REUSING RECYCLED

AGGREGATES IN STRUCTURAL
CONCRETE

By

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KOU, Shicong
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B.Eng., MSt
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Ph.D.
THE HONG KONG

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

2006

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 CERTRIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it reproduces no material previously published or written, nor

material that has been accepted for the award o f any other degree or diploma, except

where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

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KOU SHICONG
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 Abstract o f thesis entitled
‘Reusing Recycled Aggregates in Structural Concrete*

Submitted by KOU Shi Cong

for the degree o f Doctor of Philosophy

at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in January 2006

ABSTRACT

The construction activities in Hong Kong generate about 19 million tones of

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construction and demolition (C&D) materials each year. The disposal of waste has

become a severe social and environmental problem in the territory. The possibility of
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recycling o f waste from the construction industry is thus o f increasing importance. In

addition to the environmental benefits in reducing the demand on land for disposing
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the waste, the recycling C&D wastes can also help to conserve natural materials and

to reduce the cast o f waste treatment prior to disposal.

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Research studies on the reuse o f recycled aggregates in concrete have continuously

been conducted since the end o f the 2nd World War. The findings indicated that

recycled aggregate derived from demolished concrete or masonry can be extensively

used in civil infrastructure projects including the production o f Portland cement

concrete, sub-base materials in road construction projects and the production of

masonry units. But in practice, recycled aggregate is not commonly used in the

production o f concrete. One of the reasons is that Portland cement concrete is

produced to form structural elements which have to meet strict strength and

durability requirements. Extensive research is required to verify the properties of

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 recycled aggregate concrete before it can be confidently adopted by the concrete

industry.

The aim o f the thesis is to provide a scientific bases for the possible use of recycled

aggregates in structure concrete by conducting a comprehensive laboratory

programme to gain a better understanding of the mechanical, microstructure and

durability properties o f concrete produced with recycled aggregates.

The characteristics o f the recycled aggregates produced both from the laboratory and

sourced from a commercially operated pilot C&D material recycling plant was first

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studied. A mix proportioning procedure was then established to produce six series of

concrete mixtures using different percentages of recycled coarse aggregates with and
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without the use o f fly ash. The water-to-cement (binder) ratios of 0.55, 0.50, 0.45 and

0.40 were used.

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The fresh properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) were first quantified. The
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influences o f recycled aggregate on the slump, air content and bleeding of the fresh

concretes were also investigated. The results confirmed that use of recycled

aggregates at an air-dried state in concrete resulted in higher initial slumps which

took longer to decrease to zero when compared with the concrete with natural

aggregates. The use o f recycled aggregates also resulted in a higher rate of bleeding

and bleeding capacity. Delaying the starting of bleeding tests reduced the bleeding

rate and bleeding capacity of recycled and conventional aggregate concrete. The

replacement o f cement by 25% fly ash increased the slump of RAC mixtures and

reduced the bleeding rate and bleeding capacity.

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 The effect o f fly ash on the hardened properties of RAC was then studied and

compared with those RAC prepared with no fly ash addition. The test results showed

that the use of fly ash as a partial replacement of cement decreased the compressive

strength, tensile splitting strength and static modulus o f elasticity. However, the use

of fly ash as an additional mineral admixture in RAC increased the compressive

strength, tensile splitting strength and static modulus of elasticity. Also, the use of fly

ash both as a partial replacement o f cement and as an additional mineral admixture in

RAC was able to reduce the drying shrinkage and creep and increased the resistance

to chloride-ion penetration o f the RAC. By adjusting the W/C ratio it was possible to

match the designed compressive strength of the RAC containing 100% recycled

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aggregate with that of the corresponding natural aggregate concrete.
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Furthermore, the effects of steam curing on the hardened properties o f RAC were

investigated. The results showed that steam curing at 65 °C increased the early ages
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(1, 4, and 7-day) strength o f all concrete mixtures. However the 28 and 90-day

strengths and Young’s modulus o f the steam cured concrete were lower than those of
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the water cured concrete. Steam curing reduced the drying shrinkage and creep and

increased the resistance to chloride-ion penetration of RAC and fly ash RAC.

