of a revenue stream that is generated through market transactions with clients who are not the
beneficiaries. Partners buy a licence at a price tailored to their individual size in order to contribute to
the dissemination of the code and ensure that its application is made correctly in coloured pencils,
subway lines, clothing, etc. The beneficiaries (colour blind people), for whom the value is created, do not
pay for it but benefit in terms of social inclusion from the availability of products and services that are
inclusive for colour blind people.
Finally, foundations may want to contract certain impact results that are aligned with their mandate,
thus providing impact ventures with sustainable funding.
Projeto Familia (Life Defence Movement), Portugal
The NGO Movimento de Defesa da Vida (Life Defence Movement) launched Projeto Família in 2011,
inspired by the programme Families First of Michigan. It offers families intensive, short-term crisis
intervention and family education services in their home for four to six weeks using the Families First of
Michigan model. Workers are available and accessible to the family 24 hours a day, seven days a week
and assist families by teaching, modelling, and reinforcing parenting. The success rate (measured by the
number of children that are not institutionalised) is 80%. The cost of one year of work by Projeto Família
is approximately equal to the cost of institutionalising a child for one month. The Portuguese Social
Security Institute funds around 80% of the total budget for the Lisbon region, giving support to 105
children. Private businesses, foundations, and local government fund the remaining budget.
Option 3: Use hybrid models.

A model of full third-party payment doesn’t have the advantages of user-based payment because
the party most directly benefiting is not making the payment decision. This issue can be solved by
using a hybrid system, with intended beneficiaries making small co-payments to complement third-
party contributions linked to impact achieved. This has the advantage of diversifying the sources of
revenue.
These hybrid financing models can be a source of innovation and sustainability but they also face
distinct challenges that may prevent them from thriving. When ventures combine a social mission
with commercial activities, they create unfamiliar combinations of activities for which a supportive
ecosystem may not yet exist. Hybrids must also strike a delicate balance between social and
economic objectives in order to avoid “mission drift” in cases where there is an incentive to focus
on generating profits in detriment of social goals.
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Nowadays, the pathway for funding hybrid models is not clear. One approach is to adopt a
differentiated organisational structure that separates profit-seeking investors from non-profit
fundraising and public subsidies.
Mozambikes, Maputo, Mozambique
Mozambikes’ revenue mainly comes from the branded bikes, which are bought by private business and
NGOs (91.64%). Mozambikes’ unbranded bikes represent 2.20%, donations around 4.38%, and other
residual sources (like training and consulting) are about 1.78%18. Structurally, Mozambikes is a for-profit
venture with a non-profit arm - Mozambikes Social Development, which gathers donations and buys
bicycles at cost from the Mozambican entity through a customer/supplier relationship. The non-profit
then gives bicycles to people in Mozambique who earn below minimum wage. In this way, grant funders
are comfortable with the social mission priorities in the non-profit entity, while investors like the fact
that Mozambikes is able to fulfil its financial goals.
Meanwhile, some hybrid impact ventures start to look for funding sources that are common in the
private sector, such as business angels or risk capital. However, traditional early stage equity
financing methods used by the venture capital industry are not immediately suited to impact
ventures. Investors who believe in and embrace the same dual objectives as impact entrepreneurs
are needed. One such group is impact investors, a growing segment of investors worldwide who are
comfortable with hybrid models and their blend of social value creation and commercial revenue
(Battilana, Lee, Walker, & Dorsey, 2012).
CLOSING THE CHAPTER
Social entrepreneurship is about finding new and better ways to create value in a sustainable way.
It is about serving a mission, first and foremost, while leveraging resources and revenue streams as
means to that end. This chapter gives social entrepreneurs the tools to mobilise needed resources
in an effective way and to create revenue generation strategies suitable for the needs and
requirements of the impact venture.
18 Data from 2012

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Chapter 4 of the book below provides information about the mobilisation of resources, such as evaluating the
need for resources and the way in which resource mobilisation strategies can help reduce the need for initial
investment.
Dees, G., Emerson, J., & Economy, P. (2001). Enterprising nonprofits: A toolkit for social entrepreneurs (p. 353). John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
In the Chapter 9 of the book below, the authors expose some of the myths associated with earned income
strategies and put forth a framework and many examples to help social entrepreneurs thoughtfully explore
paths to revenue generation.
Dees, J. G., Emerson, J., & Economy, P. (2002). Strategic Tools for Social Entrepreneurs: Enhancing the Performance
of Your Enterprising Nonprofit. Administration In Social Work (Vol. 30, p. 326). doi:10.1300/J147v30n01
The following book provides information on how to design a business model. Look particularly at the theme of
Resources and Partnerships.
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and
Challengers. John Wiley & Sons (p. 281). doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00977_2.x
Among other themes, the following website explains partnerships in the non-profit sector and the shape they
take, as well as how they can be built and what metrics and challenges exist in evaluating them.
Partnerships: Frameworks for Working Together: http://www.strengtheningnonprofits.org/resources/e-
learning/online/partnerships
This 2014 report, based on a global taskforce developed under the G8 UK presidency, describes the role of impact
entrepreneurs and the growth of the impact investment sector worldwide.
“Impact Investment: The Invisible Heart of Markets – Harnessing the power of entrepreneurship, innovation, and
capital for public good”. Report of the Social Impact Investment Taskforce.
65
TASK 5. SUSTAINABLE MODEL
1. Identify the key resources needed for the activity system of the impact venture, describing the
resources that need to be acquired and possible resource providers.
Required resources Internally available? (Y/N) Possible resource providers
2. How are you going to secure the resources needed?

Tip: Use abundant, free, accessible and endogenous resources
Tip: Engage and empower beneficiaries and partners, making them part of the solution.
3. Which revenue generation strategy is more suitable for the impact venture?
Tip 1: You can sell a product/service to beneficiaries, other clients or you can sell impact
4. Summarize the business model that you just developed.
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CHAPTER 6
IMPACT
FRAMEWORK
" If you can’t measure something, you can’t understand it. If you can’t
understand it, you can’t control it. If you can’t control it, you can’t
improve it.”
H. James Harrington
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CHAPTER 6 . IMPACT FRAMEWORK
• Understand the process of measuring and analysing impact

