GCUF

Name: Arman Liaqat

Roll no: 15729
Class: 6th Semester
Section: A
Submitted To: Sir Tahir Abbas
Course Title: Health Safety &
Environment Course Code: MET -510
Q 1:How would you prevent machine from accident explaine with
industrial example.
Ans: Avoiding accidents at work involving machinery & work
equipment
Accidents at work involving equipment and machinery are a common cause of injury.
Employers have a duty to take adequate steps to protect employees safety when using
work equipment. Failure to prevent machinery injuries and work equipment accidents
can lead to a claim for personal injury compensation.

Hazards from work equipment and machinery

There are many ways in which work equipment and its use can create a risk
of injury. The most common hazards are

• Entrapment for example when fingers are caught in the moving parts of a
machine
• Impact when workers are crushed by moving parts of equipment or by other items
being processed by a machine
• Contact when the body comes into contact with sharp edges, hot parts or live
electrical items
• Entanglement when clothing, hair or jewellery become caught in parts of a
machine
• Ejection when workers are hit by parts or objects flying out or off machines

Preventing injuries when using work equipment or machines

Employers have a duty to take adequate steps to prevent injuries when using work
equipment. Risks from work equipment can be reduced in a number of ways.

Risk assessments:
Before any work equipment or machinery is used or installed a risk assessment must be
carried out. The purpose of the risk assessment is to identify the hazards and risk of
injury that may arise when using the work equipment. The risk assessment should also
identify ways in which the hazards and risk may be eliminated or reduced.

Remove the hazard:

The best method is to arrange the system of work so that dangerous or hazardous
equipment does not need to be used. If this is not possible other methods of reducing
risks must be considered.
Safety design and controls:
It is important that all work equipment has proper safety controls built-in to the design.
Well designed work equipment should have

• suitable operating controls that are easy to see and use

• operating controls that prevent machines from being accidentally turned on
• suitable emergency stop controls
• ‘fail to safety systems’ which prevent the machine operating if there is a fault
• a way of disconnecting the equipment from it’s power source

Employer’s duty to provide suitable work equipment

Equipment should be well designed and suitable for the job.

When selecting new work equipment employers should:

• obtain full information about the safe use of the equipment

• ensure that the equipment has a CE safety mark to show that it complies with
standards
• arrange adequate training for using the equipment

Guards on work equipment and machinery:

Where hazards from equipment cannot be avoided, employers should ensure that
equipment has proper guards to prevent access to moving or dangerous parts. Types of
guards used to prevent work equipment injury include:

• guards fixed in place over dangerous parts of equipment

• guards that prevent the machine working unless the guard is properly in place
• barriers to keep people away from dangerous machinery or equipment

Information & Training in Use of Work Equipment:

Any worker who uses or operates work equipment, or any other person who
may be affected by the use of the equipment, must be made aware of the
hazards involved. This information can be provided by means of instructions,
safety notices or warnings.

Any person using work equipment must be properly trained in the safe use of the
equipment or machinery. There should also be proper supervision and inspection of the
use of work equipment to ensure that safety procedures are followed correctly.

Regular maintenance and inspection of work equipment Work

equipment must be:
• free from faults or damage • working correctly and safely.

A safe work environment:

The work place in which work equipment is used must be safe and suitable for the use
of the equipment. There should be sufficient room to the use the equipment safely
and adequate lighting. Floors should be free from any trip hazard which could cause a
person to fall whilst using work equipment.

Safe working practice when using machinery and work equipment:

• Any machinery or work equipment must be used within a safe system of work.
• Manufacturers instructions and recommendations should be followed.
• Staff must be properly supervised to ensure that safety instructions and
procedures are followed.

Safety procedures for work equipment:

Safety procedures will depend upon the nature of the work and the equipment
used.

Examples include:
• ensuring that staff do not wear loose clothing or jewellery which may become
caught in a machine
• banning the consumption of alcohol and drugs by staff operating machinery
 • ensuring that only properly trained workers use work equipment
• warning workers against tampering with any machine guards or other safety
device
• ensuring that workers maintain a clean and tidy workplace around machinery
• instructing staff to report any faults or defects in work equipment

Use of personal protective equipment and clothing:

This may be necessary when certain hazards from work equipment cannot be avoided.
Examples of personal protective equipment and clothing that may be necessary when
using work equipment are.

