ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF RC SLAB BRIDGE

BRIDGE NAME: _ _ _ _ _

LOCATION: ( Sta. _ _ _ _ )

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre (Ph.D) 22-Apr-20

Yisihak Gebre (MSc)
 RC SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN
Design Data and Specifications RC SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

i) Material Properties
Steel strength, f y= 400 MPa
Concrete strength, f 'c = 28 MPa
3
Concrete density, ɤc = 2400 kg/m
3
Bituminous density, ɤb = 2250 kg/m
The modulus of elasticity of steel, Es = 200 GPa
ii) Bridge Span and Support Dimensions
Clear span of the bridge, Cs = 12 m
Road way /clear carriage width, Rw = 7.32 m
Additional curb width including bottom width of 1.25 m
the concrete barrier/ posts, Cw=
Curb depth, Cd = 0.25 m
Bearing shelf width, Wrs = 0.5 m
Concrete posts and railings are used 2 2
Railing depth, Rd = 0.3 m
Railing width, Rww = 0.15 m
Post depth, Pd = 0.3 m
Post width, Pw = 0.3 m
Post height, Ph = 0.85 m
Post spacing, Ps = 2.32 m
Thickness of Asphalt Layer = 100 mm
Concrete cover for the slab = 35 mm
iii) Reinforcement Sizes
Diameter of main reinforcement = 32 mm
Diameter of distribution reinforcement = 16 mm
Diameter of temperature reinforcement = 12 mm

* Design Method: LRFD

* Specifications:
- AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th ed. 2007
- Ethiopian Roads Authority, ERA Bridge Design Manual, 2013

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Design Data 4/22/2020

 Design of RC Slab Bridge (12m of Clear Span) 26.752 GPa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)
1.Depth Determination 12500
According to AASHTO (Table 2.5.2.6.3-1), minimum recommended depth for slabs with main reinforcement parallel
to the traffic is:
D=1.2(S+3000)/30 where: S= Span= Cs+Wrs = 12.50 m (c/c spacing of the bridge)
D=1.2*(12500+3000)/30=620mm
620 620.0 mm 12500 kN/m2
Thus, Use D =620mm 0.62 m 14.60 12500 0
620
2. Equivalent Strip widths, AASHTO Article 4.6.2.3
a) Interior Strip shear and
i) One lane loaded: multiple presence factor included 9000
E=min (18,000 , 250+0.42(S*W)1/2) = 4704.773 mm (W=Rw+2Cw) 9820
where: W is the edge-to-edge width of the bridge
ii) Multiple lanes loaded 9820
Number of lanes loaded, NL= int (7.32/3.6)=2 3429.511 4910
E=2100+0.12Sqrt(S*W) =3429.511 mm <W/NL(9820/2=4910mm) mm <W/NL(9820/2=4910mm)
3429.51
Use E = 3429.511 mm
Shear and moment per meter width of strip is critical for multiple lanes loaded because (4704.773 mm >3429.511 mm)

Equivalent Concentrated and distributed loads

Truck P 1'= 35kN/3429.511mm = 10.206kN/m kN/m 35 10.206
Truck P 2'= 145kN/3429.511mm = 42.28kN/m kN/m 145 42.280
Tandem P 3'= 110kN/3429.511mm = 32.075kN/m kN/m 110 32.075 6.875 187.23
Lane W'= 9.3kN/m/3429.511mm = 2.712kN/m2 kN/m2 9.3 2.712
b) Edge Strip 1250 3264.756 1800.000 1.80
Longitudinal edge strip width for a line of wheels
E=distance from edge to face of barrier +300+1/2 strip width < 1800mm
E =1250+300 +(1/2*3429.511) = 3264.756 mm
E=min (3264.756,1800)= 1800 mm
3. Influence Lines for shear force and bending moment
* Slab bridges shall be designed for all vehicular live loads specified in AASHTO Art. 3.6.1.2 including the lane load.
Live Load Force Effects 0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 6.25
0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 6.25
a) Interior Strip
i) Influence Line for Moment (Truck Load) Rank 1 187.23
(Max. effect of truck load)

24 At position where0 L1x = 6.875 m, Mtr =187.233

0 L2 kN-m/m
12.50 m1 1.125(Max. effect of truck
0 m2 0 m3load) 0 m2 0 m3 0.695 0 Mtr =187.233
Mtr 0 kN-m/m
23
22
21 0.1
0.125
0.15 1.25
1.5625
1.875 11.25
10.94
10.63 1.3671875
1.59375 -2.745
-2.3953125
-2.06125 0.695
0.8296875
0.94875 0
0
0 0.8296875
0.94875 54.65817
66.27248
77.06669
20
19
18 0.175
0.2
0.225 2.1875
2.5
2.8125 10.31
10.00
9.69 1.8046875
2.1796875 2 -1.7428125
-1.44
-1.1528125 1.0521875
1.14
1.2121875 0
0
0 1.0521875
1.14
1.2121875 87.04081
96.19484
104.5288
17
16
15 NB: x is0.25
the
0.275
0.3 position of 3.125
the middle
3.4375
3.75 9.38
wheel
9.06
8.75 2.34375
measured from
2.4921875
2.625 the-0.88125
left
-0.6253125support.
-0.385 1.26875
1.3096875
1.335 0
0
0 1.26875
1.3096875
1.335 112.0426
118.7364
124.61
14
13
12 0.325
0.35
0.375 4.0625
4.375
4.6875 8.44
8.13
7.81 2.7421875
2.84375
2.9296875 -0.1603125
0.04875
0.2421875 1.3446875
1.33875
1.3171875 0
0.04875
0.24219 1.3446875
1.33875
9.3/E
1.3171875 129.6636
135.9582
147.5501
11
10
9 0.4
0.425
0.45 5.3125
5.6255 7.50
7.19
6.88 3.0546875
3.09375 3 0.42
0.5821875
0.72875 1.28
1.2271875
1.15875 0.42
0.58219
0.72875 1.28
1.2271875
1.15875 157.6613
166.2918
173.4415
7
5
3 0.475
0.5
0.525 5.9375
6.25
6.5625 6.56
6.25
5.94 3.1171875
3.125
3.1171875 0.8596875
0.975
1.0746875 1.0746875
0.975
0.8596875 0.85969
0.975
1.07469 1.0746875
0.975
0.8596875 179.1105
183.2989
186.0064
1
2
4 0.55
0.6145/E
0.575 6.875
7.1875
7.5 5.63
5.31
5.00 3.09375
3.0546875 1.15875
3 1.2271875 0.72875
0.4235/E1.15875
1.28 0.5821875 1.22719
1.28 0.72875
0.5821875
0.42 187.2333
186.9795
185.2449
6
8 0.625
0.65 7.8125
8.125 4.69 145/E
4.38 2.9296875
2.84375 1.3171875
1.33875 0.2421875
0.04875 1.31719
1.33875 0.2421875
0.04875 182.0296
177.3336
6.88
6.56 3.09
3.12 1.16
2.55 0.73
0
2.58
6.88 0.00
1.16
3.09 6.886.88 3.090 3.09 11.1811.18 0 0.73 2.58 2.58 0
1.16
11.18
12.50 12.50 0.73
0.00 0 6.875
3.09375
6.88 6.88 0 4.9 0.00
3.86 11.18
11.18 2.58 2.58 4.61 3.86 1.15875
0.72875
1.16 0.73
6.88

