Understanding

Culture, Society and

Politics
Social Organizations
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Social Organizations
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Ryan Christopher P. Toledo, Janet Jay N. Amboy
Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Leah J. Guillang, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V.
Mabuting, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo
Illustrator: Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Melvin Jan Guarin, Richmond Causaren
Layout Artist: Maria Cristina F. Lim, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Joseverino B. Laxamana
Management Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Rosemarie D. Torres,
Team: Galileo L. Go Glenda DS. Catadman, Ivan Honorpette A. Mijares, Leah J.
Guillang

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

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E-mail Address: [email protected]

Week
8
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is about examining the concept, characteristics and forms of social
stratification using sociological perspective. (MELC week 9)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define the concept of social groups
2. Identify the characteristics and forms of social groups.
3. Share examples of primary, secondary, in, out, reference group and networks
based on real life situation.

What’s In
Learning Task 1: Complete the letters of the word based from what the pictures are
implied.

1. F_ _ _ l_

2. F _ _ _n _s 4. N _ _ W _ _ _s
3. C _a_ _m_ _ _ s
5. O _ g _n _ z _ t _ _ n

What’s New
Learning Task 2: Directions: Complete the sentence below based on the previous
activity:

1. The words that I formed were __________________________________________________

and ______________________.

2. I can relate to the picture/s above because

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What is It
In this part of your journey, we provided something for you to read to deepen
your understanding about the topic. Please do it with comprehension to discover
knowledge that will help you out in dealing with the next phase of your quest.
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL GROUPS
Everyone belongs to a group; your race, gender, favorite sports team, your college,
even the place where you were born were all examples of groups. Sometimes
groupings are determined by factors related to who we are (sex, age, race/ethnicity)
but in many other cases, they arrive in a somewhat arbitrary fashion. In school, you
would likely associate with classmates who share the same interests as you do like
having a common hobby or sports affiliation or even fashion sense or even love of a
certain type of music.
What is a Group?

A group is composed of two or more persons interacting with each other and
guided by a set of norms. It is also defined as specified number of individuals where
each recognizes members as distinct from non-members.
Basic Classifications of Social Groups

1. Primary Groups
Primary groups are marked by concern for one another, shared activities and
culture, and long periods of time spent together. They are influential in developing an
individual’s personal identity. The goal of primary groups is actually the relationships
themselves rather than achieving some other purpose. The examples of a primary
group but not limited to be your family and childhood and close friends.
 The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles Cooley in his
book, Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. (Contreras, Antonio P. et al.
“Social Groups”. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. 2016)
Sample Groups: Family, Play group, Village/Neighborhood, Work-team

2. Secondary Groups
Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal
knowledge of one another. In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups don’t
have the goal of maintaining and developing the relationships themselves. These
groups are based on usual or habitual interests or affairs. It includes groups in
which one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for
payments, and such.
Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional Association,
Corporation, University classes, Athletic teams, and groups of coworkers.

3. In-group
Belonging to the same group as others who share the same common bond and
interests who are more likely to understand each other refers to an in- group. Sample
Groups: Sports team, Unions and Sororities

4. Out-group
Those who do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group, which exist in the
perceptions of the in group members and takes on social reality as a result of
behavior by in-group members who use the out group as a negative point of
reference.

5. Reference Groups
A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison
for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. We rely on reference
groups to understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas, behavior,
and appearance. This means that we also use them to evaluate the relative worth,
desirability, or appropriateness of these things.
By looking to reference groups--be they those of race, class, gender, sexuality,
religion, region, ethnicity, age, or localized groups defined by neighborhood or school,
among others-- we see norms and dominant values, and we choose to either embrace
and reproduce them in our own thoughts, behavior, and interactions with others; or,
we reject and refute them by thinking and acting in ways that break from them.
Sample of these groups are parents, siblings, teachers, peers, associates and friends.

6. Network
A network is a collection of people tied together by a specific pattern of connections.
They can be characterized by the number of people involved, as in the dyad (by twos)
and triad (by threes), but also in terms of their structures (who is connected to
whom) and functions (what flows across ties). Networks indeed, are able to do more
things and different things than individuals acting on their own could. Networks
have this effect, regardless of the content of the connections or persons involved.
Nowadays, the giving of information and establishing of connections and various
relationships can be done through social networking sites. In this manner, it is easier
to form connections, relationships and linkages. Example: Family Members, Friends,
Work Colleagues, Classmates
There is another strong example of a network that has boomed since the beginning
of the 21st century. Since 1979, electronic forms of social networking have boomed,
starting with CompuServe and MySpace, and moving to other networking
applications such as Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter, and Instagram.

What’s More
Learning Task 3: Directions: Answer the following questions and write it on your
answer sheet.

1. Pretend that you belong to a particular in-group in your class. You noticed that
one classmate from your class does not belong to any group. What would you do?
Would you invite him to join your in-group? Why? Why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. The Sangguniang Kabataan of your barangay approached your group in school to
help them in the feeding program of the community. They also asked the help of the
other groups from your school. What would you do to help the SK officials? Would
you ask the out-groups to join you? How?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What I Have Learned
Learning Task 4: Directions: Differentiate the following classifications of groups by
citing their characteristics and examples. Do this on your answer sheet.
Primary Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Secondary Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

In-Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.
 2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Out-Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

What I Can Do
Learning Task 5: Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively. Write
your answers on your answer sheet.
Question: Think of a group that you belong to. How does this group influence you as
a student?
Answer: The group that I belong to is my _______________________________.

They influence me as a student by _____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.

I influence them by ______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.

They help me fulfill my ambitions in life by _______________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.

Assessment
Directions: Read the items carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.
1. In your everyday life in school or in your neighbourhood, your kabarkada is an
example of:
A. In-group
B. Primary Group
C. Secondary Group
 D. Out-Group

2. Typically a small social group whose members share close, personal and enduring
relationships.
A. Out-Group
B. Primary group
C. Secondary group
D. Networking group

3. Among different kinds of social groups in our society, this can be small or large,
mostly impersonal and usually short-term.
A. Out-group
B. Social Group
C. Primary Group
D. Secondary Group

4. In various manifestation of characteristics of social group, below are examples of

out-groups EXCEPT:
A. Gays and lesbians
B. Urban and City groups
C. Network and Social Group
D. Classmates sharing the same likes and dislikes

5. Every social group manifests specific sets of characteristics, which of the following
is NOT a characteristic of members in an ingroup?
A. a sense of “we” rather than “I”
B. a feeling of unity
C. similar likes/dislikes
D. knowing out-group’s differences

6. Based on the kind of social relation, which of the following is an example of an

ingroup?
A. enemies
B. a biker and a singer
C. members of a dance troupe
D. knowing out-group’s differences
7. Nowadays technology-based social group has been already part of everyone’s daily
life. As such, social networking sites is considered as are powerful __________tools
A. Communication
B. Laboratory
C. Man-made
D. Technological

8. These are sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other.
A. In-groups
B. Networks
C. Out-groups
D. Reference groups
9. Network is a highly influenced the lives of the people. Which of the following is the
true reason for forming networks:
A. Personal
B. Economic
C. Socio-Cultural
D. Environmental

10.Network links people among themselves in various ways. Which words below
pertains to an example of networks:
A. Letters
B. Postcards
C. Facebook
D. Instagram