Principles of Communications

Meixia Tao

Dept. of Electronic Engineering

Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Chapter 3: Analog Modulation
Selected from Ch 3, Ch 4.1-4.4, Ch 6.1-6.2 of of Fundamentals
of Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall 2005, by
Proakis & Salehi
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
 Topics to be Covered

AM/FM radio FM radio TV broadcast

Source Modulator Channel Demodulator Output

 Amplitude modulation
 Angle modulation (phase/frequency)
 Effect of noise on amplitude modulation
 Effect of noise on frequency modulation

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 2

 Modulation
 What is modulation?
 Transform a message into another signal to facilitate
transmission over a communication channel
 Generate a carrier signal at the transmitter
 Modify some characteristics of the carrier with the information
to be transmitted
 Detect the modifications at the receiver

 Why modulation?
 Frequency translation
 Frequency-division multiplexing
 Noise performance improvement

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 3

 Analog Modulation
 Characteristics that be modified in sin carrier
 Amplitude → Amplitude modulation
 Frequency
→ Angle modulation
 Phase

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 4

 Amplitude Modulation
Double-sideband suppressed-carrier AM (DSB-SC)
 Baseband signal (modulating
wave): m(t )

 Carrier wave

 Modulated wave

= (t )m(t ) Ac m(t ) cos (ωc t + θ 0 )

s (t ) c=

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 5

 Spectrum of DSB-SC Signals
Spectrum of M(f)
M(0)
message

-W 0 W f

Spectrum of DSB-SC
S(f) (1/2)AcM(0)
USB
LSB LSB USB

-fc-W -fc -fc+W 0 fc-W fc fc+W f

S ( f ) = Ac [M ( f − f c ) + M ( f + f c )]
1
2

Translation of the original message spectrum to

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 6

 Bandwidth and Power Efficiency
S(f) (1/2)AcM(0)

-fc-W -fc -fc+W 0 fc-W fc fc+W f

 Required channel bandwidth Bc = 2W

 Required transmit power
1 T /2 2 1 T /2 2 2
T →∞ T ∫−T /2 T →∞ T ∫−T /2
=
Ps lim s (t ) dt lim A c m ( t ) cos 2
(ωc t + θ 0 )dt

Ac2 1 T /2 2 Ac2
= lim ∫ m (t ) [1 + cos(2ω= c t + 2θ 0 ) ] dt Pm
2 T →∞ T − T /2 2

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 7

Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals
 Phase-coherent demodulation
s(t) Product v(t) Low-pass vo(t)
modulator filter

cos( 2πfct )
Local PLL
oscillator (phase-locked loop)

 If there is a phase error φ, then

Scaled version of message signal Unwanted

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 8
Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals
 Pilot-tone assisted demodulation

Add a pilot-tone into

the transmitted signal

Filter out the pilot using

a narrowband filter

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 9

 Conventional AM
Modulating wave
 Carrier wave:
 Baseband signal (normalized):

Modulated wave a ≤ 1
 Modulation index: a
 Modulated wave

a >1

overmodulated
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 10
 Spectrum of Conventional AM
Spectrum of M(f)
M(0)
message signal

-W 0 W f

(Ac/2)δ(f+fc) (Ac/2)δ(f-fc)
S(f) (1/2)aAcM(0)

-fc-W -fc -fc+W 0 fc-W fc fc+W f

Ac Aa
S=
(f) δ ( f − f c ) + δ ( f + f c )  + c  M ( f − f c ) + M ( f + f c ) 
2 2

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 11

 Bandwidth and Power Efficiency
 Required channel bandwidth Bc = 2W
 Required transmit power

carrier power message power

 Modulation efficiency
a2 2
Ac Pm
power in sideband a 2
Pm
E = = 22 2
total power Ac a 2 1 + a 2 Pm
+ Ac Pm
2 2
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 12
 Example
 Message signal:
= m(t ) 3cos(200π t ) + sin(600π t )
 Carrier: =
c(t ) cos(2 ×10−5 t )
 Modulation index: a=0.85
 Determine the power in the carrier component and in the
sideband components of the modulated signal

