Numbers

Integers: … , −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, …

𝟏 𝟑
Rational numbers , 𝟎, − , 𝟔, …
𝟐 𝟓
𝟑
Irrational numbers 𝟐, 𝟕, 𝝅, …

Real numbers = union of rational and irrational numbers

Number line

(negative)left − + right(positive)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Addition of signed numbers

7 + 5 = 12, −9 + −11 = −9 − 11 = −20,

−15 − 6 = −21 −8 + 12 = 12 + −8 = 12 − 8 = 4,

3 + (−7) = −4, −16 + 9 = −7

If two numbers have the same sign then the sum has that sign.

If two numbers have different signs, find the difference of their absolute values and use the
sign of the number with the larger absolute value.
Multiplication/division
1) Put the product of their signs

2) Multiply/Divide the absolute values of two integers

5 × −6 = − 5 × 6 = −30,
−7 × −4 = − − 28 = 28
−10 ÷ 2 = − 10 ÷ 2 = −5
(−32) ÷ (−8) = − − 32 ÷ 8 =− − 4 =4

Same signs gives positive sign.

Different sign gives negative sign.

For any number 𝒂: 𝒂×𝟎=𝟎.

Conversely, if the product of two or more numbers is 0, at least one of them must be 0.

𝒂𝒃 = 𝟎 𝒂 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒃 = 𝟎.
minus (−) Changes the direction Changes the sign

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−(+3) = −3 − +𝐧 = −𝐧
−(−3) = +3 = 3 − −𝐧 = +𝐧

The product of an even number of negative factors is positive.

The product of an odd number of negative factors is negative.

If the product of 10 numbers is positive, what is the
greatest number of them that could be negative?
(A) 0
(B) 5
(C) 9
(D) 10
Absolute value:

The absolute value of a number 𝑥, denoted as |𝒙|

is the distance between a and 0 on the number line.

y 0 x
|y| |x|

5 = 5, −5 = 5, −9 = 9, 0 = 0.

𝒙 − 𝒚 is the distance between 𝑥 and 𝑦.

What is the value of ||𝟑| – |– 𝟓||?
(A) –8
(B) –2
(C) 2
(D) 8

||3| – |– 5|| = |3 – 5| = |– 2| = 𝟐
What is the value of 𝟑 − 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐−𝟑 + 𝟐− 𝟓 ?

3−2 2>0 → 3−2 2 =3−2 2

2−3<0 → 2−3 =3− 2

2− 5<0 → 2− 5 = 5− 2

→ 3−2 2 + 2−3 + 2− 5
=3−2 2+3− 2+ 5− 2
=6−4 2+ 5
Divisibility Divisor
Dividend 34 8
-32 4 Quotient
2

Remainder

𝟑𝟒 = 8 × 𝟒 + 2 𝑥 = 𝐷. 𝑄 + 𝑅 𝟎≤𝑹≤𝑫−𝟏

𝑅=0 𝑥 is divisible by 𝐷

𝑥 = 𝐷. 𝑄 𝐷 , 𝑄 are factors or divisors of 𝑥

42 = 6 × 7 6, 7 are factors of 42
 9999 88

55

Remainder

⇒ 9999 − 55 = 9944
 𝑎
If has a remainder of 4, what is the smallest possible value of 𝑎 + 𝑏?
𝑏

𝑎 =𝑄×𝑏+4 → 𝑏 is at least 5

→ 𝑎 ≥ 5𝑄 + 4 → the smallest possible for 𝑎 is 4 when 𝑄 = 0.

→ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 4 + 5 = 9.

How many positive integers less than 100 have a remainder of 3 when
divided by 7?
Even and odd

Even: the integers are divisible by 2. Odd: the integers are not divisible by 2.
The last digit on the right is 0, 2 , 4 , 6 or 8. The last digit on the right is 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9.

2n 2n+1

We show even and odd numbers respectively by e and o then:

𝒆 + 𝒆 = 𝒆, 𝒐 + 𝒐 = 𝒆, 𝒆+𝒐=𝒐

−4 + 8 = 4 , −3 − 9 = −12, 18 − 7 = 11

𝒆 × 𝒆 = 𝒆, 𝒐 × 𝒐 = 𝒐, 𝒆×𝒐=𝒆

4 × 12 = 48 9 × 7 = 63, 6 × 13 = 78

Product of k even integers is divisible by 2 × 2 × ⋯ × 2 (k times). 6 × 14 = 84 = 4 × 21

An odd integer divided by an even integer is a non-integer. 17 ÷ 8 = 2 × 8 + 1

 If j is a positive integer, which one of the following
make (𝒋𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕)𝟐(𝒋𝟑 + 𝟏)𝟑 odd?

