INTRODUCTION

TO ARCHITEC-
TURAL
PROGRAMMING
ARCH. ANAN ALSHAMMARI
• It is the first stage of design, where introduction
and definition of the design problem is offered

• It’s a very important stage that produces effective

design decisions such as the no. of masses of
the building, or separating some functions from
each other (administration from educational),
materials of the project for budget or
environmental purposes
• It produces the program of the building according
to its function

WHAT IS A ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING?
• Other titles with the same meaning are:
environmental programming, facility
programming, functional programming,
and design programming
• It has to include an identification of the problem,
explores the nature of the building, highlights
values of the society, the client, the user, the
architect, explains constraints and opportunities
available, in order to be a tool directed to a
successful architecture
• It also explains the goals, facts, and needs of the
project accurately

WHAT IS A ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING?
WHAT MAKES BUILDINGS LOOK
THIS MUCH DIFFERENT?
 • The purpose of programming and design for
architects is to reach to buildings that respond
effectively to the architectural program
• Also to create an architecture and environment
that is not just a solution to the problem but also
is considered fun and pleasant, reflects the
identity of the building, relates in a magnificent
way to the climate, time and site, and transcends
the temporary needs and reaches the ambitions
of the users, the architect, and the society

IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING?
• Peña from Caudill Rowlett Scott (CRS)
developed the term “whole problem” where every
program issued for every design problem would
include four main categories; function, form,
economy, time. This process had a positive
effect over the design quality

• Louis Khan also had expressed his concerns

about the weak architectural programs that the
clients would offer, and he insisted on how
important it is to rethink the program with the
client and include their entire experience in
producing it

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING?
• It wasn’t an essential part of the services that
architectural offices usually give to clients as the
(AIA) considered it an extra service
• In England, the client used to provide it to the
architect at the beginning. It was called “client’s
brief” which included minimum requirements
• Horowitz (in1966) had written an article entitled
“The Architect's Program and the Behavioral
Sciences” where he explained 11 essential
information that has to be included in the
architectural program:

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING?
 ‫‪-1‬أهداف المخطط العام‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬القيود الخاصة ومحددات التصميم‪.‬‬
‫‪-3‬خصائص الموقع‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬متطلبات تطوير الموقع‪.‬‬
‫‪-5‬االحتياجات الوظيفية للمشروع‪.‬‬
‫‪-6‬خصائص المستخدمين‪.‬‬
‫‪-7‬متطلبات المشروع الخاصة‪.‬‬
‫‪-8‬الموقع النسبي والعالقات بين الفراغات‪.‬‬
‫‪-9‬الميزانية‪.‬‬
‫‪-10‬المرونة في النمو المستقبلي والتغير في الوظائف‪.‬‬
‫‪-11‬أولية االحتياج مقارنة باالحتياجات العديدة المختلفة‪.‬‬

‫‪HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL‬‬
‫?‪PROGRAMMING‬‬
1. Programming

2. Design

3. Construction

4. Operation

STAGES OF ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING?
1. Based on design
• The architect meets the client, takes his notes,
and start designing, and every time they meet
new information appear that lead to some
development of the design
• Louis khan would look for the “existence will” in
each building and would change the design
accordingly every time he discover something
new, but he would afford the expenses of the
changes

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING?
 Preliminary Design Final Design

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING?
 • Julia Robinson and Stephens Weeks have
developed a hypothesis about programming
based on design saying that “its hard to
understand any architectural problem before
starting the design”

