Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ZAMBALES
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: [email protected]
website: www.depedzambales.ph

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

EARTH SCIENCE

I. Introduction
Waste is one of the environmental problems that has become a global
concern. Waste is everywhere. As human population increases, the need
for food and raw materials to survive also increases, leaving ample of waste
materials. The utilization of natural resources and irresponsible human
activities have also caused tons of wastes around us.

In this lesson, you will deal with the different types of wastes generated
from various sources as we are carrying out our activities and operations.
You will also encounter how wastes affect our health and the environment.
At the end, you will learn to reflect on some solutions of the problems
arising from our negligence in discharging our wastes.

II. Learning Competencies

1. Describe how people generate different types of waste (solid, liquid, and
gaseous) as they make use of various materials and resources in
everyday life. (S11ES-Ii-19)
2. Explain how different types of waste affect people’s health and the
environment. (S11ES-Ii-j-20)

III. Objectives
At the end of this learning activity, you are expected to:
1. identify the different types of wastes;
2. describe the various sources of wastes generated by humans; and
3. discuss the impacts of wastes to human health and the environment.

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IV. Discussion

Human society produces some undesirable and unusable materials

which are called wastes. Waste is any substance or item that is discarded
after primary use, or becomes worthless and defective. The amount of wastes
produced is influenced by economic activity, consumption, and population
growth. Wastes can be generated from different activities which start from
households, industries and up to institutions, as well as from other human
operations.

Before you continue, try to do first this simple activity which will help
you figure out how you can usually produce trash each day.

Pre-Activity

Directions: Study the picture below and answer the given questions.

Questions:
1. List down at least five (5)
wastes that you see from the
picture.
2. How do we produce such
wastes?
3. Imagine that picture represents
the trash produced in a day
from your school and you
contribute at least one of those,
how do you feel that either you
are aware or not, your single
trash looks like that once
disposed of?

In a day, you can also produce the same wastes as you listed down.
From the plastic bottle of water you bought from the canteen, and styrofoam
you used for your snacks, up to the leftover of your food from the restaurant,
you might have as much wastes as what the picture has depicted above.

We are producing various wastes of different types from time-to-time

and day-to-day activities and from different sources. Let us study these things
one by one.

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Types of Wastes
1. Solid Wastes

Solid wastes are all discarded, defective solid items and scraps of no
use which are found in our household along with commercial and industrial
sites. These are commonly broken down but not limited to the following types:

 Plastic wastes. These include cups, bottles, containers, jars, and many
other. Plastics are non-biodegradable, but most of these types of are
recyclable. They should not be mixed in with regular wastes, instead,
they must be sorted and placed in the recycling bin.
 Paper wastes. These include packaging materials, newspapers,
cardboards, among others. Paper can easily be recycled and reused so
make sure to place them in your recycling bin.
 Tins and metals. These can be found in various forms throughout our
home, usually from canned goods when being consumed and
appliances when become defective. Most metals can be recycled.
 Ceramics and glass. These items are usually scraps or in pieces from
broken items, or unusable materials produced from repairs and
construction.

2. Liquid Wastes

Liquid waste refers to any waste that is in liquid form. This waste
consists of water that has been contaminated by human use, known as
wastewater. Liquid waste includes dirty water, organic liquids, wash water,
waste detergents and even rainwater. The composition of liquid waste varies
according to the source. In towns and cities, the three main sources are
residential, commercial and industrial areas. This type of waste is often
discharged in grounds or through bodies of water like rivers, even without any
treatment.

Types of Liquid Wastes

 Sewage. This includes human body waste such as feces or urine, as

well as wastewater from different sources like from washing, flushing
or manufacturing processes of industries.
 Sullage. This includes wastewater that arises from domestic activities
such as washing in bathrooms and kitchens, including water from food
preparation and dishwashing.
 Runoff. This waste is also referred to as storm water or flood water
derived from rain or the release of collected water from a pond or dam.
This can be contaminated with many different types of pollutants such

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 as litter, grease and oil from vehicles. Thus, this can be potentially
harmful to our health.