In terms of micro-structural properties, the interfacial transition zones of the original

aggregates and the old mortar/cement paste o f the recycled aggregates and the

interfacial transition zones between natural and recycled aggregates and the new

cement pastes were analyzed by SEM and EDX-mapping. The effect o f recycled

aggregate on the pore size distributions of the RAC was also studied and found to be

dependent on the percentage o f coarse aggregate substituted and whether or not fly

ash was used. The experimental results indicated that steam cured conventional

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 aggregate concrete was more porous with distinct cracks formed when compared

with the steam cured RAC. The total porosity and the average pore size of the RAC

increased with an increase in the recycled aggregate content. The replacement of

cement by fly ash reduced the total porosity and the average pore size of both the

conventional aggregate concrete and RAC.

Moreover, a detailed set of results on the fracture properties for RAC were obtained.

It was found that recycled aggregates increased the matrix-aggregate interfacial bond

strength and fracture energy. Fly ash replacement at a level o f 25% also increased the

bond strength and fracture energy o f RAC. The experimental results showed a

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substantial improvement in the post-peak ductility for the RAC when fly ash was

used.
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Based on the detailed experimental results, a number o f recommendations were made
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on how to optimize the use of recycled aggregates for structural concrete production.

Also, suggestions were made on improving the production process of concrete using
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recycled aggregate.

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 PREFACE

This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The Hong Kong

Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. The work described in this thesis was

carried out by the candidate during the years 2002 to 2005 in Department of Civil

and Structural Engineering at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University under the

supervision o f Professor C. S. Poon, the chief supervisor, and Dr. L. Lam, the

Co-supervisor.

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Eleven papers were written by the candidate based on the work presented in this
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thesis.
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Academic Journal Papers

1. C. S. Poon, S. C. Kou and L. Lam, “Use of Recycled Aggregates in Moulded

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Concrete Bricks and Blocks” Construction and Building Materials. 16 (2002)

281-289.

2. Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., Lam, L., and Kou, S. C. “Influence o f moisture states

of natural and recycled aggregates on the slump and compressive strength of

hardened concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research, 34(1), 31-36 (2004).

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 3. C. S. Poon, S. C. Kou, and L, Lam. “Influence o f recycled aggregate on slump

and bleeding of fresh concrete”. Accepted by Materials and Structure fo r

publication (2006).

4. S. C. Kou, C. S. Poon, and L. Lam. “The effect o f recycled aggregate paving

blocks with classified fly ash and rejected fly ash with the addition of anhydrite

and flue gas desulphrisation sludge (FGDS)”. Accepted by Journal o f Wuhan

University o f Technology (2005).

5. S. C. Kou, C. S. Poon, and D. Chan. “Influence of fly ash as a cement

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replacement on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Submitted to

ASCE Materials in Civil Engineering fo r publication (2005).

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6. S. C. Kou, C. S. Poon, and D. Chan. “Influence o f fly ash as a cement addition

on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete. In preparation: to Cement and

Concrete Composite fo r publication.

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7. C. S. Poon, S. C. Kou and Dixon Chan “Influence of steam curing on properties

of recycled aggregate concrete” Accepted by Magazine o f Concrete Research fo r

Publication (2005).

Conference Papers

1. C. S. Poon, S. C. Kou and L. Lam, “A Novel Method for Making

Environmentally Friendly Bricks and Blocks from Recycled Aggregates”

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 International Conference on Innovation and Sustainable Development o f Civil

Engineering in the 21st Century, Beijing China. Aug, 2002

2. C. S. Poon, S. C. Kou. “Properties of Steam Cured Recycled Aggregate

Concrete”. Proceeding o f the International Conference on the Sustainable Waste

Management and Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities, Construction

Demolition Waste Edited by Mukesh C Limbachiya and John J Roberts, 14-15

September 2004. London, pp. 1-12

3. S C Kou, C S Poon, L Lam, D Chan. “Hardened Properties of Recycled

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Aggregate Concrete Prepared with Fly Ash”. Proceeding o f the International

Conference on the Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling: Challenges

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and Opportunities, Construction Demolition Waste Edited by Mukesh C

Limbachiya and John J Roberts, 14-15 September 2004. pp. 189-197.

