Week 13: Gender and Peace

Education
Gender and Peace Education Lesson Objectives
At the end of this section, the participants will:

1. Be able to define gender

2. Be able to discuss the importance of gender in peace education
3. Understand different ways to integrate gender into classroom practice
4. Develop specific lesson plans that focus on gender 

Guiding Questions
Before you read this section, consider the following questions

1. What is gender? How do gender roles play out in your life?

2. In your culture, what do gender roles look like?

A father and son are in a car accident. The father dies on impact, and the son is rushed to the hospital. In
the operating room, the surgeon looks at the boy and says, “I can't operate on him. He's my son.”
How can this be true?
(Answer is found at the end of the section)
 
The only way to solve the problem of women’s subordination is to change people’s mindset and to plant
the new idea of gender equality into every mind.
- Qingrong Ma 

 
 Introduction
Gender can be defined as: 
the social differences and relations between men and women which are learned, vary widely among
societies and cultures, and change over time […] They condition which activities, tasks and
responsibilities are perceived as male and female. Gender roles are affected by age, class, race, ethnicity
and religion, and by the geographical, economic and political environment (International Labor Office,
2000). 
 
The concept of gender must be differentiated from that of sex: sex is a purely biological description, while
gender connotes socially constructed categories.
Gender is an important consideration in the context of peace education for a number of reasons. The
most fundamental of these reasons is that women’s empowerment and equality in all spheres is
absolutely necessary in order to achieve a sustainable peace. As affirmed by the UN’s Beijing
Declaration, “local, national, regional and global peace is attainable and is inextricably linked with the
advancement of women, who are a fundamental force for leadership, conflict resolution and the promotion
of lasting peace at all levels” (United Nations, 1995). 
The implications of gender on peace education are many and diverse.  First, society must recognize the
potential of women as peace-builders, and actively promote their inclusion in peace-making processes.
Second, violence against women, which is one of the most common forms of violence worldwide, must be
eliminated, with awareness education about the issue as the first step towards this goal. Finally, societal
consciousness of gender inequalities and discrimination against women in all spheres must be raised so
that these issues can be recognized and addressed. The differences in the socialization of boys versus
girls and gender equality in education are especially relevant topics under this category. A key aspect of
UNESCO’s campaign to foster a worldwide culture of peace is to “ensure equality between women and
men,” thus affirming that gender is an important consideration with regards to peace education
(UNESCO, 2000). There are many ways in which teachers can incorporate gender-informed peace
education into their classrooms, which we will explore in more detail below.
 
