8

Arts
Quarter 1
(Module 2)
Characteristics of Southeast
Asian Art

i
ARTS– Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Title
First Edition, 2020

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Published by Department of Education

Division of Lapu-Lapu City

Development Team of the Module

Writer’s Name: Edelweiss Vienna D. Luzorata
Editor’s Name: Ailene G. Betarmos
Reviewer’s Name Rebecca P. Toring , Jacqueline B. Osawa
Illustrator’s Name: Celestino A. Aparece Mar Onell Booc
Layout Artist: Edelweiss Vienna D. Luzorata Ailene G. Betarmos
Plagiarism Detector Software: PlagiarismDetector.com
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Management Team:
Schools Division Superintendent : Wilfreda D. Bongalos, PhD, CESO V
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Marcelita S. Dignos, Ed.D, CESE
Curriculum Implementation Division Chief : Oliver M. Tuburan, Ed.D.
EPSVR-MAPEH : Imelda G. Naveo
EPSVR - LRMDS : Teresita Bandolon
ADM Coordinator : Marigold Cardente/ Jennifer S. Mirasol

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Lapu-Lapu City

Department of Education – Region VII Central Visayas
Lapu-Lapu City Division
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Tel No. (032) 410-4525
Email Address: [email protected]

ii
 8

ARTS
Quarter 1
( Module 2)

Characteristics of Southeast
Asian Art

iii
Message of Introduction
This MAPEH 8 (Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health) learning module is
made to be a practical and significant instructional material to guide the learners who
are unable to attend classes in school in times of crisis or for other reasons. It contains
an attainable process of learning with the aim of maintaining the quality of education
that meets the K to 12 Curriculum standards. This also serves as a basic guide to the
facilitators containing the learning objectives or goals, pre-tests, review exercises,
short discussion of the lesson, examples, activities, and varied exercises to assess
the learners.
We would like to think with a positive spirit that this module will inspire and ignite
the interest of the learners and apply what they have learned as they go through the
whole package. This self-learning module is desired to be an important part of the
learning process and educational growth of the students.
We present to you the product of the teamwork of educators, writers, and
illustrators. Do bear in mind that the best instructional material is the one that works
for teachers and students! We look forward to hearing from you.

For the Facilitator/Parent

Your role as a teacher-facilitator is to orient the learners on how to use this

module, keep track of the learners’ progress as they manage their own learning and
be available to answer questions and provide explanations about the activities and
exercises in this module. The parents’ role is to help guide and monitor their child’s
performance in accomplishing the activities required for this module and to submit to
the teacher/school the required outputs.

For the Students

This module provides activities with actual exercises and activities for you to
perform. Do enjoy this wonderful opportunityy given to you to continue the process of
learning despite the present situation. Accomplish all the activities required for this
module and submit to your teacher at the end of the week.

One of our main purpose is for you to learn from this module, but before you
begin please remember the following:

1. Take good care of this material, do not put any unnecessary marks/writings in any
part of the module.
2. Read carefully and follow instructions given before starting any activity.
3. Follow this module in sequential order, do not skip some parts.
4. You may request your parents or any adult members in your family for help but bear
in mind to always observe honesty and integrity while performing and checking the
assessments and exercises.
5. Use a separate answer sheet for the exercises, assessments and activities.
iv
 Please don’t hesitate to communicate with your teacher or facilitator for questions
and clarifications regarding this module.

Here are some symbols for the different parts in this module:

It contains learning objectives to be

developed in a material.
Introduction
It introduces the topic/content of the
module briefly.

This is given to check what the learner

Let’s Find What knows about the lesson to take.
You Know
• This shall contain instruction in whether
to proceed or skip the module:
If you got 100% correct – you may skip
this module
If you got 99% or below correct – please
proceed with the module
Connects the current lesson with the
Review previous lesson by going over concepts
that were learned previously.

Let’s Learn and Introduces the new lesson through a

Experience story, a poem, song, situation or an
activity.

A brief discussion of the Lesson.

Mini-Lesson

This contains the Enrichment Activity,

Let’s Think Deep Guided/ Controlled Practice, Guided/
Controlled Assessment, Independent
Practice, Independent Assessment

A question, fill in the blank

Let’s Remember sentence/paragraph to process what the
learner learned from the lesson.
An activity that shall transfer the
Let Me Apply It skills/knowledge gained or learned into
real-life concerns/situations.