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4. S. C. Kou, C. S. Poon and D. Chan. “Properties of Steam Cured Recycled

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Aggregate Fly Ash Concrete”. Proceeding o f the International RILEM

Conference on the Use o f Recycled Materials in Building and Structures, Edited

by E. Vazquez, Ch. F. Hendriks and G. M. T Janssen. Volume 2. pp. 590-599. 8-11

November 2004, Barcelona, Spain..

Patent:

1. C. S. Poon, S. C. Kou, C. W. Chan, C. S. Lam. (2005) “Production of

Construction Blocks Using Recycled Glass Aggregates”. Patents Registry,

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 Intellectual Property Department The Government o f the Hong Kong Special

Administrative Region, application no. 05105305.4

2. C. S. Poon, W. S Ho, S. C. Kou, (2003) “A Kind of Self

Compacting/Consolidation Concrete”. Patents Registry, Intellectual Property

Department The Government o f the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,

application no. 031040255.8

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 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

When I started my doctoral study, I did not think that it would involve so many

people in the project. The study was carried out with the unconditional support of my

family, close friends and o f course various university professors.

The work presented in this thesis was carried out at the Department of Civil and

Structural Engineering at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. I wish to express

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my gratitude to my Chief Supervisor Professor C. S. Poon, for his great commitment

to my work and for his care, both on the professional and a personal level. His good
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relations with researchers around the world enabled the establishment of new

contacts, which contributed a great deal to make my PhD studies a very fruitful and
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positive period in my life. I also want to express my appreciation to my

Co-Supervisor Dr. L. Lam for his support and encouraging attitude to my work.
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The author wishes to thank Professor Z. S. Lin, from the Wuhan University of

Technology, who provided the facilities and critical comments for the experiments

conducted at the Wuhan University o f Technology.

The author is also appreciative of the assistance provided; valuable comments and

suggestions made by Mr. Dixon Chan, Research Assistant o f the Department of Civil

and Structural Engineering at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, who proof

read Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6, and assisted in performing some tests of the concrete

properties.

R e p r o d u c e d w ith p e r m issio n o f th e co p y rig h t o w n er . F u rth er rep ro d u ctio n p roh ib ited w ith o u t p e r m issio n .
 Acknowledgement must be given to Mr. K. H. Wong, and Mr. H. Y. Yau, Technicians

of the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering of The Hong Kong

Polytechnic University, for their assistance and support during the study. Thanks are

also extended to all staff members of the Department of Civil and Structural

Engineering o f The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, for the friendly and

supportive working environment.

Special thanks are due to the author’s wife for her continued support during the past

years. The completion of this doctoral thesis would have definitely not been possible

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without the encouragement, patient and love from the author’s family. This thesis is

in turn dedicated to the author’s wife, Xiangjun, and lovely son, Zongjie.
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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CERTRIFICA TE OF ORIGINALITY.........................................................I

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................... II

PR EFA CE.........................................................................................................VI

A C K N O W LED G EM EN TS........................................................................... X

TABLE O F CONTENTS .........................................................................XII

LIST O F TA BLES..................................................................................XVIII

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LIST OF FIG U R E S................................................................................. XXIII
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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1.1. General aspects ....................................................................................................1

1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3

1.3. Arrangement o f thesis ..........................................................................................4

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CH APTER 2 LITERA TU RE REV IEW

2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................8

2.2 Aggregates obtained from C&D w aste.............................................................. 12

2.2.1 Recycled aggregates................................................................................. 12

2.2.2 Use of recycled aggregates outside Hong Kong.................................. 13

2.2.3 Use o f recycled aggregates in Hong Kong - current situation............ 25

2.2.4 Specification for recycled aggregates................................................... 29

2.3 Properties o f recycled aggregates obtained from crushed concrete............ 34

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 2.3.1 Density........................................................................................................ 35

2.3.2 Water absorption..........................................................................................36

2.3.3 Strength o f recycled aggregates................................................................ 37

2.3.4 Contaminants.............................................................................................. 39

2.4. Properties of concrete made with recycled aggregate ...................................40

2.4.1 Characteristics of fresh recycled aggregate concrete .........................41

2.4.2 Characteristics of hardened recycled aggregate concrete .................. 46

2.4.3 Durability of recycled aggregate concrete................................................54

2.5. Influence o f fly ash on propertiesof concrete ............................................... 57

2.6. Influence of steam curing on properties of concrete....................................... 59

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2.7 Summary.............................................................................................................. 61

