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ANALYTIC GEOMETRY & INTRO TO CALCULUS

(WEEK 6)

Course & Year: BEED IV

Topic: Hyperbola

What to Expect
Analytic Geometry is a discipline where both Algebra and Geometry were combined to solve
mathematical concepts which involved Conic Sections and Straight Lines. It was true after
Coordinate System was invented by a French Mathematician, Rene Descartes. Hence, in this course
you are expected to solve Geometrical figures belong to Conic Sections including Straight Lines
using some principles in Algebra.

Learning Competencies

At the end of the lesson, students are be able to:

*Define what is hyperbola with its properties;
* Graph the equation of hyperbola; and
* Find the equation of hyperbola with given points

INTRODUCTION

Equations of Second Degree

A general equation of the second degree in two variables, also called a quadratic equation in x and
y, has the form Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Ex + Dy + F = 0, where A, B, and C are not all zero. It is shown
in more extensive books on analytic geometry that the graph of this equation is generally a circle, a
parabola, an ellipse, or a hyperbola, although exceptional cases exist in which the equation has no
graph at all, or a graph consisting of single point, one line, or two lines. Since all the above curves
can be obtained as the intersection of a plane with a right circular cone, they are often called conic
sections or simply conics.

LECTURE/DISCUSSION:

The locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its distances from two fixed points is
constant is called a hyperbola. The fixed points are called the foci of the hyperbola, and the line
joining them the principal axis.

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Definition

A hyperbola consists of two curves opening in opposite directions. Just like one of its
conic partners, the ellipse, a hyperbola also has two foci and is defined as the set of points
where the absolute value of the difference of the distances to the two foci is constant. Thus,
every point X of a hyperbola whose foci are points F and F' would
∣XF−XF′∣=k, where k is a constant.

A hyperbola consists of a center, an axis, two vertices, two foci, and two asymptotes. A
hyperbola's axis is the line that passes through the two foci, and the center is the midpoint
of the two foci. The two vertices are where the hyperbola meets with its axis. On the
coordinate plane, we most often use the x- or y-axis as the hyperbola's axis. The equation
for the hyperbola in each of these cases is as follows:

The equation of a hyperbola whose axis is the x-axis and whose center is the origin O is

𝑥2 𝑦2
- =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2

Every point X of the hyperbola satisfies ∣XF−XF′∣=2a, where the coordinates of the two
foci are F(c, 0) and F'(-c,0), and c2=a2+b2. The coordinates of the vertices are (a, 0) and (-
a,0).

The equation of a hyperbola whose axis is the y-axis and whose center is the origin O is

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
- = -1 or - 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑎2

Every point X of the hyperbola satisfies ∣XF−XF′∣=2b, where the coordinates of the two
foci are F(0,c) and F'(0,-c), and c2=a2+b2. The coordinates of the vertices are (0, b) and (0,-
b).

By translating these equations, we can express any hyperbola on the coordinate plane
whose axis is parallel to either the x or y-axis.

Now let's discuss the asymptotes of a hyperbola. Every hyperbola has two asymptotes that
𝑥2 𝑦2
are symmetrical about the hyperbola's axis. For a hyperbola whose equation is 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 =
𝑏
±1, the equations of the asymptotes are y = ±𝑎x.

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A. PROPERTIES

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Center
The center has coordinates (h, k).

Vertices
The vertices have coordinates (h + a, k) and (h-a, k). The line connecting the vertices is called the

transverse axis.

Co-Vertices
The co-vertices correspond to b, the "minor semi-axis length", and have coordinates (h, k+b) and (h, k-b).

Asymptotes
The major and minor axes a and b, as the vertices and co-vertices, describe a rectangle that shares the

same center as the hyperbola, and has dimensions 2a×2b. The asymptotes of the hyperbola are straight

lines that are the diagonals of this rectangle.

The Asymptotes of a Hyperbola NOT Centered at the Origin

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
The hyperbola - = 1 has a horizontal transverse axis and two asymptotes:
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑏 𝑏
Y = 𝑎(x−h) + k and Y = - 𝑎(x−h) + k

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
The hyperbola - = 1 has a vertical transverse axis and two asymptotes
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑎 𝑎
Y = 𝑏 (x−h) + k and Y = - 𝑏 (x−h) + k

The Asymptotes of a Hyperbola Centered at the Origin

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑏 𝑏
The hyperbola 𝑎2 - 𝑏2 = 1 has a horizontal transverse axis and two asymptotes: y = -𝑎x and y = -𝑎x

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑎
The hyperbola 𝑎2 - 𝑏2 = 1 has a vertical transverse axis and two asymptotes y = -𝑏 x and y = 𝑏 x