• Apply a theory of change
• Find the most adequate indicators to measure change
GETTING STARTED
Social entrepreneurs are driven by the desire to change and improve society. For that reason, they
typically focus on societal problems that are SIN (with Spillovers, Important, and Neglected). Those
are the ones that are more likely to allow for the creation of value for society and, as a result, achieve
greater impact. In this quest for impact, it is very important to understand if the solution is achieving
the desired effects and how it can be improved over time. Hence, being able to measure impact is
critical.
1. WHAT IS IMPACT?
Impact has a very broad definition and it is often used with different meanings. For the purpose of
this chapter, impact is defined as the “significant and lasting changes in people’s lives, communities
or ecosystems brought about by a given action or series of actions” (Roche, 1999).
In this context, impact measurement refers to the process of analysing, calculating and monitoring
the changes (positive or negative) that result from a given intervention (whether it is a venture,
programme, project, or organisation).
2. WHY MEASURE IMPACT?
Impact measurement is essential for evaluating whether or not the venture is creating value for
society. A systematic approach to impact measurement enables the organisation to not only
communicate its impact to funders, investors, and beneficiaries, but also to maintain an informed
understanding of what it is genuinely achieving and to be able to plan a growth strategy to increase
its impact. It is important for social entrepreneurs to be open to learning from the process and to
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identify what may need to change so that they are able to maximise impact. Measuring impact thus
serves
MEASURE FOR MEASURE FOR three MEASURE FOR
main LEARNING ACTION ACCOUNTABILITY
purposes:
to understand to report
to guide
performance behaviour
performanccale
to test to build
to communicate
assumptions relationships
value
Figure 6.1 - Purposes of measuring social impact
The benefits of measuring impact can be summarised in the following way:
• Improved internal management: greater efficiency in planning and in the implementation of the
activities; efficiency gains through better management and allocation of resources and/or
activities;
• Improved external positioning: better differentiation of the impact venture in relation to its
peers; more clarity of the value created; more attractive to investors.
Improved internal Improved external INCREASED VALUE

management positioning FOR SOCIETY
Figure 6.2 - Benefits of measuring social impact
3. HOW TO BEGIN?
There are several methodologies and tools to assess impact, which serve different purposes and
different target audiences. So, it is important to reflect honestly on the motivations for measuring
impact and who will be using the data and analysis.
69
There are methodologies and tools more focused on the monetisation of outputs and impacts, often
seeking some form of proxy from which financial comparisons can be drawn. Other methodologies
are designed to serve as management tools and place a higher priority on performance indicators.
The nature of the data collected and how it is analysed is quite different for these two approaches,
so the chosen approach should be tailored to the purpose that it is intended to serve.
In this chapter, we will introduce and apply one of the most well-known tools: the “theory of
change”.
THEORY OF CHANGE
A theory of change describes your intended strategy for achieving a desired change. It identifies the
preconditions, pathways and interventions necessary for an impact venture’s success, explaining
how early results (immediate changes) relate to more intermediate changes and then to longer-
term change. So, a theory of change works mainly at the strategy level, mapping out the
interventions required to create outcomes that will lead to the ultimate impact. Sometimes
outcomes are closely connected, but they may also occur relatively independently. These changes
and connections are often represented visually, namely, through graphs, tables, or diagrams.
STEP 1. Determine impact goal(s) – What is the long-term change to be achieved?
It is important to articulate the change that the social entrepreneur is seeking to promote. The
temptation is typically to mention the outputs, for example “we deliver bed nets in malaria-ridden
locations”. But there is an underlying impact goal. For instance, bed nets are presumably intended
to reduce the incidence of malaria, improve health, and possibly increase lifespan or reduce poverty.
The desired impact should be clearly defined and stated in terms of the specific change desired and
the specific population that will benefit.
Case 1: Vitamimos
The ultimate social impact of Vitamimos is the reduction of childhood obesity.
Case 2: Mozambikes
The ultimate social impact of Mozambikes is to reduce poverty among rural Mozambicans.
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STEP 2. Develop the theory – What will be done to achieve the impact goal?
Once the impact goal is set, the next step is to map the changes that need to happen in order to
achieve it. It is helpful to think in terms of outcomes, which are the changes that will contribute
towards achieving your impact goal.
Start with the question, “What outcomes must be brought about before we can achieve our impact
goal?”. These outcomes get placed directly underneath the impact goal.
This process is repeated for each of these identified outcomes in order to organise the connections
between them sequentially, creating arrows in the direction of these links.
The final step is to link the activities to the outcomes and see if the flow makes sense.
It is important to note that any theory of change will rest on a number of assumptions that must be
met in order for it to hold, so these assumptions should be made explicit.
What kinds of changes may occur?
Change can occur at several levels and to different degrees. Below are illustrative examples:
> Changes in learning and awareness

Ex: increased knowledge of a given subject; increased awareness of human rights
> Changes in welfare:
Ex: increases in physical or mental health
> Changes in behaviour
Ex: increased proactive behaviour in looking for a job; risk behaviour reduction
> Changes in attitudes and feelings
Ex: increased self-esteem; reduction of anger feelings towards others
> Changes in skills and capabilities
Ex: increases in the capacity to talk in public; increases in the capacity to work under pressure
> Changes in relationships
Ex: unemployed people develop healthy relationships with their families
> Changes in condition
Ex: unemployed people obtain and maintain a job for a given time
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Also, the level at which change is measured should be identified:
• Individual
• Family
• Community
• Society
Case 1: Vitamimos
Reduction of childhood
Increased physical activity
obesity
Poor physical health: Increased medical

expenses of $19,000 USD
high cholesterol, high
blood pressure, type II over a lifetime
Improved nutrition and
diabetes, and
appropriate calorie intake
cardiovascular diseases
Increased engagement of the Parents increase regularity ….

children in cooking healthy in cooking healthy meals
meals
Children increase
knowledge about healthy
meals
Fun and hands-on Fun and Hands-on

educational programmes workshops about healthy Thematic parties with
about healthy eating in eating for children and healthy food
schools families
Figure 6.3 - Theory of Change of Vitamimos
Core assumptions:
• Fun and hands-on approach is highly effective in empowering children

• Children are change agents who influence the behaviour of the family
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Case 2: Mozambikes
Poverty reduction
Increased available Increased health of Increased education of

income population population
Fast access to local Better access to Better school

market healthcare providers attendance
Increased transportation
capacity (mobility and Reduction of travel
products) time
Rural Mozambicans access high

quality bikes at very low cost (or
through donation)
Figure 6.4 - Theory of Change of Mozambikes
Core assumptions:
• Markets, schools, and healthcare providers are available within a reasonable distance if travelled by
bicycle;
• Better access to markets and the ability to transport more product is key to increasing available
income;
• Better access to healthcare providers is key to increasing the health of a population;
• Better school attendance is relevant for increasing school performance and education.
STEP 3. Validate the logic – Is there confidence that the actions will lead to the desired changes?
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After a theory is agreed upon, it should be validated. Social entrepreneurs can achieve this in a
number of ways. First, individuals with experience in the field should confirm the theorised
relationships. Then, social entrepreneurs should look for peers active in the same domain to
examine their successes and failures. Trade, academic, and government publications can also be
important sources of evidence regarding how your theory of change holds up. Finally, but not least
important, the theory should be vetted with stakeholders – particularly beneficiaries – to determine
whether they believe in the theory.
The process of producing a theory of change is as critical as the end result. It brings together all
parties of the impact venture to talk trough the tough questions and assess key activities, and in this
way it can also contribute towards building an engaged team environment. It encourages team
members to think deeply about what they are doing and why it matters. Hence, your developed
theory of change should be:
• CREDIBLE – Evidence and common sense should suggest that the implementation of the activities will
lead to the expected outcomes.
• ACHIEVABLE – There are economical, technical, political, institutional, and human resources available
to carry out the intervention as detailed.
• TESTABLE – The model is complete and will provide clear, specific, and comprehensive metrics for
assessing progress and achievements.
• SUPPORTED – The stakeholders will be involved in defining and agreeing on the theory of change,
which will allow a common language to create a common vision for the future.
Data collection and proxies used to assess performance at outcome level
For each of the outcomes there should be one or more related indicators – observable signs of
change - that are measurable and comparable. By using the same indicators over time, it is possible
to evaluate the performance of the impact venture against defined targets and also to observe
trends in the performance over time. Also, finding indicators that have already been validated
elsewhere can save time and increase the reliability and comparability of your findings. Equally
important is to specify how that data will be collected, when, and by whom. This process is
illustrated below using the examples of Vitamimos and Mozambikes.
Case 1: Vitamimos
Outcomes Method for data When and by

