Android Based Wireless

Home Appliances
Control System

Academic Information
“To Be Done by Student”

Acknowledgement
“To Be Done by Student”

Introduction
We all love our smart phones and tablets, but sometimes there’s only
so much you can do with the single screen view and limited screen
size. Wouldn’t it be great to be able to control your home appliances
on your Android device like you could do by laptop or remote?

It will be like the world is coming close to the point being able to
control just about any household appliance from a single device.
We're not quite there yet, but there are numerous apps out there that
can help us turn our Android Smartphone into control centre, or even
a remote control for your desktop.

The system “brain” is Atmega-8 compatible board. The system uses a

JY-MCU Bluetooth module for communication with the Android
phone. A custom Android app provides interactive GUI for control
the home appliances switch.

Working
The method used to carry out this project is based on Bluetooth
technology. We are here using HC-05 Bluetooth module for
connectivity with your Smartphone. Bluetooth using serial
communication (UART) in collaboration with embedded systems.
Serial communication is used to send data to android phone through
Bluetooth.

We will use liquid crystal display for displaying the message and also
use android phone for Bluetooth communication with circuit.

 Programming of Microcontroller.
 Interfacing the programmable chip with the LCD.
 Interfacing of the Bluetooth module with the programmable chip
 Read information from the Uart terminal.

The communication between the phone and the Atmega 8 board is

very basic at the moment. When you press a button on the phone
given at application, it sends a byte over the Bluetooth connection
(currently the numbers 0x00 to 0x20 are used). The Atmega 8 reads
the data on the serial port and acts based on the command (ON/OFF
Each Device). This can be easily extended and can go both ways. For
example, we can easily display the data from the two ultrasonic
distance sensor on the phone if we needed in future..

Circuit & Component Description

 Bluetooth Module

This module enables you to wireless transmit & receive serial data. It
is a drop in replacement for wired serial connections allowing
transparent two way data communication. You can simply use it for
serial port replacement to establish connection between MCU or
embedded project and PC for data transfer.

Features

 5V power operation 
 UART interface
 10 meters range
 Easy to use
 Minimum External Components
  Status LEDs

Applications

 Wireless Telemetry
 Remote Data Logging
 Robotics
 Sensor Networks
 Remote Programming
 Specifications
 Bluetooth protocol v2.0
 Range 10 meters
 Frequency: 2.4 Ghz ISM
 Modulation: GFSK
 Transmit power: 4dBm
 Sensitivity: 84dBm
 Rate: 2.1Mbps(Max) /160kbps(A sync); 1Mbps(Sync)
 Authentication & Encryption
 Module only Power Supply: +3.3 VDC 50mA
 Operating Temperate: -20C to  +55 C

Most useful AT commands are

 AT : Check the connection
 AT+NAME : See default name
 AT+ADDR : see default address
 AT+VERSION : See version
 AT+UART : See Baud rate
 AT+ROLE: See role of BT module(1=master/0=slave)
 AT+RESET : Reset and exit AT mode
 AT+ORGL : Restore factory settings
 AT+PSWD: see default password

Microcontroller (Atmega-8A)
Features

• High-performance, Low-power 8-bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture

 Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
 Fully Static Operation
 Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
 On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

 8KBytes of In-System Flash program memory

 512Bytes EEPROM
 1KByte Internal SRAM
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
 Data retention: 20 years at 85 Deg C/100 years at 25 Deg C
  Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

• True Read-While-Write Operation

 Programming Lock for Software Security

• Atmel QTouch library support

 Capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels

 Atmel QTouch and QMatrix acquisition
 Up to 64 sense channels

• Peripheral Features

 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters

 One 16-bit Timer/Counter
 Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
 Three PWM Channels

• Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy

 6-channel ADC in PDIP package

• Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy

 Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface

 Programmable Serial USART
 Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
 Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
 On-chip Analog Comparator

• Special Microcontroller Features

  Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
 Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
 External and Internal Interrupt Sources
 Five Sleep Modes

