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REASONING
ABILITY

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Contents

Reasoning Ability

Contents Pg. No.

SERIES COMPLETION 4 – 14
CLASSIFICATION 15 – 28
ANALOGIES 29 – 43
DIRECTION SENSE TEST 44 – 55
ALPHABET TEST 57 – 67
CODING AND DECODING 68 – 76
RANK TEST 77 – 79
NUMBER TEST 80 – 82
BLOOD RELATION TEST 84 – 89
PUZZLE TEST 90 – 96
STATEMENT AND ASSUMPTION 97 – 101
STATEMENT AND ARGUMENT 102 – 107
CAUSE AND EFFECT 109 – 110
SYLLOGISM 111 – 124
STATEMENT AND CONCLUSION: INEQUALITIES 125 – 129
SEQUENTIAL OUTPUT TRAINING 130 – 137

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SERIES COMPLETION If second term cannot be formed from first term

or third term cannot be formed from first and
second terms then likely an operation is done on
NUMBER SERIES another series to get to this series. e.g. 1, 4, 9, 16
is a square series of 1, 2, 3, 4
Process of elimination can work when you have
less time.
You can write the alphabet with their position
numbers below it for quick reference for Letter
Series.
Perfect squares of numbers 1 to 10 are: 1, 4, 9,
16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
Perfect squares of numbers 11 to 20 are: 121,
144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400
Number series tests present numerical Perfect squares of numbers 21 to 30 are: 441,
sequences that follow a logical rule which is based on 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900
elementary arithmetic. An initial sequence is given Perfect cubes of numbers 1 to 10 are: 1, 8 ,27,
from which the rule is to be deduced. You are then 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000
asked to predict the next number that obeys the rule. Perfect cubes of numbers 11 to 20 are: 1331,
The difficulty level of these questions can increase in 1728, 2197, 2799, 3375, 4096, 4913, 5832,
two ways; first, the logic behind the sequence 6859, and 8000
becomes less trivial and demands attention and
creativity; second, the missing number can be Example 1: Look at this series:
positioned at an early stage, thus preventing you from 31, 29, 24, 22, 17..........
deciphering the hidden rule by looking only at the What number should come next?
previous numbers in the sequence. Solution:
This is a simple alternating subtraction series, which
Tips: subtracts 2, then 5. The number should come next is
Solve for at least 3 terms first before you are 15.
sure of the involved pattern. A pattern is usually
a mathematical operation on first term to give Example 2 : Look at this series:
second term. 14, 28, 20, 40, 32, 64..........
If the series is increasing or decreasing with a What number should come next?
small increase there must be addition or Solution:
subtraction involved. This is an alternating multiplication and subtracting
If the series is increasing or decreasing with a series.
large increase there must be multiplication or First, multiply by 2 and then subtract 8.
division involved. The number should come next is 56.
If the series is increasing or decreasing with a
Example 3 : Look at this series:
very large increase there must be square and
cubes involved. 80, 10, 70, 15, 60..........
If the series is not linearly increasing and a What number should come next?
pattern is not formed after solving for 3 terms Solution:
This is an alternating addition and subtraction series.
then there is likely a combination of series,
numbers at odd position form one series and In the first pattern, 10 is subtracted from each number
even position form another series. Solve for 4 to arrive at the next. In the second, 5 is added to each
number to arrive at the next.
terms before you are sure.
The number should come next is 20.
If a pattern is not formed after solving for 3
terms then the pattern involves operation of first
and second terms to give the third term.

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Example 4 : Look at this series: Example 11: What should replace ‘x’?
1000, 200, 40.......... 5, 9, 17, 29, 45, x
What number should come next? Solution:
Solution: The pattern is + 4, + 8, + 12, + 16...........
This is a simple division series. ∴ Missing number = 45 + 20 = 65
Each number is divided by 5.
The number should come next is 8.
Example 12: What should replace ‘x’?
Example 5: Look at this series: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, x, 17
201, 202, 204, 207.......... Solution:
What number should come next? Clearly, the given series consists of prime numbers
Solution: starting from 2. The prime number after 11 is 13. So,
In this addition series, 1 is added to the first number; 13 is the missing number.
2 is added to the second number; 3 is added to the
third number; and so forth. Example 13: What should replace ‘x’?
The number should come next is 211 1, 6, 15, x, 45, 66, 91
Solution:
Example 6: What should replace ‘x’?
The pattern is + 5, + 9 +.......... + 21, + 25
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, x
∴ Missing number = 15 + 13 = 28
Solution:
The numbers are 12, 22, 32, 42, 52
∴ Missing number = 62 = 36 Example 14 : What should replace ‘x’?
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, x
Example 7: What should replace ‘x’? Solution:
6, 11, 21, 36, 56, x Each term in the series is the sum of the preceding
Solution: two terms.
The pattern is + 5, + 10, + 15, + 20.......... Thus 1 + 2 = 3
∴ Missing Number = 56 + 25 = 81 2+3=5
3 + 5 = 8 and so on.
Example 8: What should replace ‘x’? ∴ Missing number = 5 + 8 = 13
1, 9, 17, 33, 49, 73, x
Solution:
The pattern is + 8, + 8, +16, +24.......... Example 15 : Look at this series:
∴ Missing number = 73 + 24 = 97 What should replace ‘x’?
0.5, 1.5, 4.5, 13.5, x
Example 9: What should replace ‘x’? Solution:
2, 5, 9, x, 20, 27 Each term of the series is obtained by multiplying the
Solution: preceding term by 3.
The pattern is + 3, + 4.......... ∴ Missing number = 13.5 × 3 = 40.5
∴ Missing number = 9 + 5 = 14
Example 16 : Look at this series:
Example 10: What should replace ‘x’?
What should replace ‘x’?
3, 7, 15, 31, 63, x
19, 2, 38, 3, 114, 4, x
Solution:
Solution:
Each number in the series is the preceding number
The sequence is a combination of two series:
multiplied by 2 and then increased by 1.
I. 19, 38, 114, (....)
Thus, (3 × 2) + 1 = 7,
II. 2, 3, 4
(7 × 2) + 1 = 15,
The pattern followed in ‘I’ is × 2, × 3..........
(15 × 2) + 1 = 31 and so on.
∴ Missing number = 114 × 4 = 456
∴ Missing number = (63 × 2) + 1 =127