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

x 181.685

Mlane, max= 2.712*12.5^2/8 = 52.969kN-m/m 52.969

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 1

 ii) Influence Line for Moment (Tandem Load) Rank 1 (Max. effect of tandem load)
At position where x = 6.5625 m, Mtm =181.685 kN-m/m (Max. effect of tandem load) Mtm =181.685 kN-m/m
0 12.50
6.56 0.00
3.12
0.00 6.56 6.56110/E 0 3.12
110/E 5.365.36 0 2.55
0 0
6.56 6.56 5.5 0.00
4.32 5.365.36 6.5625
3.1171875
2.5471875
0 L1 0 L2 m1 0.875 NB:
1 m2 -0.125 x0 ism3the0.5904
position of0.2808
the front wheel
1
2
3
4
5 0.1
0.125
0.15
0.175 1.25
1.5625
1.875
2.1875
12.50
11.25
10.94
2.55 10.63
10.31 0.9
0.85
0.825 -0.1
-0.15
-0.175 0.574 m20.2652
0.656
0.5576
0.5412 0.273 m3 0.7684
0.312
0.2574 0.791 Vtr
0.904
0.8136
0.7458
73.19995
65.87996
64.04996
62.21996
60.38996
6
7
8 0.2
0.225
0.25 2.5
2.8125
3.125 10.00
9.69
9.38 0.8
0.775
0.75 -0.2
measured
-0.225
-0.25 0.5248
from
0.5084
0.492 0.2496
the left0.2418
support.
0.234 0.7232
0.7006
0.678 58.55996
56.72996
54.89996
9
10
11 0.275
0.3
0.325 3.4375
3.75
4.0625 9.06
8.75
8.44 3.12 0.725
0.7
0.675 -0.275
-0.3
-0.325 0.4756
0.4592
0.4428 0.2262
0.2184
0.2106 0.6554
0.6328
0.6102 53.06997
51.23997
49.40997
12
13
14 0.35
0.375
0.4 4.375
4.68755 8.13
7.81
7.50 0.65
0.625
0.6 -0.35
-0.375
-0.4 0.4264
0.41
0.3936 0.2028
0.195
0.1872 0.5876
0.565
0.5424 47.57997
45.74997
43.91997
15
16
17 0.425
0.45
0.475 5.3125
5.625
5.9375 7.19
6.88
6.56 0.575
0.55
0.525 -0.425
-0.45
-0.475 0.3772
0.3608
0.3444 0.1794
0.1716
0.1638 0.5198
0.4972
0.4746 42.08997
40.25997
38.42997
18
19
20 0.5
0.525
0.55 6.25
6.5625
6.875 6.25
5.94
5.63 0.5
0.475
0.45 -0.5
-0.525
-0.55 0.328
0.3116
0.2952 0.156
0.1482
0.1404 0.452
0.4294
0.4068 36.59998
34.76998
32.93998
21
22
23 0.575
0.6
0.625 7.1875
7.5
7.8125 5.31
5.00
4.69 0.425
0.4
0.375 -0.575
-0.6
-0.625 0.2788
0.2624
0.246 0.1326
0.1248
0.117 0.3842
0.3616
0.339 31.10998
29.27998
27.44998
24 0.65 8.1250 4.38
6.56 0.35
1 -0.65 0 0.2296
0.656 0.1092
0.312 0.3164
0.00 0.904 25.61998
0
0 12.50 0
1 0 4.3 0 8.6 0 1 1
### 0.00 0 -1 4.3 0.656
0.656 8.6 0.312
0.312 0
0 0 2 1.6
2 4 4.3 1.6
6 2 8 8.6 10 1.6
1.75 12 14

x
0
iii) Influence Line for Shear Force (Truck Load) 12.50
Max. shear force due to truck73.2
load occurs at
Max. shear force due to truck load occurs at position where x= 0m, Vtr =73.2 kN/m Vtr =73.2 kN/m
0
0 0
0
0
0 12.5 0
1 0 1.2 0
13
13 0
0 0
0 -1
-1 1.2
1.2 0.904
0.904 9.3/E
0
0 1.6
2 1.2
1.2 1.6
2
145/E 145/E
35/E

1
0.656
0.312

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

iv) Influence Line for Shear Force (Tandem Load) Max. shear force due to tandem load occurs at
Max. shear force due to tandem load occurs at position where x =0m, Vtm =61.071 kN/m Vtm =61.071 kN/m