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 13

 Demodulation of AM signals
Envelop Detector

The simplicity of envelop detector has made

Conventional AM a practical choice for
AM-radio broadcasting

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 14

 Single Sideband (SSB) AM
 Common problem in AM and DSBSC:
Bandwidth wastage

 SSB is very bandwidth efficient

H(ω)

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 15

 Expression of SSB signals
 The baseband signal can be written as the sum of finite
sinusoid signals
n
=
m(t ) ∑ x cos(2π f t + θ ) ,
i =1
i i i fi ≤ f c

 Then its USB component is

n
Ac
=mc (t )
2
∑ x cos [ 2π ( f
i =1
i c + fi )t + θi ) ]

 After manipulation
Ac   n   n  
=
mc (t )   ∑ xi cos(2π fi t + θi )  cos 2π f c t −  ∑ xi sin(2π fi t + θi )  sin 2π f c t 
2  i 1 =  i 1  
Ac Ac 
m(t ) cos 2π f c t − m(t ) sin 2π f c t
2 2 Hilbert transform of m(t)
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 16
 About Hilbert Transform
1 ∞x (τ ) 1
 x(t ) ⇔ x (t ) =
x (t ) ∫ =dτ x (t ) ∗
π −∞ t −τ πt

− j, f >0

=
H ( f )  j, f <0
0, f =0

H (ω ) 相移
1 90°
ω
ω
-90°
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 17
 Generation of SSB-AM Signal

• The spectral efficiency of SSB makes it suitable for voice

communication over telephone lines (0.3~3.4 kHz)
• Not suitable for signals with significant low frequency components
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 18
 Vestigial Sideband: VSB
 VSB is a compromise between SSB and DSBSC

M(f)  VSB signal bandwidth is

B = W+fv
 VSB is used in TV
-W 0 W f broadcasting and similar
signals where low frequency
components are significant
S(f)

-fc fc f
0

W fv fv W

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 19

 Comparison of AM Techniques
 DSB-SC:
more power efficient. Seldom used
 Conventional AM:
simple envelop detector. AM radio
broadcast
 SSB:
requires minimum transmitter power and
bandwidth. Suitable for point-to-point and
over long distances
 VSB:
bandwidth requirement between SSB and
DSBSC. TV transmission

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 20

 Signal Multiplexing
 Multiplexing is a technique where a number of
independent signals are combined and transmitted in
a common channel
 These signal are de-multiplexed at the receiver
 Two common methods for signal multiplexing
 TDM (time-division multiplexing)
 FDM (frequency-division multiplexing)

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 21

 FDM

LPF: ensure signal

bandwidth limited to W

MOD (modulator): shift

message frequency
range to mutually
exclusive high frequency
bands

BPF: restrict the band of

each modulated wave to
its prescribed range

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 22

 FDM application in telephone comm.
 Voice signal: 300～3400Hz
 Message is SSB modulated.
 In 1st-level FDM, 12 signal are stacked in frequency, with a freq.
separation of 4 kHz between adjacent carriers
 A composite 48 kHz channel, called a group channel, transmits 12
voice-band signals simultaneously
 In the next level of FDM, a number of group channel (typically 5
or 6) are stacked to form a supergroup channel
 Higher-order FDM is obtained by combining several supergroup
channels
=> FDM hierarchy in telephone comm. systems

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 23

 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
 Transmit two messages on the same carrier as

s (t ) Ac m1 (t ) cos ( 2π f c t ) + Ac m2 (t ) sin ( 2π f c t )
 cos() and sin() are two quadrature carriers
 Each message signal is modulated by DSB-SC
 Bandwidth-efficiency comparable to SSB-AM
 Synchronous demodulation of m1(t):
s (t ) cos ( 2π f c t ) Ac m1 (t ) cos 2 ( 2π f c t ) + Ac m2 (t ) sin ( 2π f c t ) cos ( 2π f c t )
=
Ac A A
= m1 (t ) + c m1 (t ) cos ( 4π f c t ) + c m2 (t ) sin ( 4π f c t )
2 2 2

LPF
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 24
Application: AM Radio Broadcasting
 Commercial AM radio uses conventional AM
 Superheterodyne receiver:
 from variable carrier freq of the incoming RF to fixed IF

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 25

 Topics to be Covered

Source Modulator Channel Demodulator Output

 Amplitude modulation
 Angle modulation (phase/frequency)
 Effect of noise on amplitude modulation
 Effect of noise on frequency modulation