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Example 17 : Look at this series: Example 23: What should fill in the blank
What should replace ‘x’? spaces. 1, 6, 13, 22, 33, (…..)
0, 2, 8, 14, x, 34 Solution:
Solution: The pattern is + 5, + 7, + 9, + 11..........
The number are 12 – 1 ∴ Missing number = 33 + 13 = 46
22 – 2
32 – 1 Example 24: What should fill in the blank
42 - 2.......... spaces. 3, 9, 27, 81, (…..)
∴ Missing number = 52 - 1 = 24 Solution:
Each term of the given series is obtained by
Example 18: Look at this series: multiplying its preceding term by 3.
What should replace ‘x’?
∴ Missing number = 81 × 3 = 243.
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, x, 54
Solution:
The numbers are alternately multiplied by 2 and 3/2 Example 25: What should fill in the blank
Thus 1 × 2 = 2, spaces.121, 225, 361, (…..)
2 × 3/2 = 3, Solution:
3 × 2 = 6, The numbers are 112, 152, 192..........
6 × 3/2 = 9 and so on. i.e. 112, (11 + 4 × 1)2, (11 + 4 × 2)2..........
∴ Missing number = 18 × 3/2 = 27 ∴ Missing number = (11 + 4 × 3)2 = (23)2 = 529.

Example 19: Look at this series:

Example 26: What should fill in the blank
What should replace ‘x’?
spaces. 4, 5, 9, 18, 34, (…..)
3, 6, 18, 72, x
Solution:
Solution:
The pattern is + 1, + 4, + 9, + 16..........
The pattern is ×2, ×3, ×4..........
i.e., + 12, + 22, + 32, + 42..........
∴ Missing number = 72 × 5 = 360
∴ Missing number = 34 + 52 = 34 + 25 = 59.
Example 20: Look at this series:
What should replace ‘x’? Example 27: What should fill in the blank
66, 36, 18, x spaces.12, 32, 72, 152, (…..)
Solution: Solution:
Each number is the series is the product of the digit of The pattern is + 20, + 40, + 80..........
the preceding number. ∴ Missing number = 152 + 160 = 312.
Thus 6 × 6 = 36,
3 × 6 = 18 and so on. Example 28: What should fill in the blank
∴ Missing number = 1 × 8 = 8 spaces. 3, 6, 5, 20, 7, 42, 9, (…..)
Solution:
Example 21: Look at this series:
The sequence is a combination of two series:
What should replace ‘x’?
I. 3, 5, 7, 9 and
21, 25, 33, 49, 81, x
II. 6, 20, 42, (....)
Solution:
The pattern is followed in II is + 14, + 22..........
The pattern is + 4, + 8, + 16, + 32..........
∴ Missing number = 42 + 30 = 72.
i.e. + 22, + 23, + 24, + 25..........
∴ Missing number = 81 + 26 = 81 + 64 = 145
Example 29: What should fill in the blank
Example 22: What should replace ‘x’? spaces. 8, 10, 14, 18, 34, 50, 66, (…..)
20, 19, 17, x, 10, 5 Solution:
Solution: The pattern is + 2, + 4, + 4..........+ 16, + 16.
The Pattern is − 1, − 2. . . . . . . . . . ∴ Missing number = 18 + 8 = 26.
∴ Missing number = 17 - 3 = 14

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Example 30: What should fill in the blank Example 36: What should fill in the blank
spaces. 1, 2, 6, 24, (…..) spaces. 165, 195, 255, 285, 345, (…..)
Solution: Solution:
The pattern is ×2, ×3, ×4.......... Each number is 15 multiplied by a prime number
∴ Missing number = 24 × 5 = 120. i.e. 15×11, 15×13, 15×17, 15 × 19, 15 × 23
∴ Missing term = 15 × 29 = 435
Example 30: What should fill in the blank
spaces. 2, 3, 8, 63, (…..) Example 37: What should fill in the blank
Solution: spaces.5, 17, 37, 65, 145, (…..)
Each term in the series is one less than the square of Solution:
the preceding term. The numbers are
Thus 22 - 1 = 3 22 +1, 42 +1, 62+ 1, 82+1..........122+ 1.
32 - 1 = 8
∴ Missing number = 102+ 1 = 101.
82 - 1 = 63
∴ Missing number = (63)2 - 1 = 3969 - 1 = 3968.
Example 38: What should fill in the blank
Example 31: What should fill in the blank spaces. 9, 11, 20, 31, (…….), 82
spaces. 95, 115.5, 138, 189, (…..) Solution:
Solution: Each term in the series is the sum of the preceding
The pattern is + 20.5, + 22.5.......... two terms.
∴ Missing term = 138 + 24.5 = 162.5. ∴ Missing number = 20 + 31 = 51.

Example 32: What should fill in the blank Example 39: What should fill in the blank
spaces. 4, 10, 82, 244, 730, (…..) spaces. 34, 18, 10, 6, 4, (…..)
Solution: Solution:
Each number in the series is the preceding number Each term is divided by 2 and then increased by 1 to
multiplied by 3 and then decreased by 2. obtain the next term.
∴ Missing term = (4 / 2) + 1 = 3.
Example 33: What should fill in the blank
spaces. 4, 32, 128, (…..)
Solution: Example 40: What should fill in the blank
The pattern is ×8, ×4.......... spaces. 462, 420, 380, 306, (…..)
∴ Missing term = 128 × 2 = 256. Solution:
The pattern is - 42, - 40..........
Example 34: What should fill in the blank ∴ Missing number = 380 - 38 = 342.
spaces. 2, 5, 9, 19, 37, (…..)
Solution: Example 41: What should fill in the blank
The pattern is ×2 + 1, ×2 - 1, ×2 + 1, ×2 - 1.......... spaces. 3, 8, 22, 63, 185, (…..)
∴ Missing number = 37 × 2 + 1 = 75. Solution:
The pattern is ×3 – 1, ×3 – 2, ×3 – 3, ×3 – 4..........
Example 35: What should fill in the blank ∴ Missing number = (185 × 3) – 5 = 550.
spaces. 24, 60, 120, 210, (…..)
Solution:
Example 42: What should fill in the blank
The pattern is + 36, + 60, + 90..........
spaces.0.5, 0.55, 0.65, 0.8, (…..)
i.e., + [6 × (6 + 0)], + [6 × (6 + 4)],
+ [6 × (6 + 9)].......... Solution:
The pattern is + 0.05, 0.10, + 0.15..........
∴ Missing number = 210 + [6 × (6 + 15)]
∴ Missing number = 0.8 + 0.20 = 1
= 210 + 126 = 336.