3. Gaseous Wastes

These wastes are released in the form of gases from factories,

automobiles, and burning of fossil fuels which are accumulated in the
atmosphere. Gaseous wastes are sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen,
hydrocarbons, aerosols, carbon monoxide, and methane, as well as Green
house gases like chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). With increasing numbers of
factories, industries and vehicles, greater amount of gaseous wastes get
accrued to the atmosphere.

4. Other Types

Organic Wastes
Organic waste is another common household waste. All food
wastes, peelings of fruits and vegetables, and rotten meat are classified
as organic wastes. These are all biodegradable, but this does not mean
to throw them away in any places. Proper disposal is necessary.

Recyclable Rubbish
Recyclable rubbish refers to the waste items that can be made into
new products or that can be reused. Solid items such as paper, metals,
plastics and organic wastes can all be recycled.

Hazardous Wastes

Hazardous waste is characterized as toxic, flammable, corrosive or

reactive. This waste can harm us as well as the environment if not
disposed it properly.

Sources of Wastes
Sources of wastes can be broadly classified into four types: Urban or
Municipal, Industrial, Commercial, and Agricultural.

1. Urban or Municipal Solid Wastes

The wastes collected from the residential houses, markets, streets and
other places mostly in the urban areas and disposed of by the municipal
bodies are called municipal solid wastes (MSW). Generally, the urban solid
wastes are called refuse. The municipal solid wastes are the mixture of
kitchen wastes, residues, paper packaging, plastic materials, metal scraps,

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etc., generated from households, public places and commercial
establishments.

The proportions of collected municipal solid wastes may vary depending

on the size and consumption of the population and the extent of commercial
and industrial activities within the area. Refer to Table 1 for the commonly
collected municipal wastes, their contents and sources.

Table 1
Commonly Collected Municipal Solid Wastes,
Their Contents and Sources

Name Content Source

Garbage Waste from kitchen, cooking and From households,
serving of food, slaughter houses, institutions, etc.
market refuse, waste from
handling, storage
Rubbish: Leaves, grasses, plants, clothes, Households,
A. Combustible paper, leather, rubber, etc. restaurants, markets,
B. Non- Bottles, crockery, plastic etc.
combustible materials, glass, metals, etc.
Ashes Residues from fire, cooking, Fuel burning and
cinders, etc. cooking by households
and small inductries
Street refuse Leaves, dirt, litter, paper, plastic, From streets
etc.
Dead animals Small animals like cats, dogs,
poultry, etc.
Large animals like cow, horse,
etc.
Construction and Wood, roofing and sheating Buildings
demolition wastes scrap, concrete, plaster, etc.
Sludge Settled solid components of Sewage treatments
sewage wastes. plants, septic tank

2. Industrial Wastes
Industrial wastes are released from manufacturing and processing
industries such as power plants, chemical plants, paint industries, cement
factories, petroleum industries, metallurgical plants, mining operations,
textile industries, and food processing industries. These industries produce
different types of waste products that are harmful to humans and the
environment; thus, these required wastewater management in order to be
treated properly before being discharged to the environment.

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 Industrial solid wastes can be classified into two groups:

1. Non-hazardous wastes. These wastes do not possess dangerous

characteristics. These are usually generated from food processing
plants, cotton mills, paper mills, sugar mills and textile industries.
2. Hazardous wastes. These are generated by most numbers of industries.
Chemical, drugs, paints, metals, electroplating, dye, rubber, and
cement are some of the important examples. Refer to Table 2 for the
other examples of hazardous wastes.

Table 2
Some Hazardous Wastes in Industries

Products Hazardous Wastes

Medicines Organic solvents and residues, heavy metals
(mercury and zinc)
Metals Heavy metals, fluorides, cyanides, acids and
alkaline cleaners, solvents, pigments, etc.
Paints Heavy metals, pigments, solvents, organic residues
Leather Heavy metals, organic solvents
Oil, Petroleum Oil, phenols, organic compounds, heavy metals, etc.
products
Pesticides Organic chlorine compounds, organic phosphate
compounds
Plastics Organic chlorine compounds
Textiles Heavy metals, dyes, organic chlorine compounds,
solvents

3. Agricultural Wastes

Agricultural areas produce plants and animals wastes. Other sustances

or items which are generated from the agricultural activities, including plant
propagation, livestock breeding, and seedling nurseries, are also considered
as agricultural wastes. These wastes are the empty pesticide containers, old
silage wrap, out of date medicines and wormers, used tires, and corn husks.