The rectangle itself is also useful for drawing the hyperbola graph by hand, as it contains the vertices. When drawing
the hyperbola, draw the rectangle first. Then draw in the asymptotes as extended lines that are also the diagonals of
the rectangle. Finally, draw the curve of the hyperbola by following the asymptote inwards, curving in to touch the
vertex on the rectangle, and then following the other asymptote out. Repeat for the other branch.
Focal Points
The foci have coordinates (h+c, k) and (h-c, k). The value of c is found with this relation:

C2 = a2+ b2

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B. EQUATIONS OF HYPERBOLA

If the foci lie on the x-axis, the standard form of a hyperbola is:

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

If the foci lie on the y-axis, the standard form is:

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

We will use the x-axis hyperbola to demonstrate how to determine the features of a hyperbola, so that a is associated
with x-coordinates and b is associated with y-coordinates. For a y-axis hyperbola, the associations are reversed.
C. GRAPHING OF EQUATION

NOT CENTERED IN THE ORIGIN

(𝑦−3)2 (𝑥+1)2
Example 1. Graph the equation 16
- 9
=1

Solution:
a. You find that the center (h, k) of this hyperbola is (–1, 3). Remember to switch the signs of the
numbers inside the parentheses, and also remember that h is inside the parentheses with x, and k is
inside the parentheses with y. For this example, the quantity with y-squared comes first, but that
does not mean that h and k switch places. The h and k always remain true to their respective
variables, x and y.

b. From the center in Step a, find the transverse and conjugate axes.
Go up and down the transverse axis a distance of 4 (because 4 is under y), and then go right and left
3 (because 3 is under x). But don’t connect the dots to get an ellipse! Up until now, the steps of
drawing a hyperbola were exactly the same as when you drew an ellipse, but here is where things
get different. The points you marked as a (on the transverse axis) are your vertices.

c. Use these points to draw a rectangle that will help guide the shape of your hyperbola. Because you
went up and down 4, the height of your rectangle is 8; going left and right 3 gives you a width of 6.

d. Draw diagonal lines through the center and the corners of the rectangle that extend beyond the
rectangle. This gives you two lines that will be your asymptotes.

e. Sketch the curves.

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Alternative Image

CENTERED AT THE ORIGIN

𝑦2 𝑥2
Example 2. Graph the hyperbola given by the equation − = 1. Identify and label the vertices,
64 36
co-vertices, foci, and asymptotes.

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FIGURE a FIGURE b
Solution:

a. The equation is centered in origin, so C(0, 0)

b. The transverse axis is the y-axis because 64 > 36 and the conjugate axis is the x-axis.
So we can say that the location of the vertices and of the focus lies or parallel to the transverse axis,
this time its y-axis. We get the value of a = 8 (from a2 = 64  extracting the square root a = 8). The
same with b = 6.
We count 8 units up & down FROM the center to locate our vertices, so (0, 8) & (0, - 8)
And 6 units to the left and to the right to locate our co-vertices, so (6, 0) & (-6, 0).

c. Using the information in b, we can draw a rectangle having a width of 12 units and length of 16
units. Just like in figure b above

Note: The rectangle must be drawn between the graph of hyperbola.

d. Draw diagonal lines through the center and the corners of the rectangle that extend beyond the
rectangle. This gives you two lines that will be your asymptotes.
e. Sketch the graph.

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If the given equation is in general or expanded form, whether centered in the origin or not, transform it
first to its standard form by using the method of completing the square.

D. FINDING THE EQUATION WITH GIVEN CONDITION/S

Example 1. Find the equation of the hyperbola that has a focus at (5, 1) and the line y = ±2x + 1 as
asymptotes.

Solution:

Let’s find the point of intersection of the asymptote line first because it will determine the center (h, k) of
the hyperbola.

Given the two lines y = 2x + 1 & y = -2x + 1. To find the intersection of the two lines we can use either the
method of substitution or the method of elimination.

Y = -2x + 1
Y = 2x + 1
2y = 2

Y = 1 and it follows that x = 0, so C(0, 1)

𝑏
Remember that the general form of the equation of the asymptote is y = ± 𝑎x + k, from here we can utilize
the positive.

𝑏
= 2  b = 2a. Take note also that c2 = a2 + b2. The distance from the center to focus is c = 5
𝑎

c 2 = a 2 + b2

52 = a2 + (2a)2

25 = 5a2

5 = a2

A = √5, therefore b =2a b = 2√5

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
The desired form of the equation is - = 1 because the focus (5, 1) lies at or parallel to x-axis.
𝑎2 𝑏2

(𝑥−0)2 (𝑦−1)2
- 2 =1
(√5)2 (2√5)

𝑥2 (𝑦−1)2
5
- 20
= 1 Answer.