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Example 43: What should fill in the blank Example 1: What should fill in the blank spaces.
spaces. 3, 8, 13, 24, 41, (…..) Y, W, U, S, Q, ?, ?
Solution: Solution:
The pattern followed is OM - - The series consists of alternate letters in
nth term + (n + 1)th term + (n + 1) = (n + 2)th term. reverse order.
Thus 1st term + 2nd term + 2 = 3rd term;
2nd term + 3rd term + 3 = 4th term and so on. Example 2: What should replace ‘?’
Z, U, Q, ?, L
∴ Missing term = 6th term
Solution:
= 4th term + 5th term + 5
N - - The first, second, third.......... letters of the series
= 24 + 41 + 5 = 70.
are respectively moved one, two, three.......... steps
forward to obtain the successive terms.

Example 3: What should replace ‘?’

ALPHABET SERIES A, C, F, H, ?, M
Solution:
K - - The letters are alternately moved two and three
steps forward to obtain the successive terms

Example 4: What should replace ‘?’

A, Z, X, B, V, T, C, R,?, ?
Solution:
P, D - - The first, fourth and seventh letters are in
alphabetical order.
So, tenth letter would be the letter after C i.e. D.
Also, the second and third letters are alternate and in
reverse order and so are the fifth and sixth letters and
the eighth and ninth letters.

Example 5: What should replace ‘?’

Z, S, W, O, T, K, Q, G, ?
Solution:
N, C
The given sequence consists of two series:
I. Z, W, T, V, Q, ? in which each letter is moved
three steps backward to obtain the next term.
A series or sequence consists of several
II. S, O, K, G in which each letter is moved four
terms. In other words, the units of a sequence are
steps backward to obtain the next term.
called TERMS. Each term in the series has its own III.
importance as there exists certain relationship Example 6: What should fill in the blank spaces.
between the two consecutive terms. All the terms in Z, L, X, J, V, H, T, F, ?, ?
the sequence follow a certain pattern throughout, the Solution :
sequence in most cases. We come across several R,D - - The given sequence consists of two series - -
types of questions based on any given series. In order Z, X, V, T,? and L, J, H, F, ?, both consisting of
to solve such questions you must recognise the alternate letters in a reverse order.
pattern of the given series. The questions based on
English alphabet series are somewhat easy as you can Example 6 : What should replace ‘?’
remember the position of each alphabet readily. But W, V, T, S, Q, P, N, M, ?, ?
in the case of mixed series or jumbled series, it is Solution :
very difficult to remember the position of each term. K, J - - The letters are alternately moved one and two
steps backward to obtain the successive terms.

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Example 7: What should replace ‘?’ Example 13: What should replace ‘?’
AZ, BY, CX, ? CAT, FDW, IGZ, ?
Solution : Solution:
DW - - The first letter of each term is moved one LJC - - All the letters of each term are moved three
steps forward and the second letter is moved one steps forward to obtain the corresponding letters of
steps backward to obtain the corresponding letters of the next term.
the next term.
Example 14: What should replace ‘?’
Example 8: What should replace ‘?’ BEH, KNQ, TWZ, ?
AZ, GT, MN,?, YB Solution:
Solution : CFI - - All the letters of each term are moved nine
SH - - The first letter of each term is moved six steps steps forward to obtain the corresponding letters of
forward while the second letter is moved six steps the next term.
backward to obtain the corresponding letter of the
next term. Example 15: What should replace ‘?’
?, siy, oeu, kaq, qwm, cri
Example 9: What should replace ‘?’ Solution:
CE, GI, KM, OQ, ? wmc - - The letters in each term are moved four steps
Solution : backward to obtain the corresponding letters of the
SU - - The letters of each term are alternate and also next term.
the last letter of each term and the first letter of the
Example 16: What should replace ‘?’
next term are alternate.
QPO, SRQ, UTS, WVU,?
Solution:
Example 10: What should replace ‘?’ YXW - - Each term in the series consists of three
BD, GI, LN, QS, ? consecutive letters in reverse order.
Solution : The first letter of each term and the last letter of the
VX - - Each term of the series consists of two next term are the same.
alternate letters and there is a gap of two letters
between the last letter of each term and the first letter Example 17: What should replace ‘?’
of the next term. J2Z, K4X, 17V,?, H16R, M22P
Solution:
Example 11: What should replace ‘?’ L11T - - - The first letters in odd numbered terms
AD, EH, IL, ?, QT from series J, I, H and in even numbered terms from
Solution: the series K, L, M.
MP - - The first and second letter of each term are The sequence followed by the numbers is
moved four steps forward to obtain the corresponding + 2, + 3, + 4, + 5, + 6.
letters of the next term. The third letter of each term is moved two steps
backward to obtain the third letter of the next term.
Example 12: What should replace ‘?’
Example 18: What should replace ‘?’
JE, LH, OL, SQ, ?
2A11, 4D13, 12G17, ?
Solution:
Solution:
XW - -The first letter of the first, second, third,...
48J23 - - - The first numbers in the terms follow the
terms are respectively moved two, three, four,... steps
sequence × 2, × 3, × 4
forward while the second letters of three terms are
The middle letter of each term is moved three steps
respectively moved three, four, five,... steps forward
forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the next
to obtain the corresponding letters of the successive
term.
terms.
The last numbers follow the sequence + 2, + 4, + 6.

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Example 19: Look at this series: Example 24: What should replace ‘?’
What should replace ‘?’ Z1A, X2D,V6G,T21J,R88M, P445P, ?
Z, Y, X, U, T, S, P, O, N, K, ?, ? Solution:
Solution: First letter: ZXVTRP (-2,-2,-2..........)
Answer is J, I Second letter: ADGJMP (+3, +3, +3..........)
The given series consists of three consecutive letters Series of numerals: 1,2,6,21,88,445
from the end, then two letters skipped, then again ( x1+1, x2+2, x3+3..........)
three consecutive letters from the end so on. So next term is N2676S.