110/E 110/E

1 0.904

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

b) Edge strip
Half of the lane width is taken for design (multiple presence factor of 1.2 will be critical) since edge strip width is
limitted to 1800mm for one-lane loaded.
VLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]/2
MLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]/2

Live load placement for shear and moment (edge strip)

1 1

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 2

 4. Dead Load Force Effects
a) Interior Strip
Take 1m strip, unit wt. of concrete = 2400 kg/m3
d=569 mm (=620-32/2-35)
Wdc = 2400*9.81kN/m3/1000*0.62m = 14.597kN/m2 (dead load of the deck slab)
Wdw = 2250*9.81kN/m3/1000*0.1m = 2.207kN/m2 (dead load of the wearing surface)
b) Edge Strip
Dead Load Computations
Assume curb, railings & post loadings spread over edge strip width (1800mm)

(0.25*1.2+0.5*0.25*0.05) *(2400*9.81) /1000 (wearing surface

Curb = + 14.597 = 18.603 kN/m2
1.8 is not included)
0.15*0.3 *(2400*9.81) /1000
Railings = = 0.589 kN/m2
1.8
Number of posts = Int. (clear span of bridge / post spacing)+1 = 6
(0.3*0.3*0.85) *6* (2400*9.81)/1000
Posts = = 0.48 kN/m2
1.8*12.5
Thus, the total edge load becomes, 18.603+0.589+0.48 = 19.672 kN/m2

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 3

 5. Select Resistance Factors
Strength Limit States (RC) 1 1 0.95
Flexure & Torsion Flexure & Torsion 1 i) Strength Limit State
1.00 1.05
Resistance Factor = 1 ShearCompression
Axial & Torsion 1 iii)
ii) Service
Fatigue Limit
Limit State
0.90
State
0.75 1
Bearing on Concrete 1.00
6. Select Load Modifiers Concrete in strut & Tie model
1 1.00
i) Strength Limit State 1.25 dc 1
1.25
i) Ductility 0.95 1.50 [Art. 1.3.3] dw 1.5
ii) Redundancy 1.05 1.75 [Art. 1.3.4] LL 1.75
iii) Importancy 1.05 1.00 [Art. 1.3.5] FR 0.75
Load Modifier = 1.05

7. Select Applicable Load Combinations (AASHTO, Table 3.4.1-1)

i) Strength Limit State U=1.05(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00(FR+TG)

7.1. Investigate Strength Limit State

Design Shear and Moment Computaions
For simple slab bridges, temperature gradient effect reduces gravity load effects. Because temperature gradient may
not be there, assume TG=0
Thus, U=1.05(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM))

a) Interior Strip
i) Shear Force
x Vtr Vtm Vln Vdl=Vdc+Vdw VD VDU
0 0
73.200 73.200 61.071
16.950 16.950 105.025 347.882 219.331
347.882 219.331
VDmax=1.05(1.75[1.33Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+1.25Vdl) = 347.882 kN/m
ii) Moment
x Mtr Mtm Mln Mdl=Mdc+Mdw MD MDU ρ As S
6.25 183.299
187.233 181.224
181.224 52.969 328.203 973.616
977.940 624.959
626.380
0.00908 0.00904
5168.531 5143.63 150
150
MDmax=1.05(1.75[1.33Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+1.25Mdl) = 977.94 kN-m/m 150 5358.93

 2M u  ϕ f 'c 0 .0 3 f c '
ρ =  1 − 1−  ϕ=0.85 ρ m in =
 0 . 9 b d 2 ϕ f ' c  f y fy

b) Edge Strip As provided 5168.53

i) Shear Force 401.480 253.621 3429.511
VLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]/2
x Vtr Vtm Vln Vdc VD VDU 1800.000

0 0 83.680 83.680 69.814

19.377 19.377 122.950
1523.203 401.480 253.621 1.9052839 622.6462
VDmax=1.05(1.75[1.33Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+1.25Vdl) = 401.48 kN/m
ii) Moment 569
MLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]/2
de = 569mm (To compute reinforcements around the curb)
x Mtr Mtm Mln Mdc MD MDU ρ As S
6.25 209.542 207.170 60.552 384.219
1127.646
1132.482 723.462 6073.109
724.996 0.01062 6044.35
130 130
130
1132.482 0.01067 0.01067 6073.11 130
MDmax=1.05(1.75[1.33Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+1.25Mdl) = 1132.482 kN-m/m 6183.38

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 4

 Checking the adequacy of the section 6073.11
The section is checked for the maximum design moment whether the initial depth under consideration is sufficed or not.
dic < d used,1.53
The section is sufficed!
M ma x
d ic = =343.85mm 343.85
0.25 4bf c'

dic < d used, The section is sufficed! 0.741

Check for shear The section is sufficed! 0.741

(=1.53MPa) 276.15 295.993

=0.14√(28)+17.2*0.00908*(219.331/626.38)/1000 = 0.741 Vcc = 0.741MPa

div=VDU/Vcc= 219.331/0.741 =295.993mm The section is sufficed!
i) Flexural Reinforcement
Interior Strip (Using 32 mm diameter reinforcing bars)
As= 5168.53 mm2, Use Φ 32 c/c 150 mm (As provided= 5358.93 mm2 ) Φ
Edge Strip for the widthfor the width
As= 6073.11 mm2, Use Φ 32 c/c 130 mm (As provided= 6183.38mm2) 6183.38
ii) Shear Reinforcement, AASHTO Article 5.14.4.1
Slab bridges designed for moment in conformance with Article 4.6.2.3 may be considered satisfactory for shear.