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 This evaluates the learner’s level of
Let’s Check It mastery in achieving the learning
objectives. The task given shall validate
the concepts and provide more
opportunities to deepen the learning.
An activity in any form that can increase
Let’s Ponder the strength of the response and tends to
induce repetitions of actions/learning.

At the end of the module, you will also see the following:

Glossary A definition of words found in or relating to

the lesson in this module

Answer Key Contains the answers to the activities

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 I. Introduction

This module was made and crafted for grade 8 students. This will give you aide in
knowing and understanding the folk arts of Southeast Asia. (Thailand, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore)
 How the elements of their fascinating art works influenced the historical and
cultural marvels in the world of art
 How the unique characteristics of their art works are reflected in the wide
array of exquisite textiles, crafts, architecture, ceramics, woodcarving, and
leatherwork
This module is divided into three lessons, namely
Lesson 1: Fabric/ Fabric Design
Lesson 2: Arts and Crafts
Lesson 3: Sculpture

II. Learning Goals

After going through this module, you are expected:

1. Identify characteristic of arts and crafts in specific countries in Southeast

Asia: Indonesia (batik, Wayang puppetry); Malaysia (modern batik, wau,
and the objects made from pewter) Thailand (silk fabric, and the Loi
Kratong Lantern Festival); Cambodia (AngkorWat and ancient temples);
Singapore
2. Name the different Southeast Asian Art
3. Compare and contrast the Arts from Cambodia and Thailand.
4. Create a replica using indigenous materials found in your home of South
east Asian Art
5. Make an interpretation from the different characteristics of the selected
South east Asian art
6. Determine how the art characteristics of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand,
Singapore and Cambodia differ from the arts and craft of the Philippines

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 Let’s Find What You Know

Activity 1: Complete Me

Directions: Supply the missing letters that corresponds to the word depicted in each
image. Write the letter inside the box.

1.T__ __i S__ __ k 3. B__ __i__ 5 . Wa__ __ __g k__li__

2. S__ y L__ __ __er__ 4. S__ __ M__r__ __mm__ n

6. Me_ _l_o_

7. Wa_ __ __t__ 8. . S__ p__p__ __ 9. Po__ __a __e S__ __t__a__

__

8
 10. Re_ _ _f Sc _ _ _tu_ e

Activity 2: Know Me Well

Instructions: Compare the Arts and Crafts of the two South east Asian
Countries below by completing the Venn diagram.

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Lesson
Title: Southeast Asia Art
1

IV. Review
Directions: Fill in the graph below by filling in 5 Southeast Asian Countries
that you know.

South East Asian

Countries

V. Let’s Learn and Experience

Learning Engagement No1: Find Me!

Can you locate in the Map the countries in South eastAsia?

Which country would you like to visit?

Photo, Peter Hermes Furian / Alamy Stock. 2018. Alamy.

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 VI. Mini Lesson
Lesson 1: FABRIC / FABRIC DESIGN
Thailand, Cambodia,

Thai Silk
Thai silk is produced from the cocoons of Thai
silkworms. It is mainly produced in Khorat which is
the center of the silk industry in Thailand.
Thai weavers from this region raise the caterpillars
on a steady diet of mulberry leaves.
Today, Thai silk making is considered to be one of
the finest arts in the world, a product of a
Photo, Bunwit Unseree / Alamy Stock. 2012. Alamy. June 29.
unique manufacturing process and bearing unique patterns and colors.
.
Silk weaving in Cambodia dates to as early as the
first century since textiles were used for trading.
Modern textiles have traces of motifs imitating
clothing details on ancient stone sculptures.
There are two main types of Cambodian weaving:
1. Ikat technique (Khmer term: chongkiet) – to
create patterns, weavers tie and dye portions of weft

Photo, Cathyrose Melloan / Alamy Stock. 2018. Alamy. February 10.

yarn before weaving begins. Patterns are diverse and vary by region; common motifs
include lattice, stars, and spots.
2. Uneven twill – it yields single or two-color fabrics, which are produced by
weaving three threads so that the color of one thread dominates on one side of the
fabric, while the two others determine the color on the reverse side.