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 26

 Angle Modulation
 Either phase or frequency of the carrier is varied according
to the message signal
 The general form:

θ(t): the time-varying phase

instantaneous frequency of s(t):

1 dθ (t )
fi (t=
) fc +
2π dt

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 27

Representation of FM and PM signals
 Phase modulation (PM)

θ (t ) = k p m(t ) where kp = phase deviation

constant

 Frequency modulation (FM)

1 d where kf = frequency
fi (t ) −=
f c k f m=
(t ) θ (t ) deviation constant/frequency
2π dt sensitivity
t
 The phase of FM is θ (t ) = 2π k f ∫ m(τ )dτ
0

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 28

Distinguishing Features of PM and FM
 No perfect regularity in spacing of zero crossing
 Constant envelop, i.e. amplitude of s(t) is constant
 Relationship between PM and FM
∫ m(t )dt
m(t) FM wave
Phase
integrator
modulator
[
AC cos 2πf c t + k p ∫ m(t ) dt ]
AC cos( 2πf c t )

d
m(t )
m(t) dt Frequency PM wave
differentiator
modulator
[
AC cos 2πf c t + 2πk f m(t ) ]
AC cos( 2πf c t )

 Will discuss the properties of FM only

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 29
 Example: Sinusoidal Modulation
Sinusoid modulating
wave m(t)

FM wave

d
m(t )
dt

PM wave

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 30

 Example: Square Modulation
Square modulating
wave m(t)

FM wave

PM wave

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 31

 FM by a Sinusoidal Signal
 Message

 Instantaneous frequency of resulting FM wave

 Frequency deviation:
 Carrier phase
∆f
(t ) 2π ∫ ( fi (τ ) − f c ) =
t
θ= dτ sin(2π f mt )
0 fm
= β sin(2π f mt )
 Modulation index:

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 32

 Example
 Problem: a sinusoidal modulating wave of amplitude 5V and
frequency 1kHz is applied to a frequency modulator. The frequency
sensitivity is 40Hz/V. The carrier frequency is 100kHz.
Calculate (a) the frequency deviation
(b) the modulation index

 Solution:
 Frequency deviation ∆f = k f Am = 40 × 5 = 200 Hz

 Modulation index β = ∆f = 200 = 0.2

fm 1000

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 33

Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM Wave

 Rewrite the FM wave as

In-phase component Quadrature-phase component

 Define the complex envelop of FM wave

s (t ) = s I (t ) + jsQ (t ) = Ac e jβ sin( 2πf mt )
~


~
s (t ) retains complete information about s(t)
{ c } [
s (t ) = Re A e j [2πf ct + β sin( 2πf mt ) ] = Re ~
s (t )e j 2πf ct ]
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 34
 s (t ) = Ac e jβ sin( 2πf mt )
~ is periodic, expanded in Fourier series as
∞
~
∑
s (t ) =
n = −∞
c e j 2πnf mt
n

where

 n-th order Bessel function of the first kind

1 π
= J n (β ) ∫ exp  j ( β sin x − nx ) dx
2π − π

 Hence,
cn = Ac J n ( β )

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 35

 Substituting into ~
s (t )
∞
~
s (t ) = Ac ∑J n ( β ) exp( j 2πnf mt )
n = −∞

 FM wave in time domain

 FM wave in frequency-domain
Ac ∞
S( f ) = ∑ J n (β )[δ ( f − f c − nf m ) + δ ( f + f c + nf m )]
2 c n = −∞

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 36

 Properties of Bessel Function
 Property 1: for small β ≤0.3 (Narrowband FM)
 Approximations
J 0 (β ) ≈ 1
J1 ( β ) ≈ β 2
J n (β ) ≈ 0 , n > 1
 Substituting above into
βAc
s (t ) ≈ Ac cos(2πf c t ) + cos[2π ( f c + f m )t ]
2
βAc J n ( β ) → 0 as β → ∞
− cos[2π ( f c − f m )t ]
2
 J n ( β ) , n even
Approximate bandwidth = J −n (β ) = 
− J n ( β ) , n odd
Discuss the similarity between
the conventional AM wave and
a narrow band FM wave
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 37
 General Case
 Goal: to investigate how and affect the spectrum
 Fix and vary
 and are varied