iii) Distribution Reinforcement, AASHTO Article 5.14.4.1

The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a percentage of the main reinforcement required
for positive moment and a minimum spacing of 250mm.
P e= min[50,1750/√(L1)] 50
P e = Percentage of distribution reinforcement
Thus P e= min [50, 1750/sqrt (12500 )] = 0.157 16% 15.65 15.65

a) Interior strip 809.00

Ati= P eAsti = 809mm2 (Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars) 0.156525
Sdi =min(asi*1000/Ati,250] = Min (240,250 ) 248.41 24 240 240
As= 809 mm2, S= 240 mm Use Φ 16 c/c 240 mm

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 5

 b) Edge strip
Ate= P eAste = 950.59mm2 950.59
Sde =min(asi*1000/Ate,250] = Min(210,250 ) 211.41 21 210 210
As= 950.59 mm2, S= 210 mm Use Φ 16 c/c 210 mm

iv) Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement, AASHTO section 5.10.8

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes. The steel should be distributed equally on both sides.
Ast ≥ 0.75Ag/fy
Where: Ag is the gross concrete area 1162.5
Ast = 0.75*1000*620/400=1162.5 mm2/m (in each direction, both faces)
581.25
Top layer Ast = 1/2*1162.5= 581.25 mm2/m 194.48 19 190 190
Spacing =min(asi*1000/Ast ,250) = Min (190,250 )
Use Φ12 mm rebars c/c 190mm, transverse (in each direction, both faces)

7.2. Investigation of Service Limit State

Actions to be considered at the service limit state shall be cracking, deformations, and concrete stresses, as specified in
Articles 5.7.3.4, 5.7.3.6, and 5.9.4 respectively.

i) Durability
For durability, adequate cover shall be used (for bottom of cast in place slab the cover is 35mm).
A 35mm concrete cover is provided here, thus there is no problem of durability.
ii) Adequacy of Reinforcement Bars
a) Moment Interior Strip
The load factors used above in all dead and live loads are taken as unity.
MDU= 626.38kN-m/m 626.380 kN-m/m
M p
As = Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6fy 5242.11
f s jd p 5242.11
626.38E+06 kN-m/m
AS = = 5242.11mm2/m (provide diam. 32 c/c 150mm)
(0.6*400)*0.875*569

b) Moment Edge Strip (provide diam. 32 c/c 150mm)

MDU= 724.996kN-m/m 724.996 kN-m/m
M
As = p
Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6fy 6067.42 0.0044698
f s jd p OK!
724.996E+06 kN-m/m
AS = = 6067.42mm2/m OK!
(0.6*400)*0.875*569
( c/c 130mm)
iii) Control of Cracking
The cracking stress shall be taken as the modulus of rupture specified in AASHTO, Article 5.4.2.6.
Cracking may occur in the tension zone for RC members due to the low tensile strength of concrete. The cracks may
be controlled by distributing steel reinforcements over the maximum tension zone in order limit the maximum allowable
crack widths at the surface of the concrete for given types of environment.
The tensile stress in the mild steel reinforcement (f s ) at the service limit state doesn’t exceed f sa .

Z 30,000 mod erate exposureconditions

f sa = ≤ 0.6 f y 
( dc* A)
1
3 Z = 23,000 severe exposure conditions
17,500 buried structures

Z=crack width parameter=23,000N/mm

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 6

 where:
dc= concrete cover + (diam. of bars/2), measured from the extreme tension fiber
clear cover to compute dc≤50mm
Ac= 2dcS
f r=0.63√ (f c’)
6M us
f cten = ; D is in mm.
bD 2

Ac= area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinforcement are bounded by the surfaces of the
cross section and a line parallel the neutral axis divided by the number of bars (mm2), clear cover here also≤50mm.
S = spacing of bars.
f r = modulus of rupture
f cten= tensile strength of the concrete
If f cten> 0.8f r, the section has cracked (AASHTO, Article 5.7.3.4 and 5.4.2.6) 9.78 3.33 2.66
MDu=626.38kN-m/m 222 Section has cracked
f r=0.63√ (f c’) = 3.33 Mpa 0.8f r = 2.66 MPa
6*626.38E+6 N-mm
f cten = =9.78 MPa
1000*620^2
Section has cracked
Steel stress for elastic cracked section for which moment of inertia of the composite transformed section, Icr, should be
used.

If fs > fsa, then the area of reinforcing bars has to be increased by reducing the spacing of bars or the section depth
has to be increased.
a) Interior Strip
2
bx 2
Moment about the NA: =nApi ( d 1 -x 2 )
2
3
bx2 2
Icr = +nApi ( d 1 -x 2 )
3
M Du ( d 1 -x2 ) n
fs =
Icr
where: Z
fsa = 1

x2 is the neutral axis depth from top fiber (2( D − d 1 )2 Si )

3

MDu= unfactored max moment, interior strip.

Icr = moment of inertia of the composite transformed section
2
The equivalent concrete area, nApi = 37512.510 mm
Api =5358.93mm2/m, Si=150mm d1=569mm, n=Es/Ec, MDu=626.38kNm/m
Substitution yields: 1E+09
x2=172.479 mm ,Icr= 7.608 E+09 mm4, fs= 228.51 MPa, fsa= 240 MPa
The above results show that :
fs (= 228.51 MPa) <fsa ( =240 Mpa)
No problem of cracking
Provide 32 mm rebars spaced at 150 mm

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 7

 b) Edge Strip
Cw x3 2
Moment about the NA:
2
(
=nApe d e -x 3 )