A person’s gender may differ from that of their sex, as a person born a specific sex may identify with the
gender usually associated with the opposite sex, with both sexes, or with neither sex.  Female and male
roles may differ across cultures and even within cultures over time.  In spite of this, many societies have
norms that merge sex and gender into these two roles.  Transgendered people face discrimination and
violence throughout the world because they do not fit the two categories that make up most societies’
sex/gender norms. 
Throughout history, however, in some cultures and societies, there have been examples of recognition of
a third sex (or more), such as the Hijra in India and Pakistan.  This sanctioned designation often carries
with it a special role or power.  For instance, the Hijra – people born in male bodies who identify as female
–provide fertility to those that they bless.  In Native American societies, there has often been the
recognition of a male-female gender, where a person is inhabited by both male and female spirits.  These
people, historically, were respected as great teachers.  In spite of this, people who inhabit these
sanctioned, or once-sanctioned, roles often experience discrimination and violence because of their
gender identity.
It is important for peace educators to facilitate the recognition by others of an individual’s gender as the
person perceives it.   Furthermore, peace educators can help build understanding and acceptance of
different gender identities and transgendered people by creating safe spaces for people to learn about the
history of gender identity and transgender issues and be introduced to transgendered people who have
made contributions to their societies.  Contrasting how gender roles have changed over time or are
different across cultures is one way to illustrate that gender is a fluid social construct.
Women as Peacebuilders
History has demonstrated that women, in both an individual and group capacity, are extremely effective
as peace-builders. This is not to say that men are not also peacemakers, nor that women are never
violent, but rather that the achievements of women in this capacity are often overlooked and merit further
attention. However, the inequalities between men and women that still prevail in our societies limit the
impact of women in creating a culture of peace to much less than their true potential. According to Brock-
Utne (2009):
Even though women frequently build the backbone of peace organizations, they are seldom given credit
for their work. They are mostly made invisible in history books which frequently are “his - story” books,
describing the development of violent conflicts or wars started by men. Conflicts which are solved non-
violently or the work for peace, especially the work of women for peace, do not find their way into history
books. This naturally has consequences for peace education. It is difficult to educate about peace when
the textbooks youngsters are required to read are mostly on war (p. 215). 
The capacity of women as peacemakers must be recognized and promoted in governments, in nonprofit
organizations, and in international relations, as well as in the classroom. The UN has stated its support for
the active engagement of women in the peace process in numerous official resolutions and declarations,
and now it remains for the world to follow through (United Nations, 1985, 2000). Teachers can further this
goal in their classrooms by discussing the peace processes throughout history and not just the role of
wars. Teachers should also make sure that the role of women throughout history is not omitted. One
possible exercise for students might be to research women's perspectives from a certain historical period,
if these are not portrayed in their history textbook.
Violence Against Women
The term “violence against women” refers to “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely
to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm of suffering to women” (United Nations, 1994). The
continuing worldwide prevalence of such violence remains a significant obstacle to building a lasting
peace, as women living in fear of gender-based violence cannot achieve true equality. 
Not only is violence against women an unacceptable act in itself, but according to the UN (1994), it is
also 
a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women, which have led to
domination over and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of the full advancement
of women, and violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are
forced into a subordinate position compared with men.
Violence against women both causes inequality and is caused by inequality. According to Brock-Utne
(2009), “the unequal power between men and women is considered to be the main reason for violence
against women” (p. 206). Gender-based violence is the most brutal and overt form of the inequality that is
present in all spheres of society. Thus, a crucial part of peace education must be the dissemination of
information about the widespread occurrence of such violence and its negative impacts on women and on
progress toward creating a culture of peace. 
An important consideration when thinking about violence against women is the effect of the media on
social perceptions of women and acceptable behavior towards women. The media as a whole tend to
perpetuate negative stereotypes of women, and an important step in gender-informed peace education is
to recognize this trend and develop awareness about it. Kempadoo, Maxwell, and Smith (2001) describe
this media bias as follows:
There is a link between media images of women and incidences of violence against women. Products
from liquor to cars are sold using women’s bodies: women are shown primarily responsible for the home
and family. What does this say about women? What message is the media sending when it constantly
juxtaposes sex and violence? Women are beaten and raped in movies, popular songs emphasize
women’s bodies as objects to be used and abused. […] Negative media images are harmful in a society
where violence against women is increasing. The danger is that violence against women is becoming
accepted as the norm (p. 9).
Someone who is conscious of the bias present in the media’s representation of women is less likely to be
subconsciously socialized or conditioned by the images they see, and more likely to protest the injustices
in the media that negatively impact women. Popular culture must evolve to promote gender justice and
equality rather than violence and abusive behavior towards women.  
In the classroom, there are many ways in which a teacher can work to further this goal. For instance, the
teacher should choose pieces of literature, film, and media carefully and in consideration of how these
sources might portray women in a negative way. If use of a biased source proves necessary, this
provides a wonderful opportunity for a lesson on gender stereotypes and violence and to raise students’
awareness of their own, often unconscious, behaviors that enable the status quo to continue.
Another way in which the teacher can help eliminate violence against women is to ensure that his/her own
