A proper velocity will depend on the application and the environment.

The table below indicate

commonly used velocity limits:

Comfort Systems Industrial Systems High Speed Systems

Type of Duct
 m/s ftm m/s ftm m/s ftm
Main ducts 4-7 780 - 1380 8 - 12 1575 - 2360 10 - 18 1670 - 3540 
Main branch
3-5 590 - 985 5-8 985 - 1575 6 - 12 1180 - 2360
ducts
Branch ducts 1 - 3 200 - 590  3-5 590 - 985 5-8 985 - 1575

Be aware that high velocities close to outlets and inlets may generate unacceptable noise.

Ducts are used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air.
These needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air.[1] Ducts also
deliver, most commonly as part of the supply air, ventilation air. As such, air ducts are one
method of ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort.

A duct system is often called ductwork. Planning ('laying out'), sizing, optimizing, detailing, and
finding the pressure losses through a duct system is called duct design.[2]

Contents
[hide]

 1 Materials
o 1.1 Polyurethane and Phenolic insulation panels (pre-insulated air ducts)
o 1.2 Fiberglass duct board (preinsulated non metallic ductwork)
o 1.3 Flexible Ducting
o 1.4 Fabric
 2 Duct system components
o 2.1 Vibration isolators
o 2.2 Take-offs
o 2.3 Stacks, boots, and heads
o 2.4 Volume Control Dampers
o 2.5 Smoke/Fire Dampers
o 2.6 Plenums
o 2.7 Terminal units
o 2.8 Air terminals
 3 Duct cleaning
o 3.1 Signs and indicators
 4 Duct sealing
 5 References
 6 Further reading
  7 See also

[edit] Materials
Ducts can be made out of the following materials:

Galvanized mild steel is the standard and most common material used in fabricating ductwork.

[edit] Polyurethane and Phenolic insulation panels (pre-insulated air ducts)

Traditionally, air ductwork is made of sheet metal which is installed first and then lagged with
insulation as a secondary operation. Ductwork manufactured from rigid insulation panels does
not need any further insulation and is installed in a single fix. Light weight and installation speed
are among the features of preinsulated aluminium ductwork, also custom or special shapes of
ducts can be easily fabricated in the shop or on site.

The ductwork construction starts with the tracing of the duct outline onto the aluminium
preinsulated panel, then the parts are typically cut at 45 degree, bent if required to obtain the
different fittings (i.e. elbows, tapers) and finally assembled with glue. Aluminium tape is applied
to all seams where the external surface of the aluminium foil has been cut. A variety of flanges
are available to suit various installation requirements. All internal joints are sealed with sealant.

Among the various types of rigid polyurethane foam panels available, a new water formulated
panel stands out. In this particular panel, the foaming process is obtained through the use of
water instead of the CFC, HCFC, HFC and HC gasses. And most manufacturers of rigid
polyurethane foam panels use normal pentane as foaming agent instead of the CFC, HCFC, HFC
and HC gasses, so do manufacturers of rigid phenolic foam panels.

A rigid phenolic insulation ductwork system is available and complies with the UL 181 standard
for class 1 air ductwork.

Both polyurethane foam panels and phenolic foam panels are then coated with aluminum sheets
on both sides, with outside aluminum thicknesses that can vary from 80 micrometres for indoor
use to 200 micrometres for external use or high air pressure in order to guarantee the high
mechanical characteristics of the duct, or then coated with aluminum sheets on inside, and coated
with 200 micrometres sheet metal or pre-painted sheet metal on outside.

[edit] Fiberglass duct board (preinsulated non metallic ductwork)

Fiberglass duct board panels provide built-in thermal insulation and the interior surface absorbs
sound, helping to provide quiet operation of the HVAC system. The duct board is formed by
sliding a specially-designed knife along the board using a straightedge as a guide; the knife
automatically trims out a "valley" with 45° sides; the valley does not quite penetrate the entire
depth of the duct board, providing a thin section that acts as a hinge. The duct board can then be
folded along the valleys to produce 90° folds, making the rectangular duct shape in the
fabricator's desired size. The duct is then closed with staples and special aluminum or similar
'metal-backed' tape. Commonly available duct tape should not be used on air ducts, metal,
fiberglass, or otherwise, that are intended for long-term use; the adhesive on so called 'duct tape'
dries and releases with time.