1000 ( Cw -0.05 ) x33 2

I cre = +n Ape ( d e -x3 )
3
M Dse ( d e -x3 ) n
f se=
I cre
Z
f sae = 1

( 2( D − d e )2 Se )
3

The equivalent concrete area is nApe= 43283.660 mm2

Ape =6183.38mm2/m, Se=130mm de=569mm, n=Es/Ec, MDue=724.996kN-m/m -43283.7 197017.97 153.734
Substitution yields:
x3= 153.734 mm, Icre=8.372E+09mm4, = 251.71 MPa, fsa =240 MPa
fs (= 251.71 MPa, ) > fsa ( =240 MPa) fsa ( =240 MPa
Increase the amount of reinforcing bars provided (reduce the c/c spacing b/n bars)
> Increase the amount of reinforcing bars provid
> Increase the amount of reinforcing bars provid
iii) Deformations 222 Thus, provide Φ32 c/c 125 mm.
Deflection and Camber, AASHTO Article 5.7.3.6.2
Deflection and camber calculations shall consider dead load, live load, erection loads, concrete creep and shrinkage.
Immediate (Instantaneous) deflections may be computed taking the moment of inertia as either the effective moment of
inertia Ie, or the gross moment of inertia Ig.
Unless a more exact deformation calculation is made, the long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage may be taken as
the immediate deflection multiplied by the following factor (AASHTO, Article 5.7.3.6.2).
4, if the instantaneous deflection is based on Ig.
 A' 
3 .0 – 1 .2  s  ≥ 1 .6 if the instantaneous deflection is based on Ie.
 As 

Dead load camber

Total dead load of the bridge and the whole bridge cross section is considered.

Cw = 1.25 m
D= 0.62 m
Rw = 7.32 m
Cd = 0.25 m
9.52 m
Dead Loads of the whole bridge 9.52 0.62
Components Weight Width (m) Total wt.
Wt. of slab 14.60 (Rw+2Cw-0.3) 9.52 138.963
Wearings wt. 2.21 Rw 7.32 16.155
Curb wt. 4.006 2Cw 2.5 10.015
Railing wt. 0.589 2Ee 3.6 2.120
Posts wt. 0.480 12 posts 12 5.76 6.22
Wdd = 173.014
Wdd = 173.014 kN/m

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 8

 The total, maximum and critical moments due to dead and live load of the whole slab bridge, respectively are given by the
equations:
Mlld=Mmd+max(Mtrl,Mtml)*Em1*NL ; Em1 (interior strip width) is in m and NL is the number of design lanes.
Mmd= Wdd*L12/8
= 173.014*12.5^2/8 =3379.18kN-m 3379.18
Mlld= 3379.18+1.33*187.23*3.4295*2=5087.18kN-m 5087.18

(Rw+2Cw-0.3)D2/2+2Cw*Cd(Cd/2+D)
yr =
(Rw+2Cw-0.3)*D+(Cw*2Cd)

yr = 9.52*0.62^2/2 +1.25*0.25*2*(0.25/2+0.62) 2.295369

= 0.352m (yr= 352mm)
9.52*0.62+(1.25*0.25*2) 6.5274
Thus, the gross moment of inertia of the whole slab bridge becomes 0.352
Ig = 9.52*0.62^3/12 +(9.52*0.62*(0.62/2-0.352)^2)+2*1.25*0.25^3/12+(2*1.25*0.25*(0.745-0.352)^2) 352
Ig= 2.99E+11 mm4 0.299 0.352
The critical moment of inertia is 0.745
Icr =(Icr)interior *(W-2Ee)+2(Icr)edge = (7.608E+9)*6.22 + 2*8.372E+9 0.299
4
Icr = 6.41E+10 mm 1000
1E+12
Where: W is the total width of the bridge
Ee is the width of the edge strip
The effective moment of inertia is calculated using the following equation: 2.99E+11
 M cr 
3   M cr  
3

Ie =   I g + 1 −    I cr ≤ I g
 M a    M a  
Where:
Mlld= total moment due to dead and live load of the whole slab bridge
Mmd= total dead load moment of the whole slab bridge <
Mcr= critical moment of the whole slab bridge The Secton cracks under2.83E+09
DL, Use Ie.
Ig
M cr = f r = 3.33*0.299E+12/352 = 2828.61kN-m
yr Ic 1.045E+11 2828.61
Ie= 1.04E+11 mm4
Mcr < Mmd The Secton cracks under DL, Use Ie.

EC = 0.043 γ c1.5 fc ' , Ec = 26.752 GPa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete) 7

γc : unit density of concrete (kg/m3); refer to Table 3.5.1-1 or Article C5.4.2.4
f c ' : Specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa)

Thus, the dead load deflection of the slab bridge is given by:
4
ddl= 5WdlL1 = 19.682 mm 1.968E-08 19.682
384Ec* Ic 78.728
Camber =ddl+long term deflection, Long term deflection = 3ddl 15.625
Camber =ddl (1+3)= 78.728 mm Thus, provide a camber of 78.728 mm
b) Live Load Deflection (AASHTO, Article 2.5.2.6.2)
For vehicular load in general, dmax=L1/800 = 12500/800 =15.625mm

Where: L1: span length of the bridge in mm

dmax : the permissible limit ( max. deflection)
In the computation of live load deflection, design truck load alone or design lane load plus 25% of truck load is considered
(AASHTO, Article 3.6.1.3.2)

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 9

 i) Deflection due to truck load
P LL1=P LL2=1.33*145NL = 385.7kN 385.7
P LL3=1.33*35NL = 93.1kN 93.1
where:
P LL1 and P LL2 are truck loads.