Example 20: Look at this series: Example 25: What should replace ‘?’
What should replace ‘?’ 2Z5, 7Y7, 14X9, 23W11, 34V13, ?
b, e, d, f,?, h, j, ?, l Solution:
Solution: First numeral: 2, 7, 14, 23, 34 (+5,+7,+9,+11..........)
Answer is i, m Second letter: ZYXWV (decreases by 1 each time)
The series may be divided into groups as shown: Third numeral: 5,7,9,11,13 (increases by 2 each time)
b e d / f i h / j m l
In each group, first letter is moved two steps forward Example 26: What should replace ‘?’
to obtain the third letter W-144, U-121, S-100, Q-81,?
while the third letter is moved one step forward to Solution:
obtain the second letter. First letter: decreases by 2 each time
Second numeral: square of 12,11,10,9,8..........
Example 21: Look at this series:
What should replace ‘?’ Example 27: Look at this series:
BF, CH, ?, HO, LT VI, 10, V, 11, ? , 12, III..........
Solution: What should fill the ‘?’
Answer is EK Solution:
The first letter of the first, second, third.......... terms This is an alternating addition and subtraction series.
are respectively moved one, two, three.......... steps Roman numbers alternate with Arabic numbers. In
forward The second letter are respectively moved the Roman numeral pattern, each number decreases
two, three, four.......... steps forward to obtain the by 1. In the Arabic numeral pattern, each number
corresponding letters of the successive terms. increases by 1.
The number should come next is ‘IV’
Example 22 : Look at this series:
What should replace ‘?’ Example 28: QAR, RAS, SAT, TAU..........
R, M, ?, F, D, ? Solution:
Solution: In this series, the third letter is repeated as the first
Answer I, C. letter of the next segment. The middle letter ‘A’
Letter are in reverse order in which from the last remains static.
0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 letters are missing between two The third letters are in alphabetical order, beginning
consecutive letters. with R. The word should come next is UAV

Example 23 : Look at this series: Example 29:

What should replace ‘?’ ELFA, GLHA, ILJA, .......... MLNA
deb, ijg, nol, ?, xyv Solution:
Solution: The second and forth letters in the series, ‘L’ and ‘A’,
Answer is stq. are static. The first and third letters consist of an
All the letters of each term are moved five steps alphabetical order beginning with the letter ‘E’.
forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the next The word should come next is KLLA
term.

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Example 30: JAK, KBL, LCM, MDN..........
Solution: LETTER SERIES
This is an alternating series in alphabetical order.
The middle letters follow the order ABCDE. The
first and third letters are alphabetical beginning with
‘J’. The third letter is repeated as a first letter in each
subsequent three-letter segment. Answer: NEO

Example 31: What should replace ‘?’

C4X, F9U, 116R, ?
Solution:
The first letter of each term is moved three steps
forward and the last letter is moved three steps
backward to obtain the corresponding letters of the
next term. Example 1: In alphabet series, some alphabets
The numbers from the sequence 22, 32, 42, 52 are missing which are given in that order as one
The word should come next is L25O. of the alternatives below it. Choose the correct
alternative.
Example 32: What should replace ‘?’
a _ abbb _ ccccd _ ddccc _ bb _ ba
WFB, TGD, QHG, ?
A. abcda B. abdbc
Solution:
C. abdcb D. abcad
NIK
Solution:
1st Letter : -3, -3, -3 ..........
Answer is C) abdcb
2nd Letter: +1, +1, +1..........
The series is aaa / bbbb / cccc / dddd / cccc / bbbb / a.
3rd Letter: +2, +3, +4..........

Example 2: Choose the correct alternative.

Example 33: What should replace ‘?’
_ _ babbba _ a _ _
DHL, PTX, BFJ,?
A. ababb B. baaab
Solution:
C. bbaba D. babbb
NRV - - - Each letter incremented by +12
Solution:
Answer is D) babbb
The series is bababb / bababb.
Thus, the pattern ‘bababb’ is repeated.

Example 3: Choose the correct alternative.

mnonopqopqrs _ _ _ _ _
A. mnopq B. oqrst
C. pqrst D. qrstu
Solution :
Answer is C) pqrst
The series is mno / nopq / opqrs / pqrst.

Example 4: Choose the correct alternative.

ccbab _ caa _ bccc _ a _
A. babb B. bbba
C. baab D. babc
Solution:
Answer is A) babb
The series is ccba / bbca / aabc / ccba / b.

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Example 5: Choose the correct alternative. 5. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
_ _ aba _ _ ba _ ab DF, GJ, KM, NQ, RT, ?
A. abbba B. abbab A. UW B. YZ
C. baabb D. bbaba C. XZ D. UX
Solution:
Answer is B) abbab 6. Choose missing term (?) from options:
The series is ab / ab / ab / ab / ab / ab. OTE, PUF, QVG, RWH, ?
Thus, the pattern ‘ab’ is repeated. A. SYJ B. TCI
C. SXJ D. SXI
Example 6 : Choose the correct alternative. 7. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
ab _ _ _ b_ bbaa _ eac, gce, ieg, ?
A. abaab B. abbab A. jhi B. jgi
C. baaab D. babba C. kgi D. khi
Solution :
Answer is C) baaab 8. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
The series is abb / aab / abb / aab. ejo, tyd, ins, xch, ?
Thus, the pattern ‘abb, aab’ is repeated. A. nrw B. mrw
C. msx D. nsx
Example 7 : Choose the correct alternative.
9. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
_ baa _ aab _ a _ a
?, ayw, gec, mki, sqo
A. aabb B. aaba
A. zxw B. bzw
C. abab D. baab
C. usq D. may
Solution :
Answer is C) abab 10. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
The series is aba / aba / aba / aba. FLP, INS, LPV, ?
Thus, the pattern ‘aba’ is repeated. A. ORY B. UXZ
C. VXY D. SVW
EXERCISE – Series Completion
11. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
shg, rif, qje, pkd, ?
1. Look at this series: A. ole B. olc
What should replace ‘x’? C. nmc D. nlb
1, 3, 4, 8, 15, 27, x,
12. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
A. 37 B. 44
AB, BA, ABC, CBA, ABCD, ?
C. 50 D. 55
A. ACBD B. DCBA
2. Look at this series: C. CABD D. DBAC
What should replace ‘x’?
13. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
2, 15, 41, 80, x,
AB, DEF, HIJK, ?, STUVWX
A. 111 B. 120
A. MNOPQ B. LMNOP
C. 121 D. 132
C. LMNO D. QRSTU
3. Choose the missing term (?) from options : 14. Choose the missing terms (?) from options:
U, O, I, ?, A D-4, F-6, H-8, J-10, ?, ?
A. E B. C A. K-12, M-13 B. L-12, M-14
C. S D. G C. L-12, N-14 D. K-12, M-14
4. Choose the missing term (?): 15. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
A, B, D, G, ? 3F, 6G, 11I, 18L, ?
A. M B. L A. 21O B. 25N
C. K D. H C. 27P D. 27Q

