CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In literature review, researcher quotes and uses some theories that relate with the topic in

this research for supporting the analysis. The theories are, The review satan that stand for evil in

good versus evil, Heroism theory, and deconstruction theory that are founded by Jacques

Derrida.

2.1 Deconstruction

The researcher will use the deconstruction theory that are stated by Jacques Derrida to

analyze how Satan became the protagonist and deconstruct the idea of good and evil that

presented in the novel Hataraku Maou-Sama! by Satoshi Wagahara. Deconstruction is a theory

that founded by Jacques Derrida. The theory itself is hard to understand. There is no clear and

spessific explanation about deconstruction theory. It makes the deconstruction theory became a

flexible and easily adapt with the researcher idea. Derrida said that deconstruction is looking

from different angle. Deconstruction reject an absolute thing. That mean deconstruction theory

show that there is no absolute thing in a text and literature and it can be always viewed from

many side.

Deconstruction theory have ability to reject absolute thing in text and literature and make

it vulnerable to give text and literature many idea and meaning based on each reader prespective.

In deconstruction the reader is encouraged to questioning the binary oppositions. There are many

opinion about binary oppositions from many reader and researcher. Many of people opinion are
fixed with this binary oppositions, such as good and evil, man and woman, black and white, east

and west, etc. For example in America at 1800s white people is superior and black people is

inferior. Today, some people still think that these binary oppositions is fixed. But in reality it just

a made-up ideology. The power of ideology is that it puts forward ideas as natural and factual,

but deconstruction help us to see that they are not natural and factual at all. The other advantages

of deconstruction is helps people realize that there is no absolute connection between words and

meaning. People just cannot know and understand what is the meaning of a poem. People have

different mind. People also have different historical background and experience. Deconstruction

also gives a very close reading to help the reader and researcher to understand better about that

they make certain choices during reading which influence their opinions and reactions to the text.

The advantages of deconstruction became the disadvantages of deconstruction itself.

A disadvantages of deconstruction is caused by the advantages of deconstruction itself

that it makes people free to give their opinion for text and literature. Deconstruction will produce

a large number of idea and meaning. People with the same background can be have different

mind, and how about people that have different background? There is no knowledge or truth in

the deconstruction because every text and literature can be deconstructed. In deconstruction

knowledge or truth is became something subjective. A literary works will have a different

meaning to each individual reader. It will not have an absolute or fixed meaning. Deconstruction

does not giving limitation in the process of deconstruct a literature works.

Even there is a disadvantages in the deconstruction theory, The researcher believe that

deconstruction theory are related with this research topic. By using the deconstruction theory the
researcher will try to deconstruct the satan figure that well known as an evil figure in many

religion and historical ideology. The main protagonist in this novel is Satan. Satan in this novel is

became a completely different character from the satan that known by religion and historical.

Satan in here is somekind of a jokes figure. He wear a cheap discount clothes, live in a cheap

small apartemen without a bed and used book as the pillow, he also cannot buy secondhand bike

in cash, and even eat cheap expired noodle without spices and work as cashier in fast food

restaurant. Satan became a character that chose good side in good and evil, even to recharge his

power he need the human negative emotion such as despair and sadness. The character

development of satan already seen at the first part of the story. He the one who think human is

just an inscet start to like living like them and wanted to learn more about humanity.

2.2 SATAN

Satan is a figure that exist in many religion and culture. Satan reflect to chaos, pain and

despair. Satan also became a figure that distinguish good and evil. Paul Carus the writer of The

History Of The Devil And The Idea Of Evil From The Earliest Times To The Present Day believe

that good and evil are the religious ideology. Carus (2002:1) said that “. Accordingly, while the

belief in good spirits tended towards the formation of the doctrine of Monotheism, the belief in

evil spirits led naturally to the acceptance of a single supreme evil deity, conceived as

embodying all that is bad, destructive, and immoral”. Carus believe that why we see Satan as an

evil figure is because religion make people see God as a savior who will save humanity and lead

humanity to its glory, and Satan became an antagonist who will lead humanity to the despair and

misery. Religion became a symbol that determine all of justice and goodness. The symbol and
idea about a religion itself is undestructable from the inside. Carus (2002:2) said that “Taken in

their literal meaning, they are untenable, but understood in their symbolical nature they are seeds

from which a purer conception of the truth will grow”. One of the example that religion which

oppose Satan is Islam

Islam is a religion with a faith there is only one God (Allah). A person who follow and

practice Islam religion is called Muslim. According to 2010 survey Islam 1.8 billion followers or

24.1% of the global population. Islam have a holy book that is Qur’an. In Qur’an Islam also

mentioned about satan. The Arabic equivalent of the word Satan is shaitan. The word itself

meaning "astray" or "distant", sometimes translated as "devil”. In Islam religion shaitan became

a figure that seduce and lead human to astray. Also Shaitan is shown have rebelled against Allah.

When they was told to bow before Adam, all angels bowed, but the shaitan refuse and said that

they more superior to Adam because they was made from fire and Adam was made from clay.

Because of that Allah expelled them from heaven. Satan in Islam religion is one of the example

that showed is an antagonist character. The satan from Islam religion is have different

characterization with satan from Hataraku Maou-Sama!. In the Hataraku Maou-Sama! satan

have humble characterization while the satan from islam religion is an arrogance one. Tere also

another example from mythology in Egypt.

Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa,

concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the place that is now the country Egypt.