classroom is free of violence. Aside from the obvious ban on physical violence, disparaging remarks and
comments that enforce unwanted gender stereotypes should also not be tolerated. This rule should apply
to interactions between all students, but especially between boys and girls. 
Gender Inequalities and Socialization
In world society today significant inequalities between men and women persist, ranging from gender-
based violence and outright bias, to tradition-supported discrimination, to unconscious differences in
behavior towards men versus women. Peace education can have a positive impact on eradicating these
inequalities by raising awareness of the existence of discrimination in everyday life, and by inspiring
action to eliminate these inequalities.
The differences between society’s treatment of men and its treatment of women are often so customary
that they have become ingrained in the collective mindset as perfectly normal and correct. However, if we
stop and reexamine these behaviors, it becomes evident that many of the differences in society’s
attitudes towards men versus women are neither positive nor conducive to building a culture of peace.
Consider something as basic as the toys girls and boys commonly play with: for girls it might be pretty
dolls, while for boys it might be miniature soldiers. This divide begs the question: “To what extent are girls
and boys in our society being socialized equally or differently when it comes to learning how to care,
empathize with others and engage in or endure violent behavior?” (Brock-Utne, 2009, p. 205). 
Issues of war and peace have become highly genderized, so much so that associating warfare with men
has become a rarely-questioned norm. According to Brock-Utne (2009),
All over the world there are more men than women in the military. This fact probably has a pre-socializing
effect on boys. In countries with compulsory military service, this service is normally compulsory for boys
only. […] This socialization may explain why women are more likely than men to support conscientious
objectors, to be against war toys and against war (p. 209). 
In striving to educate for peace, we must take these societal norms into account and actively try to
counteract them. If young boys focus on the heroics of war in their youthful games, they build an easy
familiarity with violence that fails to recognize the true gravity and horror that battle entails. Violent media
images, electronic games, and toys only reinforce such inaccurate conceptions that emphasize war
instead of peace. Even something as basic as a history book tends to place the focus on battles rather
than resolutions. As noted earlier, it is difficult to educate for peace when textbooks are mostly about war.
Thus teachers as peace-builders must make an active effort to draw students’ attention to achievements
of peace rather than of war. 
Promoting Gender Equality in the Classroom
The following are some suggestions for teachers to promote gender equality in their classrooms.
Self-reflection
The first step for teachers wanting to counteract this trend of unequal socialization is to become aware of
the gender stereotypes that they (perhaps unconsciously) perpetuate. If teachers are conscious of their
own perceptions of gender, they will be able to make an active effort not to recreate them in the
classroom. 
Challenge students’ ideas of gender roles
Similarly, in the context of any class assignment or discussion, the teacher can challenge students’ ideas
about gender roles and inspire them to think critically about the origins of these inequalities. 
Include women’s perspectives in history
Another way in which teachers can proactively support gender equality and peace is by emphasizing the
role of women, since many textbooks tend to center more on men. Similarly, teachers can shift the focus
to the peace-building processes of history rather than the typical emphasis on wars. Both women and
peace are often underrepresented in history textbooks.
Use gender-neutral language
Teachers should also try to use gender-neutral language (which is easier in some languages than others).
For example, using “police officer” instead of “policeman.” While the teacher should use gender-neutral
language as much as possible, the teacher should also teach about gender neutrality in language, and
why using gender-biased language perpetuates inequalities.
Gender Equitable Education
Although discrimination against girls and women exists in all spheres of society, possibly the most
important areas with respect to our focus on peace education is inequality in education. Data shows that
enrollment rates of girls are significantly lower than those of boys in both primary and secondary school
(UNGEI, 2010, p. 12-13).  Girls have less than equal access to education for various reasons, including
traditional gender roles, financial limitations, cultural considerations, and early marriage or pregnancy. All
these obstacles must be addressed before equal enrollment can be reached. 
However, “achieving gender parity (equal numbers of boys and girls) in school is just one step towards
gender equality in and through education. While parity is a quantitative concept, equality is a qualitative
one” (Wilson, 2003, p. 3). With progress being made toward equal access to education for girls and boys,
there now remains the more difficult task of creating education that is truly gender equitable. According to
Oxfam (2005),
The content and delivery of education […] can reflect and reproduce gender inequalities. Girls’ and boys’
learning and interaction with each other, and the teacher, are influenced by ways of teaching, the content
of the curriculum, and relations within the classroom (p. i). 
Teachers thus have a central role to play in fostering increased gender equality in society, and can do this
by making sure that their classrooms are environments that teach and reinforce positive gender relations.
The classroom can be the starting point for fostering gender equality as a step towards a comprehensive
culture of peace. As mentioned in the section above with regards to history, curriculum content must
reflect gender equality. A second example would be to ensure that students in a Language Arts class
read an equal number of novels by men and women authors, with a mixture of male and female
protagonists.
The classroom must also be an environment that enforces gender equality. There should be no difference
in the type of work assigned to boys and girls, and the same standards and expectations must apply to all
students. In terms of achieving gender parity in schools, teachers can act as advocates for girls to
continue their education, both through encouraging their female students and through discussing the
issue with the students’ parents, if necessary.
Answer to the Riddle: The surgeon is his mother. Often times, when people first hear the riddle, they
might say things such as “the boy was adopted,” or think of other ways that the surgeon could be his
father. This riddle demonstrates our own gender bias, as many people first think of a man in the role of
surgeon, or other prestigious positions.
 