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16. Choose the missing term (?) from options: 27. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
KM5, IP8, GS11, EV14, ? LXF, MTJ, NPN, OLR, ?
A. BX17 B. CY17 A. PHV B. PIU
C. CY18 D. CZ17 C. PJW D. PKX

17. Choose the missing term (?) from options: 28. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
2Z5, 7Y7, 14X9, 23W11, 34V13, ? MHZ, NIW, OKT, PNQ, ?
A. 27U24 B. 47U15 A. RRN B. QRN
C. 45U15 D. 47V14 C. QRM D. QQN
29. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
18. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
AYD, BVF, DRH, ?, KGL
C4X, F9U, 116R, ?
A. FMI B. GMJ
A. K25P B. L25P
C. HLK D. GLJ
C. L25O D. L27P
30. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
19. Choose the missing term (?) from options: A, CD, GHI, ?, UVWXY
Q1F, S2E, U6D, W21C, ? A. LMNO B. MNO
A. Y66B B. Y44B C. NOPQ D. MNOP
C. Y88B D. Z88B
31. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
20. Choose the missing term (?) from options: 3, 10, 101, ?
5, 16, 49, 104, ? A. 10101 B. 10201
A. 115 B. 148 C. 10202 D.11012
C. 170 D. 181
32. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
21. Choose the missing term (?) from options: 125,80,45,20, ?
5, 16, 49, ? A. 5 B. 8
A. 550 B. 310 C. 10 D. 12
C. 295 D. 285 33. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
22. Choose the missing term (?) from options: 1, 1, 4, 8, 9, 27, 16, ?
1, 2, 5, 12, 27, 58, 121, ? A. 32 B. 64
A. 246 B. 247 C. 81 D. 256
C. 248 D. 249 34. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
23. Choose the missing term (?) from options: 6, 13, 25, 51, 101, ?
AZ, CX, FU, ? A. 201 B. 202
A. IR B. IV C. 203 D. 205
C. JQ D. KP 35. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
24. Choose the missing term (?) from options: B, D, F, I, L, P, ?
cx, fu, ir, ?, ol, ri A. R B. S
A. lo B. mn C. T D. U
C. no D. op 36. Choose the missing terms (?) from options:
25. Choose the missing term (?) from options: Z, S, W, O, T, K, Q, G, ?, ?
dfe, jih, mln, ?, vut A. N, C B. N, D
A. oqp B. psr C. O, C D. O, D
C. prq D. rsp 37. Choose the missing terms (?) from options:
26. Choose the missing term (?) from options: A, B, B, D, C, F, D; H, E, ?, ?
DEF, HIJ, MNO, ? A. E, F B. F, G
A. STU B. RST C. F, I D. J, F
C. RTV D. SRQ

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38. Choose the missing terms (?) from options: 49. Choose the correct alternative:
Z, X, S, I, R, R, ?, ? c _ bbb _ _ abbbb _ abbb _
A. G,I B. J, I A. aabcb B. abccb
C. J,K D. K,M C. abacb D. baebb
39. Choose the missing term (?) from options: 50. Choose the correct alternative:
AI, BJ, CK,? a _ bbc _ aab _ cca _ bbcc
A. DL B. DM A. bacb B. acba
C. GH D. LM C. abba D. caba
40. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
AYBZC, DWEXF, GUHVI, JSKTL, ?
A. MQORN B. MQNRO SERIES COMPLETION - ANSWER KEY
C. NQMOR D. QMONR 1 C 11 B 21 A 31 C 41 A
41. Choose the missing term (?) from options: 2 D 12 B 22 C 32 A 42 D
PMT, OOS, NQR, MSQ, ?
A. LUP B. LVP 3 A 13 A 23 C 33 B 43 C
C. LVR D. LWP 4 C 14 C 24 A 34 C 44 D
42. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
5 D 15 A 25 C 35 C 45 A
GH, JL, NQ, SW, YD, ?
A. EJ B. FJ 6 D 16 B 26 A 36 A 46 B
C. EL D. FL
7 C 17 B 27 A 37 D 47 D
43. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
8 B 18 C 28 B 38 A 48 B
ADVENTURE, DVENTURE, DVENTUR, ?,
VENTU 9 C 19 C 29 D 39 A 49 B
A. DVENT B. VENTURE
10 A 20 D 30 D 40 B 50 B
C. VENTUR D. DVENTU
44. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
A, D, H, M, ?, Z
A. T B. G
C. N D. S
45. Choose the missing terms (?) from options:
Z, ?, T, ?, N, ?, H, ?, B
A. W, Q, K, E B. W, R, K, E
C. X, Q, K, E D. X, R, K, E
46. Choose the missing term (?) from options:
M, N, O, L, R, I, V, ?
A. A B. E rhjpf;f epidf;fpwtq;f.....
C. F D. H rz;Kfk; I.V.v
‘rz; I.V.v];
];. ];lb rh;f;fpSf;F’ thq;f...!
47. Choose the correct alternative: jukhd fy;tp!
epahakhd fl;lzk;!
a _ n _ b _ _ ncb _ _ ncb cWjpahd Ntiytha;g;G!
A. abbbec B. abebeb cah;thd tho;f;if!
C. bacbab D. bcabab ,JNt rz;Kfk; I.V.v];. mfhlkpapd;
jhuf ke;jpuk;!
48. Choose the correct alternative: rhjidahsh;fspd; rq;fkk;...
cccbb _ aa _ cc _ bbbaa _ c rz;Kfk; I.V.v];. ];lb rh;f;fps;”
“rz;
A. aebe B. baca Nfhit kw;Wk; jpUney;Ntyp.
typ.
C. baba D. acba

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CLASSIFICATION
ODD WORD

CLASSIFICATION (ODD MAN OUT):

It exists between the things, objects, words or
letters. In this test, generally, you are given a group of
four items, out of which three are similar to one
another in some way and the fourth is different. The
candidate is required to choose the item which does
not fit into the given a group.