4. Commercial Wastes

Commercial wastes are wastes generated as the result of activities in

the business sector. The liquid wastes that come from the commercial areas
like buildings, offices, establishments, shops, restaurants, and cafes are kind
of similar to domestic wastewater, only, high levels of oils, fats, and grease are
present.

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 5. Other Sources

Apart from the above sources, there are certain wastes generated from
mining activities, radioactive substances and bio-medical that cause much
damage to the society and environment.

Mining Sources

Wastes generated from mining activities have the potential to

disturb the physical, chemical and biological features of the land and
atmosphere. These wastes include the overburden material, mine
tailings (the waste left after extracting the ore from the rock), harmful
gases released by blasting, and many others.

Radioactive Sources

Radioactive sources of wastes include nuclear reactors, mining of

radioactive substances and atomic explosions. In spite of the precaution
observed in the functioning and maintenance of nuclear reactors, some
amount of radioactive waste materials are still released in the
environment.

Bio-Medical Sources

Health care facilities such as hospitals, nursing homes and

clinics also release huge amount of hazardous wastes known as the bio-
medical wastes which are much highly infectious in nature. These
wastes include used bandages, infected needles, animal remains,
cultures, amputated body organs, wastes of surgery. Sometimes, these
wastes are dumped in inhabited areas which pose much danger to
human health and life and cause several types of infectious diseases.

Impacts of Wastes
Industrialization on a large scale, high urbanization, and advanced
technology generate tons of wastes. Mismanaged waste disposal brings about
various ecological and social problems. Chemical, biological and radioactive
wastes pose immediate or long run danger to the life of man, plants and
animals. Dumping of solid wastes is hazardous to human health and has
adverse effects in the ecosystem.

1. Health Hazards

Human health is directly associated to the overall quality of the

environment. Once the environment gets affected by exploitation, the
consequence definitely occurs to human. Accordingly, the rapid advancement

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in industrialization, agriculture and other activities, creates so much adverse
outcomes to human health.

1.1 Health Hazards due to Gaseous Wastes

Contaminants in air mark either short-term or long-term effects to

human health which may be both directly and indirectly. The following are
some of these health hazards:

1. Carbon monoxide gas reduces the amount of oxygen in blood and

lessens the formation of hemoglobin, causing injuries to heart and
brain.
2. High concentration of nitrogen gas damages respiratory organs, liver
and kidneys.
3. Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid irritate respiratory tracts of humans.
Sulfur dioxide in greater amount causes severe heart and certain lung
diseases.
4. Lead causes injury in blood-formation organs and nervous system,
especially impairing of brain functions of new-born babies.
5. Metals, dusts, asbestos and hydrocarbons shorten the life span and can
cause deterioration of nervous system.

1. 2 Health Hazards due to Liquid Wastes

Liquid wastes change the quality or composition of water. Thus, water
becomes polluted. About eighty percent (80%) of the human diseases in
developing countries are due to water pollution. The following are the impacts
of polluted water:

1. The industrial pollutants which come to human body through

contaminated drinking water threaten life and health, causing various
water-borne diseases like typhoid, cholera, and hepatitis.
2. Excess chemicals used in agriculture like pesticides are accumulated
in the aquatic food chains which may enter the human body triggering
infections.

1.3 Health Hazards due to Solid Wastes

The impact of waste accumulation in soil has shown the following major
health effects:

1. The accumulation of toxic chemical compounds, disease-causing

organisms and radioactive materials in the soil cause various health
problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscular tremors and
even kidney failure and cancer.

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 2. There is an increased number of rats and flies which are carriers of
pathogenic organisms (usually responsible for spreading dreaded
diseases) due to dumping of wastes in open places.