P LL1 P LL2 P LL3

The second load is to the

0.625 right
At x1=6.875 m, Mtr =187.233 kN-m/m (Location of maximum truck load effect) 2.575 9.93
The maximum deflection of the bridge due to truck load occurs at a wheel load position where moment is a maximum.Thus,
the deflection at the point of maximum moment, x, due to each truck load at 'a' distance a from the left support is given by:

of the
The second load is to the right ,0.625mm, of the center 5.63 center
 L2 − b 2 − x 2 
d ki = PLLi bx  1  for x ≤ a
 6 Ec Ic L1 

where:
dtri= deflection due to each truck load. 1.33
a= location of the load to be considered, b=L1-a and x=L1-X1 11.17
(EI)conc=26752*0.1E+12= 2.79E+15 (Nmm2) #REF! 2.79E+06 2.79E+00
a) First Load, P LL1 21532.908 117.9788
a=2.575m, b=9.925m, x=6.875m
dtr1= 0.00314m= 3.14mm
2.79E+15 26752
b) Second Load, P LL2
2.79E+06 1.00E-01
a=6.875m, b=5.625m, x=6.875m
dtr2= 0.0055m= 5.5mm
5.50E+00
c) Third Load, P LL3
a=11.175m, b=1.325m, x=6.875m
dtr3= 0.00043m= 0.43mm 4.40E-01
Using the method of superposition, the total live load deflection due truck load is the sum of each deflections, dki’s.
Thus, compare the value obtained with the permissible limit.
dtr=dtr1+dtr2+dtr3 = 3.14+ 5.5+0.43 = 9.07mm 18.06 mm 1.81E+01
ii) Deflection due to tandem load
The maximum deflection due to tandem load occurrs when a single concentrated tandem load is acting at the mid span.
dtl=P stl*L13/48EcIc (where P stl is a concentrated load at the mid span) = 1.33*110*2NL
where:
dtl = deflection due to tandem load.
P stl = Single concentrated factored tandem load = 1.33*110*2NL = 585.2kN 585.2
dtl= 585.2*12.5^3/(48*2794377.51) = 0.00852m = 8.52 mm 8.52E+00 8.52E-03

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 10

 iii) Deflection due to lane load
WL1=9.3*NL 18.6
dLa = 5WL1*L14/(384EIe)
= 5*(9.3*2)*12.5^4/(384*2794377.51) 2.12E-03
= 0.00212m =2.12 mm 2.12E+00

dll=max(dtr, (dla+0.25dtr)) =9.07 mm

dmax= max(dll,dtl) =9.07 mm 9.07 1.12E+01
Where:
dla = deflection due to lane load.
WL1= lane load
dll = total live load deflection
dmax= 9.07mm (< 15.625mm) The deflection is within the limit.

7.3 Investigation of Fatigue Limit State (AASHTO, Section 5.5.3)

Magnitude and Configuration of Fatigue Load
The fatigue load shall be one design truck or axles thereof specified in Article 3.6.1.2.2, but with a constant spacing of 9000mm
between the 145 000-N axles. The dynamic load allowance specified in Article 3.6.2 shall be applied to the fatigue load.
U=0.75(LL+IM) ; F.S for LL is 0.75
where:
U= Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m spacing.
Maximum moment results when the two front axles are on the span and the rear axle is out of the span.
Mmf= 0.75*1.15(Mmax)

0
##
## 24
23
22
21
20 0 L1=x
0.1
0.125
0.15
0.175 0 L2
1.25
1.5625
1.875
2.1875 12.50
11.25
10.94
10.63
10.31
m1
-2.3953125
-2.06125
-1.7428125 0 m21.3671875
-2.745 0 m3
1.125
1.59375 0.225
0.2421875
0.24375 0 m1 pos 0
0 m3 pos0.225
0.2421875
0.24375 0 Mtr
195.75
233.3594
266.43750
##
## 19
18
17
16
15 0.2
0.225
0.25
0.275
0.3 2.5
2.8125
3.125
3.4375
3.75 10.00
9.69
9.38
9.06
8.75 -1.44 1.8046875
-1.1528125
-0.88125
-0.6253125
-0.385 2 0.2296875
2.1796875
2.34375
2.4921875
2.625 0.15468750.2
0.09375
0.0171875
-0.075
0
0
0 0.2296875
0.2 294.9844
0.1546875
0.09375
0.0171875 319
338.4844
353.4375
363.8594
380.625
##
##
## 14
13
12
11
9 0.325
0.35
0.375
0.4
0.425 4.0625
4.375
4.6875
5
5.3125 8.44
8.13
7.81
7.50
7.19 -0.1603125
0.04875
0.2421875
0.5821875 2.7421875
2.84375
2.9296875
0.42 3.1171875
3.0546875 -0.182813
-0.30625
-0.445313
3 -1.157813
-0.770313 0
0.04875
0.24219
-0.6 0.85969
0.42
0.58219 0
0
0 397.6172
414.05
433.2813
449.7
463.3063
##
## 7
5
3
1
2 0.45
0.475
0.5
0.525
0.55 5.625
5.9375
6.25
6.5625
6.875 6.88
6.56
6.25
5.94
5.63 0.72875
0.8596875
0.975
1.0746875
1.15875 3.09375
3.125
3.1171875
3.09375 -0.95625
-1.375
-1.607813
-1.85625 0.72875
0.975
1.07469
1.15875 0
0 474.1
482.0813
487.25
489.6063
489.15
##
## 4
6
8
10 0.575
0.6
0.625
0.65 7.1875
7.5
7.8125
8.125 5.31
5.00
4.69
4.38 1.2271875
1.28 3.0546875
1.3171875
1.33875 3 -2.120313
2.9296875
2.84375 -2.4 1.22719
-2.695313
-3.00625 1.28
1.31719
1.33875 0
0 485.8813
6.56 479.8
470.9063
459.2
489.61
422.29

89.75
Mmax occurs at x= 6.5625m and equals to 489.606 kNm 36.953 4.705
Mmf= 0.75*1.15(Mmax) = 422.285kNm/lane 36.953194 7.61E+09
Mmf= the maximum moment for fatigue.
240 <
a) Tensile live load stresses
One lane loaded, Strip width is Em1 (for interior strip)
Mllf= Mmf/Em1 (Em1 is in meter)
= 422.285 /4.705 =89.75kNm/m

=7*89.75E+6*(620-172.479)/(7.61E+9) mm4 =36.953 MPa 7.61

f smax = 36.953MPa (< 240MPa) OK!

where:
Mllf is the maximum moment per meter width for fatigue.

b) Reinforcing Bars
The stresses range in straight reinforcement bars resulting from fatigue load combination shall not exceed (AASHTO, Section 5.5.3.2).
If fsmax < ff , then there is no problem of fatigue. Otherwise increase the area of reinforcing bars.
where:
f f is the stress range.
f min is the minimum live load stress resulting from fatigue load, combined with the more severe stress from permanent loads.
For simplly supported slab bridge f min is zero.
f f =166-0.33f min =166MPa > 36.953MPa OK! No problem of fatigue. 166
>
OK!
THE DESIGN IS COMPLETED!