• safety helmets
• gloves
• safety goggles
• ear protectors
• safety footwear
• types of clothing for instance high visibility garments

Any personal protective equipment or clothing must:

• be suitable for the task being undertaken
• give adequate protection against the hazard
• fit properly and comfortably

Maintenance, inspection and testing of work equipment:

All work equipment and machinery, including any guards or safety devices, must be
inspected and checked regularly to make sure that they are in good, safe, working
order.
 Q. 2 :Discuss the personal protective equipment used in the HSE.
Ans:
Why is PPE important?
Making the workplace safe includes providing instructions, procedures, training and
supervision to encourage people to work safely and responsibly.

Even where engineering controls and safe systems of work have been applied, some
hazards might remain. These include injuries to:

• the lungs, from breathing in contaminated air

• the head and feet, from falling materials
• the eyes, from flying particles or splashes of corrosive liquids
• the skin, from contact with corrosive materials
• the body, from extremes of heat or cold PPE is needed in these cases to reduce the
risk.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE, Personal Protective Equipment, are the tools that ensure the basic health
protection and safety of users. PPE is any device or appliance designed to be worn by
an individual when exposed to one or more health and safety hazards. PPE includes all
clothing and other work accessories designed to create a barrier against workplace
hazards, and using PPE requires hazard awareness and training on the part of the user.
Employees must be aware that the equipment does not eliminate the hazard; if the
equipment fails, exposure will occur. To reduce the possibility of failure, equipment must
be properly fitted and maintained in a clean and serviceable condition.

Employers are required to assess the workplace to determine if hazards that require the
use of head, eye, face, hand, or foot protection are present or are likely to be present. If
hazards or the likelihood of hazards are found, employers must select, and have
affected employees use, properly fitted PPE suitable for protection from these hazards.
Before doing work requiring the use of PPE, employees must be trained to know when
PPE is necessary, what type is necessary, how it is to be worn, and what its limitations
are, as well as its proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal.

Head Protection
Protective hats for head protection against impact blows must be able to withstand
penetration and absorb the shock of a blow. In some cases, hats should also protect
against electric shock. Recognized standards for hats have been established by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Each type and class of head protector is intended to provide protection against specific
hazardous conditions. An understanding of these conditions will help in selecting the
right hat for the particular situation.

The wearer should be able to identify the type of helmet by looking inside the shell for
the manufacturer, ANSI designation and class. Protective hats are made in the following
types and classes:
• Type 1 helmets with full brim, not less than 1 and 1/4 inches wide;
• Type 2 brimless helmets with a peak extending forward from the crown.
For industrial purposes, three classes are recognized:
• Class A general service, limited voltage protection;
• Class B utility service, high-voltage protection; and
• Class C special service, no voltage protection.
Hats and caps under Class A are intended for protection against impact hazards. They
are used in mining, construction, shipbuilding, tunneling, lumbering, and manufacturing.
Class B utility service hats and caps protect the wearer's head from impact and
penetration by falling or flying objects and from high voltage shock and burn. They are
used extensively by electrical workers.

The safety hat or cap in Class C is designed specifically for lightweight comfort an
impact protection. This class is usually manufactured from aluminum and offers no
dielectric protection. Class C helmets are used in certain construction and
manufacturing occupations, oil fields, refineries, and chemical plants where there is no
danger from electrical hazards or corrosion. They also are used on occasions where
there is a possibility of bumping the head against a fixed object.