[edit] Flexible Ducting

Flexible ducts, known as flex, have a variety of configurations, but for HVAC applications, they
are typically flexible plastic over a metal wire coil to make round, flexible duct. In the United
States, the insulation is usually glass wool, but other markets such as Australia, use both
polyester fibre and glass wool for thermal insulation. A protective layer surrounds the insulation,
and is usually composed of polyethylene or metalised PET. Flexible duct is very convenient for
attaching supply air outlets to the rigid ductwork. However, the pressure loss through flex is
higher than for most other types of ducts. As such, designers and installers attempt to keep their
installed lengths (runs) short, e.g., less than 15 feet or so, and to minimize turns. Kinks in flex
must be avoided. Some flexible duct markets prefer to avoid using flexible duct on the return air
portions of HVAC systems, however flexible duct can tolerate moderate negative pressures - the
UL181 test requires a negative pressure of 200 Pa.[3] xax

[edit] Fabric

Fabric ducting, also known as air socks, duct socks or textile ducts, are designed for even air
distribution throughout the entire length. Usually made of special polyester material, fabric ducts
can provide air to a space more effectively than a conventional exposed duct system.

Fabric duct is a misnomer as "fabric duct" is actually an "air distribution device" and is not
intended as a conduit (duct) for conditioned air. However, as it often replaces hard or metal
ductwork it is easy to perceive it simply as duct. Fabric air dispersion systems, is the more
definitive name. As they may be manufactured with venting or orifices for even air distribution
along any length of the system, they commonly will provide a more even distribution and
blending of the conditioned air in a given space. As "fabric duct" is used for air distribution,
textile ducts are not rated for nor should they be used in ceilings or concealed attic spaces.
Applications for fabric duct in raise floor applications; however, are available. Depending on the
manufacturer, "fabric duct" is available in standard and custom colours with options for silk
screening or other forms of appliques.

"Fabric duct", depending on the manufacturer, may be available in air permeable(porous) or non-
porous fabric. As a benchmark, a designer may make the determination of which fabric is more
applicable by asking the question if the application would require insulated metal duct? If metal
duct would be insulated in a given application or installation, air permeable fabric would be
recommended as it will not commonly create condensation on its surface and can therefore be
used where air is to be supplied below the dew point. Again; depending on the material and
manufacturer, material that eliminates moisture may also be be healthier and may also be
provided with an active anit-microbial agent to inhibit bacteria growth. Porous material also
tends to require less maintenance as it repeals dust and other airborne contaminants.
[edit] Duct system components
Besides the ducts themselves, complete ducting systems contain many other components.

[edit] Vibration isolators

A duct system often begins at an air handler. The blowers in the air handlers can create
substantial vibration and the large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration
to the inhabitants of the building. To avoid this, vibration isolators (flexible sections) are
normally inserted into the duct immediately before and after the air handler. The rubberized
canvas-like material of these sections allow the air handler to vibrate without transmitting much
vibration to the attached ducts.

[edit] Take-offs

Downstream of the air handler, the supply air trunk duct will commonly fork, providing air to
many individual air outlets such as diffusers, grilles, and registers. When the system is designed
with a main duct branching into many subsidiary branch ducts, fittings called take-offs allow a
small portion of the flow in the main duct to be diverted into each branch duct. Take-offs may be
fitted into round or rectangular openings cut into the wall of the main duct. The take-off
commonly has many small metal tabs that are then bent to retain the take-off on the main duct;
round versions are called spin-in fittings. Other take-off designs use a snap-in attachment
method, sometimes coupled with an adhesive foam gasket to provide improved sealing. The
outlet of the take-off then connects to the rectangular, oval, or round branch duct.

[edit] Stacks, boots, and heads

Ducts, especially in homes, must often allow air to travel vertically within relatively thin walls.
These vertical ducts are called stacks and are formed with either very wide and relatively thin
rectangular sections or oval sections. At the bottom of the stack, a stack boot provides a
transition from an ordinary large round or rectangular duct to the thin wall-mounted duct. At the
top, a stack head can provide a transition back to ordinary ducting while a register head allows
the transition to a wall-mounted air register.

