Ordinary Differential Equations I

Lecture (3)

First Order Differential equations

4. Homogeneous equations

A differential equation that can be written in the form

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Where

𝑀(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆𝑛 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆𝑛 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)

is called a homogeneous differential equation of degree n.

The method of the solution is as follows:

Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 or 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑦

where u and v are new dependent variables, will reduce a homogeneous equation to a separable
first-order differential equation.

Example (1): show that the differential equation (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is

homogenous equation and solve it.

Solution:

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ; 𝑀(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 𝜆2 𝑦 2

= 𝜆2 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝜆2 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)

M is homogeneous function of degree 2

𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 ; 𝑁(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = −𝜆2 𝑥 2 = 𝜆2 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)

N is homogeneous function of degree 2

Lecture: Hakima Kh. Ahmed 1

Since M and N are homogeneous functions of some degree, the given differential equation is
homogeneous equation.

let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 , so after substituting, the given equation becomes

(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

(𝑥(𝑣𝑥) + 𝑥 2 + (𝑣𝑥)2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0

𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0

𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
1 1
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 1+𝑣 2

1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0

ln(𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑣) = 𝑐

ln(𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑣) = 𝑐

𝑦
Since 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑣 → 𝑣 =
𝑥

𝑦
ln(𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑐 which is the general solution of given differential equation.
𝑥

Example (2): solve (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ); 𝑀(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = (𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 𝜆2 𝑦 2 ) = 𝜆2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝜆2 𝑀

M is homogeneous function of degree 2

𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦); 𝑁(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = (𝜆2 𝑥 2 − 𝜆2 𝑥𝑦)

= 𝜆2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝜆2 𝑁

N is homogeneous function of degree 2

∴ M and N are homogeneous of some degree.

Lecture: Hakima Kh. Ahmed 2

The given differential equation is homogeneous equation.

let 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑦 , so after substituting, the given equation becomes

solve

((𝑢𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ((𝑢𝑦)2 − (𝑢𝑦)𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

(𝑢2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑦𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑦) + (𝑢2 𝑦 2 − 𝑢𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑢2 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑢𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑢2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑢𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦 3 (𝑢2 + 1)𝑑𝑢 + 𝑦 2 (𝑢3 + 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 1

∗
(𝑢3 + 𝑢2 )𝑦 3
(𝑢2 +1) 𝑦2
(𝑢3 +𝑢2 )
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦3

𝑢2 + 1 1
∫ 𝑢3 +𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Noting that

𝑢2 + 1 𝑢2 + 1 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
= = + +
𝑢2 +𝑢3 𝑢2 (1+𝑢) 𝑢 𝑢2 1+𝑢

𝑢2 + 1 = 𝐶𝑢(1 + 𝑢) + 𝐴(1 + 𝑢) + 𝐵𝑢2

Let 𝑢 = 0 A=1

Let 𝑢 = −1 1+1=𝐵 →𝐵 =2

Let 𝑢 = 1 1 + 1 = 2𝐶 + 2𝐴 + 𝐵 → 2 = 2𝐶 + 2 ∗ 1 + 2 → 𝐶 = −1

𝑢2 + 1 1 1 2
∴ 2 =− + 2+
𝑢 (1 + 𝑢) 𝑢 𝑢 1+𝑢

1 1 2 1
∫ (− + 2 + ) 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢 𝑢 1+𝑢 𝑦
1
−ln(𝑢) − + 2 ln(1 + 𝑢) + ln(𝑦) = 𝑐
𝑢

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
−ln ( ) − + 2 ln (1 + ) + ln(𝑦) = 𝑐 𝐺. 𝑆.
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦

Lecture: Hakima Kh. Ahmed 3

5. Equations with Linear Coefficients

consider the following ordinary differential equation with linear coefficients:

dy a1 x+b1 y+c1
= or (a1 x + b1 y + c1 )dx + (a2 x + b2 y + c2 )dy = 0 …… (1)
dx a2 x+b2 y+c2

Where 𝑎𝑖 , s , 𝑏𝑖 , s and 𝑐𝑖 , s are constants. This ordinary differential equation can be solved as
follows:

1) If 𝒄𝟏 = 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎, then the equation becomes (a1 x + b1 y)dx + (a2 x + b2 y)dy = 0 , which is

a homogeneous equation.
2) If 𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟏 , then the straight lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are
parallel and for some k the equality 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝐾(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦)
We suppose that 𝒛 = 𝐚𝟏 𝐱 + 𝐛𝟏 𝐲

Differentiating z with respect to x, we get

𝐝𝐲 𝟏 𝐝𝐳
= ( − 𝐚𝟏 )
𝐝𝐱 𝐛𝟏 𝐝𝐱

Hence eq (1) has the form

1 𝑑𝑧 𝑧+𝑐
𝑏1
(𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎1 ) = 𝑘𝑧+𝑐1
2

and it can be solved by separable of variables.