1.0 1.0

β =5
β =1
fc fc
2∆f 2∆f

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 38

 General Case

 Fix and vary

 is fixed, but is varied
1.0 1.0

β =5 β =1

fc fc
2∆f 2∆f

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 39

 Effective Bandwidth of FW Waves
 For large
 B is only slightly greater than
 For small
 The spectrum is limited to

 Carson’s Rule:

B ≈ 2∆f + 2 f m= 2(1 + β ) f m

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 40

 Effective Bandwidth of FW Waves

 99% bandwidth approximation

 The separation between the two frequencies beyond which
none of the side-frequencies is greater than 1% of the
unmodulated carrier amplitude
 i.e where is the max that satisfies

J n ( β ) > 0.01

β 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 30

2nmax 2 4 4 6 8 16 28 50 70

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 41

 Effective Bandwidth of FW Waves

 A universal curve for evaluating the 99% bandwidth

 As increases, the bandwidth occupied by the significant side-
frequencies drops toward that over which the carrier frequency
actually deviates, i.e. B become less affected by

20

0.2 2
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 42
 FM by an Arbitrary Message
 Consider an arbitrary with highest freq. component W
 Frequency deviation: ∆f =k f max m(t )
 Modulation index:

 Carson’s rule applies as

 Carson’s rule underestimates the FM bandwidth requirement

 Universal curve yields a conservative result

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 43

 Example
 In north America, the maximum value of frequency
deviation is fixed at for commercial FM
broadcasting by radio.
 Take , typically the maximum audio frequency
of interest in FM transmission, the modulation index is

 Using Carson’s rule,

 Using universal curve,

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 44

 Exercise
 Assuming that m(t ) = 10sinc (104 t ) , determine the
transmission bandwidth of an FM modulated signal
with k f = 4000

 Solution
 By Carson’s rule:

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 45

Application: FM Radio broadcasting
 As with standard AM radio, most FM radio receivers are
of super-heterodyne type
 Typical freq parameters
– RF carrier range = 88~108 MHz
Limiter – Midband of IF = 10.7MHz
– IF bandwidth = 200kHz
discriminator – Peak freq. deviation = 75KHz

Baseband
low-pass filter
loudspeaker
Audio amplifier
with de-emphasis

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 46

 Summary
 Spectrum of sinusoidal FM Wave
Ac ∞
S( f ) = ∑ J n (β )[δ ( f − f c − nf m ) + δ ( f + f c + nf m )]
2 c n = −∞

 Carson rule approximation

 Universal curve approximation

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 47

 Generation of FM waves
 Direct approach
 Design an oscillator whose frequency changes with the
input voltage => voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
 Indirect approach
 First generate a narrowband FM signal and then
change it to a wideband signal
 Due to the similarity of conventional AM signals, the
generation of a narrowband FM signal is
straightforward.

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 48

 Generation of Narrow-band FM
 Consider a narrow band FM wave
s1 (t ) = A1 cos[2πf1t + φ1 (t )]

where t f1 = carrier frequency

φ1 (t ) = 2πk1 ∫ m(τ )dτ
0
k1 = frequency sensitivity

 Given φ1(t) <<1 with β ≤ 0.3, we may use

cos[φ1 (t )] ≈ 1

sin[φ1 (t )] ≈ φ1 (t )
 Correspondingly, we may approximate s1(t) as
s1 (t ) = A1 cos(2πf1t ) − A1 sin (2πf1t )φ1 (t )
= A1 cos(2πf1t ) − 2πk1 A1 sin (2πf1t )∫ m(τ )dτ
t

0
Narrow-band FW wave
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 49
 Narrow-band frequency modulator
m(t) Product -
integrator
Modulator
+
Narrow-band
+ FM wave s1(t)
A1 sin( 2πf 1t )

Carrier wave
-900 phase
shifter A1 cos( 2πf 1t )

 Next, pass s1(t) through a frequency multiplier

Narrow-band Wideband FM
FM wave Wave
Memoryless Band-pass
nonlinear device filter

– The input-output relationship of the non-linear device is:

s2 (t ) = a1s1 (t ) + a2 s12 (t ) +  + an s1n (t )