2. Impacts of Wastes to the Environment

2.1 Impacts of Wastes on Terrestrial Life

Hazardous wastes contaminate the soil, air, and water in both surface
and underground. Contaminants are often in the form of toxic substances
that are transferred from organisms to organisms through the food chain,
resulting complications in living organisms. The following are the effects of
wastes to the terrestrial life:

1. Various toxic chemicals and other agricultural wastes released into the
environment can be accumulated by the plants from air, water and soil.
Plants growing under such conditions are severely damaged by these
toxic chemicals.
2. Chlorosis, and discoloration take place in plants once exposed to high
concentration of pollutants.
3. Excessive accumulation of wastes disrupts the behaviors of both wild
life and domestic animals.
4. Extremely toxic chemicals lead to genetic disorders in animals.
5. Domestic animals often eat polythene and plastics bags contained in
their food which eventually reach to their alimentary canal causing
many disorders and death.

2.2 Impacts of Wastes on Fresh Water

Wastes generated from human activities are often disposed of in bodies

of water like rivers, lakes, and ponds, making the water polluted which is not
advisable for drinking and other domestic purposes. Below are some other
effects of wastes on aquatic life:

1. Due to heavy accumulation of wastes into the canals, lakes and rivers,
oxygen concentration is reduced affecting the life of fishes and other
aquatic populations. Fishes die in extreme insufficiency of oxygen.
2. Sewage from the cities and municipalities discharged into the rivers,
canals and lakes carries various species of microbial organisms which
cause diseases in human and animals.
3. Heavy metals, cyanides and several other organic and inorganic
compounds harm the aquatic organisms, causing long-term effects.
4. Biodiversity reduces in extremely polluted aquatic habitats.

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 5. The DDT and other pesticides present in very low concentrations in
water may accumulate to higher concentration within algae, insects
and fishes. The birds that feed on these fishes are likewise exposed to
these hazardous substances that affect their egg production and bone
formation.

2.3 Impacts of Wastes on Marine Life

The industrialization and other related developments, as well as the

rapid increase of global population, have created massive amounts of wastes
which usually end up to the seas and oceans, demanding however their
capacity of absorbing these wastes. Human wastes that range from the raw
sewage of urban areas to litters and junked gadgets have heavily polluted the
sea water, affecting marine life. The impacts of wastes on marine life are as
follows:

1. The growth of marine algae is affected.

2. Oil spills do not only spoil beaches and estuaries but also cause
widespread damage to marine life.
3. Thermal and radioactive pollutions have disturbed the life and breeding
of fishes in estuaries and coastal ecosystems.

V. Activities
General Directions: Write all your answers in your activity
notebook.
Activity A. Identify the typical waste generators and examples of wastes
usually produced from the given sources. Copy the table below and provide
answers into it.
Source Typical Waste Generators Examples of Wastes
Residential 1. 1.
2. 2.
3.
Municipal 1. 1.
Services 2. 2.
3.
Industrial 1. 1.
2. 2.
3.
Commercial 1. 1.
2. 2.
3.
Agriculture 1. 1.
2. 2.
3.

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Activity B. Modified TRUE or FALSE.
Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE. If otherwise, copy the word,
words or phrases that makes the statement FALSE and write the correct word,
words or phrases.

1. The discarded, defective solid items and useless scraps which are
found in the household, commercial and industrial places are
considered as solid wastes.
2. Around ninety-five percent of the human diseases in developing
countries are due to water pollution.
3. Bio-medical wastes are hazardous wastes generated from the health
care facilities such as hospitals, nursing homes and clinics.
4. Non-hazardous waste is toxic, flammable, corrosive or reactive.
5. Dumping of waste in open areas will increase the carriers of
pathogenic organisms.
6. Biodiversity decreases in tremendously polluted aquatic habitats.
7. Chlorosis and discoloration are disorders caused by too much
exposure of animals to highly concentration of pollutants.
8. Birds that feed on fishes exposed to hazardous substances will not be
harmed.
9. Sewage includes wastewater from the domestic activities such as
washing in bathrooms and kitchens, including water from food
preparation and dishwashing.
10. The proportions of collected municipal solid wastes are related to the
size and consumption of the population and the extent of commercial
and industrial activities within the area.