A) 2j is even B) j+2 is even C) j+3 is even D) 𝒋𝟑 is odd

If n is a positive integer then 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑒, 𝑜 𝑛 = 𝑜. Therefore the above expression is

equivalent to 𝑗 − 27 𝑗 + 1
which is even if 𝑗 is odd and is odd if 𝑗 is even.
If xyz is even, x+z is odd, z is:
choose just one answer.
(A) even (B) odd (C) indeterminable (D) xy is even

xyz is even → at least one of x or y or z is even

x+z is odd → one of x or z is odd and the other is even.

If z is odd → x, y are even

→ xyz is even.
If z is even

The answer is C.
Finding factors of an integer:

(1) Make a table with 2 columns labeled "Small" and "Large.“

𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 × 𝑳𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = 𝟔𝟎
Small Large
1 60
(2) Start with 1 as Small. Continue by 2, 3 , … 2 30
and write them if are factors of 60
3 20
(3) Stop process until the numbers in the small 4 15
and the large columns run into each other.
5 12
6 10

The number of factors of 60 is 12.

Even → divisible by 2 (16, 11112, 32164986)

Sum of digits is divisible by 3 → divisible by 3 (27, 35421, 111111)

Divisible by 2 twice or last two digits are divisible by 4 → divisible by 4 (64, 65147820, 245100748)

Last digit is 0 or 5 → divisible by 5 (125, 11111110, 21548765)

Divisible by both 2, 3 → divisible by 6 (12, 2484)

Divisible by 2 three times or last three digits are divisible by 8 → divisible by 8 (32, 2647056, 44789128)

Sum of digits is divisible by 9 → divisible by 9 (81, 4968)

Last digit is 0 → divisible by 10 (110, 126987400)

Let a, b, c be integers:

𝑐 factor of 𝑎 → 𝒄 ≤ |𝒂| 27 = 3 × 9, 3, 9 < 27

𝑐 factor of 𝑎 → 𝑐 factor of multiples of 𝑎

15 = 3 × 5 → 45 = 9 × 5
𝑐 factor of 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑐 factor of 𝑎 ± 𝑏
12 = 3 × 4, 15 = 3 × 5 → 12 + 15 = 27 = 3 × 9
𝑐 factor of 𝑏 and 𝑏 factor of 𝑎 → 𝑐 factor of 𝑎
12 = 3 × 4, 60 = 12 × 5 = 3 × 4 × 5

𝑐 factor of 𝑎𝑏 and 𝑐 has no common factor with 𝑎 (but 1) → 𝑐 factor of 𝑏

42 = 6 × 7, 6=2×3

𝑎, 𝑏 different factors of 𝑐 and 𝑎, 𝑏 have no common factor (but 1) → 𝑎 × 𝑏 factor of 𝑐

24 = 3 × 8 = 2 × 12, 24 = 2 × 3 × 4
Prime factorization :

Every number can be written by product of its prime factors.

60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 22 × 3 × 5

prime factorization (first method)

The prime
(1) Make a table with 2 columns labeled “prime" and “the number= 𝟔𝟎“ number
(2) Start by 2 in the prime column. if 2 is a factor then divide the 60 2
number (here 60) by 2 and write the result below 60. If not try
30 2
other primes.
15 3
(3) repeat step (2) for new factor (here 30)
5 5
(4) Do this process until get to 1
1
Prime numbers

Prime number ← the factors are just 1 and itself

important prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23

All primes are odd but 2.

The sum of two primes is 501. Find the smallest of them.

The sum of two primes is an odd number. Then one of them is odd and the
other one is even. Therefore 2 is the smallest one.
 prime factorization (second method)

60
1) write two factors of 60 that their multiplication is 60. (here 6 and 10)
6 10 2) Repeat step (1) for two new factors

3) continue the process until you reach the primes.