2.8. Research needs................................................................................................... 64

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
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3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................66

3.2 Materials................................................................................................................67
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3.2.1 Cement and fly ash..................................................................................... 67

3.2.2 Aggregates...................................................................................................68

3.2.3 Superplasticizer.......................................................................................... 77

3.3 Concrete mixtures..............................................................................................77

3.3.1 Mix proportions..........................................................................................77

3.3.2 Specimen casting and curing....................................................................78

3.4 Test methods........................................................................................................79

3.4.1 Determination of slump lossof fresh concrete........................................80

3.4.2 Air content test..........................................................................................83

3.4.3 Bleeding test.............................................................................................. 84

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 3.4.4 Compression and tensile splitting strength test...................................... 86

3.4.5 Static modulus of elasticity........................................................................ 87

3.4.6 Drying shrinkage test................................................................................. 87

3.4.7 Creep test................................................................................................... 88

3.4.8 Determination o f chloride diffusivity....................................................... 89

3.4.9 Determination of pore size distribution................................................... 91

3.4.10 Determination o f the fracture energy of

recycled aggregate concrete.................................................................93

CHAPTER 4 FRESH PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE

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CONCRETE

4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 96
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4.2 Test results and discussions................................................................................. 96

4.2.1 Initial slump and slump loss............................. 96

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4.2.2 Rate of slump loss.....................................................................................100

4.2.3 Bleeding o f concrete................................................................................. 103

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4.2.4 Air content and fresh density................................................................ 108

4.2.5 Comparison o f compressive strength between no

bleed water removed and with bleed water removed........................118

4.3 Summary............................................................................................................. 119

CHAPTER 5 INFLUENCE OF FLY ASH ON HARDENED PROPERTIES OF

RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE

5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 122

5.2 Test results and discussions............................................................................122

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 5.2.1 Use o f fly ash as a substitution of cement...........................................122

5.2.2 Use o f fly ash as an additive admixture............................................... 134

5.3 Summary............................................................................................................ 151

CHAPTER 6 INFLUENCE OF STEAM CURING ON HARDENED

PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE

6.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 154

6.2 Test results and discussions............................................................................. 154

6.2.1 Effect o f steam curing on hardened properties

of recycled aggregate concrete................................................................. 154

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6.2.2 Effect of steam curing on properties of fly ash

recycled aggregate concrete.....................................................................171

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6.2.2.1 Use of fly ash as a substitution o f cement.................................. 171

6.2.2.2 Use o f fly ash as an additional mineral admixture.................182

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6.3 Summary.............................................................................................................199
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CHAPTER 7 MICROSTRUCTURE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE

CONCRETE MADE WITH FLY ASH AT DIFFERENT

CURING CONDITIONS

7.1 Introduction........................................................................................................203

7.2 Visual inspection of samples.............................................................................203

7.2.1 Aggregates distribution and composition...............................................203

7.2.2 Composition o f recycled aggregates................................................... 204

7.2.3 The new interfacial transition zone....................................................... 205

7.3 Concrete and interfacial transition zone examined

by SEM and EDX-map..................................................................................206

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 7.3.1 Original aggregates................................................................................... 206

7.3.2 Original cement paste.............................................................................207

7.3.3 Interfacial transition zone........................................................................ 208

7.4 Pore size distribution of recycled aggregate concrete..................................216

7.4.1 Pore size distribution of standard water cured concrete.....................217

7.4.2 Pore size distribution o f steam cured concrete...................................... 222

7.5 Summary.............................................................................................................230

CHAPTER 8 FRACTURE PROPERTIES AND COMPRESSIVE

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE

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CONCRETE

8.1 Introduction........................................................................................................233
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8.2 Test results and discussions.............................................................................234

8.2.1 Flexural strength of concrete................................................................ 234

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8.2.2 Fracture energy of recycled aggregate concrete..................................236

8.2.3 Stress-strain curve o f recycled aggregate concrete..............................243

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8.2.3.1 Failure behavior.............................................................................243

8.2.3.2 Stress-strain curves.....................................................................244

8.2.3.3 Peak strain..................................................................................... 248

8.3 Summary.............................................................................................................249

