Electric vehicle overview
Building In The Age of Electric Stephen Russell
Vehicles Department of Energy Resources
Massachusetts Clean Cities Coalition
03-07-2017
Clean Cities / 1
EV Basics:
Benefits and Considerations
Benefits Considerations
• Increased energy • Higher initial vehicle cost
security • Limited infrastructure
• Improved fuel economy availability
• Lower fuel costs • Battery life
• Low or zero tailpipe • Reduced all-electric
emissions range
Image: NREL Image Gallery #28974
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Infrastructure Settings
• Parking lots/garages • Education
• Public/municipal • Medical
• Retail • Leisure destinations
Non-Residential
EVSE Public • Transportation hubs
• Hotels
• Non-profit meeting places
• Business offices
• Office parks or campuses
• Industrial facilities
Workplace • Fleets
• On-street
• Multi unit dwelling
• Single family residential
Home garages and driveways
Non-residential EVSE increases the electric driving range for PEV owners and
enables drivers without access to home charging to own PEVs.
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Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Overview
EVSE consists of all the Charging Level
Vehicle Range Added per
Charging Time and Power
Supply Power
equipment needed to
4 mi/hour @ 1.4kW
deliver electrical energy AC Level 1
120VAC/20A
from an electricity 6 mi/hour @ 1.9kW
(12-16A continuous)
source to a plug-in 10 mi/hour @ 3.4kW
electric vehicle battery. 208/240VAC/20-100A
AC Level 2 20 mi/hour @ 6.6kW
(16-80A continuous)
60 mi/hour @ 19.2 kW
24 mi/20minutes @24kW 208/480VAC 3-phase
(input current
DC Fast
50 mi/20minutes @50kW proportional to output
Charging
power;
90 mi/20minutes @90kW ~20-400A AC)
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Photo from Angela Costanzo, NREL Photo from WSDOT
Installation Costs – Level 1
Level 1 Installation
$0-$3,000
Photo from Steve Russell
Main L1 Installation Cost Factors
• Offer an existing electrical outlet for drivers to plug in cord set ($0)
• Install an electrical outlet or a wall mounted Level 1 EVSE ($300-$1,000)
• Install a pedestal Level 1 EVSE ($1,000-$3,000 assuming no major electrical work
needed)
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EVSE Unit Costs - Level 2
Main L2 EVSE Cost Factors
Level 2 EVSE Unit • Mounting (wall/pedestal)
(single port) • Communications capabilities
$400-$6,500 • Advanced features
Ballpark Cost Ranges for Level 2 EVSE
6 Image from New West Technologies
EVSE Unit Costs - DC Fast Charging
DCFC EVSE Unit
Main DCFC EVSE Cost Factors
• Power output ranges from 24-250kW
$10K-$40K (commonly 50-60kW)
• Number of ports (may have multiple
connector standards but only charge one
vehicle at a time)
• Advanced features
DCFC Connectors
SAEJ1772 CCS and CHAdeMO
Photo from Don Karner
Photo from Margaret Smith
7 Photo from Margaret Smith
Installation Costs – Connecting EVSE to Electrical Service
Simple/lower cost – run conduit along
the wall a short distance from the
electrical service to the EVSE
Complex/higher cost – trench or bore
through concrete to run conduit a long
distance from electrical service to EVSE
Trenching cost varies by location but in some
areas the cost for digging the trench, laying
conduit, then back-filling is:
• $10-$20/ft. for soil Photo from INL
• $100-$150/ft. for asphalt or concrete
Photo from NYSERDA
Concrete cut out and soil
removed to access
underground electric service
Photo from NYSERDA
8 Photo from NYSERDA Photo from INL
Installation Costs – New Electrical Service or Upgrades
3 Fundamental EVSE Electrical Needs
1. Sufficient electrical capacity from the utility
connection to the electrical panel.
2. Sufficient electrical capacity at the panel.
3. A dedicated circuit for each EVSE unit on the
electrical panel (in most cases).
Consult with electrician and utility to determine if
Photo from Don Karner
electrical work is needed and estimate cost.
• Service upgrade – Increasing the electrical capacity from
the utility to an existing electrical panel, e.g. new
transformer. $10,000-$25,000 (WCEH).
• New electrical service – Bringing electricity from the utility
to a site that did not previously have electricity. $3,500-
$9,500 (EV Project)
• Electrical panel work – Replacing or upgrading the panel,
re-working the panel to provide more breaker positions, or
adding a sub-panel. Cost is very site specific. About 72% of
Photo from NYSERDA
Level 2 commercial installations required panel work (EPRI)
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Tips for Minimizing EVSE Costs – EVSE Unit Selection
EVSE Unit Selection
Minimum level of features needed
Wall mounted EVSE unit (if possible)
Dual port EVSE minimizes installation costs
per charge port. LongTerm
Long Term Planning
Planning
Choose the quantity and level of EVSE Discuss electrical service needs and
units to fit within that available electrical charges with your utility
capacity
Avoid demand charges
Upgrade your electrical service for
your anticipated long term EVSE load
and run conduit to your anticipated
Location
Location future EVSE locations.