2 3 2 5

Since the paired factors of 60 are not unique, you can factorize 60 in many different ways. 60

3 20

60 = 22 × 3 × 5 4 5

2 2
 If N is a positive integer, then the least value of
N for which N! is divisible by 1,000 is ?
(A) 4
(B) 9
(C) 15
(D) 30
112 = 2 × 56 = 2 × 8 × 7 = 24 × 7

112 × 54 = 7 × 24 × 54 = 7 × 2 × 5 4
= 7 × 104 = 70000

In a product, you have 10 as many as 2 × 5 you have.

Greatest common factor:
The greatest common factor, or GCF, is the greatest factor that two numbers have in common.
In the other word, GCF is the greatest number that both numbers are divisible by.

To find the GCF of two numbers:

Write two numbers as the product of its prime factors
Then multiply common factors that have less repetition.
prime number prime number
what is the greatest common factor of 60 and 315? 2 60 3 315
2 30 3 105
Then 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 and 315 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 3 15 5 35
5 5 7 7
The greatest common factor is 3 × 5 = 15
1 1

25
Some useful corollaries:

Let show the GCF of any two numbers 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝒙, 𝒚 .

𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 1

If 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 then 𝑥, 𝑦 have no common factor. 15,56 = 1

𝑥 is a factor of 𝑦 then → 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 8,72 = 8

𝑐𝑥, 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑥, 𝑦) 180,240 = 10 18,24 = 10 × 6(3,4) = 60

26
The length and width of a rectangular yard are respectively 18.5 and 12.5 meters.
What is the area of the greatest square-shaped tiles that we can fill the yard by?
(the side of the tiles is less than 1 meter)

The area of the yard must be divisible by the area of the tile; In the other word the sides of the yard must
be divisible by the side of the tile.
To find the greatest square-shaped tile we should find the GCF of the 18.5 and 12.5.

Since the lengths of the square should be less than 1 meter, therefore we should change the meter to
centimeter.

12.5 m =1250 cm 18.5 m = 1850 cm

→ (1250,1850)=10(125,185)=10×5(25,37)= 50

27
Least common multiple:
The least common multiple or LCM is the lowest multiple two numbers have in common.
In the other word, the LCM is the least number that is divisible by both numbers.

To find that: First, write two integers in the form of their prime numbers.
Second, multiply the common primes of two integers that have more repetition.
Third, multiply the uncommon primes of two integers.

What is the least common multiple of 24 and 60?

prime 24 prime 60
First, 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 and 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 2 12 2 30
Second, 2 × 2 × 2 × 3=24 2 6 2 15
Third, 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5=120 2 3 3 5
Note that 24 and 60 are factors of 120. 3 1 5 1

28
Some useful corollaries:

Let show the LCM of any two numbers 𝑥, 𝑦 by 𝒙, 𝒚 .

𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 → [𝑥, 𝑦] = 𝑥𝑦 12,35 = 12 × 35 = 420

𝑥 is a factor of 𝑦 → [𝑥, 𝑦] = 𝑦 6,24 = 24

𝑐𝑥, 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑐[𝑥, 𝑦] 100,250 = 10 10,25 = 10 × 5 2,5 = 10 × 5 × 2 × 5 = 500

29
A, B and C start at the same time in the same direction to run around
circular stadium. A completes a round in 12 minutes, B in 18 minutes and C
in 24 minutes, all starting at the same point. After what time will they meet
again at the starting point?

We should find a number that is divisible by 12, 18, 24.

In the other word we should find a common multiple of 12, 18, 24.

The first time they meet again is the least common multiple.

12,18,24 = 12,24 , 18 = 24,18 = 6 4,3 = 72

30
The relation between GCF and LCM of two positive integers 𝑎 and 𝑏 :

𝒂𝒃 = 𝑮𝑪𝑭 × 𝑳𝑪𝑴

20 = 2 × 2 × 5 42 = 2 × 3 × 7

→ 20 × 42 = 20,42 × 20,42 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 840

If the product of two numbers is 360 and the greatest common factor of them is 15, find the
least common multiple of them.
360
360 = 15 × 𝐿𝐶𝑀 → 𝐿𝐶𝑀 = = 24
15

31
Fractions

Numerator 3 pieces = part

𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 3
=
Denominator 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 4

4 pieces = whole= 1 unit

𝑛 2 7 𝑛
=𝑛 =2 =7 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
1 1 1 0

3 4 5
Bigger numerator Bigger value < <
6 6 6
3 3 3
Bigger Denominator Smaller value < <
8 7 5
Negative fractions 3 −3 3
− = =
5 5 −5

