Central Luzon State University

Science City of Muñoz 3120

Nueva Ecija, Philippines

Instructional Module for

Calculus II: Integral Calculus
 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

Introduction

Integral calculus is a branch of calculus concerned with the theory and

applications of integrals. While differential calculus focuses on rates of change, such as
slopes of tangent lines and velocities, Integral calculus deals with total size or value,
such as lengths, areas, and volumes. https://www.britanica.com

Integrals start out harder than derivatives and wind up easier. The reason
derivatives are easier is that if a function has a derivative you can compute what it is.
There is an algorithm for doing so. With the integral, you will be given a lot of problems
to solve, but there is no algorithm. https://math.atackexchange.com

Most students find differential calculus more intuitive because they deal with rates
of change in real life that is why it is usually taught first. Integral calculus is more
abstract, and indefinite integrals are much easier to evaluate if you understand
differentiation. https://www.reddit.com

Among the disciplines that utilize calculus include physics, engineering, economics,
statistics, and medicine. It is used to create mathematical models in order to arrive into
an optimal solution. For example, in physics, calculus is used in a lot of its concept.
https://www.teach-nology.com

To start with, let us differentiate antidifferentiation and antiderivative.

Antidifferentiation is the inverse operation of differentiation which involved the
computation of antiderivative. If ( ) is a function whose derivative ( ) ( ), on a
certain interval of the x-axis, then ( ) is called an antiderivative or indefinite
integral of ( ).

Illustration:
 If is a function defined by ( ) , then ( ) .
Thus, if is a function defined by ( ) ; then is the derivative of
, and is an antiderivative of .

 Now, If is a function defined by ( ) , then G`(x) = 12x2 +

4x. Thus, if is a function defined by ( ) ; then is the
derivative of , and is an antiderivative of .

 Nevertheless, any function whose function value is given by ,

where is any constant is an antiderivative of the function .

In general, Let be an antiderivative of the function on an interval , such that

( ) ( ), then if is a function defined by ( ) ( ) where is any
arbitrary constant, ( ) ( ) ( ) and is also an antiderivative of on an
interval .

Page 2 of 13
 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the set of all antiderivative of a

given function. The symbol denotes the operation of antidifferentiation and we write,
( ) ( )
where ( ) ( ), ( ( )) ( ) and is an arbitrary constant of integration.
The expression ( ) is the general antiderivative of .

Thus, in the preceding illustration we can write it as ( ) .

Example:
Derivatives Antiderivatives
a. ( ) a.

b. ( ) b. ( )

c. ( ) c.

You can see that antiderivative is just an inverse of derivative. Take note that in
indefinite integral, you must not forget to add the constant of integration “ ” in your
answer, otherwise your answer is wrong. Notice in Example b of Antiderivatives, instead
of the final answer became , since 1 is also a
constant it will join “ ”.

Self-Check Evaluation
Find the antiderivative of the following
1. 12x3 + 6x2 3. 5x4 + 3 5. x5 – 9x2 + 4x – 1
2. x4 – 3x2 4. 2x3 + 4x + 5 6. ex

Page 3 of 13
 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

Chapter 1
Fundamental Integration Formulas
Overview
These formulas follow immediately from the standard differentiation formulas
of Differential Calculus, and can be checked by differentiation. Fundamental
Integration Formulas is divided into four groups: (1) Basic Formulas and Power
Formula, (2) Exponential and Logarithmic Formulas, (3) Trigonometric Formulas,
and (4) Formulas Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Function.

Objectives
On successful completion of the module, students will be able to:
1. Know which fundamental integration formulas is needed to solve different
integrands.
2. Perform basic integrals by the fundamental integration formula
3. Solve antiderivative of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric
functions using fundamental integration formulas.

1.1 Basic Formulas and Power Formulas

Basic Formulas

I1.  du  u  C
I2.  adu  a  du  au  C where a is a constant
I3.  ( f (u)  g (u))du   f (u)du   g (u )du , the antiderivative of sum/difference
Illustrations:
1.  dx  x  C
2.  3dx  3 dx  3x  C
3.  (5a  4)dx   5adx   4dx  5a  dx  4 dx  5ax  4 x  C
Power Formulas

u n 1
I4.  u du   C where n  –1
n

n 1
du
I5. If n = –1 then  u n du   u 1du    ln u  C
u

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 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

Illustrations:
 x 2 1  5
4.  5 x dx  5 x dx  5
2
  C  x 3  C
2

 2 1 3
 x4   x2 
5.  4 x 
 2 x  5 dx  4 x 3 dx  2 xdx  5 dx  4   2   5 x  c  x 4  x 2  5 x  c
3