– The BPF is used to Pass the FM wave centred at nf1 and with
deviation n∆f1 and suppress all other FM spectra

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 50

Example: frequency multiplier with n = 2

 Problem: Consider a square-law device based frequency multiplier

s2 (t ) = a1s1 (t ) + a2 s12 (t )
with
s1 (t ) = A1 cos 2πf1t + 2πk1 ∫ m(τ )dτ 
 t

 0 
 Specify the midband freq. and bandwidth of BPF used in the freq.
multiplier for the resulting freq. deviation to be twice that at the input
of the nonlinear device
 Solution:
s2 (t ) = a1 A1 cos 2πf1t + 2πk1 ∫ m(τ )dτ  + a2 A12 cos 2  2πf1t + 2πk1 ∫ m(τ )dτ 
t t

 0   0 
  a2 A12 a2 A12 
cos 4πf1t + 4πk1 ∫ m(τ )dτ 
t t
= a1 A1 cos 2πf1t + 2πk1 ∫ m(τ )dτ  + +
 0  2 2  0 
fc=2f1
Removed by BPF with BW > 2∆f = 4∆f1
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 51
 Generation of Wideband FM Signal

s1 (t ) = A1 cos 2πf1t + 2πk1 ∫ m(τ )dτ 

t

 0 
Message Wideband
signal Narrow-band
Frequency FM signal Output
Integrator phase
multiplier BPF
modulator
Ac cos(2π f1t )
Crystal-controlled cos(2πf l t )
oscillator
Mixer: perform up/down
conversion to shift the signal
s (t ) = Ac cos 2πf c t + 2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ 
 t

 0  to the desired center freq.

f c = nf1 may not be the desired carrier frequency

k f = nk1
∆f = n∆f1
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 52
 Exercise: A typical FM transmitter
 Problem: Given the simplified block diagram of a typical FM
transmitter used to transmit audio signals containing frequencies in
the range 100Hz to 15kHz.
 Desired FM wave: fc = 100MHz, ∆f = 75kHz.
 Set β1 = 0.2 in the narrowband phase modulation to limit harmonic
distortion.
 Specify the two-stage frequency multiplier factors n1 and n2
Message
signal Narrow-band Frequency Frequency FM signal
Integrator phase multiplier Mixer multiplier
modulator n1 n2

Crystal-controlled Crystal-controlled
oscillator oscillator

0.1MHz ?
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 53
 Demodulation of FM
Balanced Frequency Discriminator
Given FM wave s (t ) = Ac cos 2πf c t + 2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ 
t

 0 
− Ac  2π f c + 2π k f m(t )  sin  2π f c t + 2π k f ∫ m(τ )dτ 
d t
s (t ) =
dt  0 
Hybrid-modulated wave with AM and FM

 Differentiator + envelop detector = FM demodulator

 Frequency discriminator: a “freq to amplitude” transform device
Slope circuit Envelop
Baseband
H1(f) detector +
FM signal
wave ∑
-
Slope circuit Envelop
H2(f) detector

 j 2πa( f − f c + B / 2 ), fc − B / 2 ≤ f ≤ fc + B / 2

H1 ( f ) =  j 2πa( f + f c − B / 2 ), − f c − B / 2 ≤ f ≤ − f c + B / 2 H 2 ( f ) = H1 (− f )
 0,
 elsewhere
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 54
 Circuit diagram and frequency response

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 55

Application: FM Radio broadcasting
 As with standard AM radio, most FM radio receivers are
of super-heterodyne type
 Typical freq parameters
– RF carrier range = 88~108
Limiter MHz
– Midband of IF = 10.7MHz
discriminator – IF bandwidth = 200kHz
– Peak freq. deviation = 75KHz
Baseband
low-pass filter
loudspeaker
Audio amplifier
with de-emphasis

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 56

 FM Radio Stereo Multiplexing
ml(t) +
 Stereo multiplexing is a form of FDM ∑
designed to transmit two separate +
+ m(t)
+
signals via the same carrier. mr(t)
∑
+
∑
 Widely used in FM broadcasting to -
K
send two different elements of a
program (e.g. vocalist and Frequency
accompanist in an orchestra) so as to doubler
cos( 2πf c t )
give a spatial dimension to its
perception by a listener at the m(t ) = [ml (t ) + mr (t )]
receiving end
+ [ml (t ) − mr (t )]cos(4πf c t )
 The sum signal is left unprocessed in its
baseband form + K cos(2πf c t )
 The difference signal and a 38-kHz
fc = 19kHz
subcarrier produce a DSBSC wave
 The 19-kHz pilot is included as a
reference for coherent detection
10/4/2004 Meixia Tao @ SJTU 57
 FM-Stereo Receiver