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 ‫السلبيات‬ ‫اإليجابيات‬

‫‪ -1‬ذا ررً هنًيررف طجررم ر ايبونررً م ايررذي يقم رره‬

‫جً رررً‬ ‫‪-1‬يصررروق ًا ق رررً اجررريتق ين رررو ً رررًي‬
‫اي يم (الئحة اي طجبً ) ر ايصر ا اي بجرا‬
‫ايبو نة‪.‬‬
‫ـجى هذا ايطجم طتم اي ص ي ‪.‬‬
‫ًم‬ ‫يبررم ـ ــــررـم اي ص يـــررـ ر‬ ‫‪-2‬يـ ـــررـ‬
‫‪ -2‬ذا ً يمى اي يم ططرط قرم ينرم اي رًوي‬
‫ان ـــًع بيــ اي يــــم‪ً,‬ايـ ـــــًوي‪.‬‬
‫ميجررره يرررى ررر ًى ايط ًحرررً‬ ‫صررر ًبة ررر‬
‫اين ًيية ًايلنية‪.‬‬
‫جيرررو ررر‬ ‫ررر‬ ‫‪-3‬هنًيرررف لًـرررم جرررق ً ينرررًب‬
‫األحيً بي اي يم‪ً ,‬اي ًوي‪.‬‬
‫‪-3‬ام ي ًيى اي يم صتحية ا طرًذ ايقرواوا اي جقرة‬
‫بًينًاح اين ًيية ًاي قنية‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬وان رة طططرً اي صر ي اي ط جلرة ارم ررًـم‬
‫اي يم ا شًق طوق نميمة ي حقيق هما ه‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ام صبح اي جيرة ومًم رم ًـمائيرة‪ ,‬برمالق ر‬
‫ً بماـية‪.‬‬
‫ي ر ايطررو ي حررق ا شررًق ايحررم‬ ‫‪-5‬اررم يررمـ‬
‫‪ -5‬ر هررذل ايحرًال ‪ ,‬اررم ررً اي جيرة بررممة يجًار ‪,‬‬
‫ايذي اي ًصم ييه‪.‬‬ ‫اي ص ي‬
‫ً جلة بًين بة يج ًوي‪.‬‬

‫?‪TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING‬‬

 2. Based on Knowledge
• Its based on environmental psychology,
environmental sociology, human ecology, that
put behavioral and social sciences as a base for
their designs; taking notes, meeting people,
taking samples, doing statistics and using
scientific references and research.
• Many architects had used this method in
programming and they were lucky to succeed
with many of their projects. Ex. Edward Hall and
Robert Sommer

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 • Its very effective especially in large projects such
as, prisons, hospitals, governmental institutions
where clients and architects may not have a total
vision of all information related to the project,
therefore, interviews and research are very
important in understanding the needs of all types
of users and very helpful in the design process
• The information is gathered, analyzed, and
summarized in “program sheets” for each
suggested space

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 Statistical research done to study queuing
in a retail shop

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 Lutheran
Theological
Seminary

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 ‫السلبيات‬ ‫اإليجابيات‬

‫‪ .1‬توفر كل المعلومات الالزمة للتعرف‬

‫‪ .1‬قد تكون باهظة التكاليف ومهدرة‬ ‫على مشكلة التصميم‪.‬‬
‫للوقت‪ ,‬خاصة للمشاريع العادية‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬تنمي معرفة جديدة باستخدام منهجية‬
‫منظمة من العلوم ذات العالقة‪.‬‬

‫متخصصا في علم‬
‫ً‬ ‫‪ .2‬إذا كان المبرمج‬ ‫‪ .3‬توفر جميع المعلومات الالزمة لتصميم‬
‫االجتماع‪ ,‬فإنه من المحتمل إهمال‬ ‫كل فراغ في المشروع‪.‬‬
‫دراسة المسائل غير السلوكية‪,‬‬
‫كالموقع‪ ,‬والمناخ‪ ,‬واقتصادية المبنى‪,‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬تعد مفيدة جدّا للمشاريع الكبيرة‪ ,‬أو‬
‫واألمور الفنية‪ ,‬والوقت‪.‬‬ ‫المعقدة‪ ,‬أو المبتكرة التي قد تكون‬
‫جديدة على المصمم‪ ,‬وال يعرف‬
‫متطلباتها‬

‫?‪TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING‬‬

 3. Based on Agreement
• Its based on forming a planning committee that
includes all managers and head departments of
the institution; who are well aware of the
functions and the operations of the institution
therefore they are capable of producing its
program in cooperation with the architect until
they reach the design requirements agreed from
both parties
• Pena in )CRS( and his model “the whole
problem” exemplified this method

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 • Pena’s model included four main categories that
had to be filled for each project; function, form,
economy, time
• Ex. Site, environment, climate, materials,
technology, landscape, aesthetics are all put
under Form category, while building’s purpose,
users, approach, performance, safety and
security issues are all put under Function
category
• Each of the four categories are put in a
schedulable with five corresponding columns
including; goals, facts, concepts, needs,
problem. If all of these are filled for all
categories then the project’s problem would be
identified