 4   2 
dx
6.
x ln x  C

dx 1 1 x 2 1 1
7.  2   x  2 dx   C  C
4x 4 4  2 1 4x
1
1 1 4
3
x 3
8.  x dx   x dx   C  x3  C
3 3
1 4
1
3
9.  (x
2
 
 1)2 dx   x 4  2 x 2  1 dx   x 4dx  2 x 2dx   dx 
1 5 2 3
5
x  x  xC
3
  
10.  4 x3  2 x dx   64 x9  96 x7  48 x5  8x3 dx 
3
 32 10
5
x  12 x8  8x6  2 x 4  C

  
11.  x 2 2 x3  3 dx   x2 4 x6  12 x3  9 dx  
2
   4
4 x8  12 x5  9 x2 dx  x9  2 x6  3x3  C
9
 1  32 1
 5
2 2
1

12.   2 
x  x  dx    x  x dx  x  2 x 2  C
 x   5
5x 2  3  23 4
 5 1 5
9
13.  4
dx    5 x  3x dx  3x  9 x  C  3x 3  3  C
 3  3 3

x3   x

1.2 Exponential and Logarithmic Formulas

au
I6.  a du  u
 C where a > 0 and a  1
ln a
I7.  eu du  eu  C

Illustrations:

1. 5
3x
dx
Our task is to write the integral of the form I6 Using algebraic substitution, we let
u = 3x, then du = 3dx or dx=du/3
u du 1 u 1 53x 53x 53x
   3 3        C
3x
5 dx 5 5 du C C
3 ln 5 3 ln 5 ln 125

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 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

 xe
x2
2. dx
Write the integral of the form I7, let u = x2, then du = 2xdx or xdx = du/2
u du 1 u 1 u 1 x2
 xe dx   e xdx   e 2  2  e du  2 e  C  2 e  C
x2 x2

dx dx dx edx
3. 1 e 1
1

e 1

e 1
1
e e
Let u = e – 1, then du = edx
dx edx du
 1  e1   e  1   u  ln u  C  ln( e  1)  C
x

4. e 2
dx
x 1
u du  dx
Let 2 , then 2 or dx = -2du
x x

e 2
dx   e  2du   2 e du  2e  C  2e
u u u 2
C

  dx  10
3x
5.  10 dx   10
3x 3x 2 2
dx
3x 3 2
u du  dx dx  du
Let 2 , then 2 or 3
3x

2  2
3x
2 10 u 2(10) 2
 10 3 x dx   10 dx   10 u  du    10 u du  
2

3  3 3 ln 10
C
3 ln 10
C

6. e 1  e x dx
x

Let u = 1+ex. then du = exdx.

  e dx   u  
1 1 3 3
2 2 2
 e 1  e dx   1  e du  u  C  1 ex C
x x x 2 x 2 2
3 3

e 2 x dx
7.  1  e x by division, we have
e 2 x dx  x ex  ex
 1  e x   1  e x  
       1  e x dx
x
e dx e dx

Let u = 1+ex. then du = exdx.

e2 x dx ex du
 1  ex    1  ex dx  e   u  e  ln u  C  e  ln(1  e )  C
x x x x x
e dx

Page 6 of 13
 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

Self-Check Evaluation
Use an appropriate formula in finding the antiderivative of the following function.
1. 8 x 3 dx
 9. 6 x  34 x  1 dx
2

2. 5 x 4  6 x 2  5dx

 x3
10. 2 4 x xdx

2
5dx
3.
 x
11. 2 xe x dx

2

4. 3xdx
 4x 2 12. dx
5. 5 x dx
 31  e  1
 3 x
6.
 x  2x dx 13. 2e

3 3 2
dx
7.
 x 2x  5 dx 14.
 5 dx
2 4 2 2x

 1 15. e 1  e dx

x3 x
8.
 x3  x 2  dx
 x
e 2 x dx
16.
 1 e x

1.3 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

I8.  sin udu   cosu  C I13.  csc u cot udu   csc u  C

I9.  cosudu  sin u  C I14.  tan udu  ln sec u  C
I10.  sec udu  tan u  C
2
I15.  cot udu  ln sin u  C
I11.  csc udu   cot u  C
2
I16.  sec udu  ln sec u  tan u  C
I12.  sec u tan udu  sec u  C I17.  cscudu  ln cscu  cot u  C
Illustrations:
1.  sin xdx   cos x  C

2.  cos3xdx
Using algebraic substitution, we let u = 3x, then du = 3dx or dx = du/3
 du  1
 cos 3xdx   cos u  3   3  cos udu  3 sin u  C  3 sin 3x  C
1 1

3.  x sec
2
x 2 dx
Let u = x2, then du = 2xdx or xdx = du/2.
 