1 10 5 15 2 30
Equivalent fractions: = = =
2 20 7 21 3 45
To create equivalent fractions, multiply / divide the numerator and denominator by the same number.
1 1×3 3 36 36 ÷ 6 6
= = = =
2 2×3 6 42 42 ÷ 6 7

7 7×9 63 1100 1100 ÷ 110 10

= = = =
11 11 × 9 99 1210 121 ÷ 110 11

There are infinite equivalent fractions for a fraction. 2 4 10 30 100

= = = = =⋯
3 6 15 45 150
𝑛 6 11
= 1 (𝑛 ≠ 0) =1 =1
𝑛 6 11
A fraction is written in lowest terms when no integer greater than 1 will divide into both the
numerator and the denominator
48 48 48 ÷ 2 24 24 ÷ 6 4 4 ÷ 2 2
What is the In lowest terms? = = = = = =
72 72 72 ÷ 2 36 36 ÷ 6 6 6 ÷ 2 3

Every fraction can be reduced to lowest terms by dividing the numerator and the
denominator by their greatest common factor (GCF).

For any positive integer n, n! means the product of all the integers from 1
𝟔!
to n. What is the value of ?
𝟕!

6! 6! 1
= =
7! 7 × 6! 7
 3 1 4
+ + =
5 5 5
what if there are different denominator?

1) Create equivalent fractions with same denominator(common denominator), in

which the new denominator is the LCM of the denominators.
2) Add the numerators and keep the denominator.
1 5 1×3 5 8 8÷2 4 7 4 7×5 4×4 19
+ = + = = = − + =− + = −
2 6 2×3 6 6 6÷2 3 12 15 12 × 5 15 × 4 60

4 5 4×3 5×7 27
− − = − − = −
7 3 7×3 3×7 21
16 21 16 ÷ 16 21 ÷ 7 1 3 1×5 3×3 4
− = − = − = − =−
48 35 48 ÷ 16 35 ÷ 7 3 5 3 × 5 5 × 3 15
Jane gave three-fifths of the amount of money she had to Jack. Jane now has 200 dollars. How
much did she give to Jack?
(A) $80
(B) $120
(C) $200
(D) $300

3 2 3
𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 → 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 200 → 𝑥 = 500 → 500 = 300
5 5 5
Mixed numbers
𝒎 5
Consider the fraction , such that 𝒎 > 𝒏. =
𝒏 4

𝑚 > 𝑛 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: 𝒎 = 𝒏𝒌 + 𝒓 (𝑟 < 𝑛)

𝑚 𝑛𝑘 + 𝑟 𝑛𝑘 𝑟 𝑟
→ = = + = 𝑘 +
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑚 𝒓
We write in the form of 𝒌
𝑛 𝒏

18 2 × 7 + 4 4 4 28 5×5+3 3 3
= =2+ =2 , − =− =− 5+ = −5
7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5

𝑚 𝑟
We call ,𝑚 ≥ 𝑛 the improper fraction and call "𝑘 " the proper fraction or mixed number.
𝑛 𝑛
Addition of mixed numbers

First method: convert mixed numbers to fraction then add them together.

3 1 13 15 −26 + 75 49
−2 + 7 = − + = =
5 2 5 2 10 10

Second method:
1) add integers
2) add fractions

3 1 3 1 −6 + 5 1 49
−2 + 7 = −2 + 7 − + = 5 + =5− =
5 2 5 2 10 10 10
Fraction multiplication
Fraction Multiplication: multiply both numerators and both denominators.
When possible, (cross) simplify the fractions.
3 9 27 10 7 10 ÷ 2 7 5 7 35
× = − × =− × =− × =−
5 7 35 8 3 8÷2 3 4 3 12
18 5 18 ÷ 6 5 3 5 15
× = × = × =
7 12 7 12 ÷ 6 7 2 14

𝑎 𝑏 3 4 𝑏 𝑎
× =1 × =1 We call the 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 of .
𝑏 𝑎 4 3 𝑎 𝑏

Fraction Division: multiply fraction by reciprocal of other one.

2 8 2 5 1 5 5
÷ = × = × =
7 5 7 8 7 4 24
 When a problem requires you to find a fraction of a number, multiply.