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION:
(1) Word classification:
In this type similar groups are found among
the names, places, things, nouns, verbs, different sex,
race or any other matter out of which three things are Example 1: Find Odd Word
similar and one is not. (A) couch (B) rug
(C) table (D) chair
(2) Alphabet classification: Solution:
Here some group of letters are formed (B) rug
according to a pattern and one of them is different. The couch, table, and chair are pieces of furniture; the
‘rug’(carpet) is not.
(3) Number classification:
Here out of a given group of numbers three Example 2: Find Odd Word
will be similar and one will be strange. (A) book (B) index
(C) glossary (D) chapter
HINTS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Solution:
 Verbal classification aims to test your power of (A) book
observation and ability to notice differences and An index, glossary, and chapter are all parts of a
similarities among various objects. So search for the book. Choice (A) does not belong because the ‘book’
relationship among the given items. Relationship may is the whole, not a part.
be based on meaning, inter-relationship, consistency
relationship etc.
Example 3: Find Odd Word
(A) tulip (B) rose
 Search for the similarities among alphabet groups.
(C) bud (D) daisy
Particularly vowel-consonant relationship, capital Solution:
small letter relationship, repetition and frequency of (C) bud
letters, skipping pattern in alphabet groups. Tulip, rose, and daisy are all types of flowers. A
‘bud’ is not.
 Remember that in classification you are not
searching for a stranger but you are classifying
Example 4: Find Odd Word
different items into a group and one item which
(A) important (B) trivial
refuses to be a part of the group is the stranger.
(C) insignificant (D) familiar
Solution:
 If you straight away search for a stranger, you may
(D) familiar
land in trouble because every item in the given group
The first three choices are all synonyms meanings
will be a stranger in some way or another. So think of
‘unsubstantial’. ‘familiar’ means known.
the possible group in which you can group different
items and find the stranger.

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Example 5: Find Odd Word Example 11: Find odd word
(A) noun (B) preposition (A) Deck (B) Quay
(C) punctuation (D) adverb (C) Stern (D) Bow
Solution: (E) Mast
(C) punctuation Solution:
The noun, preposition, and adverb are classes of (B) Quay
words that make up a sentence. Punctuation belongs All except ‘Quay’ are parts of a ship.
in a sentence, but ‘punctuation’ is not a class of
word. Example 12: Find odd word
(A) Assassinate (B) Kill
Example 6: Find Odd Word (C) Kidnap (D) Stab
(A) dodge (B) flee (E) Murder
(C) duck (D) avoid Solution:
Solution: (C) Kidnap
(B) flee All except ‘Kidnap’ are actions of killing.
Dodge, duck, and avoid are all synonyms meaning
evade. ‘Flee’ means to run away from. Example 13: Find odd word
(A) Rat (B) Squirrel
Example7 : Find odd word
(C) Mongoose (D) Mole
(A) Turtle (B) Lamb
(E) Porcupine
(C) Colt (D) Bitch
Solution:
(E) Farrow
(C) Mongoose
Solution:
All except ‘Mongoose’ are rodents. A rodent is a
(D) Bitch
small furry mammal whose teeth never stop growing.
All except Bitch are young ones of animals, while
‘bitch’ is a female dog. Example 14: Find odd word
Example 8: Find odd word (A) Skull (B) Appendix
(A) Fox (B) Wolf (C) Pelvis (D) Fibula
(C) Jackal (D) Deer (E) Vertebra
(E) Panther Solution:
Solution: (B) Appendix
(D) Deer All except ‘Appendix’ are bones, while appendix is
All except ‘Deer’ are flesh-eating animals. an organ.

Example 9: Find odd word Example 15: Find odd word

(A) Cap (B) Turban (A) Canoe (B) Igloo
(C) Helmet (D) Veil (C) Yacht (D) Dinghy
(E) Hat (E) Raft
Solution: Solution:
(D) Veil (B) Igloo
All except ‘Veil’ cover the head, while veil covers All except ‘Igloo’ are types of boats, while igloo is a
the face. kind of houses found in polar system.

Example 10: Find odd word Example 16: Find odd word
(A) Physics (B) Chemistry (A) Leone (B) Dirham
(C) Geography (D) Botany (C) Baht (D) Lempira (E) Cortes
(E) Zoology Solution:
Solution: (E) Cortes
(C) Geography All except ‘Cortes’ are currencies, while Cortes is a
All except ‘Geography’ are science subjects. parliament.

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Example 17: Find odd word Example 22: Find odd word
(A) Laos (B) India (A) Brick (B) Heart
(C) Nepal (D) Afghanistan (C) Bridge (D) Spade (E) Club
(E) Bolivia Solution:
Solution: (A) Brick
(B) India All except ‘Brick’ are suits of cards.
All except ‘India’ are land locked countries, while
India is a peninsula. Example 23: Find odd word
(A) Ear (B) Lung (C) Eye
Example 18: Find odd word (D) Heart (E) Kidney
(A) Neight (B) Roar Solution:
(C) Hiss (D) Grunt (D) Heart
(E) Thump All except ‘Heart’ are present in the human body in a
Solution: pair.
(E) Thump Example 24: Find odd word
All except ‘Thump’ are the sound of animals. (A) Metre (B) Furlong (C) Yard
(D) Mile (E) Acre
Example 19: Find odd word Solution:
(A) Seminar (B) Semicolon (E) Acre
(C) Semi-final (D) Semicircle All except ‘Acre’ are units of measuring distance,
(E) Semitone while acre is a unit of area.
Solution:
(A) Seminar Example 25: Find odd word
In all except ‘Seminar’, ‘semi’ indicates 'half'. (A) Pen (B) Pencil
(C) Notebook (D) Sharpener (E) Student
Example 20: Find odd word Solution:
(A) Pineapple (B) Orange (E) Student
(C) Malta (D) Banana Except ‘Student’, all others are stationery items.
(E) Lemon
Example 26: Find odd word
Solution:
(A) Coconut (B) Groundnut
(D) Banana
(C) Rice (D) Wheat (E) Eraser
All except ‘Banana’ are juicy fruits.
Solution:
(E) Eraser
Except ‘Eraser’, all others are cooking items.

Example 27: Find odd word

(A) Listen (B) Feel (C) Think
(D) Sing (E) Hear
Solution:
(B) Feel
Except ‘Feel’ all others are related to sound or
abstract action.

Example 21: Find odd word Example 28: Find odd word
(A) Goblin (B) Goblet A) Gold B) Nickel C) Platinum
(C) Imp (D) Gnome D) Tungsten E) Diamond
(E) Dijon Solution:
Solution: E) Diamond
(B) Goblet Except ‘Diamond’ all other are metals. Diamond is
All except ‘Goblet’ are supernatural creatures. an allotrope of carbon.

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Example 29: Find odd word Example 35: Find odd word
A) Lion B) Tiger A) Phosphorus B) Potassium
C) Leopard D) Bear C) Nitrogen D) Calcium
E) Cheetah E) Magnesium
Solution: Solution:
D) Bear C) Nitrogen
Except ‘Bear’ all others are carnivorous. Bear is a All others are solid at normal temperature and
herbivorous animal. pressure conditions while ‘Nitrogen’ is gas.