Indicators for Results
(results) collection whom
Increased Test/Quiz score in healthy Test/Quiz Before and after
knowledge of eating habits the programme, by
healthy meals the teacher
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Increased % of parents who report Parent surveys Two weeks after the
engagement of increased interest of programme, by a
children in children in cooking at home Vitamimos worker
cooking healthy
% of parents who sign a Statements Two weeks after the
meals
statement saying that their signed by parents programme, by a
children helped cook a given Vitamimos worker
meal at home
Parents increase % of parents who report Parent surveys Two weeks after the
regularity of they are cooking healthy programme, by a
cooking healthy meals with more frequency Vitamimos worker
meals
Improved % children who bring In-class Before and after the
nutrition and healthy food in their observation programme, by the
appropriate lunchboxes teacher
calorie intake
Table 6.1 - Data collection for Vitamimos
Case: Mozambikes
Outcomes Method for data When and by

Indicators for Results
(results) collection whom
Increased % of people who report an Survey of people Monthly, by a
available income increase in monthly income with bikes Mozambikes
worker
Reduced time to Number of times that Survey of people Before and six
access healthcare people access healthcare with bikes months after
services getting a bike, by a
Mozambikes
worker
Increased % of attendance at school Observation Before and three
incentive to months after the
attend school programme, by a
Mozambikes
worker
Table 6.2 - Data collection for Mozambikes
Attribution and deadweight effects
75
It is important to keep in mind that a portion of the results obtained can be attributed to other
organisations and factors. Using the case of Vitamimos as an example – the increased consumption
of fruits and vegetables could be due not only to the educational programmes of Vitamimos, but
also to the existence of a TV contest that has motivated parents to cook healthy meals at home.
Similarly, there may be results that would have happened even in the absence of Vitamimos’
educational programmes – an effect called “deadweight”. For example, the evolution of children’s
knowledge about health may have a positive historical evolution. The challenge is to identify, within
this positive development, which part can, in fact, be attributed to the impact of the performance
of Vitamimos versus the general trend in society. To estimate this impact, one can make predictions
about the future development of children’s knowledge about healthy eating, based on historical
information. Another way to estimate the impact is by establishing control groups with those who
did and did not attend Vitamimos’ educational programmes. For instance, children’s knowledge and
interest in healthy eating habits can be measured by selecting a random sample of students to
attend Vitamimos workshops and a control group who do not. However, even if there is a correlation
between variables – for instance, imagine that the Vitamimos student sample present 10% more
interest in cooking healthy meals than the other group – that does not mean the relationship is
causal. There could be other factors contributing to this differential and a deeper analysis should be
conducted. Also, it is important to be rigorous in the selection of the control groups, which in many
cases should be random in order to control for other variables that may influence the interpretation
of the results. Naturally, investment in impact measurement has to be balanced against the benefits
brought by the results and the scale at which the impact venture operates.
At-risk beneficiaries and mission drift
Social entrepreneurs may find that a conflict exists between serving the most at-risk beneficiaries
and the operational interests of the impact venture. Higher risk beneficiaries may be more
demanding on resources and result in slower outcomes, and they may also present high risks
financially. However, these beneficiaries may also be the most excluded and underserved, and
therefore those who stand to benefit the most from the impact venture’s intervention. For example,
an impact venture focused on employment may find that there is an operational incentive to select
those beneficiaries who are already more capable of finding a job, but in doing so, it would neglect
those who are most in need. Therefore, it is important for the venture team to reflect upon these
issues and to have at least one champion for the beneficiaries’ needs on the team or advisory board
to make sure their interests continue to be taken into account as the venture grows and the
pressures for operational efficiency increase. This helps avoid the risk of mission drift.
CLOSING THE CHAPTER

Measuring impact is about finding out if the impact venture is really making a positive difference in
the world. This chapter discussed the foundations for understanding and measuring impact: defining
the impact goals, the theory of change, and indicators for measuring that change. Here is some
additional advice regarding the impact measurement process:
76
o Decide on what is important. Accurately define the questions that need to be answered
and be clear about what is important to achieve.
o Keep it simple. Concentrate on what is really meaningful to know and don’t try to be too
ambitious in the scope of the evaluation. Measurement should be manageable, so don’t
measure too many things at once. Measure a few important things, but measure them
well.
o Know the limits. Select an impact measurement approach that matches the resources and
the scale of the impact venture.
o Use the information that is collected: If the information is not used, it is not worth
measuring.
The following guide explains how to use the theory of change in planning, monitoring, and evaluating outcomes
and impact and aims to help the impact venture understand how it can generate change.
Charities Evaluation Services (2010), Making Connections: Using a Theory of Change to Develop Planning and
Evaluation. Available at: http://www.ces-vol.org.uk/index.cfm?format=808)
The following practical manual helps to identify and develop systems for data collection and to monitor the
outcomes attained by the impact venture.
Charities Evaluation Services (2010), Assessing Change - Developing and using outcomes monitoring tools. Available
at: http://www.ces-vol.org.uk/index.cfm?pg=719
If you are looking for a practical manual that explains the step-by-step application of the "Social Return on
Investment" methodology, consult the following resource:
New Economics Foundation (2009): A Guide to Social Return on Investment. Available at:
http://www.thesroinetwork.org/publications
Reference websites for measuring social impact:

• http://www.proveandimprove.org/
• http://www.globalvaluexchange.org
• http://www.bigsocietycapital.com/outcomes-matrix
• http://neweconomymanchester.com/stories/832-unit_cost_database
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TASK 6. IMPACT FRAMEWORK
1. Theory of change: How does the solution contribute to the change the impact venture aims to
create?
Tips:
Identify the impact goal(s) – what is the final long-term change to be achieved?
What intermediate outcomes must occur?
What will be done to achieve the impact goal(s)?
Is there confidence that the actions will lead to the desired changes?
What are the most important assumptions of the theory of change? How can they be tested?
2. Identify the main elements of the logical model that connect the outputs with the outcomes
and the desired Impact.
Outputs Outcomes Impact
3. Which key indicators will be monitored?
Method for data

Outcomes Indicators When and by whom
collection
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79
CHAPTER 7
VALUE GENERATOR
"The best way to predict the future is to create it.”
Peter Drucker
80
CHAPTER 7 . VALUE GENERATOR
• Have a clear picture of your impact venture’s business model