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Example 2. Find the standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with foci at (0, -3) and (0, 3) and
vertices (0, -2) and (0, 2).

Solution:

Because the foci are located at (0, -3) and (0, 3), on the transverse axis lies on the y-axis. The center of the
hyperbola is midway between the foci, located at (0, 0). Thus, the form of the equation is:
𝑦2 𝑥2
- 𝑏2 = 1.
𝑎2

We need to determine the values for a 2 and b2. The distance from the center, (0, 0), to either vertex, (0, -2)

or (0, 2), is 2, so a = 2
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
- 2 = 1 or - =1
22 𝑏 4 𝑏2

We must still find b2. The distance from the center, (0, 0), to either focus, (0, -3) or (0, 3), is 3. Thus, c = 3.

Using c2 = a2 + b2, we have:

32 = 22 + b2

b2 = 5
𝑦2 𝑥2
Substituting 5 for b2 in - 𝑏2 = 1 gives us the standard form of the hyperbola’s equation. The equation is
4

𝑦2 𝑥2
- =1
4 5

Example 3. Find the standard form of the equation for a hyperbola with vertices at (-6, 0) and (6, 0) and
4
asymptote y = 3x

Solution:

Since the vertices lie on the x-axis with a midpoint at the origin, the hyperbola is horizontal with an equation of the
𝑥2 𝑦2
form
𝑎2
- 𝑏2 = 1. The value of a is the distance from the center to a vertex. The distance from (6, 0) to (0,0) is 6, so
a = 6.

𝑏 4 4 𝑏
The asymptotes follow the form y =  x. From y = x, we see = 𝑎.
𝑎 3 3

4 𝑏
Substituting a = 6 give us = . Solving yields b = 8.
3 6

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
The equation of the hyperbola in standard form is - 82 = 1 or - =1
62 36 64

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Example 4. Find the standard form of the equation for a hyperbola with vertices at (0, 9) and (0,-9) and passing
through the point (8, 15).

Solution:

Since the vertices lie on the y-axis with a midpoint at the origin, the hyperbola is vertical with an equation of the
𝑦2 𝑥2
form - 𝑏2 = 1. The value of a is the distance from the center to a vertex. The distance from (0,9) to (0,0) is 9, so a
𝑎2
= 9.

152 82
Substituting a = 9 and the point (8, 15) gives - 𝑏2 = 1
92

(9)2 (8)2
Solving for b yields b = √ =6
152 −92

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
The standard equation for the hyperbola is - 62 = 1 or 81 - 36 = 1
92

Example 5. Find the standard form of the equation for a hyperbola with vertices at (−2, −5) and (−2,7) , and
3
asymptote y = x + 4.
2

Solution:

Since the vertices differ in the y -coordinates, the hyperbola opens vertically with an equation of the form

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 𝑎
− = 1 And asymptote equations of the form Y = (x−h) + k. The center will be halfway between the
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏
vertices, at C(-2, 1)

The value of a is the distance from the center to a vertex. The distance from (−2, 1) to (−2,−5) is 6, so a = 6.
𝑎 𝑎
While our asymptote is given in the form Y = (x−h) + k , notice this equation would have slope . We can
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 3
compare that to the slope of the given asymptote equation to find b. Setting = and substituting
𝑏 2

a = 6 gives us b = 4.

(𝑦−1)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑦−1)2 (𝑥+2)2

The equation of the hyperbola in standard form is − = 1 or − = 1.
62 42 36 16

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Try it yourself!

Note: (Strictly no calculator is allowed)

Answer the following

A. Find the center, vertices, foci, and asymptotes for each of the following hyperbolas, and sketch
the graph.
1. 4x2 – y2 = 4
2. 9y2 – 4x2 = 36
3. 4x2 – y2 = 4y
4. X2 – y2 = 8x – 10y
5. Y2 – 9x2 + 2y + 10 = 0
6. 9x2 - 16y2 = 72x
7. X2 – 4y2 – x + 12y = 9
8. Y2 – x2 = x + y + ¼
9. 9x2 – 16y2 + 18x + 64y = 91
10. 3y2 – x2 + 4x + 6y = 4
B. Determine the equation of the hyperbola given the following conditions.
1. Vertices (-3, 0) and (3, 0), b = 4
2. Vertices (0, -4) and (0, 4), focus (0, 5)
3. Center (1, 1), vertex (1, 5), conjugate axis 6.
4. Center (-2, 2), focus (2, 2), conjugate axis 4.
5. Center (-3/2, ½ ), vertex (0, ½ ), focus (3/2, ½ )

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