2  du  1 1 1
 x sec x dx   sec x ( xdx)  sec u 2   2  sec udu  2 tan u  C  2 tan x  C
2 2 2 2 2 2

Page 7 of 13
 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

4.  sec 4 x tan 4 xdx

Let u = 4x, then du = 4dx or dx = du/4.
 du  1 1 1
 sec 4 x tan 4 xdx   sec u tan u 4   4  sec u tan udu  4 sec u  C  4 sec 4 x  C
x x
5.  csc cot dx
3 3
x 1
u du  dx
Let 3 , then 3 or dx = 3du.
x x x
 csc 3 cot 3 dx  3 cscu cotudu  3cotu  C  3cot 3  C
6.  tan(3x  1)dx
Let u = 3x + 1, then du = 3dx or dx = du/3
1 1 1
 tan(3x  1)dx  3  tan udu  3 ln secu  C  3 ln sec(3x  1)  C
x 
7.  cot 2  3dx
x 1
u 3 du  dx
Let 2 , then 2 or dx = 2du
x  x 
 cot 2  3dx  2 cotudu  2 ln sin u  C  2 ln sin  2  3  C

8. e
cot x
csc2 xdx
Let u = cot x, then du = -csc2xdx, or csc2xdx = -du
 e csc xdx   e du  e  C  e  C
cot x 2 u u cot x

9. e
sin 3 x
cos 3 xdx
Let u = esin3x, then du = 3esin3xcos3xdx or esin3xcos3xdx = du/3
1 u 1 sin 3 x
 e cos3xdx  3  du  3  C  3 e  C
sin 3 x

10.  tan
2
xdx
By using trigonometric identities, tan2x = sec2x – 1 we have,
 tan xdx   sec x  1dx   sec xdx   dx  tan x  x  C
2 2 2

Page 8 of 13
 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

cos 4 xdx
11.  3  2 sin 4 x
Let u = 3 - 2sin4x, then du = -8cos4xdx or cos4xdx = -du/8
1 du 1 1
 3  2 sin 4x  8  u ln 3  2 sin 4 x   C
cos 4 xdx
 ln u  C 
8 8

12.  tan 2 x  1 dx
2

Let u = 2x, then du = 2dx or dx = du/2

2 2 1 2
 1 2
 
 tan 2x  1 dx  2  tan u  1 du  2  tan u  2 tan u  1 du  2  sec u  1  2 tan u  1 du
1

1
 1
2
 1
2
1
  sec 2 u  2 tan u du   sec 2 udu   tan udu  tan u  ln sec u  C  tan 2 x  ln sec 2 x  C
2 2

cos x dx
13.  x
dx
u x du 
Let , then 2 x

 
cos x dx
 2 cos udu  2 sin u  C  2 sin x  C
x


sin xdx
14.
cos x
Let u = cosx, then du = -sinxdx or sinxdx = -du
1 1 1
sin xdx
 cos x   cos x  
2 sin xdx   u 2 du  2u 2  C  2 cos x  C

cos2 xdx
15. 
1  sin x
Using trigonometric identities cos2x = 1 – sin2x
cos2 xdx 1  sin 2 x 1  sin x 1  sin x 
 1  sin x   1  sin x dx   1  sin x dx  1  sin xdx  x  cos x  C
dx
16.  1  cos x
Multiply the numerator and denominator by 1 + cosx
dx 1  cos x 1  cos x 1  cos x  1 cos x 
 1  cos x  1  cos x   1  cos2 x   sin 2 x dx    sin 2 x  sin 2 x dx 
 (csc x  csc x cot x)dx   cot x  csc x  c
2

Page 9 of 13
 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

1.4 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

du u
I18. a2  u 2 a
 Arc sin
C

du 1 u
I19.  2  Arc tan  C
a u 2
a a
du 1 u
I20a.   Arc sec  C
u u 2  a2 a a
du 1 a  u 2  a2
I20b.  u u 2  a2 a ln
 
u
C

du  u2  a2
I20c. u u2  a2
2

 a 2u
C

du
I21.   ln u  u 2  a 2  C
u a
2 2

du 1 ua
I22a.  2  ln C
a u 2
2a u  a
du 1 ua
I22b.  2  ln C
u a 2
2a u  a
u 2 a2 u
I23.  a 2  u 2 du  a  u 2  Arc sin  C
2 2 a
2
u a
I24.  u 2  a 2 du  u 2  a 2  ln u  u 2  a 2  C
2 2