• Define the vision that inspires the impact venture
• Visually represent the value generator model of the impact venture
GETTING STARTED
By completing the steps outlined in Chapters 1 through 6, social entrepreneurs will have developed
the business model of their impact venture. It is now time to visualise the resulting model and
evaluate if all the pieces fit together. To facilitate this task, we propose a tool called “Value
Generator”.
The tool consists of building blocks that align with each other. The main goal is to get a clear view
of the problem to be solved, what will be offered as a value proposition, what the impact venture
will do, and the change it intends to create. The guarantee of this alignment is provided by the vision
that sustains the initiative.
1. DEFINING THE VISION
Since generating impact is the key goal of social entrepreneurs, it is essential that they are able to
envision the future and describe what changes they seek to achieve. Social entrepreneurs should
clearly articulate the reasons for developing their solution and the aspirations they have for the long
run. The definition of the vision serves that purpose.
The vision should be inspirational and compelling, and should describe how the world could improve
within the domain that the impact venture is tackling. The articulation of the vision will guide and
align the social entrepreneurs, their team, and the key stakeholders in the implementation of the
venture, always keeping the value they intend to create for society in sight. The vision will also serve
as a beacon for the hard choices that social entrepreneurs will naturally encounter along the way.
How to create a vision statement
The key challenge in building a vision is to convey great aspiration while being grounded in reality.
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The impact venture team and key stakeholders have to believe that the vision can become reality
one day and is worth working towards. During the process of creating a vision, it is relevant to
answer the following questions regarding the domain in which the impact venture is working:
• What image of the world do we hope to attain one day? What is our utopia?
• What would society look like if the impact venture is truly successful?
The vision statement articulates an ideal future to which people can aspire. Because impact ventures
work in an ecosystem with many parts – beneficiaries, companies, associations, local authorities,
schools, investors, suppliers, etc. – it is normal that each one of them may have their own mission
statement. Having different missions is not necessarily an obstacle to working together if
stakeholders are aligned in a common vision, creating a common base for working together. So it is
very important that the vision aligns the different stakeholders of the ecosystem.
Case 1: Vitamimos
Vision: Children growing up healthy and aware of the importance of a balanced diet.
Case 2: Mozambikes
Vision: Mozambicans provided with means of transport and accessibility that allow them to achieve
economic development and a better life.
Based on the inspiration and alignment brought by the vision, it is now time to bring all the work
together within a single framework. The Value Generator presented below illustrates the main
elements of the impact venture, so that they can be revisited and integrated.
2. VALUE GENERATOR
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Societal Problem Solution Architecture Impact Framework
Value Proposition Sustainable Model

Resources and costs Revenues
Figure 7.1 – Impact Venture Value Generator
83
CLOSING THE CHAPTER
Congratulations! The business model design for your impact venture is now complete. Now it enters
the validation stage, where the focus will be on designing the pilot project, mobilising resources for
its implementation, and communicating - with plenty inspiration - the impact venture!
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TASK 7. VALUE GENERATOR
The Impact Venture Value Generator allows us to synthesise, in an integrated manner, the
architecture of the proposed model. This is a good opportunity to revisit and update the work done
in previous chapters.
Vision
SOCIETAL PROBLEM
What is the core problem to be solved?
VALUE PROPOSITION
What is the value proposition?
SOLUTION ARCHITECTURE
What solution are we creating?
IMPACT FRAMEWORK
What is the expected impact resulting from the implementation of the solution?
SUSTAINABILITY
What are the required resources and possible revenues?
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CHAPTER 8
PILOT DESIGN
"I have been impressed with the urgency of doing. Knowing is not
enough; we must apply. Being willing is not enough; we must do."
Leonardo da Vinci
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CHAPTER 8 . PILOT DESIGN
• Learn how to design a pilot project

• Identify the scope, scale, and target audience of your pilot project
• Define the next steps you need to undertake to implement the pilot
GETTING STARTED
Impact ventures are usually visionary and innovative, and only a few people believe in them at the
beginning -- often with good reasons. Frequently, the initial premises are wrong or the solution is
not as effective as social entrepreneurs believe it to be.
The design and implementation of a pilot is an essential step before launching the solution at a
larger scale. It is the first opportunity to test the innovations of the proposed model and the
assumptions of the theory of change at a smaller scale and with lower risk, in order to verify if it
works (or not) for solving the societal problem that the impact venture aims to solve.
1. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
A pilot is a small, simple, controlled experiment. It is the name given to trialling something for the
first time – a new process, a practice run, a test.
In preparing a pilot, it is important to ensure the following outcomes:
LEARNING QUALITY ACCEPTANCE FOCUS

Acquire important Check the suitability, Validate the idea so that Focus on what is
information about what usefulness, and others might believe in essential and
does and does not work to effectiveness of the model it and support it. If effective to
reduce risks and better and with this information there is evidence that implement the
prepare the take steps to improve the the solution works, it solution faster and
implementation of the final solution that will be reduces the risks for a with lower costs.
solution. This gives developed. potential partner and
valuable insights into the increases the chances of
challenges that the impact obtaining resources.
venture will face.
Figure 8.1 - Main outcomes to take into account while designing the pilot
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The pilot provides a concrete means of communicating the potential of the solution. The results of
the pilot provide immediate evidence of the tangible value of the proposed solution architecture
2. HOW TO DESIGN THE PILOT?
The choices that must be made during the design process of the pilot can be challenging, but they
are critical to understanding if the proposed solution works in practice or not. In order to serve as
an adequate test, the pilot must be designed and evaluated with some precision. At the same time,
it should not be too complex or demand too many resources.
The pilot design can be divided into four main steps:
Step 1: Scope  Identify the scope of activities to be tested

There may be a tendency to select a subgroup of activities that are easier to test, but this may mean
that you are not truly testing the key assumptions. The choice of activities of the pilot should not be
based on how easy it is to implement them, but rather on the potential to test key steps of the
theory of change and/or key linkages between the activities for the proposed solution. Therefore,
you should take another look at your solution architecture and its theory of change and understand
what subsystem of activities is critical to validate and learn from.
Step 2: Scale  Identify the dimension/size/duration of the test

The dimension of the pilot can be established based on geographic criteria (specific region or place)
or by quantity (a number of products or services provided). The scale should be set so that the pilot
results have enough validity (would not occur by chance) and can be set to test some important
decisions or contexts (if the solution would work in rural or in urban areas, for example). The length
of the test should be enough to test some of the key assumptions of the theory of change.
Step 3: Segment  Identify the target clients / beneficiaries for the pilot
In defining the scope and scale of the pilot, it is also important to define the public that will be
targeted by the pilot. The solution can have several audiences (for example, children of different
age groups, migrants from different origins, etc.). It is important that the pilot is focused either on
a specific target audience, so that it can be tested quickly and the results can be analysed or,
alternatively, on testing different segments in a controlled way in order to maximise the knowledge
gained from the pilot.
Step 4: Action  Identify the main tasks to be undertaken

