Cellular manufacturing

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Cellular Manufacturing is a model for workplace design, and has become an integral part of
lean manufacturing systems. Cellular Manufacturing is based upon the principals of Group
Technology, which seeks to take full advantage of the similarity between parts, through
standardisation and common processing. In Functional Manufacturing similar machines are
placed close together (e.g. lathes, millers, drills etc). Functional layouts are more robust to
machine breakdowns, have common jigs and fixtures in the same area and supports high levels
of demarcation. In Cellular Manufacturing systems machines are grouped together according to
the families of parts produced. The major advantage is that material flow is significantly
improved, which reduces the distance travelled by materials, inventory and cumulative lead
times. Cellular Manufacturing is most suitable for batch manufacturing.
The goal of lean manufacturing is the aggressive minimisation of waste, called muda, to achieve
maximum efficiency of resources. Cellular manufacturing, sometimes called cellular or cell
production, arranges factory floor labor into semi-autonomous and multi-skilled teams, or work
cells, who manufacture complete products or complex components. Properly trained and
implemented cells are more flexible and responsive than the traditional mass-production line,
and can manage processes, defects, scheduling, equipment maintenance, and other
manufacturing issues more efficiently.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 History
• 2 Design
○ 2.1 Process Design
○ 2.2 Product Design
• 3 Implementation
• 4 Benefits and Costs
• 5 Unlikely Example
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 External links