Illustrations:

dx
1.  4  x 2 , transform the integrand in the form I18 we have,
dx dx
 4  x2

2 2  x 2 where u = x and a = 2, using I18 we have
dx x
 22  x 2
 Arc sin  C
2

dx
1 dx 1 dx
2.  4  4x 
4 1 x
2

2
 
4 1  x 2 in here, u = x and a = 1, using I19 we have
dx 1 dx 1
 4  4x2  4  1  x2  4 Arc tan x  C

Page 10 of 13
 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

dx dx
3. x 4x2  9

x 2 x 2  32
Let u = 2x, then x = u/2, du = 2dx or dx = du/2 and a = 3.
du
dx du
 x 2 x 2  3 2   u 2 2   u u 2  3 2
2
u 3
2
Using I20a we have,
du 1 u 1 2x
 u u 2  32  3 Arc sec 3  C  3 Arc sec 3  C

dx dx
4.  16  9 x 2

42  3 x 
2

Let u = 3x, du = 3dx or dx = du/3, and a = 4.

du
dx 1 du 1 u 1 3x
 4 2  3x 2   4 2  u 2  3  4 2  u 2  3 Arc sin 4  C  3 Arc sin 4  C
3

e x dx e x dx
 
5. e 2x  1 1 e x 2

x x
Let u = e , du = e dx and a = 1 using I21, we have
e x dx du
 x 2   u 2  1  ln u  u  1  C  ln e  e  1  C
2 x 2x

e  1

dx dx
 
6. e 2x  1 1 e x 2

Let u = e , du = e dx or dx=du/ex=du/u and a = 1.

x x

du
dx du
 x 2   u2 1   u u2 1
u
e   1
Using I20a, we have
du
 u u 2  1  Arc sec u  c  Arc sec e  C
x

Page 11 of 13
 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

x  x  x  2
dx dx dx
 
7. 2
 4x  5 2

 4x  4  1 2
 1 in here, u = x + 2, then du = dx and a =1
Using I19, we have

 x  22  1   u 2  1  Arc tan u  C  Arc tan x  2  C

dx du

dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
8.  2x 2
 
 2x  3 2 3
 
2  2
 
1 3 1 2  1
2
5
x2  x  x  x     x   
2  4 2 4  2 4
1 5
u  x du  dx a
Let 2; and 2 using I19, we have
1
x
1 dx 1 du 1 1 u 1 1
   2   Arc tan  C   Arc tan 2 C
2  1  5 
2 2
2 u a 2
2 a a 2 5 5
 x     
 2   2  2 2
1 2x  1
 Arc tan C
5 5

dx
9. e  e x
x

Multiplying the numerator and denominator by e x.

dx ex e x dx e x dx
 e x  e  x e x  e 2 x  1  e x 2  1
  

Let u = ex, du = exdx and a = 1 using I19, we have

e x dx du
 e x 2  1   u 2  1  Arc tan u  c  Arc tan e  C
x

 

10. 
x 2  36dx   x 2  6 2 dx
Using I24, where u = x and a = 6, we have
x 2
 x  6 dx  2 x  36  18 ln x  x  36  c
2 2 2

11. 
2 
4 x 2  4 x  5dx   2 4 x 2  4 x  1  4dx    2 x  12  2 2 (2dx)
Using I24, we let u = 2x – 1, then du = 2dx, and a = 2, we have
2x  1
 2x  1  2 (2dx)  2 2x  1  2  2 ln 2x  1  2x  1  2  C
2 2 2 2 2 2

2x  1
 4 x 2  4 x  5  2 ln 2 x  1  4 x 2  4 x  5  C
2

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 Integral Calculus | 1. Fundamental Integration Formulas

Self-Check Evaluation
Use an appropriate formula in finding the antiderivative of the following function.

 sin 3xdx  x cot  9  9x

2 6dx
x 2 dx
1. 7. 13. 2

x  3  3 cos 3x x
2 sin 3xdx dx
sec 2 x 3 dx
8. 14. 9x 2  4
2.
 x sec x 
cos x dx

2 dx
tan x 2 dx
3. 9. x sin x 15. 16
 9x 2
25


cos xdx
16. 
dx
 csc 3 cot 3 dx
2x 2x
4. 10. sin x 4  e2x
sin 2 3 xdx
  x
dx
x tan( 3x 2  1)dx
5. 11. 1  cos 3 x 17. 2
 4 x  20

 sin 3xe
cos3 x
dx

dx
18.  3x
dx
6.
12. 36  x 2 2
 3x  9

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