Structural

Analysis
Part 1

Fundamentals…
 Structural Analysis

o Stable or Unstable?
o Degree of Indeterminacy? Static
Direct Kinematic
Actions Forces
SKELETAL
LOADS RESPONSE
STRUCTURE

Indirect Displacements
Loading
ELEMENTS JOINTS / SUPPORTS

o Space / Plane Frame o Rigid o Fixed

o Grid / Beam o Pinned o Guided-fixed
o Space / Plane Truss o Semi-rigid o Hinged
o Roller
Structural Idealization o Elastic
 Introduction to Structural Analysis

LOAD STRUCTURE RESPONSE

• Direct Actions • Support Reactions

• Indirect Loading Force Field
• Internal Force Resultants
• Displacements
Displacement Field

• Equilibrium of Forces
Underlying Principles: • Compatibility of Displacements
• Force-displacement relations
 Loads: Direct Actions

 Dead loads (due to self-weight)

 Live loads (due to human occupancy, vehicular traffic, etc.)

 Wind loads (aerodynamic forces due to wind)

 Snow loads (due to snow accumulating on top of a structure)

 Earthquake (seismic) loads (inertial forces induced due to ground

motion)
 Soil and water pressures

 Wave loads (on offshore platforms)

 Blast loads (due to explosions)

 Direct Actions:
Concentrated/Distributed
P
o Concentrated loads (kN)

o Distributed loads (kN/m or kN/m2) Cross-

section

P P
o Concentrated moments (kNm) e

o Distributed moments (kNm/m) Pe

 Indirect Loading

 Support Displacements

 Constructional Errors

 Environmental Changes

Can induce a force response if the structure is ‘over-rigid’;

otherwise only a displacement response!
 Support Displacements
‘Just-rigid’ structures

rotational slip θA
A B
A B
θA ΔBA differential
settlement

(a) cantilever beam (b) simply supported beam

D C

A B
ΔBA differential
settlement

(c) Internally ‘over – rigid’ but externally ‘just – rigid’ system

 Support Displacements
‘Just-rigid’ structures
rotational slip θA
A B
A B
θA ΔBA differential
settlement
(rigid body motions; no force response)
(a) cantilever beam (b) simply supported beam

‘Over-rigid’ structures
rotational slip θA
A B A B
ΔBA differential
settlement
(bending moments, shear forces, support reactions induced)
(c) propped cantilever beam (d) fixed beam
 Constructional Errors
‘Lack of fit’ in trusses:

B C B
x C
x x x
(AC long by
5mm)

A A
x xD x xD

(a) Internally ‘just-rigid’ (b) internally ‘over-rigid’

(diagonals under compression;
(no force response) other members in tension)
 Environmental Changes
Temperature effect

No force L Axial force : L L Axial force :

N = − kbar η N = − ks δs

η = Lα(ΔT) ks
0 < δs < η
∞ > ks > 0

‘Just-rigid’ ‘Over-rigid’
 ‘Just-rigid’: Statically determinate: Easy to analyse!
No additional stresses from possible indirect loading!
Three-hinged Arch

Two-hinged Arch

Fixed Arch

Three iron arch bridges over the

Harlem river, New York. (1850-1900)
 Shrinkage cracks in a large concrete water tank
(inadequate reinforcement in walls; not designed for indirect loading)
 Basic Requirements

 Equilibrium of forces ensures static admissibility

 Compatibility of displacements ensures kinematic admissibility

 Force-displacement relations involve material stress-strain laws

 Equilibrium of Forces
Condition of static equilibrium (Newton’s first law of motion):
A body will remain in a state of rest or of uniform motion, unless
there is a non-zero resultant force (or moment) acting on it.

FR   F i   F j   F k  0
x y z

MR   M i   M j   M k  0
x y z

Planar structure: all the structural elements lie in a single plane (x-y plane) and
no out-of-plane forces act on the structure:

 Fx  0;  Fy  0;  M z  0
It will not be possible to generate more than 3 linearly independent equations of static
equilibrium in a planar structure (and 6 equations in the general case of a space
structure).
Use of Free-bodies
 Force Response
 Support reactions Fij Ξ Action of i on j
(appears on free-body of j)
 Internal forces
Fij = Fji (Newton’s third law)

P P
A 1 RA A FB1 F1B
RA  3 P B B
300 F1A FA1 1 F2B
2 FB2
C RC 2
P 1 2
RC  2P 300 300
RA C FC2
3
F2C
Support Bar N1   3 P
reactions RC forces N2  2P