In ancient Egypt there also satan figure that called Seth the nefarious demon of death and evil in

Egyptian mythology (Carus, 2002:14). Seth is a symbol of death in ancient Egypt mythology. He
is the waning of the moon, the decrease of the waters of the Nile, and the setting of the sun

(Carus, 2002:17). While Seth the satan figure in ancient Egypt mythology is a symbol of death

and misery, meanwhile in Hataraku Maou-Sama! novel the Satan became the symbol of love and

protection. The idea of satan from the ancient Egypt mythology with the Hataraku Maou-Sama!

novel is completely opposite.

Satan also have many characteristic from many culture, religion and society. In literary

work itself satan first appereances in in Dante Alighieri literary work entitle Inferno (1321). In

the novel, satan physical appereances is described had muscular, supernaturally tall, humanoid

demon with black skin and had several glowing scars around his body. He had glowing

red/orange/yellow eyes, two large horns on his head and small spikes on his shoulders and chest.

He wore an bronze/gold armlet on his right arm in the shape of a serpent and his legs appeared to

be those of a goat. His angelic wings are torn off with only smoking stumps left. From the

description, it can said if satan have inhuman form or physical appereances.

From the literary work by Christopher Marlowe's entitle Doctor Faustus (1604), lucifer

name is refer to satan has goal that is to enlarge his kingdom. Lucifer will do anything and erase

anything in its way to gain its goal. Lucifer take many human soul at any cost to get its goal

without discrimination. A creature that will do anything to get what it wants. It can seen that

satan have ignorant characteristic from how Lucifer take many human soul without

discrimination. Satan also have high pride. The characteristic can seen from moslem religion.

When the God (Allah) created Adam, He ordered all the angels to bow before the new creation.
All the angels bowed down, but Satan refused to do so. He argued that since he himself was

created from fire and human was created from mud, satan think he more superion that human

and refused to bow before the new creation. It is show that satan have arrogant characteristic.

Satan also became a popular antagonist character in popular literature such as comicbooks,

movies and games. Satan appear as a ruthless creature who destroy the human world. It can be

said that satan also have ruthless binary opposition.

Also satan is a creature who have a high social status, such as king of hell. In popular

culture such as from movie, series, or game like Devil May Cry series, satan is a king who lead

demonic army to invade human work. Satan from The book of Ezekiel is admonishes the greedy

King of Tyre but also refers to the king as a cherub who was once in the Garden of Eden.

From the example above it is clear that satan is a figure of all bad things. Carus believe

that the existence of evil is caused by the existence of goodness itself. Carus (2002:439) said that

“If there were no going astray, there would be no seeking for the right path; there would be no

merit in goodness”. What carus wanted to said is good and evil is a philosophy problem.

The question as to the nature of evil is by far the most important problem for philosophical,

religious, and moral consideration (Carus 2002:439). Carus questioned about the idea of good

and evil. He asking what it is evil anyway? Is something that decided by a philosopher or a

religion? Carus believe the answer will be based on what each religion and philosopher believe.

In Hataraku Maou-Sama! novel, wagahara make satan so much different from the idea of satan

from the example in above explanation. Satan in his novel can be said is more human than
humanity itself. The story of the novel itself is not related with the satan from many mythology

tales.

2.3 Hero

According to the modern philosophers, including Kierkegaard, Heidigger and Nietzsche

who analyze hero deconstruction in the comic, Watchmen, they explained that hero created and

shaped our identities as individuals and groups. The idea of villain and evil in our ideology help

us with giving a sense of who we are and what we stand against and what we stand for. In other

word, a hero is created and idealized of good and evil. It idealized of what are the good things

and what are the bad things. And then what will happen if we shatter these ideology? What does

it means we break the good and evil ideology inside our mind? No, but to deconstructing the idea

of the hero itself. The idea of hero itself is affected by something around the people, such us

religion, culture, experience and knowledge. People with difference culture will determine

different idea about a hero.

In the 1996 the word hero was described as ambiguous word (Gill, 1996). Over the next

decade the discussion about what is hero is began. In 2004, Becker and Eagly defined heroes as

individuals who choose on take physical of risks on people, even they will get hurt so badly and

can be killed. In 2005 others rejoindered that physical-risk heroism is not broad enough to

encompass the many forms of heroism (Martins :2005). That means if heroism is someone who

take physical risks on people, is hard to categorize who are the hero, because there are so many

heroism form out there. And then physical-risk heroism has been divided into martial
heroism (actioned by military personnel) and civil heroism (actioned by civilians). A definition

of heroism that divide the person who on take the physical risks on people and heroism in social

life.

The hero concept which used in this research will be focused on king Arthur concept.

King Arthur is a legendary figure in the legends of Britain. King Arthur can gather army and

make his army believe in him with his leadership. He smart enough to make people follow him.

In other word king Arthur have smart characteristic. King Arthur has been told as a king of all

Britain. A king will have a prosperous life. King Arthur also has been told as a strongest king at

his era. Legend said that king Arthur pull the strongest sword that is Excalibur from the stone

that make him became the strongest king in his time. With Excalibur in his hand, he slay many

enemy. That can be said that king Arthur have strong binary opposition. Also as a king who

kindly think about his people and succeed in conquering Britain make him became the most

honorable king at his era. So it can be said that king Arthur have honorable binnary

The deconstruction of the Satan characters in Hataraku Maou-Sama! is one of the

example of deconstruction the idea of hero. In Hataraku Maou-sama! novel, Satan became the

hero. According from the theory above, Satan from this novel already do the heroism in both

physical risks and social life. Satan protect a human girl covered her from the building ruins with

her body and he also protect her former enemy who became his temporary alliance from a

gunshot with her body. Satan also give a money for repairing a stand that belonged to an oldman

that destroyed by some thug in the street and he also joined charity campaign to help the

homeless people.