Baseband ml(t)+mr(t) + 2ml(t)

LPF ∑
+
To two loudspeakers
m(t) +
BPF centered Baseband
at 2fc=38kHz LPF - ∑
ml(t)-mr(t) 2mr(t)

Frequency
doubler

Narrow-band
filter tuned to
fc=19kHz

10/4/2004 Meixia Tao @ SJTU 58

 Think …

AM vs. FM

 Compared with AM, FM requires a higher implementation

complexity and a higher bandwidth occupancy. What is the
advantage of FM then?

 Why AM radio is mostly for news broadcasting while FM radio is

mostly for music program

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 59

 Suggested Reading
 Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.1-4.4 of Fundamentals of
Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall
2005, by Proakis & Salehi

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 60

 Topics to be Covered

Source Modulator Channel Demodulator Output

 Amplitude modulation
 Angle modulation (phase/frequency)
 Effect of noise on amplitude modulation
 Effect of noise on frequency modulation

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 61

 A Benchmark System
 Baseband system:
n(t)
sm (t )
+ LPF

 No carrier demodulation
 The receiver is an ideal LPF with bandwidth W
 Noise power at the output of the receiver
W N
= Pn0 ∫= 0
df N 0W
−W 2

S PR
 Baseband SNR is given by   =
 N b N 0W
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 62
 Example:
 Find the SNR in a baseband system with a bandwidth
of 5 kHz and with N 0 = 10 −14 W/Hz. The transmitter
power is 1kW and the channel attenuation is 10−12

 Solution: P = 10−12 ×103 = 10−9 Watts

R

S PR 10−9
=  = −14
= 20
 N b N 0W 10 × 5000

= 10
= log10 20 13dB

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 63

 Effect of Noise on DSBSC
n(t)
s (t ) s (t ) m0 (t )
+ BPF demod
ni (t ) n0 (t )
 Modulated signal s (t ) = Ac m(t ) cos ωc t
 Input to the demodulator
r=
(t ) s (t ) + ni (t )
= Ac m(t ) cos wc t + nc (t ) cos wc t − ns (t ) sin wc t
Here ni(t) is a Gaussian narrow-band noise

 N0 / 2 f − fc ≤ W
S ni ( f ) = 
 0 otherwise
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 64
  In the demodulator, the received signal is first
multiplied by a locally generated sinusoid signal
r (t ) cos( wc t + φ ) Ac m(t ) cos wc t cos( wc t + φ )
=
+ nc (t ) cos wc t cos( wc t + φ ) − ns (t ) sin wc t cos( wc t + φ )
1 1
=Ac m(t ) cos φ + Ac m(t ) cos(2 wc t + φ )
2 2
1
+ [ nc (t ) cos φ + ns (t ) sin φ ]
2
1
+ [ nc (t ) cos(2 wc t + φ ) − ns (t ) sin(2 wc t + φ ) ]
2
 Assume coherent detector, we have φ = 0
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 65
 Then the signal is passed through a LPF with bandwidth W

[ Ac m(t ) + nc (t )] where Snc ( f )= Sni ( f − fc ) + Sni ( f + fc )

1
= y (t )
2 for f ≤ W
 The output SNR can thus be defined as
1 2
S Po 4 Ac Pm Ac2 Pm
 =  = =
 N o Pno 1
Pnc 2WN 0
4 Ac2 Pm
 Since the received power of DSBSC in baseband is PR =
2
 The output SNR can be rewritten as
DBSSC does not provide any
S PR S SNR improvement over a
 = =  
 N oDSB WN 0  N b simple baseband systems

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 66

 Effect of Noise on SSB

 Modulated= signal: s(t ) Ac m(t ) cos wct ± Ac m(t ) sin wct
 Input to the demodulator
 N0 / 2 f − fc ≤ W / 2
r=
(t ) s (t ) + ni (t ) where S ni ( f ) = 
 0 otherwise