Example: Solve (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦+1
We have =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥+4𝑦+3

𝑎1 𝑏2 = 1 ∗ 4 = 4; 𝑎2 𝑏1 = 2 ∗ 2 = 4

𝑎1 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 𝑏1

∴ The lines are parallel

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦+1
=
𝑑𝑥 2(𝑥+2𝑦)+3

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑧
= 1+2 ⇒ = ( − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Lecture: Hakima Kh. Ahmed 4

1 𝑑𝑧 𝑧+1
( − 1) = 2𝑧+3
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑧 2(𝑧+1) 2𝑧+2+2𝑧+3 4𝑧+5

= +1= =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑧+3 2𝑧+3 2𝑧+3

𝑑𝑧 4𝑧+5
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑧+3

2𝑧+3
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
4𝑧+5

Integrating both sides, we get

2𝑧+3
∫ 4𝑧+5 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1
∫( + ∗ ) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 4𝑧 + 5
1 1
𝑧 + ln(4𝑧 + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8

Returning to the original variables by substituting𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2y. we arrive at the required general
solution
1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8
1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8

1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8

1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8

1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8

3) If 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟐 ≠ 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏, then the straight lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0

cross at the same point (ℎ, 𝑘)
Suppose that 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒉 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙𝟏 and 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒌 ⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒚𝟏
Equation (1) is brought to the equation

Lecture: Hakima Kh. Ahmed 5

 𝑑𝑦1 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1
=
𝑑𝑥1 𝑎2 𝑥1 + 𝑏2 𝑦1
Which is homogeneous equation.
Example: Solve the initial value problem
𝑑𝑦 𝑦+1
= 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑦(2) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2𝑦

solution
𝑎1 𝑏2 = 0 ∗ 2 = 0; 𝑎2 𝑏1 = 1 ∗ 1 = 1

𝑎1 𝑏2 ≠ 𝑎2 𝑏1

The lines are intersecting at same point (ℎ, 𝑘).

To find the intersection points, we need to solve the two equations.

𝑦 + 1 = 0 ……. (1)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 ……. (2)
From eq (1), we have 𝑦 = −1 ,by putting the value of y in eq (2), we get 𝑥 = 2
∴ the intersection point is (2, −1) = (ℎ, 𝑘)
Let 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + ℎ = 𝑥1 + 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥1

And

𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑘 = 𝑦1 − 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦1

So, after substituting, the given equation becomes the homogeneous equation
𝑑𝑦1 𝑦1 −1+1 𝑦1 𝑦1
= = =
𝑑𝑥1 𝑥1 +2+2(𝑦1 −1) 𝑥1 +2+2𝑦1 −2 𝑥1 +2𝑦1

𝑑𝑦1 𝑦1
=
𝑑𝑥1 𝑥1 +2𝑦1

Put 𝑥1 = 𝑢𝑦1 and d𝑥1 = 𝑢d𝑦1 + 𝑦1 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑦1 𝑦1
=
𝑢d𝑦1 +𝑦1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑦1 +2𝑦1

(𝑢𝑦1 + 2𝑦1 )𝑑𝑦1 = (𝑢d𝑦1 + 𝑦1 𝑑𝑢)𝑦1

𝑢𝑦1 𝑑𝑦1 + 2𝑦1 𝑑𝑦1 = 𝑢𝑦1 d𝑦1 + 𝑦1 2 𝑑𝑢

Lecture: Hakima Kh. Ahmed 6

2𝑦1 𝑑𝑦1 = 𝑦1 2 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑦1 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑦1

2
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
1

2 ln(𝑦1 ) = 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑥1
Since 𝑥1 = 𝑢𝑦1 , therefore 𝑢 = and
𝑦1

𝑥1
2 ln(𝑦1 ) = +𝑐
𝑦1

Returning to the original variables by substituting𝑥1 = 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦1 = 𝑦 + 1. we arrive at the

required general solution
𝑥−2
2 ln(𝑦 + 1) = +𝑐
𝑦+1

Substituting the initial condition y = 0 when x = 2 in the general solution

shows that C = 1
2−2
2 ln(0 + 1) = +𝑐
0+1
C=0
so, the solution of the initial value problem is
𝑥−2
2 ln(𝑦 + 1) =
𝑦+1
Exercise:
Q(1) Solve the given differential equation by using an appropriate substitution
1) −𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + √𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
2) 𝑥 = 𝑦 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑦+1
3) 𝑦 ′ =
𝑥+2𝑦+2
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑥−𝑦
4) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
5) (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥

6) (𝑦 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Lecture: Hakima Kh. Ahmed 7

Q(2) Solve the given initial –value problem
1. y𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(ln(𝑥) − ln(𝑦) − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑦(−1) = 1
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥+2𝑦
2. = , 𝑦(−1) = −1
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥+2𝑦+2

References
Dennis G. Zill, (2016), A First Course in Differential Equations With Modeling Application
(11𝑡ℎ Edition).
William E. Boyce, Richard C. Diprima, Douglas B. Meade, (2017) Elementary Differential
Equations and Boundary Value Problems (11𝑡ℎ Edition)

Lecture: Hakima Kh. Ahmed 8