Foot and Leg Protection

According to one survey, most of the workers in selected occupations who suffered foot
injuries were not wearing protective footwear. Furthermore, most of their employers did
not require them to wear safety shoes. The typical foot injury was caused by objects
falling fewer than 4 feet and the median weight was about 65 pounds. Most workers
were injured while performing their normal job activities at their worksites.
For protection of feet and legs from falling or rolling objects, sharp objects, molten
metal, hot surfaces, and wet slippery surfaces, workers should use appropriate
footguards, safety shoes, or boots and leggings. Leggings protect the lower leg and feet
from molten metal or welding sparks. Safety snaps permit their rapid removal.
Aluminum alloy, fiberglass, or galvanized steel footguards can be worn over usual work
shoes, although they may present the possibility of catching on something and causing
workers to trip. Heat-resistant soled shoes protect against hot surfaces like those found
in the roofing, paving, and hot metal industries.

Eye and Face Protection

Suitable eye protectors must be provided where there is a potential for injury to the eyes
or face from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids,
chemical gases or vapors, potentially injurious light radiation, or a combination of these.
Every protector shall be distinctly marked to facilitate identification of the manufacturer
and must meet the following minimum requirements:
• Provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for which they are
designed
• Be reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated conditions
• Fit snugly without interfering with the movements or vision of the wearer
• Be durable
• Be capable of being disinfected
• Be easily cleanable
• Be kept clean and in good repair.
Ear Protection
Exposure to high noise levels can cause hearing loss or impairment. It can create
physical and psychological stress. There is no cure for noise-induced hearing loss, so
the prevention of excessive noise exposure is the only way to avoid hearing damage.
Specifically designed protection is required, depending on the type of noise
encountered and the auditory condition of employee.
Disposable earplugs should be used once and thrown away; non-disposable ones
should be cleaned after each use for proper maintenance. Earmuffs need to make a
perfect seal around the ear to be effective. Glasses, long sideburns, long hair, and facial
movements, such as chewing, can reduce protection. Special equipment is available for
use with glasses or beards.

Arm and Hand Protection

Burns, cuts, electrical shock, amputation and absorption of chemicals are examples of
hazards associated with arm and hand injuries. A wide assortment of gloves, hand
pads, sleeves, and wristlets for protection from these hazards is available.
The devices should be selected to fit the specific task. Rubber is considered one of the
best materials for insulating gloves and sleeves and must conform to ANSI standards
Other glove and clothing materials such as latex, nitrile, butyl rubber, neoprene, etc. are
available. Each material is thoroughly tested and rated against specific chemical
compounds. You need to know what hazard you are protecting against to choose the
correct material.
Torso Protection
Many hazards can threaten the torso: heat, splashes from hot metals and liquids,
impacts, cuts, acids, and radiation. A variety of protective clothing is available, including
vests, jackets, aprons, coveralls, and full body suits. Fire retardant wool and specially
treated cotton clothing items are comfortable, and they adapt well to a variety of
workplace temperatures. Other types of protection include leather, rubberized fabrics,
and disposable suits such as those made from tyvek.

Respiratory Protection
The respirators to control the development of occupational diseases caused by
breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes,
sprays, and vapors is available in the Respiratory Protection.
Q 3: Enlisted some industrial disasters in the world with reason .

Ans. The world's worst industrial disasters

China is dealing with the aftermath of deadly explosions in the port city
of Tianjin

At least 50 people were killed and hundreds injured in a series of massive explosions at
a warehouse where hazardous chemicals were stored in the Chinese port of Tianjin on
Wednesday. The cause is not yet known, but the tragedy is the latest in a long and
bloody history of industrial disasters that have killed thousands of people.

• Tianjin, China, explosions: 50 dead, more than 700 injured

Reason.

The immediate cause of the accident was the spontaneous ignition of dry
nitrocellulose stored in a container that overheated, according to the report.
Wetting agents inside the container had evaporated in the summer heat,
investigators found. Flames from that initial fire reached nearby ammonium nitrate
fertilizer, which exploded

Chornobyl
A Ukrainian woman cries by a gravestone at the memorial for Chornobyl victims during a
ceremony in Kyiv on April 26, 2005.
The worst nuclear power plant disaster in history happened on April 26, 1986, when an
explosion at Reactor 4 of Ukraine's Chornobyl power plant spewed a cloud of
radioactivity over Europe and the Soviet Union.

