SIGNAL PROCESSING I

Angle Modulation
Hilbert transform (II)
SEBASTIÁN ROLDÁN VASCO
[email protected]
 Angle Modulation
Consider the carrier with variable phase:

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
Instantaneous phase angle: the argument of carrier
signal:
𝜙𝐼 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)

Instantaneous frequency:

𝑑𝜙𝐼 𝑡
𝜔𝐼 𝑡 = = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜃′𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
 Angle Modulation
𝑑𝜙𝐼 𝑡
𝜙𝐼 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡) 𝜔𝐼 𝑡 = = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜃′𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

• Phase modulation (PM) changes 𝜙𝐼 𝑡 through the

change of 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡).

• Frequency modulation (PM) changes 𝜙𝐼 𝑡 through the

change of 𝜔𝐼 𝑡 .
 Phase Modulation
𝜃𝑐 (𝑡) is proportional to 𝑚(𝑡):

𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑚(𝑡)

𝑘𝑃𝑀 is known as phase sensitivity.

• If 𝑚(𝑡) is constant:
𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐾 𝜔𝐼 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐
• If 𝑚(𝑡) is linear:
𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡 𝜔𝐼 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐵
𝜔𝐼 𝑡 is allways constant.
Then:
𝜑𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑚(𝑡)
 Phase Modulation
−𝜋 ≤ 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋
Instantaneous phase angle:

𝜙𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑚(𝑡)

Instantaneous frequency:

𝜔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑚′(𝑡)

 Phase Modulation
Frequency deviation:
𝛥𝜔𝑃𝑀 = 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑚′(𝑡)
Maximum frequency deviation:

𝛥𝜔𝑃𝑀 = 𝑘𝑃𝑀 |𝑚′(𝑡)|𝑚𝑎𝑥

Deviation ratio:
𝛥𝜔𝑃𝑀
𝛽𝑃𝑀 =
𝑊
Where 𝑊 is the maximum frequency of the baseband signal.
 Phase Modulation
Example: Pulse train baseband modulation.
 Phase Modulation
Example: Pulse train baseband modulation.
 Phase Modulation
Example: Tone modulation.
 Phase Modulation
Example: Tone modulation.
 Phase Modulation
Example: Tone modulation.
 Phase Modulation
Example: Tone modulation.
 Phase Modulation
Example: Tone modulation.
 Frequency Modulation
𝜔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 is proportional to 𝑚(𝑡):

𝜔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀 𝑚(𝑡)

𝑘𝐹𝑀 is known as frequency sensitivity.

Thus:
𝜙𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Then:

𝜑𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

 Frequency Modulation
Instantaneous phase angle:

𝜙𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Instantaneous frequency:

𝜔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀 𝑚(𝑡)

 Frequency Modulation
Frequency deviation:
𝛥𝜔𝐹𝑀 = 𝑘𝐹𝑀 𝑚(𝑡)
Maximum frequency deviation:

𝛥𝜔𝐹𝑀 = 𝑘𝐹𝑀 |𝑚(𝑡)|𝑚𝑎𝑥

Deviation ratio:
𝛥𝜔𝐹𝑀
𝛽𝐹𝑀 =
𝑊
Where 𝑊 is the maximum frequency of the baseband signal.
 Frequency Modulation
Example: Pulse train baseband modulation.
 Frequency Modulation
Example: Pulse train baseband modulation.
 Frequency Modulation
Example: Pulse train baseband modulation.
 Frequency Modulation
Example: Pulse train baseband modulation.
 Frequency Modulation
Example: Pulse train baseband modulation.
 Frequency Modulation
Example: Pulse train baseband modulation.
 Angle Modulation
Modulated signal
𝜑 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
PM FM

𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑚(𝑡) 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑘𝐹𝑀 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

 Angle Modulation
Example:
Given the FM signal:
𝜑 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 200𝜋𝑡 + 0,4𝑠𝑒𝑛(10𝜋𝑡)
Find
• Carrier and baseband frequencies:
𝑓𝑐 = 100 𝐻𝑧 𝑓𝑚 = 5 𝐻𝑧
• Instantaneous phase:
𝜙𝐼 = 200𝜋𝑡 + 0,4𝑠𝑒𝑛(10𝜋𝑡)
• Instantaneous frequency:
𝜔𝐼 = 𝜙′𝐼 = 200𝜋 + 4𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠(10𝜋𝑡)
• Maximum frequency deviation:
𝛥𝜔𝐹𝑀 = 0,4 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
 Angle vs. Amplitude
• AM envelope is variable, whereas in PM and FM are
constant.
• Zero-crossing are equidistant in AM.
• PM are FM non-linear : more complex spectrum.
• Wider bandwidth for FM.
• Angle modulation has more immunity to noise.
 Narrow band
𝜑 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
= 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑐 𝑡 ) − 𝐴𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝑐 𝑡 )

If 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 ≪ 1
𝑐𝑜 𝑠 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 ≈ 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝑐 𝑡 ) ≈ 𝜃𝑐 𝑡

Then:
𝜑 𝑡 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

Φ 𝜔 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝜋 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝛿 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 − 𝑗Θ𝑐 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑗Θ𝑐 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
 Narrow band
1
Φ 𝜔 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 − 𝑗Θ𝑐 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑗Θ𝑐 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
2

• PM, 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑚(𝑡) → Θ𝑐 𝜔 = 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑀(𝜔):

1
Φ𝑃𝑀 𝜔 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 − 𝑗𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑗𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
2