• Operating Voltages

 2.7 - 5.5V

 0 - 16MHz

Atmega-8 PDIP Pin Diagram

Microcontroller Pin Description (Used)

o VCC

+2.7V to +5.5V

o GND
Ground Supply

o AGND
ADC or Analog Ground

o AREF

Reference voltage for ADC

o PC5 – PC0
Bidirectional In/Out Pin Multiplex with ADC

o RESET
Microcontroller Reset

o PD7 – PD0
Bidirectional In/Out Pin
 Relay

Now a days most of the high end industrial application devices have
relays for their effective working. Relays are simple switches which
are operated both electrically and mechanically. Relays consist of a n
electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is
carried out with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other
operating principles for its working. But they differ according to their
applications. Most of the devices have the application of relays.
The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-
power signal can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places
where only one signal can be used to control a lot of circuits. The
application of relays started during the invention of telephones. They
played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges.
They were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to
switch the signal coming from one source to another destination.
After the invention of computers they were also used to perform
Boolean and other logical operations. The high end applications of
relays require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on.
Such relays are called contactors.
ULN-2003 Driver
ULN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington array IC. It
contains seven open collector Darlington pairs with common emitters.
A Darlington pair is an arrangement of two bipolar transistors. 

ULN2003 belongs to the family of ULN200X series of ICs. Different

versions of this family interface to different logic families. ULN2003
is for 5V TTL, CMOS logic devices. These ICs are used when driving
a wide range of loads and are used as relay drivers, display drivers,
line drivers etc. ULN2003 is also commonly used while driving
Stepper Motors.

Each channel or Darlington pair in ULN2003 is rated at 500mA and

can withstand peak current of 600mA. The inputs and outputs are
provided opposite to each other in the pin layout. Each driver also
contains a suppression diode to dissipate voltage spikes while driving
inductive loads. The schematic for each driver is given above.
 
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module

and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very
basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. These modules are preferred over Seven Segment and other
multi segment LED,s. The reasons being: LCDs are economical;
easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &
even custom character (unlike in seven segments), .
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are
2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel
matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the
LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined
task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to
be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure
of a LCD.

FEATURES

o 5 x 8 dots with cursor

o Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
o + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)
o 1/16 duty cycle
o B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K
(LED)
o N.V. optional for + 3V power supply
PIN NUMBER SYMBOL FUNCTION

 1 Vss GND
 2 Vdd + 3V or + 5V
 3 Vo Contrast Adjustment
 4 RS H/L Register Select Signal
 5 R/W H/L Read/Write Signal
 6 E H → L Enable Signal
 7 DB0 H/L Data Bus Line
 8 DB1 H/L Data Bus Line
 9 DB2 H/L Data Bus Line
 10 DB3 H/L Data Bus Line
 11 DB4 H/L Data Bus Line
 12 DB5 H/L Data Bus Line
 13 DB6 H/L Data Bus Line
  14 DB7 H/L Data Bus Line
 15 A/Vee + 4.2V for LED/Negative Voltage Output

Power Supply Section

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device

or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output
load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term
is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to
mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

Here in our application we need a 5v DC power supply for all

electronics involved in the project. This requires step down
transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator, and filter circuit for
generation of 5v DC power. A brief description of all the components
is given as follows:
Circuit Diagram for power supply

Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one

circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors — the
transformer's coils or "windings". Except for air-core transformers,
the conductors are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core,
or around separate but magnetically-coupled cores. A varying current
in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic field in
the core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field
induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
"secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge will
flow in the secondary winding of the transformer and transfer energy
from the primary circuit to the load connected in the secondary
circuit.

The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled

from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of
turns of wire in their respective windings:

By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus

allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up — by making NS more
than NP — or stepped down, by making it

Bridge Rectifier
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to
achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration,
both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single
component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Diode

A diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow

through it in only one direction. Although a transistor is also a
semiconductor device, it does not operate the way a diode does. A
diode is specifically made to allow current to flow through it in only
one direction. Some ways in which the diode can be used are listed
here.

 A diode can be used as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating

Current) to DC (Direct Current) for a power supply device.
 Diodes can be used to separate the signal from radio
frequencies.
 Diodes can be used as an on/off switch that controls current.

This symbol is used to indicate a diode in a circuit diagram. The

meaning of the symbol is (Anode) (Cathode).

Current flows from the anode side to the cathode side.

Although all diodes operate with the same general principle, there are
different types suited to different applications. For example, the
following devices are best used for the applications noted.