Cambodia's modern silk-weaving centers are Takeo, Battambang, Beanteay

Meanchey, Siem Reap, and Kampot provinces. Silk-weaving has been revived in the
past ten years and now provides employment for many rural women.Cambodian silk
is generally sold
domestically, where it is used in sampot (wrap skirts), furnishings, and pidan
(pictoral tapestries). Now, it has seen an increase in export viability.
Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore
The fabric most common to both countries is the batik. The term “batik” is an
Indonesian-Malay word, believed to be related to the Malay word “titik,” which means
“point,” “dot,” or “drop.” The “drop” action refers to the process of dyeing the fabric by
making use of a resist technique: covering areas of cloth with a dye-resistant
substance (usually hot wax) to prevent them from absorbing colors. This technique is
has been taught for over a thousand years.
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Leaves and flowers in Malaysian batiks are incorporated to avoid the interpretation of
human and animal images as idolatry, in accordance with local Islamic doctrine. This
makes their batik look similar to that of Indonesia. Flight attendants in Singapore
wear
However, the Malaysian batik is famous for its geometrical designs or spirals. The
method of Malaysian batik-making is also different from those of Indonesian
Javanese batik.Their patterns are larger and simpler. More brush painting is applied
to be able to put lighter and more vibrant colors than deep colored Javanese batik
Lesson 2: ARTS AND CRAFTS
Thailand
Flying lanterns are made out of rice paper with a bamboo frame,
which contain a fuel cell or small candle. When the fuel cell is lit,
the flame heats the air inside the lantern, causing the lantern to
rise. Once airborne the sky lantern will rise until the fuel cell or
candle stays alight. When the candle burns out the sky lantern
floats back to the ground.

In Thailand, flying lanterns are used during the year for festivals,
the most popular being the Loy Krathong Festival. This festival is
Photo, Johnny Henshall / Alamy Stock. 2012. Alamy. February held on the night othe
12th full moon, usually in November, with Chang Mai believed to have the
brightest and most spectacular celebrations.
Cambodia
Indigenous people represent 1.4 percent of the total population in Cambodia, and the
majority of them live in remote rural areas within the country. Often referred to as
highlanders, their ways of life are different from the lowlanders, both from the cultural
and economic perspective.
Handicrafts are part of their traditional culture and their
livelihood as they produce textiles, baskets, jars, pottery,
and other tools for their daily use. Many indigenous
groups have established small enterprises and produce
traditional products to generate supplementary income
in order to support their livelihood.

Photo, Roberto Fumagalli / Alamy Stock. 2011. December 7.

Wayang Kulit of Indonesia

Shadow puppetry is popular in Indonesia. Wayang, in modern

Indonesian language means "show" or "perform." Kulit means
"skin," a reference to the leather material that the figures are
carved out of. Others bayang which means "shadow." Wayang
Kulit is a type of puppet shadow play performed around the Indo-
Malayan archipelago, tracing its origins to India. It is made out
from

Photo, Vector, ary koswara / Alamy Stock. 2017. Alamy. May 3

12
a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist tradition, where hand-crafted leather puppets depict
epic stories of the gods in shadow play The puppets are moved back of a cotton or
linen screen by a dalang, or a "puppet master" in a shadow puppet play. The dalang
tells the story, demonstrates, and voices each character, resulting sound effects with
speech and movement and manipulates all the figures between the lamp and the
screen to bring the shadows to life. Most shadow play is based on two epic stories
from India – the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The Balinese and Javanese have
combined the Hindu stories with Buddhist and Muslim ideas mixed with their own
folklore.
Malaysia
Wau Kite in Malay is a uniquely designed Malaysian kite
called “wau.” Its wings are similar to an Arabic letter
(pronounced "wow"). This kite-making tradition comes
naturally to Malaysian people, especially in the eastern
states of the Malayan Peninsula. Farmers used kites as
scarecrows in the fields and as a means to lull their
children to sleep, so they could work with little
interruption. Now, kite flying has become a popular sport
not just in Malaysia but
Photo, RAVINDRAN AL JOHN SMITH ravijohnsmith / Alamy Stock. 2018. Alamy.
February 3.
also internationally. Malaysia has been celebrating kite festivals annually like the
Pasir Gudang International Kite Festival.
These kite festivals encourage more tourists to visit.
Lesson 3: Sculpture
Cambodia
For many thousands of years, the art of stone carving
has flourished in Cambodia. From small statues to the
breathtaking carvings found at Angkor Wat, this art
medium has become one of the country's most
cherished art forms.
Photo, Fergus Mackay / Alamy Stock. n.d. Alamy.
Stone carving has been both a passion and a livelihood for many Cambodian
sculptors. The art of stone carving in Cambodia has a very long, fascinating history
which goes back to the foundation of the Khmer nation.
Thailand
Thailand is world-famous for its sculpture that dates
back 4,000 years. The most commonly used materials
are wood, stone, ivory, clay, and various metals. The
most notable sculptures are the Thai bronzes famous
for their originality and grace. This famous sculpture in
Wat Pho in Bangkok is 46 meters long and 15 meters
high.
Photo, Stephen Barnes/Religion / Alamy Stock. 2020. January 27.