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1 Introduction........................................................................................................252

9.2 Conclusions........................................................................................................ 253

9.2.1 Fresh properties o f recycled aggregate concrete..................................253

9.2.2 Hardened properties o f fly ash recycled aggregate concrete............ 254

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 9.2.3 Hardened properties o f steam cured recycled aggregate concrete...256

9.2.4 Effect o f fly ash and steam curing on microstructure

characteristics of matrix- aggregate interfacial zone

of recycled aggregate concrete................................................................258

9.2.5 Effect of recycled aggregate on mechanical and fractural

properties and compressive stress-strain relationship of concrete......... 260

9.2.6 General conclusions.................................................................................261

9.3 Recommendations.............................................................................................. 262

9.4 Limitation of present study and suggestions for further research............ 263

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R E F E R E N C E S ..............................................................................................................264
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 LIST OF TABLES

Chapter 2

Table 2-1 Recycled aggregate (RCA) classes (BRE Digest 433)..................... 16

Table 2-2 Maximum recommended levels of impurity (by w t.)..........................17

Table 2-3 Quality o f recycled aggregates in Japan (JISEC, 2000).....................23

Table 2-4 Requirements for concretes of different Usage (JISEC, 2000)....... 23

Table 2-5 Specification requirements for recycled aggregate

for concrete production in Hong Kong (Fong, et al, 2002)................ 33

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Table 2-6 Los Angeles Abrasion Loss (percentage) of recycled

aggregates obtained by grinding 40 M Pa..............................................38

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Table 2-7 Compressive strength of different concrete (Dhir et al 2004)............ 47

Table 2-8 Compressive strength of original concrete and recycled

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aggregate concrete for various w/c and coarse/fine

aggregate ratio (Hasen, 1992)................................................................47

Table 2-9 Percentage of strength reduction according to recycled

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aggregate used (Tam et al, 1985)....................................................... 49

Table 2-10 Tensile strength o f concretes with different

recycled aggregate content................................................................... 50

Table 2-11 Elastic modulus o f concretes with different recycled

aggregate content (Won, 1999).............................................................52

Chapter 3

Table 3-1 Chemical compositions of cement and fly ash..................................67

Table 3-2 Physical properties o f cement and fly................................................... 68

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 Table 3-3 Properties o f the aggregates................................................................. 75

Table 3-4 Mix notation of concrete mixture........................................................ 79

Table 3-5 Proportioning of the concrete mixtures Series 1.................................. 80

Table 3-6 Proportioning of the concrete mixtures in Series II........................ 80

Table 3-7 Proportioning o f the concrete mixtures Series III...............................81

Table 3-8 Proportioning of the concrete mixtures in Series IV ..........................81

Table 3-9 Proportioning of the concrete mixtures in Series V ......................... 81

Table 3-10 Proportioning of the concrete mixtures in Series V I......................... 82

Table 3-11 Test schedules........................................................................................ 82

Table 3-12 Chloride ion penetration based on charge passes......................... 91

C hapter 4

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Table 4-1 Results of bleeding tests of Series I concrete mixes......................... 105

Table 4-2 Results o f bleeding tests of Series II concrete mixes.....................105

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Table 4-3 Fresh density and air content of concrete in Series I and II............ 109

Table 4-4 Comparison of compressive strength between no bleeding

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test and after bleeding in series I concrete mixture........................... 119

Table 4-5 Comparison of compressive strength between no bleeding

test and after bleeding in series II concrete mixture.......................... 119

C hapter 5

Table 5-1 Compressive strength o f the concrete mixtures in Series 1........... 123

Table 5-2 Compressive strength of the concrete mixtures in Series II........... 124

Table 5-3 Splitting tensile strength of the concrete mixtures in Series 1........ 124

Table 5-4 Splitting tensile strength o f the concrete mixtures in Series II........ 125

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 Table 5-5 Compressive strength of the concrete mixtures in Series III.............136

Table 5-6 Compressive strength of the concrete mixtures in Series IV ........... 137

Table 5-7 Compressive strength of the concrete mixtures in Series V ..............137

Table 5-8 Compressive strength of the concrete mixtures in Series V I........... 138

Table 5-9 Splitting tensile strength of the concrete mixtures in Series III 140

Table 5-10 Splitting tensile strength o f the concrete mixtures in Series IV .... 141