Sample Lesson
Women, Peace, and Security (Reardon & Cabezudo, 2002)
During the summer and fall of 2000, a small group of NGO members active in women’s concerns at the
United Nations developed and pursued a strategy to persuade the Security Council to hold an open
debate (a session on a general topic that constitutes a threat to peace and security rather than a
particular or specific conflict or crisis) on the role of women in peace and security policy formation, conflict
resolution and prevention, and global security. The session was convened in October 2000. This unit is
based on key extracts from the resolution adopted by the Security Council at the conclusion of this special
session. These extracts appear on the following pages as a handout. (Copies of the full text of S.C.
Resolution 1325 are available from the Hague Appeal for Peace and online at
http://www.peacewomen.org/un/sc/1325.html.)
Source
This unit was designed by the authors of Learning to Abolish War.
Grade levels and subjects
Secondary grades, 10 - 12; history, civics, social studies, world problems/global issues, human rights,
gender studies
Materials
The handout excerpt of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (pages 122-123), or the full
document (available online atwww.peacewomen.org)
Methods
Research and presentation of reports; critical analysis and discussion; role playing; proposing alternatives
Concepts
Gender, security, peace, international diplomacy, civil society
Objectives
Students will:

1. Become acquainted with the functioning of the United Nations, including procedures and
documentation;
2. Learn about women’s strategies for peace and peacebuilding;
3. Analyze the relationship between representations of gender and conflict in the media;
4. Demonstrate understanding of the different ways that conflict and war affect men and women.

Procedures
Activity 1
1.Assign the extracts as reading to be done outside class.
2.At the next class session read the extracts (or have students read aloud one paragraph each)
3.After a paragraph has been read, discuss it, asking such questions as:

 What problem or obstacle to peace and women’s participation in conflict resolution and/or
security policy making is likely to have inspired this paragraph?
 What particular lines of action would the United Nations have to pursue to overcome the
problems and obstacles and achieve the aim embraced in the paragraph?
 What actions can NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and citizens take to assure the
implementation of the aims expressed in the paragraph?
 Are there actions students might take?

Activity 2
1.Provide a list of the international legal instruments relevant to the Resolution. For instance:

 Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Protocols of 1949

 Refugee Convention of 1951 and the Protocol of 1967
 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (1993)
 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979) and the
Optional Protocol of 1999 
NOTE: For these and other relevant international legal instruments, visit www.un.org/rights/.
2.Form research groups. Assign one convention to each group to read, study, and discuss and then
report to the entire class their responses to the following questions to enable them to analyze the
relevance of the instrument to the problems and aims reflected in United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1325.
3.What are the purposes of the Convention? 
4.What types of problems are likely to have led to the drafting and adopting of the convention?
5.To what goals and recommendations of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 might this
convention apply?
6.What provisions of the convention would be most relevant? 
7.Who should be aware of this convention if it were to help achieve the aims of 1325?
8.What should ordinary citizens know about the convention?
Activity 3
1.Assign a news media project having each student identify a news development related to armed
conflict.
2.See how it is reported in various media. Assess the probable gender dimensions of the conflict.

 How is it affecting men and women differently?

 Do women have special needs as a result of the conflict? What are they?
 Are these needs being adequately met? Who is attempting to meet them? Are there other
agencies that should be involved?

3.Are the gendered aspects of the conflict presented in the media? Is the presentation adequate to the
problems?
4.Draft a letter to some of the media you have reviewed giving your opinion on the gender coverage and
your suggestions for changing or improving it.
5.Read the letter in class. Using well-reasoned arguments, try to persuade your classmates to sign it with
you and mail the letter to the media.
Activity 4
1.Assign readings on women’s peace activities and discuss reports in class. (Materials are available from
Women’s International Tribune Center, 777 UN Plaza, NYC 10017; www.peacewomen.org, a project of
the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom; UNIFEM; United Nations; UNESCO, Paris;
and International Alert, London.)
2.Weave the following topics into the discussion:

 Individual perspectives and motivations;

 Styles of peace actions women pursue and why such actions might have been chosen;
 Particular constraints and advantages for women’s effectiveness in the pursuit of peace.