To finalise the pilot design process, it is important to define the next steps that need to be taken in
order to implement them. These can be organised in a simple table as shown below:
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Description of tasks Duration Resources Person responsible
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Table 8.1 - Tasks to undertake to launch the pilot
It is important to emphasise that the main goal is to validate the core assumptions that support the
theory of change. Frequently, pilots fail to attain the desired results, but learning about what failed
allows social entrepreneurs to improve the proposed solution. In many cases, only after completing
the third or fourth pilot are social entrepreneurs able to get some of the core assumptions validated.
After validating the core assumptions, social entrepreneurs should be more confident in
implementing the solution at a larger scale. Implementing a complete solution without testing it out
as a pilot is a fast and painful way to lead the impact venture to failure. In contrast, interim failures
during a pilot are not a problem when the pilot is designed and implemented as a step in a learning
process.
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Case 1: Vitamimos
Before officially launching Vitamimos, Ana decided to conduct a quick test of her solution. She understood
that she could not incur high costs and should first use available resources. She designed a simple
educational programme about healthy eating habits in order to quickly understand if her approach had
the desired quality and if it met the needs of the target audience. In the process, she gained knowledge
about the core assumptions of her programme and, because they were successfully validated, she gained
the confidence to implement her solution on a larger scale.
Vitamimos began in the school where Ana was working. Some teachers were shocked by the unhealthy
food that children brought to school in their lunchboxes. Soups, salads and fruit - essential elements for
healthy child development - were usually nowhere to be found. As a result, Ana decided to launch a
contest called “The Fruit Grows at Home”. For two months, children had to bring one piece of fruit to
school every day and their lunchboxes were monitored. The children who brought one item of healthy
food in their lunchboxes received a stamped card to certify the accomplishment. Ana knew that parents
or other carers normally decided what to put in the lunchboxes, but the strategy she followed was to not
communicate with them directly. Instead, Ana interacted solely with children in order to understand in
what ways they could be empowered to influence the actions of their parents or carers.
From the beginning of the pilot, the children’s high level of involvement and acceptance of the programme
was evident to everyone. Being in the fun format of a contest with simple rules and prizes (the stamped
card) was somehow sufficient to guarantee a behavioural change in children. Unexpectedly, teachers
noted the children’s delight in eating the piece of fruit that they had decided (or influenced the parents)
to bring in their lunchboxes. The contest proved that stimulating healthy food consumption through fun
activities could empower children to change the behaviour of the whole family. But it was important to
test if the change was a lasting one. Thus, three months after the end of the challenge, the lunchboxes
were monitored once again. They found that the majority of the students kept bringing pieces of fruit
from home. It was concluded that the children could become change agents if effectively empowered,
thus validating a core assumption of the theory of change.
With a small amount of resources, Ana efficiently tested the premises of her idea. She learned how her
idea was accepted, the key elements to include, and how to positively change certain activities. She
acquired knowledge, which enabled her to advance with her impact venture with more confidence.
Case 2: Mozambikes
Mozambikes is an example of social entrepreneurs having to launch a pilot at a larger scale and scope
than initially intended in order to test their core assumptions. After designing the business model for
Mozambikes, Lauren and Rui reached out to their existing contacts to pitch the idea and assess their
interest. Before those meetings, the founders believed that these companies would pay for 50% of their
orders of bicycles in advance. While the companies understood the project’s value, they asked for samples
in order to see the bicycle in person. Therefore, at the beginning of 2011, Lauren and Rui took a risk and
personally financed the first container order with components for 1,200 bicycles, as this seemed to be the
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minimum scale at which they could validate the assumptions of a low-cost and local assembly model. The
components took two months to arrive in Mozambique -- one for production and one for delivery. The
initial investment was $130,000 USD. Simultaneously with the order of the first container, and even before
selling a single bicycle, the co-founders began looking for an assembly team. The original idea was to hire
people with experience in construction, as it seemed to be the closest-matching skill. However, they found
many people with bicycle maintenance experience specifically who worked on the streets servicing
occasional clients. Mozambikes was an opportunity for them to contribute their knowledge and secure a
regular job. The company was thus launched with 6 employees working on bicycle customisation and
assembly. One of their first workers was promoted to factory manager within two weeks due to his
comprehensive knowledge of bicycles, allowing the co-founders to focus on reaching more clients,
managing procurement and inventory, and ensuring operations efficiency.
In 2011, with the production of the first sample for Vodacom, with whom the co-founders had already
established a good relationship, other potential clients became excited with the offering. Having sample
bicycles available meant that potential clients could observe the quality of the final product and how their
brands would be promoted on the bicycle, motivating them to start ordering. The first big order of nearly
300 bicycles was from a US-based NGO present in Mozambique. This organisation decided not only to pay
for the advertising, but also for the bicycles, as it was aligned with the impact goals of Mozambikes.
CLOSING THE CHAPTER
Launching a pilot is an experiment that should be designed to reflect reality as closely as possible to
make sure that it will provide genuinely useful results. All too often, those in charge of launching
pilots design them for optimal conditions rather than representative ones, resulting in a pilot that
doesn’t produce knowledge about what does or does not work in a real life setting. There is a
temptation to design pilot projects that will succeed rather than produce intelligent failures—those
that generate valuable information. Verify if you are designing a genuinely useful pilot by answering
these questions (Edmondson, 2011):
• Is the pilot being tested under typical circumstances (rather than optimal conditions)?
• Is the goal of the pilot to learn as much as possible (rather than to demonstrate the value
of the proposed offering)?
• Is the goal of learning well understood by all the people involved?
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TASK 8. PILOT DESIGN
1. Identify the scope of activities to be tested
2. Identify the scale and duration of the test
3. Identify the segment of the target audience that will be included in the pilot
4. Identify the main tasks to be undertaken
Description of tasks Duration Resources Person responsible
10
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CHAPTER 9
RESOURCE
MOBILISATION
"The way to activate the seeds of your creation is by making choices
about the results you want to create. When you make a choice, you
activate vast human energies and resources, which otherwise go
untapped.”
Robert Fritz
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CHAPTER 9 . RESOURCE MOBILISATION
• Identify the resources you need to implement the pilot and secure them using a bootstrapping
approach
• Prepare a budget for your pilot
• Identify suitable sources of funding to launch your pilot
GETTING STARTED
As in all entrepreneurial projects, securing resources to transform an idea into reality is a formidable
challenge. Yet, launching a pilot is an extremely important step and its implementation should not
be delayed. In some cases, it can be necessary to use significant financial resources, such as in the
case of Mozambikes, but in many cases there are underutilised resources that can be used to get
the pilot up and running.
1. RESOURCE MOBILISATION
Even at the pilot stage, impact ventures have access to an uncommonly large set of resources and
sources of income. They can generate resources “by themselves” through the sale of goods and
services and also access resources from third parties with a vested interest in the societal problem
that the venture is trying to solve. These resources can be financial or non-financial, taking the form
of in-kind donations or volunteering work.
Internal Resources Types of Resources External Resources
Financial
Generated by the
Generated by partners
impact venture
Non-Financial
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Figure 9.1 - Sources for resources mobilisation
In terms of non-financial resources, social entrepreneurs can try to find local partners located within
the geographical region where the pilot will be tested. They can look for partnerships with
companies, associations, and local public entities, such as municipalities, museums, schools,
hospitals, among others. Depending on the problem and the proposed solution, these entities may
be willing and able to allocate resources to implement the pilot, in particular if there is vision
alignment.
Given the strong interest in social entrepreneurship worldwide, there are a growing number of
organisations from different sectors willing to support the launch of impact ventures. However,
searching for the right supporters is a difficult task. It is important to understand which funders exist
and which among them would best serve the impact venture. For example, a partnership with a
high-status organisation will give the impact venture strong credibility, in addition to resources.
Despite the availability of resources, it is wise to try to do as much as possible with as little money
as possible – which is called “bootstrapping”.
2. BOOTSTRAPPING
Often, in the early days of an impact venture, the desired resources are not immediately available.
Funders may be interested in the societal problem that social entrepreneurs are trying to solve, but
the disbursement of funding may be bureaucratic or could be associated with contests or calls for
proposals that only run once a year. It is thus recommended that the social entrepreneur carefully
activate his/her network of contacts and use as few resources as possible.
The concept of bootstrapping refers exactly to the process of working with a minimal amount of
financial resources; in other words, it is the process by which the resources needed are obtained
without spending money. The bootstrapping rule of thumb goes as follows:
• Never buy what you can rent