• Remembering Chernobyl: 25 Years Later

• UN Report says 56 killed so far due to Chernobyl nuclear accident

The explosion killed 31 people, but the long-term effects are still unknown. About 4,000
people, most of whom were children in 1986, developed thyroid cancer as a result of the
incident. The United Nations estimated the death toll had climbed to 56 in 2005.

Reason.
Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov was the deputy chief-engineer of the Chernobyl Nuclear
Power Plant, and the supervisor of the catastrophic safety test which resulted in the
Chernobyl disaster.
Dyatlov was overseeing a test of the nuclear power plant’s emergency safety
mechanisms on the night the disaster took place.
According to reports following the incident, the chief-engineer threatened plant workers
with termination if they failed to carry out the tests.
As core supervisor, he shouldered most of the blame, but his involvement is only one part
of the story.
Chernobyl investigators tried Dylatov alongside chief Chernobyl engineer Nikolai Fomin
and plant manager Viktor Bryukhanov, for mishandling the event and failing to follow
safety protocols.

Halifax explosion

The deadliest industrial disaster in Canada happened on on Dec. 6, 1917, when a

French cargo ship loaded with wartime explosives collided with a Norwegian vessel in
the Halifax Harbour, causing a massive explosion that devastated Halifax.

• Halifax Explosion 100th anniversary funding options may soon expand

• Previously unseen Halifax Explosion photos surface in England

About 2,000 people were killed and more than 9,000 injured by debris, fires and
collapsing buildings.

Centralia mining disaster

On March 25, 1947, a coal mine near Centralia, Ill., exploded and killed 111 people. It
happened when an explosive detonation ignited coal dust.

The disaster prompted the U.S. Congress to enact more comprehensive safety
regulations, including regular inspections, in America's coal mines.
It was also the inspiration for folksinger Woody Guthrie's song, The Dying Miner.
Bhopal disaster

Early on Dec. 3, 1984, a pesticide plant run by Union Carbide in Bhopal, India, spewed
about 36 tonnes of deadly methyl isocyanate gas into the city's air, quickly killing about
4,000 people, according to local government estimates.

• Bhopal gas tragedy victims demand cleanup

Activists insist the real number is almost twice that, and say the company and
government have failed to clean up toxic chemicals at the plant, which closed after the
incident.
Lac Megantic

On July 6, 2013, an MM&A train carrying 72 tankers full of oil derailed and exploded in
the town of Lac-Mégantic, Que., killing 47 people and destroying much of the town's
downtown core. The victims were mostly identified by DNA samples and dental records.

• Lac-Megantic derailment anniversary a solemn occasion for town

• Special report: Lac Megantic

Six people employed by the rail company at the time of the incident, including its
president, are facing two charges each of failing to ensure the train was properly
braked before it was left unmanned for the night.

Phillips disaster
On Oct. 23, 1989, a series of explosions killed 23 people and injured 314 at the Phillips
Petroleum Company plant in Pasadena, Texas.

The blasts were sparked by an ethylene leak, which the U.S. Occupational Safety and
Health Administration blamed on inadequate safety procedures.

Rana Plaza collapse

More than 1,100 workers died and about 2,500 were injured on April 24, 2013, when the
dangerously built eight-storey Rana Plaza garment factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh,
collapsed.

• Bangladesh's Rana Plaza factory collapse spurs change, finger-pointing

• Canadian companies, poor record in aftermath of Rana Plaza collapse

The tragedy drew international attention on the poor working conditions in Bangladesh,
where much of the world's big brands make their clothes. It led to unprecedented
change, including widespread safety inspections, wage increases and the legalization of
labour unions.

Benxi colliery disaster

The April 26, 1942, gas and coal dust explosion inside a Japanese-run, forced-labour
mine in Benxi, China, is believed to be the deadliest coal mining disaster in history.
More than 1,549 Chinese workers, many of them prisoners of war, were killed.
 Oppau explosion
On Sept. 21, 1921, a tower silo storing 4,500 tonnes of anammonium
sulfate/ammonium nitrate fertilizer mixture exploded at the BASF plant in Oppau, now
part of Ludwigshafen, Germany. Death toll estimates vary, but between 500 and 600
people were killed, and 2,000 injured.