[edit] History
See also: Lean manufacturing#History of the Goal
Cellular Manufacturing is the application of the principles of Group Technology in
manufacturing. Group Technology was proposed by Flanders in 1925 and adopted in Russia by
Mitrofanov in 1933 (although the work was translated into English in 1966). Jack Burbidge
(1978) did much to promote Group Technology in the UK. Although there appear to have been
similar applications earlier in history Portsmouth Block Mills offers what by definition
constitutes an early example of cellular manufacturing. By 1808, using machinery designed by
Marc Isambard Brunel and constructed by Henry Maudslay, the Block Mills were producing
130,000 blocks (pulleys) for the Royal Navy per year in single unit lots, with 10 men operating
42 machines arranged in three production flow lines. This installation apparently reduced
manpower requirements by 90% (from 110 to 10), reduced cost substantially and greatly
improved block consistency and quality. Group Technology is a management strategy with long
term goals of staying in business, growing, and making profits. Companies are under relentless
pressure to reduce costs while meeting the high quality expectations of the customer to maintain
a competitive advantage. Successfully implementing Cellular manufacturing allows companies
to achieve cost savings and quality improvements, especially when combined with the other
aspects of lean manufacturing. Cell manufacturing systems are currently used to manufacture
anything from hydraulic and engine pumps used in aircraft to plastic packaging components
made using injection molding.
[edit] Design
The goal of cellular manufacturing is having the flexibility to produce a high variety of low
demand products, while maintaining the high productivity of large scale production. Cell
designers achieve this through modularity in both process design and product design.
[edit] Process Design
The division of the entire production process into discrete segments, and the assignment of each
segment to a work cell, introduces the modularity of processes. If any segment of the process
needs to be changed, only the particular cell would be affected, not the entire production line.
For example, if a particular component was prone to defects, and this could be solved by
upgrading the equipment, a new work cell could be designed and prepared while the obsolete cell
continued production. Once the new cell is tested and ready for production, the incoming parts to
and outgoing parts from the old cell will simply be rerouted to the new cell without having to
disrupt the entire production line. In this way, work cells enable the flexibility to upgrade
processes and make variations to products to better suit customer demands while largely
reducing or eliminating the costs of stoppages. While the machinery may be functionally
dissimilar, the family of parts produced contains similar processing requirements or has
geometric similarities. Thus, all parts basically follow the same routing with some minor
variations (e.g., skipping an operation). The cells may have no conveyorized movement of parts
between machines, or they may have a flow line connected by a conveyor that can provide
automatic transfer.
[edit] Product Design
Product modularity must match the modularity of processes. Even though the entire production
system becomes more flexible, each individual cell is still optimised for a relatively narrow
range of tasks, in order to take advantage of the mass-production efficiencies of specialisation
and scale. To the extent that a large variety of products can be designed to be assembled from a
small number of modular parts, both high product variety and high productivity can be achieved.
For example, a varied range of automobiles may be designed to use the same chassis, a small
number of engine configurations, and a moderate variety of car bodies, each available in a range
of colors. In this way, a large variety of automobiles, with different performances and
appearances and functions, can be produced by combining the outputs from a more limited
number of work cells.
In combination, each modular part is designed for a particular work cell, or dedicated clusters of
machines or manufacturing processes. Cells are usually bigger than typical conventional
workstations, but smaller than a complete conventional department. After conversion, a cellular
manufacturing layout usually requires less floor space as a result of the optimized production
processes. Each cell is responsible for its own internal control of quality, scheduling, ordering,
and record keeping. The idea is to place the responsibility of these tasks on those who are most
familiar with the situation and most able to quickly fix any problems. The middle management
no longer has to monitor the outputs and interrelationships of every single worker, and instead
only has to monitor a smaller number of work cells and the flow of materials between them,
often achieved using a system of kanbans.
[edit] Implementation
The biggest challenge when implementing cellular manufacturing in a company is dividing the
entire manufacturing system into cells. The issues may be conceptually divided in the "hard"
issues of equipment, such as material flow and layout, and the "soft" issues of management, such
as upskilling and corporate culture.
The hard issues are a matter of design and investment. The entire factory floor is rearranged, and
equipment is modified or replaced to enable cell manufacturing. The costs of work stoppages
during implementation can be considerable, and lean manufacturing literature recommend that
implementation should be phased to minimize the impacts of such disruptions as much as
possible. The rearrangement of equipment (which is sometimes bolted to the floor or built into
the factory building) or the replacement of equipment that is not flexible or reliable enough for
cell manufacturing also pose considerable costs, although it may be justified as the upgrading
obsolete equipment. In both cases, the costs have to be justified by the cost savings that can be
realistically expected from the more flexible cell manufacturing system being introduced, and
miscalculations can be disastrous. A common oversight is the need for multiple jigs, fixtures and
or tooling for each cell. Properly designed, these requirements can be accommodated in specific-
task cells serving other cells; such as a common punch press or test station. Too often, however,
the issue is discovered late and each cell is found to require its own set of tooling.
The soft issues are more difficult to calculate and control. The implementation of cell
manufacturing often involves employee training and the redefinition and reassignment of jobs.
Each of the workers in each cell should ideally be able to complete the entire range of tasks
required from that cell, and often this means being more multi-skilled than they were previously.
For this reason, transition from a progressive assembly line type of manufacturing to cellular is
often best managed in stages with both types co-existing for a period of time. In addition, cells
are expected to be self-managing (to some extent), and therefore workers will have to learn the
tools and strategies for effective teamwork and management, tasks that workers in conventional
factory environments are entirely unused to. At the other end of the spectrum, the management
will also find their jobs redefined, as they must take a more "hands-off" approach to allow work
cells to effectively self-manage. Instead, they must learn to perform a more oversight and support
role, maintaining a system where work cells self-optimize through supplier-input-process-output-
customer (SIPOC) relationships. These soft issues, while difficult to pin down, pose a
considerable challenge for cell manufacturing implementation; a factory with a cell
manufacturing layout but without cell manufacturing workers and managers is unlikely to
achieve the cell manufacturing benefits.
Product start-ups can be more difficult to manage if assembly training was traditionally
accomplished station-by-station on a fixed assembly line. As each operator in a cell is
responsible for a larger number of assembled parts and operations, the time needed to master the
sequence and techniques is considerably longer. If multiple parallel cells are used, each cell must
be launched separately (meaning slower production ramp) or with equal training resources
(meaning more in total). The consideration of the cell's internal group dynamics, personalities
and other traits is often more of a concern in cellular manufacturing due to the closer proximity
and co-dependency of the team members; however properly implemented this is a major benefit
of cellular manufacturing.
[edit] Benefits and Costs
There are many benefits of cellular manufacturing for a company if applied correctly. Most
immediately, processes become more balanced and productivity increases because the
manufacturing floor has been reorganized and tidied up.
Part movement, set-up time, and wait time between operations are reduced, resulting in a
reduction of work in progress inventory freeing idle capital that can be better utilized elsewhere.
Cellular manufacturing, in combination with the other lean manufacturing and just-in-time
processes, also helps eliminate overproduction by only producing items when they are needed.
The results are cost savings and the better control of operations.
There are some costs of implementing cellular manufacturing, however, in addition to the set-up
costs of equipment and stoppages noted above. Sometimes different work cells can require the
same machines and tools, possibly resulting in duplication causing a higher investment of
equipment and lowered machine utilization. However, this is a matter of optimization and can be
addressed through process design.

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