1. what is modulation?

x3
Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal, in accordance with the
instantaneous values of the modulating signal.

2. need for modulation? x2

The baseband signals are incompatible for direct transmission. For such a signal, to travel longer distances,
its strength has to be increased by modulating with a high frequency carrier wave, which doesn’t affect the
parameters of the modulating signal.

3. what is modulation index?

A carrier wave, after being modulated, if the modulated level is calculated, then such an attempt is called
as Modulation Index or Modulation Depth. It states the level of modulation that a carrier wave undergoes.

4. Max and min value of modulation index?

Perfect modulation, the value of modulation index should be 1.
Less than 1: under modulated
Greater than 1: over modulated

5. how is DSB modulation done? x2

Mathematically, we can represent the equation of DSBSC wave as the product of modulating and carrier
signals.

6. How demodulation of DSB-SC is done?

Coherent detector: In this process, the message signal can be extracted from DSBSC wave by multiplying it
with a carrier, having the same frequency and the phase of the carrier used in DSBSC modulation. The
resulting signal is then passed through a Low Pass Filter. Output of this filter is the desired message signal.
 7. angle modulation schemes? x2
 the frequency or the phase of the carrier varies according to the message signal.
 Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the carrier signal linearly with the
message signal.
 Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier signal linearly with the message
signal.

8. what is frequency modulation? x2

Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the carrier signal linearly with the message
signal.
The amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains constant whereas the frequency of the carrier
changes. 
 9. which is better- analog or digital communication? x2
The conventional methods of communication used analog signals for long distance communications,
which suffer from many losses such as distortion, interference, and other losses including security
breach.
In order to overcome these problems, the signals are digitized using different techniques. The digitized
signals allow the communication to be more clear and accurate without losses.

10. types of digital modulation? x2 (What is ask x2,psk,bpsk)

ASK – Amplitude Shift Keying
The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the input data whether it should be a zero level or a
variation of positive and negative, depending upon the carrier frequency.
FSK – Frequency Shift Keying
The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, depending upon the input data applied.
PSK – Phase Shift Keying
The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the input. These are mainly of two types,
namely Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK, according to the
number of phase shifts. The other one is Differential Phase Shift Keying DPSK which changes the phase
according to the previous value.

11. What is sampling?

The process of measuring the instantaneous values of continuous-time signal in a discrete form

12. Sampling theorem?

A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered back when sampling
frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the highest frequency component of message signal.
 13. Nyquist rate?
for effective reproduction of the original signal, the sampling rate should be twice the highest frequency.
This rate of sampling is called as Nyquist rate

14. Quantisation,
The digitization of analog signals involves the rounding off of the values which are approximately equal to
the analog values. The method of sampling chooses a few points on the analog signal and then these points
are joined to round off the value to a near stabilized value. Such a process is called as Quantization.

15. DM, ADM, Noises in both,

Delta Modulation: The type of modulation, where the sampling rate is much higher and in which the
stepsize after quantization is of a smaller value Δ, such a modulation is termed as delta modulation.

Adaptive Delta Modulation : A larger step-size is needed in the steep slope of modulating signal and a
smaller stepsize is needed where the message has a small slope. The minute details get missed in the
process. So, it would be better if we can control the adjustment of step-size, according to our requirement in
order to obtain the sampling in a desired fashion.

16. why is APSK called On/Off or switch

17. name some coding techniques,

source coding ,channel coding
18. What is decision making circuit, what is the use of it
The decision circuit chooses which output is more likely and selects it from any one of the envelope
detectors. It also re-shapes the waveform to a rectangular one.

19. Diff between source and channel coding

 In  source coding, we decrease the number of redundant bits of information to reduce
bandwidth.
 How can one decide what is redundant information? The answer is the probability of that
message or information.
 It is as simple as if probability is higher ( that means information is already known or event is
fixed ) then the number of bits required to represent that information will be less. Therefore
average length decreases. So bandwidth reduces! simple!
 We add ( append ) extra bits with data in channel coding. Why do we add extra bits? - To
protect information from errors.
 In simple language, extra bits are necessary for crosschecking or verifying of received
information. So now we are compromising with bandwidth for error detection and correction.
 20. Explain huffman coding
Huffman Code ensure that the most probable are represented by the shortest codewords, and the less
probable by longer codewords. By doing so weighted average codeword length is minimized

21. Which quantizer do we use in delta modulation :1bit quantizer

22. Granular noise

When step size is too large compared to small variation in input signal.

23. Product Modulator

DSBSC modulators are also called as product modulators as they produce the output, which is the product
of two input signals.

24. Pulse position modulation

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is an analog modulating scheme in which the amplitude of the pulse
carrier varies proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.

25. What do you mean by Hilbert transform?

The Hilbert transform is a technique used to obtain the minimum-phase response from a spectral analysis

26. Matlab operator for FM?

fmmod()

Advantages of Modulation
The antenna used for transmission, had to be very large, if modulation was not introduced. The range of
communication gets limited as the wave cannot travel to a distance without getting distorted.
 Antenna size gets reduced.
 No signal mixing occurs.
 Communication range increases.
 Multiplexing of signals occur.
 Adjustments in the bandwidth is allowed.
 Reception quality improves.

The differences between adaptive delta modulation and delta modulation

are listed below-
 In Delta Modulation step size is fixed for the whole signal. Whereas in Adaptive delta modulation,
the step size varies depending upon the input signal.
 The slope overload and granular noise errors which are present in delta modulation are not seen in
this modulation.
 The dynamic range of Adaptive delta modulation is wider than delta modulation.

Source coding: The source encoder converts information waveforms to bits, while the decoder converts bits
back to waveforms. ... Channel coding: The channel encoder converts bits to signal waveform, while the
decoder converts received waveform back to bits.