Q 4: Disscus the applications of health safety and environment in

industry and Dali life.

Ans: Large and small, public or private Locus cloud EHS software
solutions are proven to deliver results for organizations of any size,
sector, or industry.

From the smallest public water utility to the largest chemical manufacturer, the changing
regulatory landscape is making environmental compliance an increasingly complex
challenge for companies and organizations in almost every industry.

Whether you own contaminated property, deal with handling and disposing of chemicals,
manage general health and safety reporting, or track your carbon footprint it can be time
consuming and resource-intensive to make sure you’re efficiently complying with all local,
state, and federal environmental regulations.

Since 1997, organizations in a diverse range of industries have used Locus’ cloud EHS
software solutions to simplify the complexity of environmental and compliance data
management:
Agriculture / Food & Beverage

Customers across the agriculture and food & beverage industry use Locus cloud software to
consolidate their environmental and EHS data and ensure compliance— including grocery
manufacturing and distribution, agricultural chemical manufacturing, and farming and distribution
of livestock, crops and seafood.

Discover an easier and faster way to collect, track, manage, and report all the data required by
regulations, even across multiple locations and for local, state, and federal regulatory programs.

Chemical / Pharmaceutical

Companies in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries can have some of the most
challenging environmental reporting requirements, especially if your company is dealing with
cleanup from former sites, operational and structural changes, or complex permit
regulations.

Find out how some of the top 50 chemical companies have used Locus software solutions to
organize and automate their environmental and EHS information.

Energy, Oil & Gas

From cleaning up from years of leaking underground tanks, to tracking permits for co-generation
facilities, to managing drinking water quality on offshore platforms the energy, oil & gas
industries need a flexible, robust solution for collecting and reporting environmental data.

Reduce operational risk, streamline the transformation of data into information, and build a
stronger compliance program with Locus cloud software.

Government

Our cloud software has the power and flexibility to manage environmental and EHS data for a
wide range of governmental organizations from the smallest municipal water utility to the
national nuclear research facilities. We’ve worked closely with Department of Energy (DOE),
Department of Defense (DOD), and EPA facilities, as well as state and local government
agencies (including public utilities).

Find out why our government customers trust Locus’ secure, centralized, comprehensive cloud
software to save time and resources on environmental data management.
Mining

From single-site operations to networks of multinational facilities, the mining industry’s

environmental compliance activities can generate vast amounts of data that quickly become too
complex for spreadsheets.
We can provide flexible, scalable environmental data management in the cloud that’s designed
to grow along with your operations.

Nuclear

Nuclear reactor and research sites have unique environmental data reporting requirements,
including Radioactive Effluent Technical Specifications (RETS), Radiological Environmental
Monitoring Programs (REMP), and the Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report
(AREOR).

Join over 40% of U.S. commercial nuclear reactor sites and six DOE research labs who are
already using Locus’ cloud software to collect, monitor, analyze, and report their environmental
and EHS compliance data.

Technology

Even the fast-paced technology industry has to make time for collecting, analyzing, and
reporting compliance-required data for facilities with any environmental impact. By consolidating
and automating your workflow in the cloud, you can get to the actionable information faster.

Discover an environmental data management software solution that values innovation and
forward-thinking ideas as much as your own company does.

Transportation

Railroads, school buses, container ships, marine ports, airlines— the diverse range of
transportation industry organizations might seem very different when it comes to day-to-day
operational logistics. But we also know they have similar needs to track and report
environmental and EHS data in order to maintain compliance, reduce risk, and avoid costly
fines.

Take control of your company’s environmental activities (from field data collection to compliance
reporting) with a centralized, cloud-based environmental software solution.
Water Utilities

For public or private water utilities, the amount and complexity of water sampling and analysis
data can be overwhelming. Simplify your routine monitoring and reporting activities with our
cloud software solutions for all your environmental and compliance related data.
At Locus, we know water. And we know how to help you save time and resources on water data
management, and turn your data into actionable insight.