Statically Admissible FORCE RESPONSE

 Linear Elastic Behaviour

Stimulus SYSTEM Response ?

high A
P P/A
low L
P

E
L+e

A
L

low A 1
high L
e e/L
0 0

many rod specimens (same material), Single material

Tension Test
various lengths and diameters property !
Force-displacement relations

P N i EA i 
k ki   E
 ei Li 
σ
P Ni

stress
tension
axial
load

k ki E
1 1 1
0 Δ deflection 0 elongation 0 ε strain
ei
(a) load-deflection (b) internal force-deformation (c) stress-strain
(structure) (truss element) relation (material)
 Displacement Response
P e1
A Equilibrium:
 Deflections 1
300
B
N1   3 P
 Rotations 2
e2 N2  2P

Compatibility: ΔB , hor
Force-displacement e1  N1 k1
A B relation: e2  N2 k2
ΔB , ver
B’

Kinematically Admissible DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE

 First-order vs second-order
analysis
P e1
A Equilibrium:
1
 First-order analysis: equilibrium in 300
B
N1   3 P
the undeformed configuration e2 N2  2P
2

 Second-order analysis: equilibrium

in the deformed configuration 2
1 e1  N1 k1
300
e2  N2 k2
ΔB , hor 3
Iterative procedure…
A B P
N1 ’ ΔB , ver
B
N2
C
Statically Admissible Force Fields
800 kN
2m
A B C VA = VC
D VA+ VB + VC = 800
4m 4m
(a) Loaded Structure statically admissible solution sets for
support reactions (in kN) :
800 kN
VA  400   0  600  325 
HB = 0          
VB   400  ; 1200  ;  0  ; 550  kN
V   0  400  200  75 
 C        
325 kN
VA = 400 kN 550 kN
VB = 400 VC = −75
0 kNkN
Over-rigid structure:
(b) Overall free-body
Statically Indeterminate!

Multiple solution sets, all satisfying equilibrium conditions in an

‘over-rigid’ (statically indeterminate) structure

The correct solution must also be kinematically admissible.

 Kinematically Admissible
Displacement Fields

A kinematically admissible displacement field is one that preserves

continuity within the structure and satisfies the specified kinematic (or
geometric) boundary conditions. These requirements of the displacement
field are referred to as compatibility or geometric consistency requirements.
Predicting deflected shapes

✗ ✓
Deflection diagram Deflection diagram
(symmetric loading) (unsymmetric loading)

“non-sway” “pure sway”

Solution to statically indeterminate
problems (‘force’ approach)
800 kN
L/2
A B C
D
L L

Kinematic boundary conditions not specified

Reaction VB is chosen as redundant

PL 3  a   a 

3

= 3  4  
48EI   L 
P  L 
a  

L
 11 PL3
768 EI
800 KN
ΔB1

600 KN 200 KN
(a)

VB L3
48EI

0.5 VB ΔB2 0.5 VB

VB
11
VB  P  550kN
(b) 16

Compatibility condition to find redundant VB : ΔB1 = ΔB2

Elastic vs Inelastic Behaviour
 Response of Skeletal Structures
o Direct Equilibrium (Equations of static eqbm)
Chapters 4-8 o Principle of Virtual Displacements
o Principle of Stationary Total Potential Energy
Chapter 12
or Castigliano’s Theorem I

Must satisfy EQUILIBRIUM

Direct
(i.e., be statically admissible)
Actions Forces
SKELETAL
LOADS RESPONSE
STRUCTURE

Indirect Displacements
Must satisfy COMPATIBILITY
Loading
(i.e., be kinematically admissible)
Chapter 10
o Direct Integration / Moment-area / Conjugate beam method (beams)
Chapter 11 o Principle of Virtual Forces
o Principle of Stationary Total Complementary Potential Energy
Chapter 12 or Castigliano’s Theorem II
 o Linear or Nonlinear?
Structural Analysis o Static or Dynamic?
o Deterministic or
Probabilistic?
CE 2020: Linear Static Deterministic Analysis

o Stable or Unstable?
o Degree of Indeterminacy? Static
Direct Kinematic
Actions Forces
SKELETAL
LOADS RESPONSE
STRUCTURE

Indirect Displacements
Loading
ELEMENTS JOINTS / SUPPORTS

o Space / Plane Frame o Rigid o Fixed

o Grid / Beam o Pinned o Guided-fixed
o Space / Plane Truss o Semi-rigid o Hinged
o Roller
Structural Idealization o Elastic