It is made of plaster on a brick core and finished in gold leaf

The feet are inlaid with mother of pearl.

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 Indonesia
Indonesia is known for its stone, bronze, and iron-age
arts. The sculptures can be found in numerous
archaeological sites in Sumatra, Java to Sulawesi.
The native Indonesian tribes usually create sculptures
that depict ancestors, deities, and animals. This is
evident in the pre-Hindu-Buddhist and pre-Islamic
sculptures from the tribes. The most amazing
Photo, YAY Media AS / Alamy Stock. 2010. January 26.

Sculptures are the Asmat wooden sculpture of Papua, the Dayak wooden mask and
sculpture, the ancestral wooden statue of Toraja, and also the totem-like sculpture of
Batak and Nias tribe. From the classical Hindu-Buddhist era of Indonesia, the most
prominent sculptures are the hundreds of meters of relief and hundreds of stone
Malaysia
Malaysia Malaysia Porta de Santiago Bas-Relief Most of
Malaysia’s sculptures are relief. These are partially carved into
or out of another surface. These sculptures rely on a base or
plane
to support them and are a combination of both three-
dimensional
and two-dimensional art forms. This is very popular along the
walls and stone columns of the ancient Greek and Roman
buildings and can still be seen today on many famous buildings,
including the Colosseum. Relief sculpture is practiced today by
artists and architects, done with stone, marble, bronze and
Photo, Charles O. Cecil / Alamy Stock. 2018. Alamy. October 4.

many other substances.There are three main types of

relief sculptures:
1. Alto form – is almost completely carved
from its surface highly shaped, with very little of the
structure touching the base or plane 26 could possibly stand
alone if the base or plane were removed these are similar to
the Egyptians’ alto-Photo, Ei Katsumata / Alamy Stock. 2006. Alamy
relief sculptures of gods or Pharaohs attached to their temples common
among Greeks and Romans.
2. Bas form – is a relief that barely extends past the base common as wall
decorations on Greek or Roman buildings and are the type mostly seen on the
Coliseum.
3. Sunken relief sculpture – an image that is carved into the surface rather than out
of it
Singapore
The Sri Mariammam Hindu temple with sculptures of different
images is almost as old as Singapore itself. This was constructed
and dedicated to the goddess Mariamman who is worshipped for
her power to cure disease (early Singapore was mostly jungle, so
disease was rampant). Its most interesting feature is its impressive

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gopuram (tower) over the main entrance, which is decorated with numerous Hindu
deities.

Photo, David Parker / Alamy Stock. 2011. Alamy. May 9.

The Merlion was conceived because the Singapore Tourism

Board (STB) felt the country lacked a distinct image representing
the nation and its history. They set out to fabricate an icon, which
could tap into the particular myths and folklore of the area, many
of which feature sea-beasts and magical fish-creatures. The
Merlion is also partly inspired by the story of how Singapore got
its name or “The Singapura Story.” The Sentosa Merlion is the
biggest replica, standing at 37 meters and made from glass –
reinforced concrete.

Photo, Richard Cummins / Alamy Stock. 2014. Alamy. February 15.

VII. Let’s Think Deep

Learning Engagement No. 2: Think Of Me

A. Instructions: Write your own Interpretation for each picture of South East Asian Art
by answering the guide questions below.

1. What can you say about the beliefs of Singaporean

people?

2. What can you say about the Indonesian way of living

and worship?

3. How do you describe Cambodian’s love for art?

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 4. How do Indonesian People entertain themselves?