• Never rent what you can trade for
• Never trade for what you can borrow
• Never borrow what you can get for free
These simple rules exemplify the bootstrapping spirit. Knowing how to integrate this spirit on a daily
basis is a key competence of the social entrepreneur because it addresses the challenging resource
constraints in which social entrepreneurs typically operate.
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3. BUDGETING THE PILOT
After structuring the business model of the impact venture and defining how to implement the pilot,
we propose taking the following steps:
STEP 1: Build a credible budget

In this step, it is important to truly understand the costs that the impact venture will incur during
the pilot phase. The costs might be related to human resources, space, specific equipment, raw
materials, communication, etc. It is essential to use the bootstrapping spirit to produce a low-cost
structure. Also, the budget has to be easy to read and clear in terms of the calculations made.
STEP 2: Analyse revenue generation strategies
Although less common at this stage, it is important to analyse the proposed pilot in order to
understand if it can or should generate revenue (to validate willingness to pay assumptions, for
example). There might be activities with potential to generate revenue, such as a fee charged for
the delivery of a product or service. At this stage it is important not to develop complex ways to
generate money that are only barely related to the focus of the pilot. What is important at this stage
is to implement the pilot and accomplish its learning goals.
STEP 3: Analyse the possibility of accessing other sources of resources
In this step, social entrepreneurs should tap into their closest network (family, friends, colleagues,
ex-colleagues, etc.) in order to assess if they can help secure the resources needed. This network is
valuable because they personally know and trust the entrepreneurs and may have a vested interest
in what they are doing and be more likely to help. In this process, it is important to take into account
the bootstrapping rule of thumb (e.g., volunteers instead of professional trainers, leverage vacant
rooms for seminars instead of paying a rental fee, etc.), but always keeping the level of quality as
high as possible. This may seem difficult, but it is a key skill of social entrepreneurs!
Case 1: Vitamimos
The following table presents an example of a budget for a workshop of Vitamimos. It assumes four hours
of training, with one trainer and 16 children:
A B C D E=C Enabling Costs reduced by

XD Partners bootstrapping approach
Resource Type of Number Unitary Total

Unit of Units Cost Cost
Training Days 1 60€ 60€ School provides 0€
Room a room
Trainer Hours 4 30€ 120€ Social 0€
entrepreneur
time
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Lunch Lunches 16 5€ 80€ School provides 40€
meals for half-
price
Total 260€ 40€
Table 9.1 - Budget of a Vitamimos workshop
In this example, despite the fact that there existed the potential to generate some revenue with this pilot
(the workshop could be sold at 20€ per child and, in this case, the total costs would be covered by the
total revenue), the social entrepreneur chose not to do it. She knew she had underutilised resources that
she could leverage and it did not make sense to charge families at this stage.
The proximity between the social entrepreneur and the school (she worked at the school) and the fact
that the school was interested in the success of the initiative enabled her to convince the school principals
to provide a fully-equipped training room at no cost and the meals for each child at half-price.
In addition, the social entrepreneur conducted the workshop herself and developed the pedagogical
content with the help of friends who had specific knowledge in the topics of nutrition and healthy
cooking.
Sources of funding for the pilot

The pilot stage is the beginning of the life cycle of the impact venture. At this point, the key focus of
social entrepreneurs should be:
- A strong dedication to the analysis and in-depth understanding of the problem, its consequences, and its
causes
- Designing and developing an innovative solution to the problem
- Clear definition of the target population and scope to launch the pilot
- Validation and refinement of the proposed solution
At this stage, potential investors are often friends and family or even “fools” that trust the social
entrepreneurs, believe in their innovative solution, and are willing to invest in it.
However, social entrepreneurs may also need to go beyond their personal network for funding.
Potential investors will be looking for a highly committed and informed social entrepreneurial team.
In order to maximise the potential for impact, the proposed solution should be well-defined and
combine innovativeness with some evidence of long-term sustainability.
Your impact venture is still in its earliest stages and therefore securing financing will not necessarily
imply reimbursements and can take the form of philanthropy. The focus of investors is mostly on
the potential of delivering impact. Funding is allocated to the project in order to validate the
solution. Interested investors are typically foundations, municipalities, and corporate social
responsibility departments. Having a strategic alignment with the funding entity (e.g. foundation’s
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mission, close relationship with the social responsibility department) is crucial for successful
funding.
Other common financing sources at the early stage of development of impact ventures are
competition awards and “crowdfunding” platforms – online platforms for fundraising campaigns.
Competitions have the advantage of providing exposure and credibility to the venture, but they can
involve a lot of effort from the entrepreneurs and the results are not guaranteed. Crowdfunding has
been gaining momentum as a form of collective fundraising that allows beneficiaries to attract
supporters at a very low economic cost and low time expenditure. Crowdfunding is thus a useful
funding mechanism that offers the opportunity for the impact venture to do marketing while
focusing on the essentials at this phase - the development of an innovative solution and validation
of the business model (Miguel, Santos, & Ferreira, 2014)
Investors’ Expectations Potential Investors Funding Mechanisms
• In-depth understanding/ analysis of the

• Charitable foundations
social problem • Corporate donations
• Corporate social
• Innovative characteristics of the • Philanthropy
responsibility departments
proposed solution • Crowdfunding
• High net worth individuals
• Implementation plan for a pilot in order • Social business competitions and
• Municipalities
to validate the solution awards
• Commitment and dedication of the
social entrepreneurial team
Figure 9.2 - Investor expectations and funding mechanisms for the early days of impact ventures
CLOSING THE CHAPTER