= [ Ac m(t ) + nc (t ) ] cos wc t + [ ± Ac m(t ) − ns (t ) ] sin wc t

 Output of LPF: Ac 1
=
y (t ) m(t ) + nc (t )
2 2
 Therefore, the output SNR is
1 2
Ac Pm A2 P
 
S P 4 = c m
 = =o

 N o Pno 1
Pnc WN 0
4
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 67
 But in this case,
PR = Ac2 Pm

 Thus,

S PR S SNR in an SSB system is

 = =   equivalent to that of a
 N oSSB WN 0  N b
DSBSC system

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 68

Effect of Noise on Conventional AM
 Modulated signal
(t ) Ac [1 + am(t ) ] cos wc t
s=
 Input to the demodulator
r=
(t ) s (t ) + ni (t )
[ Ac Ac am(t ) + nc (t )] cos wct − ns (t ) sin wct
=+
 With coherent detector, after mixing and LPF:
1
y1 (t ) =[ Ac + Ac am(t ) + nc (t ) ]
2
 Removing DC component
1
=y (t ) [ Ac am(t ) + nc (t )]
2
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 69
 Exercise: please show that the output SNR is

SNR in conventional AM is always

smaller than that in baseband.

 Hint:
1 2
 the received signal power=
is PR Ac 1 + a 2 Pm 
2
 Modulation efficiency is

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 70

Performance of Envelope-Detector
 Input to the envelope-detector
[ Ac Ac am(t ) + nc (t )] cos wct − ns (t ) sin wct
r (t ) =+
 Envelope of r(t)

Vr (t ) = [ Ac + Ac am(t ) + nc (t ) ] + ns2 (t )
2

 If signal component is much stronger than noise

Vr (t ) ≈ Ac + Ac am(t ) + nc (t )
 After removing DC component, we obtain
=
y (t ) Ac am(t ) + nc (t )
At high SNR, performance of coherent detector
and envelop detector is the same
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 71
 Performance of Envelope-Detector
 If noise power is much stronger than the signal power

Vr (t ) = Ac2 (1 + am(t ) ) + nc2 (t ) + ns2 (t ) + 2 Ac nc (t ) (1 + am(t ) )

2

Ignore 1st term

 
≈ ( n (t ) + n (t ) ) 1 + 2
2 Ac nc (t )
2 2
(1 + am(t ) )
 nc (t ) + ns (t )
c s 2

=
V (t ) n nc2 (t ) + ns2 (t )
ε ≈ V (t ) 1 + Ac nc (t ) (1 + am(t ) ) 
1+ ε ≈ 1+ n  2 
2  V n (t ) 
The system is operating below
Ac nc (t )
=
Vn (t ) + (1 + am(t ) ) the threshold, no meaningful
Vn (t ) SNR can be defined.

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 72

 Exercise
 Consider that the message is a WSS r.p M(t) with
autocorrelation function RM (τ ) = 16sinc (10000τ ) . It is given
2

that m(t ) max = 6 .

 We want to transmit this message to a destination via a
channel with a 50dB attenuation and additive white noise
with PSD .S= n ( f ) =
N 0 / 2 10 −12
W/Hz . We also want to
achieve an SNR at the modulator output of at least 50dB.
 What is the required transmitted power and the channel
bandwidth if we employ the following modulation schemes?
 DSB-SC
 SSB
 AM with modulation index = 0.8

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 73

 Topics to be Covered

Source Modulator Channel Demodulator Output

 Amplitude modulation
 Angle modulation (phase/frequency)
 Effect of noise on amplitude modulation
 Effect of noise on frequency modulation

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 74

 Effect of Noise in FM
 The effect of additive noise is described by the
changes of frequency, or the changes in the zero-
crossings of the modulated FM single.