𝑀(𝜔)
• FM,𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑘𝐹𝑀 ‫ → 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑚 ׬‬Θ𝑐 𝜔 = 𝑘𝐹𝑀 :
𝑗𝜔

1 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
Φ𝐹𝑀 𝜔 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝛿 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 − 𝑘𝐹𝑀 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀
2 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
 Narrow band
FM is more sensitive to noise.
𝐴𝑐ൗ
2

𝑀(𝜔) PM −𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐
𝜋
𝐴𝑐ൗ
FM 2

−𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐
 Wideband
Assuming periodic 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 :

𝜑 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡) = ℝe 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)

𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑐 (𝑡) can be written as its Fourier series:

∞
1
𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑐 (𝑡) = ෍ 𝐶𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝐶𝑛 = න 𝑒 𝑗 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 −𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑇
𝑛=−∞

Thus:
∞
1
𝜑 𝑡 = ℝe 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ෍ න 𝑒 𝑗 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 −𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑇
𝑛=−∞
 Wideband

What about spetral coefficient 𝐶𝑛 in FM wideband

signals?

• Sinusoids: Bessel functions

• Square wave: Interpolation functions

• Triangle or sawtooth: Fresnel Integrals

 FM Demodulation
𝜑𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑚𝐷 𝑡 = 𝜑´𝐹𝑀 𝑡

= −𝐴𝑐 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀 𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

It contains AM and FM components. The AM part can be recovered

by envelope detector.
FM signal Message
Envelope
Limiter BPF Derivative
detector
Hilbert transform: Demodulation
 Analytic signal
Given the real 𝑥 𝑡 , the analytic signal 𝑥𝑎 (𝑡) is defined as
follows:
𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑥(𝑡)ො
Imaginary component of the analytic signal 𝑥𝑎 𝑡 is the Hilbert
transform 𝑥 𝑡 .
Fourier transform of 𝑥𝑎 𝑡 is:
2𝑋 𝜔 , 𝜔>0
𝑋𝑎 𝜔 = 𝑋 𝜔 + 𝑗 −𝑗𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝜔) 𝑋 𝜔 = ቊ
0, 𝜔<0
Example :
Find the analytic signal for 𝑥 𝑡 = cos(𝜔𝑡):
𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑗 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
 Complex envelope
Complex envelope is defined as follows:

𝑥𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑎 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡

Note that 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 is a complex number with real and imaginary

parts. In rectangular form:

𝑥𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥𝐼 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑥𝑄 𝑡 = 𝑥𝐼 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑥ෝ𝐼 (𝑡)

Where 𝑥𝐼 𝑡 and 𝑥𝑄 𝑡 are known as phase and quadrature

components of 𝑥(𝑡), respectively
 Natural envelope
𝑥 𝑡 = ℝ𝑒 𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = ℝ𝑒 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
Then:
𝑥 𝑡 = ℝ𝑒 𝑥𝐼 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑥𝑄 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
= 𝑥𝐼 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑄 𝑡 sen 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
This is a signal LSB AM.

The natural envelope is the magnitude of complex envelope and

analytic signal:
𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = |𝑥𝑒 𝑡 |
 Envelopes
Example:
𝑥 𝑡 = cos(𝛼𝑡)

• Analytic signal:
𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = cos 𝛼𝑡 + 𝑗 sin 𝛼𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝛼𝑡

• Natural envelope:
𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑎 𝑡 =1
 Envelopes
Example:
𝑥 𝑡 = sinc(𝑡)

• Analytic signal:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋𝑡 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑡
𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑥ො 𝑡 = +𝑗
𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡
• Natural envelope:
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜋𝑡 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑡
𝑎 𝑡 = +𝑗 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(0,5𝑡)
𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡
 Envelopes: DSB
𝜑𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜗
Assuming that 𝑚(𝑡) has bandwidth 𝐵 < 𝜔0
• Analytic signal:
𝜑𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝜗
• Complex envelope:
𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝜑𝑎 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗𝜗
• Natural envelope:
𝑎 𝑡 = 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡
• Phase component:
𝜑𝐼 𝑡 = ℝ𝑒 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜑
• Quadrature component:
𝜑𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 sin 𝜑
 Envelopes: FM
𝜑𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
Assuming that 𝑚(𝑡) has bandwidth 𝐵 < 𝜔0
• Analytic signal:
𝜑𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
• Complex envelope:
𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑐(𝑡)
• Natural envelope:
𝑎 𝑡 = 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 1
• Phase component:
𝜑𝐼 𝑡 = ℝ𝑒 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = cos 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
• Quadrature component:
𝜑𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = sin 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
 Envelopes: Signal detection
Given the generic modulation:

𝜑 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃(𝑡)
If 𝜃 𝑡 = 𝐾, then AM
If 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝐾, then PM or FM
If the message is bandwidth limited:
• Analytic signal:
𝜑𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝜃 𝑡
• Complex envelope:
𝜑𝐷 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗𝜃(𝑡)
 Generic demodulation
Modulated signal
𝜑 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃(𝑡)
Analytic signal Complex envelope
𝜑𝑎 𝑡 = 𝜑 𝑡 + 𝑗𝜑ො 𝑡 𝜑𝐷 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗𝜃(𝑡)
Recovered message
AM PM FM
𝑑 ∠𝜑𝐷 𝑡
ℝ𝑒 𝜑𝐷 𝑡 ∠𝜑𝐷 𝑡
𝑑𝑡