Example 30: Find odd word Example 36: Find odd word
A) Sentence B) Paragraph A) Jhumar B) Suisini
C) Letter D) Word C) Chakri D) Ginad
E) Meaning E) Giddha
Solution: Solution:
E) Meaning E) Giddha
Except ‘meaning’ all others are related. Except ‘Giddha’ all others are folk dances of
Example 31: Find odd word Rajasthan. Giddha is a folk dance of Punjab.
A) Pear B) Mango
C) Orange D) Apple Example 37: Find odd word
E) Radish A) Coal B) Coke
Solution: C) Logs D) Fuel
E) Radish E) Peat
Except ‘Radish’ all others are fruits. Radish is a Solution:
modified root. D) Fuel
Except ‘fuel’ all others are different types of fuel.
Example 32: Find odd word
A) Anxiety B) Anger Example 38: Find odd word
C) Sorrow D) Joy A) Pupil B) Iris
E) Feel C) Cornea D) Medulla
Solution: E) Retina
E) Feel Solution:
Except ‘feel’ all others are felt by human being. D)Medulla
All except ‘Medulla’ are parts of the eye, while
Example 33: Find odd word
medulla is a part of the brain.
A) Jumping B) Exercising
C) Running D) Jogging
Example 39: Find odd word
E) Walking
A) Tailor B) Carpenter
Solution: C) Blacksmith D) Barber
B) Exercising E) Engineer
Except ‘Exercising’ all others are different modes of
Solution:
exercising.
D) Barber
Example 34: Find odd word All except ‘Barber’ require raw material to work.
A) Novel B) Poetry
C) Drama D) Literature Example 40: Find odd word
E) Story A) Whale B) Dolphin C) Shark
Solution: D) Cod E) Starfish
D) Literature Solution:
Except ‘Literature’ all others are different forms of A) Whale
literature. All except ‘Whale’ belong to the family of fishes,
while ‘whale’ is a mammal.

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Example 41: Find odd word Example 48: Find odd word
A) Cygnus B) Orion A) The Ramayana B) The Mahabharata
C) Scorpio D) Cassiopeia C) The Geeta D) Godan
E) Vega Solution:
Solution: D) Godan
E) Vega Except ‘Godan’ all others are holy books for Hindus.
All except ‘Vega’ are constellations, while Vega is a 'Godan' is a work of Premchand.
star.
Example 49: Find odd word
Example 42: Find odd word A) Magenta B) Purple C) Pink
A) Gorges B) Bars D) Grey E) Blue
C) Canyons D) Meanders Solution:
E) Rapids E) Blue
Solution: ‘Blue’ colour is a part of white spectrum.
B) Bars
All except ‘Bars’ are structures formed by rivers, Example 50: Find odd word
while bars are formed by sea. A) Sitar B) Flute C) Violin
D) Santoor E) Sarod
Example 44: Find odd word Solution:
A) Earth B) Saturn B) Flute
C) Moon D) Mars Except ‘Flute’ all others are stringed instruments.
E) Jupiter Flute is a wind instrument.
Solution:
C) Moon Example 51: Find odd word
‘Moon’ is the odd one because all others are planets A) Mustard B) Jowar C) Wheat
and Moon is a satellite. D) Paddy E) Bajra
Solution:
Example 45: Find odd word A) Mustard
A) Sweet B) Cake C) Pastry Except ‘Mustard’ all others are grains. Mustard is
D) Bread C) Biscuit an oilseed.
Solution:
A) Sweet Example 52: Find odd word
Except ‘sweet’ all others require baking to prepare A) Earth B) Saturn C) Moon
them. D) Sun E) Jupiter
Solution:
Example 46: Find odd word D) Sun
A) Jupiter B) Mars C) Earth ‘Sun’ is the odd one because all others are revolving
D) Uranium E) Moon heavenly bodies while the position of Sun is fixed.
Solution: Earth, Saturn and Jupiter are planets which revolve
D) Uranium round the Sun whereas Moon is a satellite which
Except ‘Uranium’ all others are celestial bodies. revolves round the planet, Earth.

Example 47: Find odd word Example 53: Find odd word
A) Shirt B) Shoe C) Chair A) Turmeric B) Gourd C) Potato
D) Ring E) Cobbler D) Carrot E) Ginger
Solution: Solution:
E) Cobbler B) Gourd
‘Cobbler’ is a human being who mends shoes while Except ‘Gourd’ all others are grown underground.
all others are items used by human beings. Again, except ‘Gourd’ all others are modified roots
or stems.

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Example 54: Find odd word Example 4: Choose or find odd pair of words
A) Wheat B) Mustard C) Rice (Fish: Shoal)
D) Gram E) Peanut (Cow: Herd)
Solution : (Sheep: Flock)
C) Rice (Man: Mob)
All except ‘Rice’ are rabi crops, while rice is a kharif (Bee: Swarm)
crop Solution:
The odd pair is (Man: Mob)
Odd Pair of Word Second is a collective group of the first.

Example 5: Choose or find odd pair of words

(Lion: Roar)
(Snake: Hiss)
(Frog: Bleat)
(Bees: Hum)
(Birds: Chirp)
Solution:
The odd pair is (Frog: Bleat)
Second is the noise produced by the first.

ODD PAIR OF WORD Example 6: Choose or find odd pair of words

(Atom: Electron)
(Train: Engine)
Example 1: Choose or find odd pair of words
(House: Room)
(Mason: Wall)
(Scooter: Gears)
(Cobbler: Shoe)
(Curd: Milk)
(Farmer: Crop)
(Chef: Cook) Solution:
The odd pair is (Curd: Milk)
Solution:
In all other pairs, second is a part of the first.
The odd pair is (Chef : Cook)
In all other pairs, second is prepared by the first.
Example 7: Choose or find odd pair of words
Example 2: Choose or find odd pair of words (Farmer: Plough)
(Twigs: Nest) (Butcher: Chopper)
(Wood: Furniture) (Author: Book)
(Pitcher: Pottery) (Jockey: Tack)
(Gold: Ornaments) (Lumberjack: Axe)
Solution: Solution: The odd pair is (Author: Book)
The odd pair is (Pitcher: Pottery) In all other pairs, second is the tool used by the first.
In others, first is the material used make the second.
Example 8 : Choose or find odd pair of words
Example 3: Choose or find odd pair of words (Stamp: Letter)
(Daring: Timid) (Ticket: Train)
(Beautiful: Pretty) (Ink: Pen)
(Clear: Vague) (Car: Engine)
(Youth: Adult) Solution:
(Native: Alien) The odd pair is (Car: Engine)
Solution: First is essentially required to use the second.
The odd pair is (Beautiful: Pretty)
In others, the two words are antonyms of each other.

