DATA COMMUNICATION

CSE 225/233

WEEK-4, LESSON-1

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
 Digital to Digital Conversion
In this section, we see how we can represent digital data
by using digital signals. The conversion involves three
techniques: line coding, block coding, and scrambling.
Line coding is always needed; block coding and
scrambling may or may not be needed.

Topics discussed in this section:

Line Coding
Line Coding Schemes
Block Coding
Scrambling
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Line coding and decoding
Line coding is the process of converting binary data i.e. a sequence of bits, into a
digital signal

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Signal element versus data element

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Example
A signal is carrying data in which one data element is
encoded as one signal element ( r = 1). If the bit rate is 100
kbps, what is the average value of the baud rate if c is
between 0 and 1?

Solution
We assume that the average value of c is 1/2 . The baud rate
is then

Although the actual bandwidth of a digital signal is infinite,

the effective bandwidth is finite.

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Effect of lack of synchronization

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Example
In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent
faster than the sender clock. How many extra bits per
second does the receiver receive if the data rate is
1 kbps? How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
Solution
At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000
bps.

At 1 Mbps, the receiver receives 1,001,000 bps instead of

1,000,000 bps.

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Line Coding Scheme

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Unipolar NRZ
Traditionally, a unipolar scheme was designed as a non-
return-to-zero (NRZ) scheme in which the positive voltage
defines bit 1 and the zero voltage defines bit 0. It is called
NRZ because the signal does not return to zero at the
middle of the bit.

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Polar NRZ
In polar NRZ encoding, we use two levels of voltage amplitude. We
can have two versions of polar NRZ: NRZ-L and NRZ-I.
NRZ-L (NRZ-Level), the level of the voltage determines the value of
the bit. In the second variation.
NRZ-I (NRZ-Invert), the change or lack of change in the level of the
voltage determines the value of the bit. If there is no change, the bit
is 0; if there is a change, the bit is 1.

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Polar RZ
In Return-to-Zero (RZ) scheme, which uses three values:
positive, negative, and zero. In RZ, the signal changes not
between bits but during the bit.

The main disadvantage of RZ encoding is that it requires two

signal changes to encode a bit and therefore occupies greater
bandwidth.
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Biphase: Manchester
The idea of RZ (transition at the middle of the bit) and the idea
of NRZ-L are combined into the Manchester scheme. In
Manchester encoding, the duration of the bit is divided into
two halves. The voltage remains at one level during the first
half and moves to the other level in the second half.

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Biphase: Differential Manchester
Differential Manchester, on the other hand, combines the ideas
of RZ and NRZ-I. There is always a transition at the middle of
the bit, but the bit values are determined at the beginning of
the bit. If the next bit is 0, there is a transition; if the next bit is
1, there is none.

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Bipolar: AMI and Pseudoternary
A common bipolar encoding scheme is called bipolar Alternate Mark
Inversion (AMI). In the term alternate mark inversion, the word mark
comes from telegraphy and means 1. So AMI means alternate 1
inversion. A neutral zero voltage represents binary 0. Binary 1s are
represented by alternating positive and negative voltages. A
variation of AMI encoding is called Pseudoternary in which the 1 bit
is encoded as a zero voltage and the 0 bit is encoded as alternating
positive and negative voltages.

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Multilevel: 2B1Q Scheme
Two binary, one quaternary (2B1Q), uses data patterns of size 2
and encodes the 2-bit patterns as one signal element belonging to a
four-level signal. In this type of encoding m = 2, n = 1, and L = 4
(quaternary).

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Multilevel: 8B6T Scheme
A very interesting scheme is eight binary, six ternary (8B6T). This
code is used with 100BASE-4T cable. The idea is to encode a pattern
of 8 bits as a pattern of six signal elements, where the signal has
three levels (ternary).

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Multilevel: 4D-PAM5
In Four-dimensional five level pulse amplitude modulation (4D-
PAM5). The 4D means that data is sent over four wires at the same
time. It uses five voltage levels, such as −2, −1, 0, 1, and 2. However,
one level, level 0, is used only for forward error detection.

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Multitransition: MLT-3 scheme
The multiline transmission, three-level (MLT-3) scheme uses three levels (+V, 0,
and -V) and three transition rules to move between the levels.
1. If the next bit is 0, there is no transition.
2. If the next bit is 1 and the current level is not 0, the next level is 0.
3. If the next bit is 1 and the current level is 0, the next level is the opposite of the
last nonzero level.

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Summary: Line Coding Schemes

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Block Coding
We need redundancy to ensure synchronization and to provide some kind of
inherent error detecting. Block coding can give us this redundancy and improve
the performance of line coding. In general, block coding changes a block of m bits
into a block of n bits, where n is larger than m. Block coding is referred to as an
mB/nB encoding technique.

Concept:

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Scrambling: B8ZS
Bipolar with 8-zero substitution (B8ZS) is commonly used in North America. In
this technique, eight consecutive zero-level voltages are replaced by the sequence
000VB0VB. The V in the sequence denotes violation; this is a nonzero voltage that
breaks an AMI rule of encoding (opposite polarity from the previous). The B in the
sequence denotes bipolar, which means a nonzero level voltage in accordance with
the AMI rule. There are two cases. See the picture below.

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Scrambling: HDB3
High-density bipolar 3-zero (HDB3) is commonly used outside of North America.
In this technique, which is more conservative than B8ZS, four consecutive zero
level voltages are replaced with a sequence of 000V or B00V. The reason for two
different substitutions is to maintain the even number of nonzero pulses after each
substitution. The two rules can be stated as follows:
1. If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is odd, the substitution
pattern will be 000V, which makes the total number of nonzero pulses even.
2. If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is even, the substitution
pattern will be B00V, which makes the total number of nonzero pulses even.

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