VIII. Let’s Remember

Learning Engagement No. 3:

Instructions: Choose the correct answer for each item below. Encircle your answer.
1. What are the two types of weaving in Cambodia?
A. Handpainted and Blockprinted
B. Ikat technique and uneven twill
C. Bengaline weave and ebony satin
D. geometric motifs and free form designs
2. How to describe a sampot?
A. A Cambodian Silk
B. An Indonesian Cloth
C. The Thai Flying Lanten
D. A Cambodian wrap skirt
3. What does the Indonesian-Malay word “batik” mean?
A. “titik,” which means “point,” “dot,” or “drop.”
B. “titik,” which means “paint,” “dot,” or “drop.”
C. “titik,” which means “paint,”dry ,” or “drop.”
D. “titik,” which means “point,” “dry,” or “drop.
4. What does Ikat- Technique mean?
A. An all-natural lustrous silk hand-woven in southern Vietnam and
naturally dyed using ebony fruit pods.
B. the Lao women’s ankle-long skirt whose form is undeniable but
whose patterns are unique to each skirt.
C. to create patterns, weavers tie and dye portions of weft yarn
before weaving begins. Patterns are diverse and vary by region;
common motifs include lattice, stars, and spots.
D. it yields single or two-color fabrics, which are produced by
weaving three threads so that the color of one thread dominates on one side of the
fabric, while the two others determine the color on the reverse side.
5. Where does Golden Silk Threads originated?
A. Cambodia C. Thailand
B. Singapore D. Vietnam
6. When do the Thai people celebrate the Sky Lantern Festival?
A. Christmas Eve C. New Year’s Eve
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 B. Loy Krathong Festival D. Pelaminangebyok
7. What does the Indonesian Shadow puppetry called?
A. Sampot C. Pelaminangebyok
B. Songkok D. Wayang Kulit
8. Where is the Sri Mariammam Hindu temple located?
A. Cambodia C. Indonesia
B. China D. Singapore
9. Which of the following definitions describes a songkok?
A. the simple elegant ankle-length skirt worn by Lao women.
B. are wooden doll puppets that are operated from below by rods
connected to the hands
C. a traditional kite that is especially popular in the state of Kelantan,
on the East Coast of Malaysia.
D. a Cap worn by Muslim males
10. What story/legend was the Merlion inspired of?
A. Mahabarata and Ramayana C. The Singapura Story
B. Mariamman D. Wayang Kulit

VIII. Let Me Apply It

Learning Engagement No. 4: Carving Time!

Making your own distinct style of Merlion Statue
Materials
soap knife cutter pencil old newspaper / cardboard
Procedure
1. Choose a bar of soap. Any soap will work; however, a larger bar is easier to hold
and gives more material to work with. Make sure you have a well-covered area to do
your soap carving on.
2. Choose a knife to use. Soap is fairly soft, so a sharp knife is not absolutely
necessary. Plastic knives, spoons, or popsicle sticks would also work. This is
especially important to note to prevent any accidents from using sharp knives.
3. Draw an outline of your carving on one side of the soap. You can either draw the
outline first using a pencil, or directly use a knife, orange wood stick, or toothpick to
scrape the outline into the soap.
4. Remove the soap outside the outline using small slivers or chips. Make sure to
scrape away only small portions at a time, as it would be easier to remove than to
put back an over scraped portion. Cutting off too much would cause the soap to
break off into chunks.
4. Add details to the inside of your outline to refine the design further. When the
carving is finished, wet your finger and rub the surface of the soap to create a
smooth finish. Allow it to dry and harden for a day.

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 CRITERIA 25 20 15 SCORE
CREATIVITY The work is very The work is The work is
creatively done creatively done something
creatively done
ORIGINALITY New, unique, Has some new Relies on ideas
shows personal ideas and directions
touch
STYLE Is well crafted, Has some Safe, ordinary
striking designed interesting and is
touches, but conventional
lacks distinct
style
VALUE Is seen useful Useful and Would not work
and valuable valuable to some in the real world
extent

IX. Let’s Ponder

Learning Engagement No. 5: Reflect on This

Directions: Answer each thought provoking questions below. Write your answers in
the space provided.
1.In what way can we be proud of our Philippine Art and culture?
2. What are some similarities that is visible both to the Southeast Asian Art and
Philippine Art?

