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L-2..Number Systems

The document discusses different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It explains that decimal uses base 10, binary uses base 2, octal uses base 8, and hexadecimal uses base 16. It then provides examples of how to convert between these different number systems by dividing or multiplying place values by the base.

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Saima Binte Ikram
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42 views63 pages

L-2..Number Systems

The document discusses different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It explains that decimal uses base 10, binary uses base 2, octal uses base 8, and hexadecimal uses base 16. It then provides examples of how to convert between these different number systems by dividing or multiplying place values by the base.

Uploaded by

Saima Binte Ikram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Number Systems

Location in
course textbook

Chapt. 2
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Common Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecima
l

pp.
ITEC 1011 40-46
Introduction to Information Technologies
Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 =


1916
Base

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

Next slide…
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Weight

12510 => 5 x 10 0 = 5
2 x 10 1 = 20
1 x 10 2 = 100
125

Base

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n , wheren is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n , wheren is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example

7248 => 4 x 8 0 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 8 2 = 448
46810

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n , wheren is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example

ABC16 => C x 16 0 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant
bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
12510 = ? 2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
27 1
23 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 1111101 2

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
7058 = ? 2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 111000101 2

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
10AF16 = ? 2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 0001000010101111 2

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
123410 = ? 8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
123410 = ? 16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D2 16

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
10110101112 = ? 8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
10101110112 = ? 16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB 16
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
10768 = ? 16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E 16
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Example
1F0C16 = ? 8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 17414 8
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer


ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 11100001 703 1C3
1
431 11010111 657 1AF
1

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Common Powers (1 of 2)
• Base 10
Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro μ .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000


1012 tera T 100000000000
0

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Common Powers (2 of 2)
• Base 2
Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?


• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally
applies
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
In the lab…
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 2 30 =

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Exercise – Free Space
• Determine the “free space” on all drives on
a machine in the lab
Free space
Drive Bytes GB
A:
C:
D:
E:
etc.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Review – multiplying powers
• For common bases, add powers

ab × a c = a b+c

26 × 2 10 = 2 16 = 65,536
or…
26 × 2 10 = 64 × 2 10 = 64k

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Binary Addition (1 of 2)
• Two 1-bit values

A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”

pp.
ITEC 1011 36-38
Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary Addition (2 of 2)
• Twon -bit values
– Add individual bits
– Propagate carries
– E.g.,

1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Multiplication (1 of 3)
• Decimal (just for fun)

35
x 105
175
000
35
3675

pp. 39
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Multiplication (2 of 3)
• Binary, two 1-bit values

A B A×B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


Multiplication (3 of 3)
• Binary, two n -bit values
– As with decimal values
– E.g.,
1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x 10 -2 = 0.04


1 x 10 -1 = 0.1
3 x 10 0 = 3
3.14

pp.
ITEC 1011 46-50
Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Binary to decimal

10.1011 => 1 x 2 -4 = 0.0625


1 x 2 -3 = 0.125
0 x 2 -2 = 0.0
1 x 2 -1 = 0.5
0 x 2 0 = 0.0
1 x 2 1 = 2.0
2.6875

pp.
ITEC 1011 46-50
Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Decimal to binary .14579
x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.

p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise – Convert ...

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer


ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies


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ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

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