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deck Design 4/22/2020, Page 11

 ③ - 164Φ16 @80, L=3030

③ - 164Φ16 @80, L=3030

④ - 63Φ16 @210, L=9450

32 @150, L=14220 (lb=1220)

12 @190, L=13100 (lb=170)

32 @125, L=14220 (lb=1220)

32 @125, L=14220 (lb=1220)

13000
⑥ - 45Φ12
① - 24Φ32
27Φ32
② - 27

② - 27Φ32
Φ32
⑤ - 69Φ12 @190, L=9450

3195 3430 3195

Fig 1. Bridge Plan

⑦ - 3Φ12 -, L=13100 (lb=170) ⑦ - 3Φ12 -, L=13100 (lb=170)

③ ⑥ ⑤ ③

250

620

② ②
① ④
1250

9820

Fig 2. Bridge Cross Section

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Deatiling 4/22/2020

 Design of Curbs

According to AASHTO Bridge Design Manual (Art. 2.7), curbs will be designed to resist a lateral force of 7.3
kN/m applied at the top of the curb or the railing load of 44.5kN whichever produces larger force effect.

1.825 M1=7.3Cd= 1.825 kN-m/m

M2 =44.5x /E 26.45 E= 0.833P h +1.143 1.851
M2 = 26.45kN-m/m E=1.851 m
M2 will be taken for design. will be taken for design.
Mu = 1.3max(M1, M2) M2
Design Moment, Mu 34.385
Mu = 34.385 kN-m/m 34.385
1067
b=1000mm
d =Cw-0.15-cover-Φ/2 d =1067mm d = D+Cd-cover-Φ/2
80 8.000 ## 8
ρ = 0.00008 ρmin = 0.0021 (Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars)
As As =ρminbd 0.0021
2240.7 As= 2240.7 mm2, Use Φ 16 c/c 80 mm

Temperature Reinforcement 2039.063 1019.5313

0.75Ag
Ast =
fy
Ast = 0.75Cw(D+Cd)/400=2039.0625 mm2 110.87 11 ##
Spacing =min(ast*1000/Ast, 250) = min(110, 250 )
Use Φ12 mm rebars c/c 110mm 11.363636 12

Φ 16 c/c 80 mm
12 Φ12

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Curb Design 4/22/2020

 ABUTMENT DESIGN

Dimensions and Material Properties

Bottom width of the foundation on the left side, BL1= 1.75 m
Bottom width of the toe on the right side, BL3 = 3.25 m
slope V:H = 2
Top width of the abutment cap, x = 0.20 m
Depth of the abutment cap, Bf1= 0.25 m
Depth of the base concrete, ht= 0.50 m
Depth of the base concrete, hh= 0.50 m
Top height of the abutment, H= 5.00 m
Allowable stress of the foundation Soil, q all = 250 kPa
Friction angle of the backfill material, δ = 18 °
3
Density of the backfill material,γbm = 18.9 kN/m
Cohesion of the backfill material, C = 0
Unit weight of the abutment,γm = 26 kN/m3 (Stone masonry)
Unit weight of the abutment cap,γac = 26 kN/m3 (Stone masonry)

Soil thickness (surcharge), ts = 0.22 m

Percentage of creep, shrinkage & temperature = 10 % of DL
Passive Pressure is considered.
Height, H2 = 2.00 m
CALCULATIONS Ebd=Rgr-D
1 DIMENSIONS
Net height of the abutment, Hnet=(H-ts)= 4.78m 4.78
H1= 3.63m
B1=H1/Slope=3.63/2=1.82m
BL2=B1+Wrs+x = (1.82+0.5+0.2)=2.52 m 2.52
B2=Wrs+x = 0.5+0.2=0.7 m
B=BL1+BL2+BL3 = 1.75+2.52+3.25 = 7.52m 7.52

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Abutment Design 4/22/2020, 2