Minimize the trenching/boring distance. Consider the electricity infrastructure
Place the EVSE unit close to the electrical for EVSE when building a new facility
service
Use signage to direct PEV drivers to the
EVSE unit
Choose a location that already has space
on the electrical panel with a dedicated
circuit
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The Future for the Built Environment - Residential
Draft/suggested EV-Ready Regulations
• N1104.2 (R404.2) Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE) Ready (Mandatory).
In accordance with 527 CMR and this section, at least one minimum 40-ampere
branch circuit shall be provided to garages and/or the exterior of the building to
accommodate a future dedicated Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standard
J1772-approved Level 2 EVSE. The circuits shall have no other outlets. The service
panel shall provide sufficient capacity and space to accommodate the circuit and
over-current protective device. A permanent and visible label stating “EV READY”
shall be posted in a conspicuous place at both the service panel and the circuit
termination point.
Type of Building Number of spaces
Single-family dwelling: 1
Two-family dwelling: 1
3 or more unit building: 1 per two units
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One Final thought - Resiliency
Using the batteries in cars and Buses for:
Vehicle to grid (V2G) and Vehicle to Building (V2B)
• Managed charging
• Use battery storage to offset demand charges
• Charge battery with energy from renewables (solar or wind)
• Participate in energy markets
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References and Resources
• AFDC Vehicle Cost Calculator (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/calc/)
• AFDC EV Emissions page (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions.php)
• AFDC Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Search (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search)
• AFDC Station Locator Database (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/)
• FuelEconomy.gov’s Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFV) page
(http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/alternatives.shtml)
• Clean Cities Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Fleet Managers
(http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/pev_handbook.pdf)
• Clean Cities Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts
(http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/pev_workplace_charging_hosts.pdf)
• Clean Cities Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Public Charging Station Hosts
(http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/51227.pdf)
• Clean Cities 2015 Vehicle Buyer’s Guide (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/publications.html)
• Argonne National Laboratory’s (ANL) Well-to-Wheels Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles report
(http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/559.pdf)
• Electric Drive Transportation Associations (EDTA) Electric Drive Sales Dashboard
(http://electricdrive.org/index.php?ht=d/sp/i/20952/pid/20952)
• National Fire Protection Association EV Safety Training (http://www.evsafetytraining.org)
• National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium First Responder Safety Training
(http://www.naftc.wvu.edu/course_workshop_information/first_responders)
• Plug In America’s Vehicle Tracker (http://www.pluginamerica.org/vehicles)
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Additional Resources
1. Costs Associated with Non-Residential EVSE:
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/evse_cost_report_2015.pdf
2. Alternative Fuel Data Center EVSE page: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_stations.html
3. Clean Cities’ Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for:
• Workplace Charging Hosts:
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/pev_workplace_charging_hosts.pdf
• Fleet Managers: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/pev_handbook.pdf
• Public Charging Station Hosts: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/51227.pdf
• Consumers: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/pev_consumer_handbook.pdf
• Electrical Contractors: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/51228.pdf
4. INL Lessons Learned papers from the EV Project: http://avt.inl.gov/evproject.shtml
5. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Installed Cost Analysis study by EPRI:
http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002000577
6. DOE Workplace Charging Challenge: http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/ev-everywhere-workplacecharging-
challenge
• ADA Guidance: http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/ada-requirements-workplace-charging-installation
• Signage Guidance: http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/workplace-charging-challenge-signage-guidance
• Request for Proposal Guidance: http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/request-proposal-guidance
7. Siting and Design Guidelines for EVSE:
http://www.transportationandclimate.org/sites/www.transportationandclimate.org/files
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Contact Information
Thank You
Stephen Russell
Email: [email protected]
100 Cambridge Street Suite 1020
Boston MA 02114
617 626-7325
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Workplace Charging Resources
Workplace Charging Challenge
http://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/ev-everywhere-workplace-charging-challenge
PEV Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/pev_workplace_charging_hosts.pdf
More PEV and Charging Information:
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_basics.html
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Getting Started: PEV Handbooks
Helpful Resource:
Clean Cities PEV Handbooks are great
resources for fleet managers, station owners,
and individuals who are ready to start using
PEVs and infrastructure.
afdc.energy.gov/publications
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