SQL cheat sheet

Basic Queries The Joy of JOINs

A B A B
WHERE col4 = 1 AND col5 = 2
-- aggregate the data
GROUP by …
-- limit aggregated data
HAVING count(*) > 1
-- order of the results
ORDER BY col2 LEFT OUTER JOIN - all rows from table A, INNER JOIN - fetch the results that RIGHT OUTER JOIN - all rows from table B,
even if they do not exist in table B exist in both tables even if they do not exist in table A
Useful keywords for SELECTS:
DISTINCT - return unique results
BETWEEN a AND b - limit the range, the values can be Updates on JOINed Queries Useful Utility Functions
numbers, text, or dates You can use JOINs in your UPDATEs -- convert strings to dates:
LIKE - pattern search within the column text UPDATE t1 SET a = 1 TO_DATE (Oracle, PostgreSQL), STR_TO_DATE (MySQL)
IN (a, b, c) - check if the value is contained among given. FROM table1 t1 JOIN table2 t2 ON t1.id = t2.t1_id -- return the first non-NULL argument:
WHERE t1.col1 = 0 AND t2.col2 IS NULL; COALESCE (col1, col2, “default value”)
-- return current time:
Data Modification NB! Use database specific syntax, it might be faster! CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-- update specific data with the WHERE clause -- compute set operations on two result sets
UPDATE table1 SET col1 = 1 WHERE col2 = 2 Semi JOINs SELECT col1, col2 FROM table1
-- insert values manually UNION / EXCEPT / INTERSECT
You can use subqueries instead of JOINs: SELECT col3, col4 FROM table2;
INSERT INTO table1 (ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME)
VALUES (1, ‘Rebel’, ‘Labs’); SELECT col1, col2 FROM table1 WHERE id IN
-- or by using the results of a query (SELECT t1_id FROM table2 WHERE date > Union - returns data from both queries
INSERT INTO table1 (ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME) CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) Except - rows from the first query that are not present
SELECT id, last_name, first_name FROM table2 in the second query
Intersect - rows that are returned from both queries
Indexes
Views If you query by a column, index it!
A VIEW is a virtual table, which is a result of a query. CREATE INDEX index1 ON table1 (col1) Reporting
They can be used to create virtual tables of complex queries. Use aggregation functions
Don’t forget:
CREATE VIEW view1 AS COUNT - return the number of rows
SELECT col1, col2 Avoid overlapping indexes SUM - cumulate the values
FROM table1 Avoid indexing on too many columns AVG - return the average for the group
WHERE … Indexes can speed up DELETE and UPDATE operations MIN / MAX - smallest / largest value