 2 LOADS
i) Dead Load Reaction
Rdl=(Wdc+Wdw)L1/2
=173.014*12.5/2 =1081.338 kN
ii) Live Load Reactions
Rlli=2Ee*(max(Vtrel,Vtmel)+Vln)+(Rwt-2Ee/1000)*(max(Vtrl,Vtml)+Vln)
=2*1.8*(83.68+19.377)+(9.82-2*1.8)*(73.2+16.95)=931.738N/m
iii) Wind Load on Live Loads
WL=1.46*(H1+1.8), 1.8m above roadway surface.
WL = 1.46*(5+1.8)=9.928kN
iv) Breaking Force, Brf
Brf=0.25*(2*P2+P1)*NL ,Braking force,25%, 1.8m above roadway surface.
=0.25*(2*145+35)*2= 162.5kN
v) Creep, shrinkage & temperature...(10% of DL)
CR_SH_TU = 108.134 kN
vi) Lateral active earth pressure
qult = 1.5q all = 375kPa
ϕ=1.5*δ= 27deg.
Ѳ=180-tan-1(H1/B1) = 116.65 deg.
η=(1+Sqrt(Sin(δ+Ѳ))*Sinϕ)/(Sin(δ+Ѳ)*SinѲ)2 = 2.426
Ka= (Sin(ϕ+Ѳ))2/(η*Sin2Ѳ*(Sin(Ѳ-δ))) = 0.276
γ= 180-(δ+Ѳ)= 45.35deg.
Pmax=ka*γbmHnet -2C√Ka
= 0.276*18.9*4.78-(2*0*√0.276) =24.934 kN/m2
Pa=0.5PmaxHnet
= 0.5*24.934*4.78=59.592 kN/m
Pah=Pa Sinγ=42.408 kN/m Pah=Pa Sinγ
Pav=Pa Cosγ=41.866 kN/m Pav=Pa Cosγ
vii) Lateral passive earth pressure
Kp = 1/Ka = 3.62
Pmaxp=kp*γbmHnet +2C√Kp = 136.8 kN/m2
Pp=0.5* PmaxpH2 = 136.8 kN/m
Pph=Pp Sinγ= 97.38 kN/m Pph=Pp Sinγ
Ppv=Pp Cosγ= 96.13 kN/m Ppv=Pp Cosγ
viii) Dead load Surcharge
qss =γbm*ts
=18.9*0.22 =4.158Kpa
Pressure=ka*qss = 1.15 kN/m
Qsh=ka*qss Sin(γ)= 0.818 kN/m
Qsv=ka*qss Cos(γ)= 0.808 kN/m
xi) Live load Surcharge heq
Pressure=ka*heq*γbm= 4.543 kN/m
Qlh=Pressure*Sin(γ)= 3.065 kN/m
Qlv=Pressure*Cos(γ)= 3.353 kN/m
3 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Strength I:DC=1.25, EV=1.35, EH=1.5, LL=1.75, BR=1.75, LS=1.75, WS=0, WL=0,
ES=1.5, CR_SH_TU=0.5
Strength Ia:DC=0.9, EV=1, EH=0.9, LL=1.75, BR=1.75, LS=1.75, WS=0, WL=0,
ES=0.75, CR_SH_TU=0.5

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Abutment Design 4/22/2020, 2

 Total Width of the abutment = 9.82m

Unfactored Factored Factored Moment Unfactored Factored Factored

Loads Forces Forces Arm from Moments Moments Moments
(Strength I) (Strength Ia) Pt. A (Strength I) (Strength Ia)
W1 414.90 518.62 373.41 1.63 674.20 842.76 606.78
W2 738.13 922.66 664.32 3.60 2657.27 3321.59 2391.54
W3 44.68 55.85 40.21 3.60 160.85 201.06 144.77
W4 31.66 39.57 28.49 3.85 121.89 152.36 109.70
W5 727.23 909.03 654.51 4.56 3313.74 4142.17 2982.36
W6 232.34 290.43 209.11 4.86 1129.18 1411.47 1016.26
W7 223.41 279.26 201.06 6.35 1419.37 1774.21 1277.43
Vertical Loads

W8 528.64 660.80 475.77 5.16 2729.54 3411.92 2456.58

W9 219.56 274.45 197.61 4.86 1067.07 1333.84 960.37
W10 1552.53 1940.66 1397.27 6.35 9863.72 12329.65 8877.35
W11 904.79 1130.99 814.31 1.63 1470.28 1837.86 1323.26
RDL 1081.34 1351.67 973.20 3.50 3784.68 4730.85 3406.21
RLL 931.74 1630.54 1630.54 3.50 3261.08 5706.90 5706.90
Pav 200.12 270.16 200.12 7.52 1504.90 2031.61 1504.90
Ppv 192.27 259.56 192.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qsv 37.92 51.20 37.92 7.52 285.19 385.00 285.19
Qlv 32.93 44.46 32.93 7.52 247.64 334.32 247.64
TOTAL 8,094.18 10,629.91 8,123.06 33,690.61 43,947.57 33,297.24
Brf 162.50 284.38 284.38 6.58 1069.25 1871.19 1871.19
Horizontal Loads

WL 9.93 0.00 0.00 6.58 65.33 0.00 0.00

CR,SH,TU 108.13 54.07 54.07 4.78 516.88 258.44 258.44
Pah 202.71 304.07 182.44 1.59 322.98 484.48 290.69
Pph 194.75 292.13 175.28 -0.67 -129.84 -194.75 -116.85
Qsh 38.41 57.62 34.57 2.39 91.81 137.72 82.63
Qlh 30.10 45.14 27.09 2.39 71.93 107.90 64.74
TOTAL 746.54 1,037.40 757.82 2,008.35 2,664.96 2,450.83
∑M 41,282.61 30,846.41
Stability and Safety Criteria
1 Eccentricity %=(emax-e)*100/emax

e=B/2-Xo emax=B/4 Design Margin

V ∑M Xo=∑M/V Remark
(%)
Strength I 10,629.915 41,282.61 3.884 -0.124 1.880 93.42 OK!
Strength Ia 8,123.061 30,846.41 3.797 -0.037 1.880 98.01 OK!

2 Sliding %=(φs*Fr-H)*100/φs*Fr φs = 0.8

φs *Fr Design Margin

V tanδ Fr=V*tanδ HL Remark
(%)
Strength I 10,629.915 0.33 3455.351 2764.281 1037.405 62.47 OK!
Strength Ia 8,123.061 0.33 2640.475 2112.380 757.820 64.12 OK!

3 Bearing Capacity %=(φb*RI*qult-qmax)*100/(φb*RI*qult) φb = 0.5 2

For bearing capacity criteria, qult= 2*250=500kPa

Strength I qult= 500 kPa RI=(1-(H/V))3 0.735 qmax=Vn/(2*Xo*B)

Design Margin
Hn Vn Hn/Vn φb*RI*qult qmax Remark
(%)
Strength I 1,037.40 10,629.91 0.098 183.716 181.989 0.94 OK!
Strength Ia 757.820 8,123.06 0.093 186.355 142.229 23.68 OK!

by Abrham G. (Dr.) and Yisihak G. (MSc) Criteria (Abt) 4/22/2020