At Central High School each student studies exactly one foreign language.
Three-fifths of the students take Spanish, and one-fourth of the remaining
students take Italian. If all of the others take French, what percent of the
students take French?
(A) 15
3 2 1 2 1
(B) 20 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ ⇒ 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 ⇒ × = 𝐼𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛
5 5 4 5 10
(C) 25
(D) 30 3 1 3
⇒1− + =
5 10 10

3 1
Or 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 5 × 4 = 20 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ⇒ 𝑜𝑓 20 = 12 ⇒ 8 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 8 = 2
5 4
6 3
⇒ 8 − 2 = 6 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ ⇒ = = 30%
20 10
As you know, a fraction is just the numerator divided by denominator.
3
18 4 = 3 ÷ 11 = 3 × 7 = 21
= 18 ÷ 2 = 9 11 4 7
2 4 11 44
7
𝑎
𝑏 𝑎𝑑
× 𝑐 ×=
𝑏𝑐
𝑑

1 𝑏 1 8 1 1 37
= =− =−
𝑎 = 𝑎 (𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0) 3 3 9 9 9
𝑏 −
8 37 37
If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4}, and C is the set consisting of all the
fractions whose numerators are in A and whose denominators
are in B, what is the product of all of the numbers in C?
 Fraction comparison
• To compare two fractions first we must to have the common denominator then
compare new numerators.
3 6
What fraction is bigger? 𝑜𝑟
4 7

3 3 × 7 21 6 6 × 4 24 3 6
= = , = = → >
4 4 × 7 28 7 7 × 4 28 4 7

Some properties of fractions

𝑎𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 5×7×9 5 7 9 1 3
= × = × × =1× ×3=
𝑐𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 5 × 14 × 3 5 14 3 2 2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 −7 + 5 7 5 7
= + =− + =− +1
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 5 5 5 5
𝑎 4
× 𝑏 = 𝑎 (𝑏 ≠ 0) ×9=4
𝑏 9
𝑎 𝑐
If = then 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐 (cross-multiplying)
𝑏 𝑑
 2
𝑛 = 120 → 120 = 80 𝑚𝑒𝑛 → 40 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛.
3
3
80 = 30 American men. → 50 Russian men
8
3
120 = 72 Russians. → 72 − 50 = 22 Russian women.
5
→ 40 − 22 = 18 American women.
18 3
→ = of the members are American women.
120 20

American Russian total

men 3
× 80 = 30 2
8 50 × 120 = 80
3
women 18 22 40
total 3 120
× 120 = 72
5
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Considering = − , what is the value of the
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ + + ⋯+ ?
𝟐×𝟑 𝟑×𝟒 𝟒×𝟓 𝟗𝟗×𝟏𝟎𝟎

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ = − + − + − + ⋯+ −
2×3 3×4 4×5 99 × 100 2 3 3 4 4 5 99 100
1 1 49
= − =
2 100 100
Which one of the following fractions is a result of the sum of an integer and its reciprocal?
(A) 15/8
(B) 17/5
(C) 36/7
(D) 65/8 2
1 𝑛 +1
Let 𝑛 be an integer. Then its reciprocal is , and the sum of the two is .
𝑛 𝑛
Therefore the correct answer is (E).
Exponents

If 𝒂 is a real number and 𝒏 is a non-negative integer then:

exponent

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 × 𝒂 × ⋯ × 𝒂 63 = 6 × 6 × 6

base n times

𝑛 ≠ 0 → 0𝑛 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0 → 𝑎0 = 1, 1𝑛 = 1, 00 is undefined.

n=2 → square of a n=3→ cube of a

Square of 3 is 9. Cube of 3 𝑖𝑠 27.

1
Negative exponent: 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑛 → 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎−𝑛 = 1
𝑎
1 1
5−2 = 2 = 52 × 5−2 = 1
5 25
Rules in exponents
𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 × 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 𝑥 =
𝑏𝑥 𝑏
3
32 × 52 = 3×5 2 = 152 153 15
= = 33 = 27
53 5

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑏𝑥 1
𝑏 ×𝑏 =𝑏 =𝑏 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑦−𝑥
𝑏 𝑦 𝑏
1
56 × 5−8 = 56−8 = 5−2 = 43
25 6
= 43−6 = 4−3 = 1/43
4

(𝑏 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 × 𝑏 𝑥 × ⋯ × 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥𝑦

25 −3 = 2−15
 3𝑎 × 3𝑏
If = 3111 , what is the average (arithmetic mean) of 𝑎 and 𝑏 and 𝑐?
3−𝑐

3𝑎 × 3𝑏
−𝑐 = 3𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 = 3111
3

𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 111
→ 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = = = 37
3 3
−3 2 = −3 −3 = 9 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏
→ 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
−3 3 = −3 −3 −3 = −27 𝑶𝒅𝒅
→ 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

Which of the following statements is (are) true?