By now you should have the knowledge and the confidence needed to implement and finance a
pilot for your impact venture. Your pilot budget should be low, developed in a bootstrapping spirit,
and guarantee the most learning possible. At this stage, there are several funding sources that can
give you an initial boost, but you need to be able to communicate your impact venture in a
compelling way. The next chapter is focused on how to pitch the impact venture.
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The following guide is about the financial options available for the social entrepreneur that wishes to start
her/his own business. It provides guidance on the different financial strategies that initiatives can adopt .
Small Business BC (2005). Guide to Financing Social Enterprise. Available at:
http://www.csef.ca/guidetofinance_june05_eng.pdf
The following manual is written from the perspective of a social entrepreneur, explaining the process of social
investment and how to make the best of it step-by-step.
Social Investment Task Force (2011). Social Investment Manual - An Introduction for Social Entrepreneurs.
Available at: http://www.schwabfound.org/pdf/schwabfound/SocialInvestmentManual.pdf
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TASK 9. RESOURCE MOBILISATION
1. Build a simple and credible budget for the pilot project of your impact venture, taking available
resources and the bootstrapping spirit into account.
2.
A B C D E = C X D Enabling Costs reduced by
Resource Type of Unit
Number of Unitary CostTotal Cost Partners bootstrapping
Units approach
Total
3. Does the pilot have potential to generate revenue with the activities to be developed? If yes,
what kind of revenues and when will they be received?
4. How are you going to cover operational costs if direct revenues are not enough?
Tip: Take your closest network and the contributions they may provide into account.
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CHAPTER 10
INSPIRATIONAL
PITCH
“The most important thing in communication is to hear what isn't being
sai.d” Peter Drucker
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CHAPTER 10 . INSPIRATIONAL PITCHING
• Understand the importance of communicating your venture

• Know how to structure the pitch of your impact venture
• Be able to deliver an inspirational pitch about your impact venture
GETTING STARTED
Whether you are trying to mobilise resources or just want to get feedback to perfect your business
model, a solid “elevator pitch” is an essential tool for communicating your impact venture. A pitch
is an energetic and short presentation of a venture19 to an audience of potential investors or
partners. It is often called an elevator pitch because it should ideally be short enough to be delivered
during an elevator ride. In Silicon Valley, for example, funding is only given to 1 in every 300
presentations made to investors. In this context, potential investors are interested in listening to
ideas that have the potential to change the world, which should be in your mind as you prepare
your pitch.
1. PITCH STRUCTURE
An elevator pitch usually takes 90 to 120 seconds to deliver and should include20:
o The problem to address, its importance, and the target audience. It is essential to demonstrate
an understanding of the problem being addressed as well as to assertively justify its importance
and the reason behind the choice of the target audience for which the solution is aimed at. Social
entrepreneurs can use a combination of storytelling and compelling data that show the
dimension/severity of the problem.
o A value proposition, solution, sustainability and impact. This is when social entrepreneurs
explore the unique benefits that the solution brings, the impact it will create, and how the model
can be sustainable.
19
http://socialinnovationpitch.org/pp/com/page2/p/faqs#17
20
http://www.alumni.hbs.edu/careers/pitch/
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o Who you are, what distinguishes you, and why you will succeed in changing the world.
Reference to who is on the team and the main elements that guarantee success. Essentially it
should answer, "What do you want the listener to remember about you and your team?"
o Your next steps, what is needed to move forward, and how the funder can help. It is important
to describe the immediate next steps in a straightforward and realistic way, stating specific time
frames to undertake these milestones. As this is the last moment of the pitch, the listeners should
be left with a clear idea of what is expected of them – their call to action. It is useful to integrate
a statement of the vision in the closing of the pitch to provide a sense of the potential impact of
the venture and to finish on a strong note.
2. PITCH PREPARATION
First, if social entrepreneurs know in advance that they will have to make a pitch, it is important to
do preparatory work. For example, research about the people to whom they will be presenting.
Finding out about the history of their organisations – how they started, their values, mission,
investment strategy, etc. It is also important to know the people on a more personal level whenever
possible, including their professional and personal paths, personality, motivations, possible
affinities, etc. Prior to the pitch, it helps to understand what the audience expects to take away from
it by the end.
Brainstorming with the team
A strong team discussion helps to define the points that should be addressed during the pitch in
order to find connections and angles through which to energise the presentation and relate to the
listeners. The key is preparation – the better the preparation, the stronger the pitch will be!
THE MOMENT OF THE PITCH!
• Prepare the stage – make sure that the resources needed for the presentation are available.
• Control the time available - ask in advance what time is available to pitch the venture to ensure
that the important things are said, making room for all the relevant questions being asked.
• Body language – 50 to 80% of communication is non-verbal. The tone of voice, eye contact, the
use of personal space, and body movements are factors that come into consideration for the
effectiveness of the pitch.
• Present and listen - present with confidence, passion, and clarity, but also listen to and
understand the questions that are asked, answering concisely, directly, and with honesty.
• Create rapport - rapport is a state of harmonious understanding with another individual or group
that enables greater and easier communication. In other words, rapport is getting on well with
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another person, or group of people, by having things in common. This makes the communication
process easier and more effective. It is related with empathy. The word stems from the French
word “rapporteur”, which literally means to carry something back. Rapport is used to build
relationships with others quickly and to gain their trust and confidence. Sometimes rapport
happens naturally, but it can also be built and developed by finding common ground, developing
a bond and being empathic. For example, social entrepreneurs can engage with the audience
during the pitch by asking open-ended questions (questions that can't be answered with a "yes"
or "no" answer) to involve them in the conversation, or by telling a story that they can relate to.
• Also prepare for questions after the pitch! It is important to prepare the pitch, but it is also
crucial to prepare the answers to likely questions and to decide what member of the team will
answer them (a team presentation should not be a solo act or a one man/woman show!). This
reveals team alignment and also that the team has done their homework well. It is important not
to monopolise the time allotted for questions with a long answer. Allow the audience to ask
several questions and be short but assertive in your reply.
PITCH FOR CHANGE – TIPS FOR MEMORABLE PITCHES
The most powerful messages used by impact ventures embody at least one of these characteristics
(Miller, 2010):
• Leverage the power of stories - Stories are like data with a soul, because they transform abstract
concepts into tangible, emotional, and memorable ideas. Take the audience on a journey. Make
it so descriptive and rich with imagery that they are able to imagine it for themselves. If you have
a personal story to emphasise the importance of what the impact venture does – tell it! The
ability to tell a powerful story is an essential trait of inspiring communication.
• Establish an emotional connection – everyone wants to feel good about what they are doing, so
people tend to make decisions with their hearts (or instinct) and then selectively analyse the
available facts in their heads to justify those decisions, such as if they will invest in a venture or
not. So the ability to connect with the audience emotionally is key to creating a favourable
impression.
• The power of personal identity - How supporters feel about themselves in relation to a cause or
venture will affect how likely they are to support a particular initiative. Social entrepreneurs
usually look for supporters with strong personal connections to the issue they aim to address.
• The power of a clear call to action – a pitch should end with some kind of call to action or next
step that engages the audience. Calls to action can be very forceful and direct (for example,
“volunteer today” or “invest in us”) or more suggestive and lighter in tone (for example, “learn
more” or “help us with your knowledge”).
Overall, the most engaging presentations are (Gallo, 2014):
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• Emotional – they touch the heart. It is about humans connecting to humans. People should sense
emotions, dreams, and imagination.
• Novel – they teach something new, they surprise and excite
• Memorable – they present content in ways that people never forget
Despite the power of stories and emotional content, an effective pitch is one that is able to combine
emotion with reason, stories with hard data, and inspiration with logic, being very clear and
concrete about the impact of the proposed solution and the sustainability of the venture.
What to do when the pitch fails
When things don’t go well, social entrepreneurs have to learn as much as possible from the failed
attempt. Always leave-failed pitches with an understanding of what went wrong – knowledge that
will be key to improving next time. Which points didn’t they agree with? Which assumptions did
they refute? In some cases, social entrepreneurs learn that there are important criteria for the
audience that they didn’t know about. It’s also possible they objected to something about the pitch
or communication style. It is useful to have an ally in the room during a pitch who can provide honest
feedback afterwards. In summary, effective social entrepreneurs get as much feedback from each
pitch as they can and they recoup their investment in a failed pitch by mining lessons that they can
apply next time.
CLOSING THE CHAPTER