3. In what way can we incorporate Southeast Asian Art to our our own
Philippine Art?

X. Let’s Check It

Activity 3
Directions: Match column A with column B with its corresponding counties and art
A. B.
_______1. Wayang Kulit
A. Indonesia
_______2. Merlion
B. Malaysia
_______3. Porta de Santiago C. Thailand
_______4. Sri Mariamman D. Singapore
_______5. Relief Sculptures E. Cambodia
_______6. Wooden Statue
_______7. Wau kite
_______8. Sa paper
_______9. Sky Lantern
_______10. Bronze Sculpture
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Directions: Determine if the statement below is True or False. Write True if the
statement is True and False if it is False. If the statement is False Underline the
words or terms that makes it erroneous and replace it with the correct word to make
it True. Write you answers in the space provided.
1.____________ Relief sculptures are famous in Indonesia.
2.____________ The Sri Marriamman Temple is a Buddist Temple.
3_____________ Sky Lanterns are from Thailand.
4._____________The Merlion was conceived by the Singapore Tourism Board
5._____________Singapore was a jungle way long ago.
6._____________Thailand is famous with their sculpture dated 2,000 years ago.
7._____________Thai silk is produced from the silkworms.
8._____________ Linen cloth is the most common cloth in Indonesia, Malaysia and
Singapore.
9._____________Wayang Kulit of India is a shadow puppet show.
10.____________ Wayang is a term used for a puppeteer.

Glossary
The following terms used in this module are defined as follows
Batik- is an art medium and methodology for creating design, usually on cloth, by
applying wax to portions of the material and then dyeing it, then removing the wax.
This can be done to make vibrant colors and incredible designs.
Dhalang- a puppet master, a shadow master, a literary and linguistics master, and a
leader.
Dye- A substance used to color materials also called dyestuff.
Folk Art- Art originating among the common people of a nation or region and usually
reflecting their traditional culture and history.
Gamelan- is an integral part of all cultural activities in Java such as wayang kulit
(leather puppets) performance, court dance, uyon-uyon (symphony orchestra
performance), etc
Merlion- is a mythical creature with the head of a lion and the body of a fish, used as
a mascot and national personification of Singapore. Its name combines "mer"
meaning the sea and "lion".

19
Answer Key

Malaysia Dhalang
Cambodia
10.False- Wayang-
Indonesia
Indonesia
Sigapore
Thailand 9.False- india-
Activity 3 8. False- Linen- Batik
10.Relief Sculpture 10.C D 5. 7. True
9. D C 4.
Santiago 8. D B 3.
6. False-2,000-4,000
9. Porta de 7. D B 2. 5. True
8. Sa paper 6. B B 1. 4. True
7. Wau Kite
6. Wayang Kulit VII. Let’s Remember 3. True
5. Merlion 10. B B Hindu
9. C D 4.
4. Sri Mariamman 2. False-Buddhist-
8. E B 3.
3. Batik Malaysia
7. B D 2.
2. Sky Lantern
6. A A 1. 1. False-Indonesia-
1. Thai Silk
Activity 1 Let’s check it Let’s Check it

References
Photo, Bunwit Unseree / Alamy Stock. 2012. Alamy. June 29. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-
thai-silk-fabric-pattern-57928664.html.

Photo, Cathyrose Melloan / Alamy Stock. 2018. Alamy. February 10. https://www.alamy.com/cotton-
fabric-for-sarongs-cambodia-image228011676.html.

Photo, Charles O. Cecil / Alamy Stock. 2018. Alamy. October 4. https://www.alamy.com/porta-de-

santiago-gate-of-a-famosa-portuguese-fort-16th-century-melaka-malaysia-
image237859780.html.

Photo, David Parker / Alamy Stock. 2011. Alamy. May 9. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sri-

mariamman-temple-singapore-38247240.html.

Photo, Ei Katsumata / Alamy Stock. 2006. Alamy. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bas-relief-

stone-carving-detail-georgetown-pulau-penang-malaysia-19860083.html.

Photo, Fergus Mackay / Alamy Stock. n.d. Alamy. https://www.alamy.com/cambodia-angkor-wat-

detail-sculptures-of-khmer-women-image1304438.html.

Photo, Johnny Henshall / Alamy Stock. 2012. Alamy. February 4. https://www.alamy.com/stock-

photo-hundreds-of-sky-lanterns-are-let-off-at-the-pingxi-sky-lantern-festival-
43481083.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=D50F9D59-C9A6-4AED-B8F9-
A6AD70A78219&p=34807&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch
=foo%3dbar%26s.

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Photo, Peter Hermes Furian / Alamy Stock. 2018. Alamy. June 15.
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