I) – 210 > 0
II) – – 2 10 > 0
III) 210 – – 2 10 > 0
(A) None
(B) I only
(C) III only
(D) I and III only
If 𝟐𝒌 −𝟐𝒌+𝟏 + 𝟐𝒌−𝟏 = 𝟐𝒌 𝒎 what is m?

2𝑘+1 = 2𝑘 2 2𝑘−1 = 2𝑘 2−1

→ 2𝑘 −2𝑘+1 + 2𝑘−1 = 2𝑘 − 2𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 2−1

= 2𝑘 1 − 2 + 2−1
1 1
= 2𝑘 −1 + = 2𝑘 −
2 2

1
→𝑚=−
2
Roots
𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑥 = what is t the number that multiplies by itself n times.

n 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 → n
𝑥= 𝑎𝑛 = ቊ
𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑

2 3 3
9= 32 = 3 , −8 = −2 3 = −2
n=2 → square root of x n=3 → cube root of x

𝑛
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥
𝑥×𝑛 𝑦= 𝑛
𝑥𝑦 , 𝑛 𝑦= 𝑦

5 9 5 5
−3 × (−3)6 =
5
−3 15
= −3 3 5 = −3 3 = −27

1 1 𝑚
𝑛
𝑥= 𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑏𝑚 = 𝑏𝑚 𝑛 =𝑏 𝑛
Decimals

Decimal are proper fractions whose denominator is a power of 10.

4 74 1
6.4 = 6 − 2.74 = −2 0.001 =
10 100 1000

You can add 0 to the end of decimals.

2 20
1.2 = 1 =1 = 1.20
10 100
16 16000
3.16 = 3 =3 = 3.16000
100 100000
0 00
5=5 =5 = 5.0 = 5.00
10 100
Adding and subtracting decimals
First line up the decimals then add additional zeros if it needed.
52.8371 + 196.04 = 2 − 1.438 =

52.8371 2.000
+ 196.0400 −1.438
248.8771 1.562
Multiplying decimals

First ignore the decimal points and find the product then, count all the digits to the right of the decimal
points and put that many digits to the right of the decimal point in the product.

0.034 × 1.02 = 0.03468

34 × 102 = 3468

To multiply any decimal or whole number by a power of 10, move the decimal point as
many places to the right as there are 0’s in the power of 10, filling in with 0’s if necessary.

23 × 100 = 2300 2.35 × 10 = 23.5

0.235 × 1000 = 235 23.5 × 100 = 2350

Dividing decimals
First move the decimal point to the right until the divisor becomes an integer
then divide the numbers without moving decimal point.

24.018 ÷ 0.06 =? 0.06 × 100 = 6 24.018 × 100 = 2401.8

2401.8 ÷ 6

2401.8 6 16 5
-24 400 .3 -15 3 .2
0
01
-0
1 1.0
- 0 - 1.0
1.8 00
- 1.8
00 To divide any decimal or whole number by a power of 10, move the decimal point as many
places to the left as there are 0’s in the power of 10, filling in with 0’s if necessary.

23 ÷ 10 = 2.3 23.5 ÷ 100 = 0.235 230 ÷ 10 = 23

Let 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗, 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 , and 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝟐 . Then which of the following
is true?
(A) 𝒙 < 𝒛 < 𝒚
(B) 𝒛 < 𝒚 < 𝒙
(C) 𝒛 < 𝒙 < 𝒚
(D) 𝒚 < 𝒙 < 𝒛
(E) 𝒚 < 𝒛 < 𝒙
Percent = per 100 (out of 100)

Percentages can be written in form of fractions and decimals

29 7.2 72 250 25
29% = = 0.29 7.2% = = = 0.072 250% = = = 2.5
100 100 1000 100 10

Move decimal 2 places to the right

Decimal Percent
Move decimal 2 places to the left

0.54 = 54% 0.023 = 2.3% 2 =2.00 =200%

61% = 0.61 0.02% = 0.0002 150% = 1.5

To convert fraction to percent,
1
= 0.5 = 50%
2
1) first convert fraction to decimal
1
= 0. 33 ≈ 33%
2) use above method 3

3
= 0.375 = 37.5%
8

Some fractions can be converted to percent just multiplying the fractions by a proper number.

