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Objective:: Experiment No.4

This experiment studied laminar, turbulent, and transitional fluid flows. Various flow regimes were observed using a hydraulic bench, Reynolds apparatus, and other equipment. Laminar flow occurred at low velocities with smooth, ordered layering of fluid. Turbulent flow occurred at high velocities with random, chaotic motion and mixing. Transitional flow was observed between laminar and turbulent as the flow transitioned over a range of velocities. Reynolds number was used to classify the different flow regimes based on the ratio of inertial to viscous forces. Laminar flow was observed below a Reynolds number of 2300, turbulent flow above 4000, and transitional flow in between. Measurements of flow rate, volume, and time were taken to calculate Reynolds

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78 views

Objective:: Experiment No.4

This experiment studied laminar, turbulent, and transitional fluid flows. Various flow regimes were observed using a hydraulic bench, Reynolds apparatus, and other equipment. Laminar flow occurred at low velocities with smooth, ordered layering of fluid. Turbulent flow occurred at high velocities with random, chaotic motion and mixing. Transitional flow was observed between laminar and turbulent as the flow transitioned over a range of velocities. Reynolds number was used to classify the different flow regimes based on the ratio of inertial to viscous forces. Laminar flow was observed below a Reynolds number of 2300, turbulent flow above 4000, and transitional flow in between. Measurements of flow rate, volume, and time were taken to calculate Reynolds

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Irtaza Umer Latif
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Experiment No.

4
Objective:
To observe and study the fluid behavior in different flow domains. To study laminar
flow, turbulent flow and transitional flow.

Apparatus:
 F1-10 hydrulic bench
 F1-20 reynolds apparatus
 Stopwatch
 Collecting cylinder
 Measuring scale

Theory:
Laminar flow:
In laminar flow the fluid moves in smooth layer path and each layer of fluid flow
smoothly past the other adjacent layer, resulting in negligible mixing[1]. In laminar flow
the flow is highly ordered and particles follow the ordered path of their predecessor
particles. In laminar flow the lateral mixing does not occur. It is just like ordered layers of
playing cards. There are no perpendicular cross current, so there is no swirling motion or
eddies. The fluids typically having higher viscosity are likely to give laminar flow. With

Fig.1[2]
the increase in viscosity, the frictional effect between fluid layers increases and they slide
with order upon each other
Turbulent flow:
Turbulent flow is characterized by disorder and random motion. This type of fluid motion
occurs at usually high velocities. For the fluid having low viscosity are likely to give
turbulent flow. Due to this, the less frictional effect does not hold layers together and they
start moving randomly and separately. In turbulent flow the random motion results in
better mixing of fluid as in turbulence the colliding phenomenon of fluid particles

increases.
Fig.2 [2]
Transitional Flow:
There are two extremes flow domains in form of laminar and turbulent flow. Between
these extremes, there exist transition flow. The transition from laminar at low velocity to
turbulent at higher velocity does not occur suddenly. Contrary to this, it occurs over a
range of flow domain. The flow domain where the flow is neither fully laminar nor
turbulent, is known as transition flow.

Fig.3[3]
Reynolds Number:
Reynold number is a key parameter to determine and specify the flow regimes. It
provides us with the range of values so that we can classify the flow domains. It is our
daily practice to observe flow domains. When someone is smoking, the rising smoke
takes different shapes and forms depending on location and surroundings. The water
running out of tap may be laminar at some location or may be turbulent at some other
point. In 1880, Osborne Reynold discovered that the flow domains can be classified on
basis of ratio of inertial forced to viscous forces. This ratio is called as Reynold Number.
It is given by:
Inertial forces
ℜ=
viscousforces

ρ v 2 L2
ℜ=
μvL
ρvL
ℜ=
μ
Where ρ=density , μ=dynamic viscosity , v=average velocity ,
L=Dh=hydraulic Diameter

Reynold Number can be written in form


Vavg D
ℜ=
υ
Where,
μ m2
υ= =kinematic viscosity ( )
p s
When the Reynold number is high the inertial forces are strong. These inertial forces
corresponds to square of high average velocity of fluid and density. At high velocity, the
viscous forces are week. The high velocity causes the fluctuations and random motion.
The small viscous forces cant deal with large fluctuations and turbulent motion is seen.
When the Reynold number is low, the inertial forces are low and viscous forces
dominate. Due to domination of viscous forces and at low average velocity, the
fluctuations and randomness are suppressed and overwhelmed by orderness. So, laminar
flow is seen at low Reynold number. At medium values for Reynold number, the
transition flow takes place. The Reynold number value at which the flow regime is
transformed from laminar to turbulent, is called a critical Reynold Number. The value for
critical Reynold number depends on the geometry of cross section in which flow is taking
place and surrounding conditions. From experiments, the flow of fluid in circular pipes
has following flow domains dependence on Reynold Number.