Light emitting diode

The circuit symbol is .
This type of diode emits light when current flows through it in the
forward direction. (Forward biased)
Characteristics of Diode

The graph above shows the electrical characteristics of a typical

diode. When a small voltage is applied to the diode in the forward
direction, current flows easily. Because the diode has a certain amount
of resistance, the voltage will drop slightly as current flows through
the diode. A typical diode causes a voltage drop of about 0.6 - 1V
(VF) (In the case of silicon diode, almost 0.6V)

This voltage drop needs to be taken into consideration in a circuit

which uses many diodes in series. Also, the amount of current passing
through the diodes must be considered.

When voltage is applied in the reverse direction through a diode, the

diode will have a great resistance to current flow. Different diodes
have different characteristics when reverse-biased. A given diode
should be selected depending on how it will be used in the circuit.
The current that will flow through a diode biased in the reverse
direction will vary from several mA to just µA, which is very small.

The limiting voltages and currents permissible must be considered on

a case by case basis. For example, when using diodes for rectification,
part of the time they will be required to withstand a reverse voltage. If
the diodes are not chosen carefully, they will break down.

Regulator (lm7805)

It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated

DC current into regulated DC current.

Normally we get fixed output by connecting the

voltage regulator at the output of the filtered DC
(see in above diagram). It can also be used in
circuits to get a low DC voltage from a high DC
voltage (for example we use 7805 to get 5V from
12V). There are two types of voltage regulators 1. Fixed voltage
regulators (78xx, 79xx) 2. Variable voltage regulators (LM317) In
fixed voltage regulators there is another classification 1. +ve voltage
regulators 2. -ve voltage regulators POSITIVE VOLTAGE
REGULATORS This include 78xx voltage regulators. The most
commonly used ones are 7805 and 7812. 7805 gives fixed 5V DC
voltage if input voltage is in (7.5V, 20V).

Capacitors
In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in
completely different ways, capacitors and batteries both store
electrical energy. Like Inside the battery, chemical reactions produce
electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons on the other terminal.
A capacitor is much simpler than a battery, as it can't produce new
electrons -- it only stores them.

Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates

separated by a dielectric material. We can easily make a capacitor
from two pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a
particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will
work.

The dielectric can be any non-conductive substance. However, for

practical applications, specific materials are used that best suit the
capacitor's function. The dielectric dictates what kind of capacitor it is
and for what it is best suited. Depending on the size and type of
dielectric, some capacitors are better for high frequency uses, while
some are better for high voltage applications. Capacitors serve any
purpose, from the smallest plastic capacitor in your calculator, to an
ultra capacitor that can power a commuter bus. NASA uses glass
capacitors to help wake up the space shuttle's circuitry and help
deploy space probes. Here are some of the various types of capacitors.

 Air - Often used in radio tuning circuits

 Mylar - Most commonly used for timer circuits

 Glass - Good for high voltage applications

 Ceramic - Used for high frequency purposes like antennas

 Super capacitor – Powers Electric & Hybrid Cars

 Resistor

Electricity flows through a material carried by electrons, tiny charged

particles inside atoms Broadly speaking, materials that conduct
electricity well are ones that allow electrons to flow freely through
them. In metals, for example, the atoms are locked into a solid,
crystalline structure (a bit like a metal climbing frame in a
playground). Although most of the electrons inside these atoms are
fixed in place, some can swarm through the structure carrying
electricity with them. That's why metals are good conductors: a metal
puts up relatively little resistance to electrons flowing through it.
Plastic are entirely different. Although often solid, they don't have the
same crystalline structure. Their molecules (which are typically very
long, repetitive chains called polymers) are bonded together in such a
Way that the electrons inside the atoms are fully occupied. There are,

In short, no free electrons that can move about in plastics to carry an

electric current. Plastics are good insulators: they put up a high
resistance to electrons flowing through them.

This is all a little vague for a subject like electronics, which requires
precise control of electric currents. That's why we define resistance
more precisely as the voltage in volts required making a current of 1
amp flow through a circuit. If it takes 500 volts to make 1 amp flow,
the resistance is 500 ohms (written 500 Ω). The relationship written
out as a mathematical equation:

V=I×R

This is known as Ohm's Law. Figure above shows color coding of

resistor.
 Circuit/Block Diagram

Power supply Diver

Microcontroller

Relay_1 Relay_2

BT Module

Buzzer
 Software Requirement

Cross Compiler : AVR Studio 6.0

Atmel Studio 6 is the integrated development platform (IDP) for

developing and debugging Atmel ARM Cortex-M and Atmel AVR
microcontroller (MCU) based applications. The Atmel Studio 6 IDP
gives you a seamless and easy-to-use environment to write, build and
debug your applications written in C/C++ or assembly code.