Handout
Excerpt from: UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTION (S/RES/1325) Adopted by the Security Council on 31
October 2000
(Preamble omitted)
The Security Council
1.Urges Member States to ensure increased representation of women at all decision-making levels in
national, regional, and international institutions and mechanisms for the prevention, management, and
resolution of conflict;
2.Encourages the Secretary General to implement his strategic plan of action (A/49/587) calling for an
increase in the participation of women at decision-making levels in conflict resolution and peace
processes;
3.Urges the Secretary General to appoint more women as special representatives and envoys...;
4.Further urges the Secretary General to seek to expand the role and contribution of women in United
Nations field-based operations, and especially among military observers, civilian police, human rights and
humanitarian personnel;
5.Expresses its willingness to incorporate a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations, and urges
the Secretary General to ensure that, where appropriate, field operations include a gender component;
6.Requests the Secretary General to provide to Member States training guidelines and materials on the
protection, rights, and the particular needs of women...;
7.Urges Member States to increase their voluntary financial, technical, and logistical support for gender-
sensitive training efforts...;
8.Calls on all actors involved, when negotiating and implementing peace agreements, to adopt a gender
perspective, including, inter alia:
a.The special needs of women and girls during repatriation and resettlement and for rehabilitation,
reintegration, and post-conflict reconstruction;
b.Measures that support local women’s processes for conflict resolution, and that involve women in all of
the implementation mechanisms of the peace agreements;
c.Measures that ensure the protection of and respect for human rights of women and girls, particularly as
they relate to the constitution, the electoral system, the police, and the judiciary;
9.Calls upon all parties to armed conflict to respect fully international law applicable to the rights and
protection of women and girls...;
10.Calls on all parties to armed conflict to take special measures to protect women and girls from gender-
based violence, particularly rape and other forms of sexual abuse, and all other forms of violence in
situations of armed conflict;
11.Emphasizes the responsibility of all States to put an end to impunity and to prosecute those
responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes including those relating to sexual and
other violence against women and girls;
12.Calls upon all parties to armed conflict to respect the civilian and humanitarian character of refugee
camps and settlements, and to take into account the particular needs of women and girls...;
13.Encourages all those involved in the planning for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration to
consider the different needs of female and male ex-combatants and to take into account the needs of
their dependents.
14.Reaffirms its readiness, whenever measures are adopted under Article 41 of the Charter of the United
Nations, to give consideration to their potential impact on the civilian population, bearing in mind the
special needs of women and girls, in order to consider appropriate humanitarian exemptions;
15.Expresses its willingness to ensure that Security Council missions take into account gender
considerations and the rights of women, including through consultation with local and international
women’s groups;
16.Invites the Secretary-General to carry out a study on the impact of armed conflict on women and girls,
the role of women in peace-building, and the gender dimensions of peace processes and conflict
resolution, and further invites him to submit a report to the Security Council on the results of this study
and to make this available to all Member States of the United Nations;
17.Requests the Secretary-General, where appropriate, to include in his reporting to the Security Council
progress on gender mainstreaming throughout peacekeeping missions and all other aspects relating to
women and girls;
18.Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.
 
References
Brock-Utne, B. (2009). A Gender Perspective on Peace Education and the Work for Peace. International
Review of Education, 55(2-3), May, p. 205-220.
International Labor Office. (2000). ABC of women workers’ rights and gender equality. Retrieved from
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/gender/docs/RES/68/F1962744474/ABC%20of%20women%20workers.doc
Kempadoo, K., Landa, O., Maxwell, S., & Smith, N. (2001). Gender, Peace and Development in the
Caribbean: Research Report on the Northern Caribbean, Prepared for UNESCO. Retrieved from
http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/projects/NorthFinalReport.pdf 
Oxfam. (2005). Gender Equality in Schools. Retrieved from
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/issues/education/downloads/edPaper2.pdf
United Nations. (1985). Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women. Retrieved
from http://www.un-documents.net/nflsaw.htm
United Nations. (1994). General Assembly Resolution: Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against
Women. Retrieved from  http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(symbol)/a.res.48.104.en 
United Nations. (September 1995). Fourth World Conference on Women: Beijing Declaration. Retrieved
from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/declar.htm
United Nations. (2000). Security Council Resolution 1325. Retrieved from
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ods/S-RES-1325(2000)-E.pdf
UNESCO. (2000). Culture of Peace: What is it?. Retrieved from
http://www3.unesco.org/iycp/uk/uk_sum_cp.htm
Wilson, D. (2003). Human Rights: Promoting Gender Equality In and Through Education. Retrieved from
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001469/146974e.pdf