Q 5: What are the various courses available for Health, safety and
environment in Pakistan as well as abroad? Tabulate it along with
cost and level.

Ans. Health & Safety Training Courses

We offer a comprehensive suite of training and qualifications in health, safety and

environmental management. We educate people all over the world to help them improve
their knowledge and skills, reduce risks, make workplaces healthier and safer for everyone
and improve long-term business performance.
We offer courses and qualifications from:

• British Safety Council

• City & Guilds
• IEMA
• IOSH
• NEBOSH

Study online, in your workplace, at a training center or live online

There is a choice of learning options for each of our courses so that you can choose the one
that most suits your needs. We hold courses throughout the year at our training centers in
London, Birmingham and Manchester, where participants benefit from a dedicated learning
environment, away from usual distractions. If your company needs to train multiple staff, we
can deliver a tailored course at your workplace. We offer a range of online health and safety
courses that can be completed in your own time, from the comfort of your own home.
Distance learning is also online and includes dedicated tutor support.

A new method to study:

We are pleased to now offer several courses Live Online. Students can join remotely and
learn
‘live’ with a tutor just as they would in a classroom. Learn more about Live Online

Live-Online
Online - instant access
At a training centre
Prices from £280.25
 This one-day qualification course will give you the skills needed to conduct an incident
investigation unaided, and then produce and implement an action plan to help prevent a
recurrence. Live Online learning now available for in-company training.
NEBOSH
Live-Online
At a training centre
Prices from £345.25
In your workplace

Course content
The course deals with:
- Objectives for work with Health, Safety and Environment (HSE).
- Regulations and guidelines concerning HSE-work
- Systematic HSE work
- Reporting of HSE problems and discrepancies
- Risk Assessment
- HSE responsibilities, roles and resources at NTNU and NV-faculty
- Emergency preparedness: what are you going to do and who to notify when something
happens?
- Fire protection-theory and practical exercises using fire extinguishing equipment. - First aid-
theory and practical exercises in heart-lung resuscitation and the use of heart starter.

The course does not provide specific training in HSE aimed at various laboratory fields and
activities. This training is done by the individual departments.
Learning outcome
Students shall have the necessary knowledge about HSE to ensure their own and other
people's safety during their study at NTNU. This includes knowledge of the HSE-concept,
objectives for the HSE work and how to behave safely in laboratories and during field work.
The theoretical and practical basic training in first aid and fire protection shall provide the
students with a basis for correct handling of a fire or accident situation.

Learning methods and activities

Safety lecture (2 hours) first aid, theory and practical exercises (3 hours) fire regulations
and protection, including practical exercises (2 hours).
The mandatory activities take place in week 34. Exemption for first aid course is provided
only on basis of documented participation in first aid course during the current or
previous year.
- Applied Physics and Mathematics: Students with specialization in "Industrial
Mathematics" do not need to take the HSE-course.
- Natural Resources Management: Only students with specialization "Biology" have
to attend the HSE-course, (i.e. not Geography and Resource Geology students).

Compulsory assignments
• HSE lecture
• Fire protection, lecture and practical exercises
• First aid, lecture and practical exercises

Specific conditions
Exam registration requires that class registration is approved in the same semester.
Compulsory activities from previous semester may be approved by the department.

Admission to a programmed of study is required:

Applied Physics and Mathematics (MTFYMA)
Aquatic Food Production - Safety and Quality (MSAQFOOD)
Biology (MSBIO)
Biotechnology (MBIOT5)
Biotechnology (MSBIOTECH)
Chemical Engineering (MSCHEMENG)
Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (MIKJ)
Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (MTKJ)
Chemistry (MSCHEM)
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (MSENVITOX)
Innovative Sustainable Energy Engineering (MSISEE)
Light Metals, Silicon and Ferroalloy Production (MSLISIFER)
Marine Coastal Development (MSMACODEV)
Materials Science and Engineering (MTMT)
Materials Technology (MIMT)
Nanotechnology (MTNANO)
Natural Resources Management (MSNARM)
Natural Science with Teacher Education (MLREAL)
Physics (MSPHYS)
Polymer Technology (MSPOLYTECH)