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 75

 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation
 Block diagram of an angle demodulator
r=
(t ) s (t ) + n(t ) y (t ) S
s (t ) + nw (t )  
BPF LPF
 N o
Demod
BW=Bc BW=W

 Input to the demodulator is

r (t ) =
= Ac cos [ωc t + φ (t ) ] + nc (t )cos ωc t − ns (t ) sin ωc t

= Rn (t ) cos( wc t + θ n (t ))
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 76
  Assume that the signal is much larger than the noise
r (t ) ≈  Ac + Rn (t ) cos (θ n (t ) − φ (t ) )  ⋅
 Rn (t ) sin (θ n (t ) − φ (t ) ) 
cos  wc t + φ (t ) + tg −1

 Ac + Rn (t ) cos (θ n (t ) − φ (t ) ) 
Rn (t )
 The phase term can be further
approximated as
(t )
Rn (t )
sin (θ n (t ) − φ (t ) )
Ry Ac
θ r (t ) =
φ (t ) + ns (t )
θ n (t )
−φ (t )
Ac θ e (t )
Rn (t )
θ y (t ) θ n (t )
φ (t )

nc (t )

Ac2  E n 2 (t ) 
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 77
  Therefore, the output of the demodulator is
d d Rn (t )
y (t ) = θ r (t ) =
k f m(t ) + sin (θ n (t ) − φ (t ) )
2π dt 2π dt Ac
d
= k f m(t ) + Yn (t )
2π dt
Desired signal Noise
The noise component is inversely proportional to the signal

amplitude Ac. (This is not the case for AM system)
Rn (t ) 1
=Yn (t ) sin (θ n (t=
) − φ (t ) ) [ ns (t ) cos φ (t ) − nc (t ) sin φ (t )]
Ac Ac
1
= [ ns (t ) cos φ − nc (t ) sin φ ] (Since φ (t ) is slowly varying)
Ac

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 78

 1 d
 The power spectral density of Yn (t ) is
2π dt
4π 2 f 2  cos φ 2  sin φ 
2

= SYn ( f ) f 
2
 S ns ( f ) +   S nc ( f ) 
4π 2
 Ac   Ac  
 f 2

f2  2 N0 f ≤ BC 2
= = Sn ( f )  Ac
Ac2 c 0
 otherwise

Sno ( f ) Snf ( f )

 At the output of LPF, the

noise is limited to the freq.
range [-W, W]

−BT 2 − fx fx BT 2
-W W f

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 79

 Output SNR in FM
 Now we can determine the output SNR in FM
 First, the output signal power is
Pso = k 2f Pm
 The output noise power is
N0 2
W 2 N 0W 3
=Pno ∫= f df
−W A2 3 A 2
c c

 Then, the output SNR is

 
S P 3k 2 2
A P 3 β 2
f Pm S
 = = =
s0 f c m
 2  
 o ( max m(t ) )  b
2
N Pno 2W N 0W N

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 80

 Key Observations
 Rewrite

Power content of the

normalized message
 Increasing β increases the output SNR, in contrast to AM
 Increasing the bandwidth (by Carson rule )
increases the output SNR. Thus, FM provides a way to trade off
bandwidth for transmitted power
 Having a large B means having a large noise power. Thus,
Increasing β cannot continue improving the performance
indefinitely due to the threshold effect
 Increasing the transmitted power increases output SNR in both
FM and AM systems, but the mechanisms are totally different.

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 81

 Threshold Effect
 There exists a specific SNR at the input of the
demodulator below which the signal is not
distinguishable from the noise

FM
S0
N0

DSB

Si
Ni
0 a
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 82
 Comparison of Analog-Modulation
 Bandwidth efficiency
 SSB is the most bandwidth efficient, but cannot effectively
transmit DC
 VSB is a good compromise
 PM/FM are the least favorable systems
 Power efficiency (reflected in performance with noise)
 FM provides high noise immunity
 Conventional AM is the least power efficient
 Implementation complexity (transmitter and receiver)
 The simplest receiver structure is conventional AM
 FM receivers are also easy to implement
 DSB-SC and SSB-SC requires coherent detector and hence is
much more complicated.

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 83

 Think …

AM vs. FM

 Compared with AM, FM requires a higher implementation

complexity and a higher bandwidth occupancy. What is the
advantage of FM then?

 FM provides high noise immunity. This is why AM radio is mostly

for news broadcasting while FM radio is mostly for music
program.
Meixia Tao @ SJTU 84
 Suggested Reading
 Chapter 6.1-6.3 of of Fundamentals of
Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall
2005, by Proakis & Salehi

Meixia Tao @ SJTU 85