Are you ready to present your pitch? Now is the time to let your passion shine! Science shows that
passion is contagious. You cannot inspire others unless you are inspired yourself. Your audience
wants to hear about your burning desire to solve societal problems and make the world a better
place. The pitch should be simple, avoiding grandiose statements. Your audience will be more
impressed by a clear, concrete, and well-communicated solution. Do not forget to state what you
want from your audience. If you don’t say it, they may not ask and will disengage. Also, it is good to
know where you want to go with the impact venture, but make sure that you are ready to clearly
explain how you are going to get there. It is essential to know your numbers, understand key data,
and be ready to explain it. The floor is yours to inspire your audience!
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TASK 10. INSPIRATIONAL PITCH
1. Write a paragraph for each of the following pitch components:

• The problem being addressed, its importance, and the target segment
• Proposed solution, financial sustainability, and impact
• Who you are, what distinguishes your team, and why you will change the world
• Next steps forward – pilot launch, what you need, and how they can help.
2. Write a pitch to communicate the initiative in 90 seconds (and then practice)

Tip 1: Make the societal problem concrete and clear through a compelling story complemented by data.
Tip 2: Do not waste time with a long introduction or “thank you so much, blah, blah, blah”. Just dive in!
Tip 3: Passion is key, but clear reasoning also sells.
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CONCLUSION
We hope that you have reached the end of this guide inspired, motivated, and equipped with the
right tools to design and implement innovative and impactful initiatives.
If you have just now picked up the guide and began reading it from the conclusion, we have good
news for you; you already reveal traces of a social entrepreneur – motivated, impatient, and eager
to know how “The Social Entrepreneur’s Guide to Changing the World” ends. We assure you that
reading from the beginning will be worth your while.
Do not expect to be immediately successful, because designing an innovative solution to a societal
problem is an iterative process and uncertainty is a key part of that process. Let’s be realistic; social
entrepreneurs, like commercial entrepreneurs, rarely have great success at first. What distinguishes
the successful ones is their ability to embrace and accept their mistakes and failures and learn from
them while being resilient in the pursuit of their vision. This is the “secret sauce” of creating
solutions that truly work.
Finally, when your solution begins to change the world and impact the lives of many people, we
would like to thank you for your vision. Thank you for being a pioneer and pointing others towards
the right way forward. Thank you for your resilience and ability to inspire. Thank you for being the
change you want to see in the world.
107
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THE SOCIAL

Figure 0.1 – The Step-by-Step Process of Social Entrepreneurship ................................................................... 6

Figure 1.1 - Intervention space for social entrepreneurs ................................................................................ 14

Figure 2.1 - Problem Tree ................................................................................................................................ 20

Figure 2.2 – Exploring the Causes of Childhood Obesity ................................................................................. 23

Figure 2.4 – Exploring the effects of Childhood Obesity .................................................................................. 25

Figure 2.6 - Problem Tree of Childhood Obesity .............................................................................................. 27

Figure 3.1 - Process of defining the value proposition .................................................................................... 32

Figure 3.2 – Framework to narrow the scope of intervention......................................................................... 34

Figure 3.3 – Vitamimos framework to narrow the scope of intervention ....................................................... 35

Figure 3.4 – Mozambikes framework to narrow the scope of intervention .................................................... 36

Figure 3.5 - What are/are not value propositions? .......................................................................................... 41

Figure 4.1 - Core elements of Vitamimos’ value proposition .......................................................................... 48

Figure 4.2 - Core elements of Mozambikes’ value proposition) ...................................................................... 49

Figure 5.1 - Key resources ................................................................................................................................ 57

Figure 5.2 – Key resources identification table ................................................................................................ 58

Figure 6.1 - Purposes of measuring social impact ............................................................................................ 69

Figure 6.2 - Benefits of measuring social impact ............................................................................................. 69

Figure 6.3 - Theory of Change of Vitamimos .................................................................................................... 72

Figure 6.4 - Theory of Change of Mozambikes ................................................................................................ 73

Figure 7.1 – Impact Venture Value Generator ................................................................................................. 83

Figure 9.1 - Sources for resources mobilisation ............................................................................................... 94

Table 1.1 - SIN Problems .................................................................................................................................. 13

Table 3.3 - Innovation Matrix........................................................................................................................... 34

Table 3.4 - Elements of a Value Proposition .................................................................................................... 40

Table 6.1 - Data collection for Vitamimos ....................................................................................................... 75

Table 6.2 - Data collection for Mozambikes .................................................................................................... 75

Figure 0.1 – The Step-by-Step Process of Social Entrepreneurship

Ana Gonçalves Pereira

It is in your hands to make a difference.”

GOALS OF THIS CHAPTER

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Social entrepreneurship is the process of designing and implementing innovative solutions to

• MISSION – aim to solve important and neglected societal problems.

2. Societal problems addressed by social entrepreneurs – SIN PROBLEMS

CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES

Given these negative spillovers, replacing the use of

3. INTERVENTION SPACE FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS

SIN PROBLEMS: Which societal

PASSION: What are you KNOWLEDGE: What do

PROBLEM: Which societal problems are worth solving?

PASSION: What are you passionate or deeply care about?

KNOWLEDGE: What do you understand and have expertise in?

CLOSING THE CHAPTER

2. Names of team members:

GOALS OF THIS CHAPTER

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

1. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM TREE?

Figure 2.1 - Problem Tree

2. WHY USE THE PROBLEM TREE?

This tool also allows social entrepreneurs to:

3. HOW TO DEVELOP THE PROBLEM TREE

STEP 1: Choose the core problem

CASE 1: The causes of childhood obesity

Oversupply of Unhealthy eating

CASE 2: The causes of the inefficient rural transport systema in

Lack of Insufficient Low number of people

Low product quality

STEP 3: List all the effects caused by the core problem