Convert fraction to percent approximately.

35 70 7 28
= ≈ 70− % = ≈ 28+ %
52 104 24 96
A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples and still has 420 apples. Originally, he had:

A. 588 apples
B. 600 apples
C. 672 apples
D. 700 apples

To increase a number by k%, multiply it by (1 + k%).

Let at first, he had 𝑥 apples.
To decrease a number by k%, multiply it by (1 – k%).

100 − 40 % 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 60% 𝑥 = 420

1 − 40% 𝑥 = 420

60 420 0.6𝑥 = 420

100 x 420
𝑥= = 700
0.6
420 × 100
𝑥=
60
= 700
From 2013 to 2014 the number of boys in the school chess
club decreased by 20%, and the number of girls in the club
increased by 20%. The ratio of girls to boys in the club in
2014 was how many times the ratio of girls to boys in the
club in 2013?

2013 → 2014
boys 1 → 0.8 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠 1.2 3
→ = = = 1.5
girls 1 → 1.2 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠 0.8 2
Two numbers A and B are such that the sum of 5% of A and 4% of B is two-third of the sum of 6% of A
and 8% of B. Find the ratio of A to B.

2
5% 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 + 4% 𝐵 = 6% 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 + 8% 𝑜𝑓 𝐵
3
5 4 2 6 8
→ 𝐴+ 𝐵= 𝐴+ 𝐵
100 100 3 100 100

16
→ 5𝐴 + 4𝐵 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵
3
4
→A= B
3
A 4
→ =
B 3
Two students appeared at an examination. One of them secured 9
marks more than the other and his marks was 56% of the sum of
their marks. The marks obtained by them are:
A) 39, 30
B) 41, 32
Let their mark be 𝑥 + 9 and 𝑥
C) 42, 33
D) 43, 34 56
𝑥+9= (𝑥 + 9 + 𝑥)
100

25 𝑥 + 9 = 14(2𝑥 + 9)

3𝑥 = 99

𝑥 = 33

Their marks are 42 and 33

For the finale of a TV show, viewers could use either social media or a text message to
vote for their favorite of two contestants. The contestant receiving more than 50% of
the vote won. An estimated 10% of the viewers voted, and 30% of the votes were cast
on social media. Contestant 2 earned 70% of the votes cast using social media and 40%
of the votes cast using a text message. Based on this information, which of the following
is an accurate conclusion?
A) If all viewers had voted, Contestant 2 would have won.

B) Viewers voting by social media were likely to be younger than viewers

voting by text message.

C) If all viewers who voted had voted by social media instead of by text
message, Contestant 2 would have won.

D) Viewers voting by social media were more likely to prefer Contestant 2

than were viewers voting by text message.
 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
% 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

The population of a town increased from 175000 to 262500 in a decade. The average percent
increase of population per year is:
Which of the following is closest to the percent
increase in the billions of pounds of plastic produced
in the United States from 2000 to 2003?
Successive changes

Tom buys good worth $ 6650. He gets a rebate of 6% on it. After getting the
rebate, he pays sales tax at 10%. Find the amount he will have to pay for the
goods.
6
Rebate = 6% of 6650 = × 6650 = 399
100
10
Sales tax = 10% of (6650 − 399) = × 6251 = 625.10
100

Final amount = 6251 + 625.10 = 6876.10

From 2012 to 2013 the sales of a book decreased by 80%. If the
sales in 2014 were the same as in 2012, by what percent did
they increase from 2013 to 2014?

1)Calculate
2) take 100
 Place value

285 = 2 × 100 + 8 × 10 + 5 × 1

100’s
10’s
1’s

496 4×100+9×10+6 1 1 1
71.496 = 71 = 7 × 10+1 × 1 + = 7 ×10 + 1×1 + 4× 10 + 9 × 100 + 6 × 1000
1000 1000
10’s
1’s
1
’s
10
1 ′
𝑠
100
1 ′
𝑠
1000
Rounding numbers
Keep all of the digits to the left of the specified place.
If the digit after the specified place is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 Keep the specified digit and put 0 after that.
If the digit after the specified place is 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 Add 1 to the specified digit and put 0 after that.

4153.826 rounded to the nearest tens is 4150

tens

4153.826 rounded to the nearest hundredth is 4153.83

hundredths