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 ‫المشكلة‬ ‫االحتياجات‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫الحقائق‬ ‫األهداف‬

‫الوظيفة‬

‫الشكل‬

‫االقتصاد‬

‫الوقت‬

‫‪Programming Schedule in CRS‬‬

‫?‪TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING‬‬

 Programming Schedule in CRS – filled in
meetings (workshops) with the client

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 • These information being filled subject to
continuous changes based on meetings
• Most important of them is the “problem” column
that works as a feedback from the architect to
the client and shows that the architect
understands exactly the need of the client

• This methods focuses on producing schematic

designs and not reaching the design
development phase as this happens after all
requirements are clearly identified

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 ‫السلبيات‬ ‫اإليجابيات‬
‫‪ .1‬قد تكون فئات القيمة المحددة مسب ًقا في جدول‬ ‫‪ .1‬يضمن الحصول على المعلومات لكل مجال تكون‬
‫‪ CRS‬مقيدة (محدودة) أكثر من الالزم لبعض‬ ‫للمعماري فيه هموم تتعلق بالتصميم "المشكلة‬
‫المشاريع‪.‬‬ ‫ككل"‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬قد يؤدي استخدام جلسات العمل في المواقع‪,‬‬ ‫‪ُ .2‬يعد وجود مجموعة ممثلة تساهم في تطوير‬
‫كطريقة رئيسية لجمع المعلومات‪ ,‬إلى افتقاد‬ ‫أمرا فعاالً‬
‫معلومات البرنامج أثناء اجتماع العمل ً‬
‫معلومات ذات أهمية كبرى للمشروع‪.‬‬ ‫واقتصاد ّيا‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬يؤدي حصر العمالء في مفاهيم البرمجة إلى‬ ‫‪ .3‬يساعد عرض معلومات البرمجة بصر ّيا‬
‫اإلحباط عندما تكون لديهم أفكار خاصة‬ ‫المشاركين في فهم البرنامج والتأثير فيه‪.‬‬
‫بالتصميم يرغبون في التعبير عنها وتضمينها‬
‫في البرنامج‬ ‫‪ .4‬يتفق العميل‪ ,‬والمستخدم‪ ,‬والمعماري على طبيعة‬
‫المشكلة ومجالها قبل بدء التصميم‬
‫‪ .4‬قد يؤدي عدم إدراج معلومات تفصيلية‬
‫‪ .5‬بشكل عام‪ ,‬يؤدي إلى تفادي التغيير في تكاليف‬
‫للفراغات الفردية إلى قرارات غير سليمة‬ ‫التصميم‪.‬‬
‫بشأن التصميم األولي‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬تكون نتائج التصميم إيجابية كما أثبتته بعض‬
‫‪ .5‬يقتضي نص (بيان) المشكلة أن يشارك‬ ‫المشاريع‪ ,‬كما عبر عنها المستخدمون مثل‬
‫المصمم بفعالية في عملية البرمجة‬ ‫‪ CRS‬و ‪.ADP‬‬

‫?‪TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING‬‬

 3. Based on Values
• Frank Lloyd Wright had lived with his clients for a
while before he went back to his office to design
their house where he had not needed to erase or
change any part of the design (falling water)
• Louis Kahn had understood how important it is
for laboratories to have an effective sanitation
systems and mechanical, electrical and plumbing
systems therefore he created very effective
systems that were used in high towers as well

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 Falling Water – Frank Wright Richards-Louis Kahn

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 • Kalvin Straub was sensitive to life values, client/
user’s values, and site and climate opportunities,
therefore, Thomson Residence which was a
small house with little budget as it was built with
wood had reflected the exact needs of the family,
and is homogeneous with its environment and
provides a moderate climate to live in

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

Thomson Residence - Straub

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

 • It is based on meetings with the client to
understand their values and goals, to make sure
the client owns the architecture from the first
meetings and first designs
• It does some sort of scientific research like the
programming based on knowledge method but
recognizes the limitation of time and budget
therefore it concentrates on the important values
of the project and the clients early in the design
process
• It also does the process of scheduling like the
programming based on agreement method but
with some changed categories and columns

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING?

• References:

• Architectural Programming and Predesign

Manager, Robert G. Hershberger, McGraw-Hill,
1999

THE END