Activity C: Develop a proposed solution about the problem on wastes. This

proposed solution shall not be limited to the waste disposal management only,
but shall rather bring a long-term impact to the society. The proposed solution
shall have the following components:

a. Title
b. Summary (100-150 words)
c. Background and Problem (150-200 words)
 Describe the challenges and how the proposed solution addresses
the problem
 Scientific Principles and Technology applicable to the resolution
of the problem
 beneficiaries
d. Proposed Solution to the Problem (200-300 words)
 Methods/Details of the proposed solution including the Cost-
Analysis

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  Include illustrations, figures and charts
e. References
 Use any format as long as consistency is observed (i.e. APA,
Chicago, etc.)
Note: This activity is based on the category “On the SPPOT (Science
Processes and Practices on-Site Test)” of the 2019 Division Festival of
Talents last November 08, 2019.

Rubric for the Proposal

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Organization/ The flow of The flow of The flow of The
Discussion/ ideas is ideas is logical. ideas is presentation
Arguments excellently The discussion/ understandable. of ideas is
organized. The argument The discussion/ vague. The
discussion/ presents argument discussion/
argument is scientific, presents argument
based on technological somewhat poorly
scientific, and other valid scientific, presents
technological assumption and technological scientific,
and other valid feasibility of the and other valid technological
assumption and proposed assumption and and other
feasibility of the solution. feasibility of the valid
proposed proposed assumption
solution and solution. and feasibility
well-presented. of the
proposed
solution.
Relevance of The data The data Some data The data
Data contained are contained are contained are contained are
all relevant. mostly relevant. irrelevant. irrelevant.
Clarity of The student’s The student’s The student’s The student’s
Written purpose is clear purpose is purpose is purpose is not
Presentation and convincing. clear, and clear, and clear.
The student’s somewhat slightly
extensive convincing. The convincing. The
knowledge student’s student’s
about the topic knowledge knowledge
is evident. about the topic about the topic
is evident. is limited.
Grammar and All sentences All sentences Most of the Sentences are
Structure are well- are well- sentences are poorly
structured. structured, but well-structured, constructed.
There are no there are some and there is a
grammatical grammatical lot of
errors in the errors in the grammatical
work output. work output. errors in the
work output.

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VI. Assessment

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which refers to any substance or item that is discarded after primary

use, or becomes worthless and defective?
a. Appliance b. Waste c. Gadget d. Matter
2. The following are health hazards due to gaseous wastes, EXCEPT:
a. High concentration of nitrogen gas damages respiratory organs.
b. Lead causes injury in blood-formation organs and nervous
system.
c. There is an increased number of carriers of pathogenic
organisms.
d. Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen and formation
of hemoglobin in blood.
3. _______________ are the wastes collected from the residential houses,
markets, streets and other places mostly in the urban areas and
disposed of by the municipal bodies.
a. Municipal Solid Wastes c. Industrial Wastes
b. Hazardous Wastes d. Commercial Wastes
4. The amount of wastes produced is directly associated to the following,
EXCEPT:
a. Population Growth c. Economic Activities
b. Environmental Degradation d. Consumption
5. This refers to the waste generated as the result of activities in shops,
restaurants, and cafes.
a. Commercial Waste c. Industrial Waste
b. Municipal Solid Waste d. None of the Above
6. Which is/are the impact(s) of wastes to marine life?
I. Oil spills spoil beaches and estuaries.
II. The growth of marine algae is affected.
III. Thermal and radioactive pollutions have disturbed breeding
of fishes in estuaries and coastal ecosystems.
a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I, II and III
7. Which one CANNOT be included as a radioactive source of waste?
a. Nuclear Reactor c. Mining of Radioactive Substances
b. Municipal Solid Waste d. Atomic Explosion
8. Which is/are TRUE about organic wastes?
I. All can be decomposed.
II. These include food wastes, and peelings of fruits and vegetables.
a. I only b. II only c. Both I and II d. Neither I nor II
9. This waste is also referred to as storm water or flood water derived from
rain or the release of collected water from a pond or dam.