[edit] Volume Control Dampers

Ducting systems must often provide a method of adjusting the volume of air flow to various parts
of the system. VCDs (Volume Control Dampers - Not To Be confused with Smoke/Fire
Dampers) provide this function. Besides the regulation provided at the registers or diffusers that
spread air into individual rooms, dampers can be fitted within the ducts themselves. These
dampers may be manual or automatic. Zone dampers provide automatic control in simple
systems while VAVs allow control in sophisticated systems.

[edit] Smoke/Fire Dampers

Smoke and Fire dampers are found in ductwork, where the duct passes through a firewall or
firecurtain. Smoke dampers are automated with the use of a mechanical motor often referred to
as an Actuator. A probe connected to the motor is installed in the run of duct, and detects smoke
within the duct system which has been extracted from a room, or which is being supplied from
the AHU (Air Handling Unit) or elsewhere within the run. Once smoke is detected within the
duct, the Actuator triggers the motor release and the smoke damper will automatically close until
manually re-opened.

You will also find Fire dampers in the same places as smoke dampers, depending on the
application of the area after the firewall. Unlike smoke dampers, they are not triggered by any
electrical system, which is perfect in the event of an electrical failure where the Smoke dampers
would fail to close. A fire damper is held open by a bar crossing the corrigated screen, which will
break and allow the damper to close when air in the duct is above a certain temperature. This
again will then have to be manually re-opened.

[edit] Plenums

Plenums are the central distribution and collection units for an HVAC system. The return plenum
carries the air from several large return grills (vents) to a central air handler. The supply plenum
directs air from the central unit to the rooms which the system is designed to heat or cool.

[edit] Terminal units

While single-zone constant air volume systems typically don't have them, other types of air
distribution systems often have terminal units in the branch ducts. Usually there is one terminal
unit per thermal zone. Some types of terminal units are VAV 'boxes' of either single or dual duct,
fan-powered mixing boxes of either parallel or series arrangement, and induction terminal units.
Terminal units may also include either, or both, a heating or cooling coil.

[edit] Air terminals

'Air terminals' are the supply air outlets and 'return' or 'exhaust air inlets'. For supply, diffusers
are most common, but grilles, and for very small HVAC systems such as in residences, 'registers'
are also used widely. Return or 'exhaust grilles' are used primarily for appearance reasons, but
some also incorporate an air filter and are known as 'filter returns'.[4]

[edit] Duct cleaning

The position of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is that "If no one in your
household suffers from allergies or unexplained symptoms or illnesses and if, after a visual
inspection of the inside of the ducts, you see no indication that your air ducts are contaminated
with large deposits of dust or mold (no musty odor or visible mold growth), having your air ducts
cleaned is probably unnecessary."[5]
Studies by the EPA and the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) in the 1990s
has lead CMHC to conclude that "duct cleaning will not usually change the quality of the air you
breathe, nor will it significantly affect airflows or heating costs".[6]

[edit] Signs and indicators

This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (July 2009)

 When cleaning, you need to sweep and dust your furniture more than usual.
 After cleaning, there's still left over dust floating around the house that you can see.
 After or during sleep you experience headaches, nasal congestion, or other sinus problems.
 Rooms in your house have little or no air flow coming from the vents.
 You're constantly getting sick or are experience more allergies than usual
 When you turn on the furnace or air conditioner there's musty or stale odor
 You're experiencing signs of sickness: fatigue, headache, sneezing, stuffy or running nose,
irritability, nausea, dry or burning sensation in eyes, nose and throat. [7]

[edit] Duct sealing

Duct Sealing is the sealing of leaks in air ducts in order to reduce air leakage, optimize
efficiency, and control entry of pollutants into the home or building. Air pressure combined with
air duct leakage can lead to a loss of energy in a HVAC system and duct sealing solves issues of
energy loss in the system.

Duct tape is not used for sealing ducts. Building codes call for special fire-resistant tapes, often
with foil backings and long lasting adhesives.

Signs of leaky or poorly performing air ducts include:

 Utility bills in winter and summer months above average relative to rate fluctuation

 Spaces or rooms that are difficult to heat or cool

 Duct location in an attic, attached garage, leaky floor cavity, crawl space or unheated basement.
[8]