In case we have non circular pipes or ducts, we need to use hydraulic diameter for these
geometries in the Reynold Number formula. The hydraulic diameter is given by:
4 Ac
Dh=
Perimeter
Where Ac=Area of cross section
Hydraulic diameter for some common geometries is given as:

Fig.4 [2]

Procedure:
 Apparatus is set up and dye is filled.
 Hydraulic bench is turned on so water fills the tank containing marbles
 Through injection, dye is injected into water
 Using the flow rate valve, the streak of dye is adjusted in laminar flow.
 For duration of 25 sec the volume of cylinder at outlet is filled to determine the
volumetric flow rate.
 Then the flow rate is increased and readings are taken for transitional flow.
 Then readings for turbulent flow are taken.

Observations:
Diameter of Pipe= 0.010 m
Area = 7.85 * 10^-5 m^2

υ=1.002 ×10−6 m 2 /s

Sr No Flow Time Volume Q= V/t V=Q/A Re=vd/υ


domain (sec) Collected (m 3 /s ¿ (m/s)
(ml) ×10−6
1 Laminar 25 120 4.8 0.061 609
2 Laminar 25 117 4.68 0.0595 593.81
3 Transition 25 500 20 0.254 2535
4 Transition 25 501 20.04 0.255 2545
5 Turbulent 25 800 32 0.4076 4068
6 Turbulent 25 795 31.8 0.405 4042
Sr. No. Flow Volume Time V Qv Re =ρvd / μ
Qv= v=
Visualized collected t t A
V
(ml) (sec) (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ (m/s)

1 Laminar 101 60 1.683 x 1 0−6 0.024 213.857

2 Laminar 98 60 1.633 x 1 0−6 0.021 209.58

3 Transitional 1190 60 1.98 x 1 0−5 0.25 2520.21


4 Transitional 1100 60 1.83 x 1 0 −5
0.2334 2329.6
5 Turbulent 2550 60 4.25 x 1 0−5 0.05383 5400.45
6 Turbulent 2550 60 4.25 x 1 0−5 0.5383 5400.45

Other Group readings:

Other Group Reading

Sr No Flow Time Volume Q= V/t V=Q/A Re=vd/υ


domain (sec) Collected (m 3 /s ¿ (m/s)
(ml) ×10−6
1 Laminar 50.6 230 4.6 0.058 650.1
2 Laminar 50.3 430 8.54 0.108 1221.7
3 Transition 50.4 950 18.83 0.239 2695
4 Transition 45.09 900 19.96 0.254 2855
5 Turbulent 29 850 29.4 0.3731 4193.14
6 Turbulent 30 940 31.7 0.3989 4482.6
Other Group Reading:

Sr No Flow Time Volume Q= V/t V=Q/A Re=vd/υ


domain (sec) Collected (m 3 /s ¿ (m/s) 10¿-1
(ml) ×3
1 Laminar 70 1.16 1.47 1651.2
2 Laminar 77 1.28 1.62 1826.2
3 Transition 120 2 2.54 2863
60
4 Transition 158 2.6 3.34 3752.8
5 Turbulent 770 2.88 16.3 18348
6 Turbulent 2500 4 53.6 59596
Laminar transition turbulent

Discussion:
The results show that with increase in flow rate, the flow regime changes from laminar to
turbulent through transitional. For laminar flow the Reynold number is less than 2300.
From 2300 to 4000, the transition flow is seen. Above 4000, the turbulent flow is
observed. So our results have been verified.

References:
[1] V. l. Streeter, Fuid Mechanics, 4th ed. McGraw Hill, 1951-66.
[2] J. C. Younus Cengel, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and applications. McGraw Hill.
[3] Available: https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/hydraulics-lab/reynolds-experiment/2052/

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