AVR Studio is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that

helps write, compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates
the following components:

 A project manager

 A make facility
  Tool configuration

 Text editor

 A powerful debugger

Atmel Studio 6 is free of charge and is integrated with the Atmel

Software Framework (ASF)—a large library of free source code with
1,600 ARM and AVR project examples. ASF strengthens the IDP by
providing, in the same environment, access to ready-to-use code that
minimizes much of the low-level design required for projects. Use the
IDP for our wide variety of AVR and ARM Cortex-M processor-
based MCUs, including our broadened portfolio of Atmel SAM3
ARM Cortex-M3 and M4 Flash devices.

Atmel Studio 6.2 is now available, adding advanced debugging

features such as Data and Interrupt Trace, improved RTOS
integration, and better ability to debug code that has been optimized.

With the introduction of Atmel Gallery and Atmel Spaces, Atmel

Studio 6 further simplifies embedded MCU designs to reduce
development time and cost. Atmel Gallery is an online apps store for
development tools and embedded software. Atmel Spaces is a cloud-
based collaborative development workspace allowing you to host
software and hardware projects targeting Atmel MCUs.
In summary, standard integrated development environments (IDEs)
are suited for creating new software for an MCU project. By contrast,
the Atmel Studio 6 IDP also:

 Facilitates reuse of existing software and, by doing so, enables

design differentiation.
 Supports the product development process with easy access to
integrated tools and software extensions through Atmel Gallery.
 Reduces time to market by providing advanced features, an
extensible software eco-system, and powerful debug integration.

Programming Language : Embedded C

Looking around, we find ourselves to be surrounded by various types

of embedded system. Be it a digital camera or a mobile phone or a
washing machine, all of them has some kind of processor functioning
inside it. Associated with each processor is the embedded software. If
hardware forms the body of an embedded system, embedded
processor acts as the brain, and embedded software forms its soul. It
is the embedded software which primarily governs the functioning of
embedded systems. 

During infancy years of microprocessor based systems, programs

were developed using assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There
used to be no mechanism to find what the program was doing. LEDs,
switches, etc. were used to check correct execution of the program.
Some ‘very fortunate’ developers had In-circuit Simulators (ICEs),
but they were too costly and were not quite reliable as well.

As time progressed, use of microprocessor-specific assembly-only as

the programming language reduced and embedded systems moved
onto C as the embedded programming language of choice. C is the
most widely used programming language for embedded
processors/controllers. Assembly is also used but mainly to
implement those portions of the code where very high timing
accuracy, code size efficiency, etc. are prime requirements.
 
Initially C was developed by Kernighan and Ritchie to fit into the
space of 8K and to write (portable) operating systems. Originally it
was implemented on UNIX operating systems. As it was intended for
operating systems development, it can manipulate memory addresses.
Also, it allowed programmers to write very compact codes. This has
given it the reputation as the language of choice for hackers too.
 Result

At last we have a running project pass the entire test relating to false
switching or switching after power failure. LCD working normally
without any noise effect. We used snubber circuit for protection from
AC noise from the home appliances. We have also compared this
project with the recent product which cost is near about 6000 INR. At
price range we are very economical and price very less then above for
per piece.
 Conclusion

We have following conclusion after complete this project is as

following.
1. AVR Core is stable core with open source cross compiler have
lots of example for understanding
2. BT module command varies with two modules one is HC-05
and another is HC-06.
3. For normal working of system we will need snubber circuit to
minimize noise.
4. If we use 5 Volt directly two the BT module RX pin then it will
damage. So we have used resistance in between.
5. If we use less than 12 Volt then problem is in with switching
with relay.
 References

1. “AVR and embedded system” by Mazidi and Mazidi

2. All datasheets from www.datasheetcatalog.com
3. About ATMEGA8 from www.atmel.com
4. http://www.digitaltrends.com/
5. http://www.tomsguide.com/
6. http://www.intorobotics.com/