Table 5-11 Splitting tensile strength of the concrete mixtures in Series V 141

Table 5-12 Splitting tensile strength of the concrete mixtures in Series V I.... 142

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Chapter 6

Table 6-1 Compressive strength of the concrete mixtures

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in Series III and IV ............................................................................. 158

Table 6-2 Compressive strength of the concrete mixtures

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in Series V and V I................................................................................. 158

Table 6-3 Splitting tensile strength of the concrete mixtures

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in Series III and IV ............................................................................. 160

Table 6-4 Splitting tensile strength of the concrete mixtures

in Series V and V I................................................................................ 161

Table 6-5 Static modulus o f elasticity of the concrete mixtures in

Series III and IV at age of 28 days and 90 days..............................164

Table 6-6 Static modulus of elasticity of the concrete mixtures in

Series V and VI at age of 28 days and 90 days.................................. 164

Table 6-7 Ultimate drying shrinkage of the concrete mixtures in

Series III and IV at age of 112 days................................................... 166

XX

R e p r o d u c e d w ith p e r m issio n o f th e co p y r ig h t o w n e r. F u rth er rep ro d u ctio n p roh ib ited w ith o u t p e r m issio n .

 Table 6-8 Ultimate drying shrinkage of the concrete mixtures in

Series V and VI at age of 112 days....................................................166

Table 6-9 Chloride-ion penetrations of the concrete mixtures

in Series III and IV............................................................................. 169

Table 6-10 Chloride-ion penetrations of concrete mixtures

in Series V and V ................................................................................. 169

Table 6-11 Compressive strength of concrete mixtures

in Series I with steam curing.............................................................. 175

Table 6-12 Compressive strength of concrete mixtures

in Series II with steam curing........................................................175

W
Table 6-13 Splitting tensile strengths of concrete mixtures in Series I

with steam curing............................................................................. 176

IE
Table 6-14 Splitting tensile strengths of concrete mixtures in Series II
EV
with steam curing............................................................................. 176

Table 6-15 Static elasticity modulus values of concrete mixtures

in Series 1............................................................................................ 178

PR

Table 6-16 Static elastic modulus values of concrete mixtures

in Series II........................................................................................... 179

Table 6-17 Drying shrinkage values of concrete in mixtures Series I and II

at 112 days............................................................................................ 179

Table 6-18 Chloride-ion penetrations of concrete mixtures

in Series 1............................................................................................ 179

Table 6-19 Chloride-ion penetrations of concrete mixtures

in Series II........................................................................................... 180

Table 6-20 Compressive strength of the concrete mixtures

XXI

R e p r o d u c e d w ith p e r m issio n o f th e co p y r ig h t o w n er . F u rth er rep ro d u ctio n p roh ib ited w ith o u t p e r m issio n .

 in Series III with steam curing........................................................185

Table 6-21 Compressive strength of the concrete mixtures in

Series IV, V, and VI with steam curing........................................... 185

Table 6-22 Splitting tensile strength of the concrete mixtures in

Series III with steam curing................................................................ 188

Table 6-23 Splitting tensile strength of the concrete mixtures in

Series IV, V, and VI with steam curing...........................................188

Chapter 7

W
Table 7-1 Average pore diameter and total porosity of concrete mixtures

in series I with standard water curing................................................... 220

IE
Table 7-2 Average pore diameter and total porosity of concrete mixtures
EV
in series II with steam curing............................................................ 222

Table 7-3 Average pore diameter and total porosity o f concrete

mixtures in series I with steam curing...............................................224

PR

Table 7-4 Average pore diameter and total porosity of concrete

mixtures in series II with standard water curing..............................225

Chapter 8

Table 8-1 Fracture energy (Gf) and maximum load of normal

and steam cured concrete in Series 1................................................... 239

Table 8-2 Fracture energy (Gf) and maximum load o f normal

and steam curing concrete in Series II...............................................239

Table 8-3 Experimental results o f concrete cylinders under

compression loading..............................................................................249

XXII

R e p r o d u c e d w ith p e r m issio n o f th e co p y r ig h t o w n e r . F u rth er rep ro d u ctio n p roh ib ited w ith o u t p e r m issio n .