13
 a. Wastewater b. Sewage c. Sullage d. Runoff
10. The following are the impacts of wastes to health, EXCEPT:
a. Industrial pollutants which come to human body through
contaminated drinking water cause various water-borne
diseases.
b. Sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere causes severe heart and certain
lung diseases.
c. Excess chemicals in agriculture are accumulated in the aquatic
food chains which may enter the human body, thus prompting
infections.
d. All of the above

VII. Reflection
Improper waste disposal becomes more rampant in the society. There is
a need to address that problem while our environment still enables to absorb
our wastes before it is over. Make a poster showing the solution to the problem
on waste disposal or some ways to reduce the impacts of wastes to human
health and the environment. Use a separate sheet/coupon bond for your
poster.

Rubric for the Poster

VIII. Bibliography

"Sources And Types Of Solid Wastes". Web.Mit.Edu, 2020.

http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/sectors/
solid-waste-sources.html.

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 "Study Session 4 Liquid Wastes: Sources, Types And Characteristics: View
As Single Page". Open.Edu, 2020.
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php
?id=80454&printable=1#:~:text=The%20composition%20of%20liqu
id%20waste%20depends%20on%20its%20source.,and%20greywat
er%2C%20which%20does%20not.

"There Are 5 Types Of Waste, Do You Know Them All? - 4 Waste Removals".
4 Waste Removals, 2020. https://4waste.com.au/rubbish-
removal/5-types-waste-know/.

"Type Of Waste - An Overview | Sciencedirect Topics". Sciencedirect.Com,

2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-
sciences/type-of-waste.

"Types Of Waste: Classification And Characteristics - Emgrisa". Company

For The Management Of Industrial Waste - Emgrisa, 2020.
https://www.emgrisa.es/en/publications/types-of-waste/.

"Types Of Wastes - Different Types And Sources Of Wastes". BYJUS, 2020.

https://byjus.com/biology/types-of-waste/.

"Waste -Types Of Waste | Sources Of Waste | Recycling Of Waste". BYJUS,

2020. https://byjus.com/chemistry/waste/.
"Wastes: Sources, Classification And Impact". Biology Discussion, 2020.
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/wastes/wastes-sources-
classification-and-impact/7091.

28 May Find out the types and sources of liquid waste, as well as how
wastewater treatment is implemented private organizations. "Find
Out The Types And Sources Of Liquid Waste, As Well As How
Wastewater Treatment Is Implemented By Private Organizations".
Green Mountains, 2020.
http://www.greenmountains.ae/blog/en/find-out-the-types-and-
sources-of-liquid-waste-as-well-as-how-wastewater-treatment-is-
implemented-by-private-organizations/.

Schools Division Memorandum No. 287, s. 2019. “2019 Division Festival of

Talents.

Prepared by:
Euman F. Parong
Master Teacher II
Kinabuksan Integrated School
Subic District

15
IX. Key to Corrections
Pre-Activity
1.Plastic cups, straws, Styrocup/bowl, disposable fork, plastic bags, etc.
2.These were used for snacks and were thrown (disposed of) after.
3. Answer may vary.

Activity A
Student’s answers may include the following:
Source Typical Waste Generators Examples of Wastes
Residential Single and multifamily Food wastes, paper, cardboard,
dwellings plastics, textiles, leather, yard
wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes,
special wastes (i.e. bulky items,
consumer electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and household
hazardous wastes.
Municipal Services Street cleaning, Street sweepings; landscape and
landscaping, parks, tree trimmings; general wastes
beaches, other recreational from parks, beaches, and other
areas, water and recreational areas; sludge.
wastewater treatment
plants
Industrial Light and heavy Housekeeping wastes, packaging,
manufacturing, fabrication, food wastes, construction and
construction sites, power demolition materials, hazardous
and chemical plants wastes, ashes, special wastes.
Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood,
markets, office buildings food wastes, glass, metals, special
wastes, hazardous wastes.
Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, Spoiled food wastes, agricultural
farms wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g.,
pesticides).

Activity B Activity C
1. T
2. Ninety-five percent – Eighty percent
3. T
4. Non-hazardous waste – Hazardous waste
5. T
6. T
7. Animals – Plants
8. Will not be – Will be
9. Sewage – Sullage
10. T

Assessment Reflection

1. b 6. d
2. c 7. b
3. a 8. c
4. b 9. d
5. a 10. d

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