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Example 9 : Choose or find odd pair of words Example 14 : Choose or find odd pair of words
(Shopkeeper: Customer) (Hard: Soft)
(Doctor: Patient) (Long: High)
(Lawyer: Client) (Sweet: Sour)
(Clerk: File) (Pointed: Blunt)
Solution: Solution:
The odd pair is (Clerk: File) The odd pair is (Long: High)
In all other pairs, second is the person for whom the The words in other pairs are synonyms of each other.
first works to earn money.
Example 15: Choose or find odd pair of words
(Student: Scholar)
Example 10 : Choose or find odd pair of words (Paddy: Rice)
(Mercury: Sun) (Soldier: Warrior)
(Moon: Earth) (Politician: Leader)
(Star: Galaxy) Solution:
(Wheel: Axle) The odd pair is (Paddy: Rice)
Solution: In all other pairs, the first, when becomes as expert, is
The odd pair is (Star: Galaxy) given the name of second.
In all other pairs, first moves about the second.
Example 16 : Choose or find odd pair of words
(Captain: Team)
Example 11 : Choose or find odd pair of words (Boss: Gang)
(Death: Disease) (Prime Minister: Cabinet)
(Milk: Butter) (Artist: Troupe)
(Grape: Wine) Solution:
(Water: Oxygen) The odd pair is (Artist: Troupe)
Solution: In all other pairs, first is the head of the second.
The odd pair is (Death : Disease)
Second is a product obtained from the first. Odd Numbers

Example 12 : Choose or find odd pair of words

(Principal: School)
(Soldier: Barrack)
(Artist: Troupe)
(Singer: Chorus)
Solution:
The odd pair is (Principal : School)
In other pairs, second is a collective group of the first.

Example 1: Choose or find odd Numbers

Example 13 : Choose or find odd pair of words 10, 26, 24, 21, 18
(Crime: Punishment) Solution:
(Judgement: Advocacy) The odd number is 21
(Enterprise: Success) Each of the numbers except ‘21’ is an even number.
(Exercise: Health)
Solution : Example 2: Choose or find odd Numbers
The odd pair is (Judgement: Advocacy) 15, 21, 24, 28, 30
In all other pairs, second is the result of the first. Solution:
The odd number is 28
Each of the numbers except ‘28’ is divisible by 3.
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Example 3: Choose or find odd Numbers Example 11: Choose or find odd Numbers
324, 244, 136, 352, 514 7359, 1593, 9175, 3781, 9317
Solution: Solution:
The odd number is 324 The odd number is 3781
Sum of the digits in each other number is 10. All other numbers consist of odd digits only.

Example 12: Choose or find odd Numbers

Example 4: Choose or find odd Numbers
325, 236, 178, 639, 538
6, 12, 18, 9, 7
Solution: The odd number is 236
Solution:
In others, the last digit is the sum of the first two.
The odd number is 7
‘7’ is the only prime number in the group.
Example 13: Choose or find odd Numbers
3740, 4635, 5869, 7946, 2378
Example 5: Choose or find odd Numbers Solution:
45, 99, 109, 126, 207 The odd number is 3740
Solution : The odd number is 109 In all other numbers, the sum of the first and the last
Each of the numbers except ‘109’ is divisible by 9. digits is equal to the sum of other two digits.

Example 6: Choose or find odd Numbers Example 14: Choose or find odd Numbers
35, 49, 50, 63, 140 263, 111, 242, 551, 383
Solution: Solution:
The odd number is 50 The odd number is 383
Each of the number except ‘50’ is divisible by 7. In all other numbers, the middle digit is equal to the
product of other two digits.

Example 7: Choose or find odd Numbers Example 15: Choose or find odd Numbers
385, 572, 671, 264, 427 5698, 4321, 7963, 4232, 8597
Solution: Solution:
The odd number is 427 The odd number is 4232
In all other numbers, the middle digit is the sum of This is the only number in which a digit has been
the other two. repeated.

Example 8 : Choose or find odd Numbers Example 16: Choose or find odd Numbers
2384, 1592, 3756, 4298, 3629 7487, 5963, 8218, 6596, 9259
Solution: Solution:
The odd number is 3629 The odd number is 5963
In other numbers, the last digit is two times the first. In all other numbers, the first and the last digits are
the same.
Example 9: Choose or find odd Numbers
Example 17: Choose or find odd Numbers
3759, 2936, 6927, 4836, 5814
1532, 8749, 4268, 5846, 6137
Solution:
Solution:
The odd number is 2936
The odd number is 4268
In all other numbers, the sum of second and last digits
In all other numbers, the last digit is one more than
is twice the sum of first and third digits.
the first digit.

Example 10: Choose or find odd Numbers Example 18: Choose or find odd Numbers
5698, 7894, 9865, 8793, 6958 7851, 6432, 5789, 1325, 8167
Solution: Solution:
The odd number is 8793 The odd number is 6432
Sum of digits in each other number is 28 Each of the numbers except 6432, is an odd number.

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Example 19: Choose or find odd Numbers Example 3: Choose or find odd letter group
21, 69, 81, 83 VT, MQ, PR, DF, FG
Solution: Solution:
The odd number is 81 The odd Letter group is FG
‘81’ is the only square number in the group. Putting A = 1, B = 2....... and so on, we have:
VT = V + T = 22 + 20 = 42 (even);
Example 20: Choose or find odd Numbers
MQ = M + Q = 13 + 17 = 30 (even);
144, 168, 196, 256
PR = P + R = 16 + 18 =34 (even);
Solution:
DF = D + F = 4 + 6 = 10 (even);
The odd number is 168
FG = F + G = 6 + 7 = 13 (odd).
Each of the numbers except ‘168’ is a perfect square.
Example 21: Choose or find odd Numbers Example 4: Choose or find odd letter group
140, 240, 360, 480 BCD, NPR, KLM, RQP, HGF
Solution : The odd number is ‘140’ Solution:
Each of the numbers except ‘140’ is a multiple of The odd Letter group is NPR
120. All other groups contain three consecutive letters of
the alphabet.
Example 22: Choose or find odd Numbers
232, 431, 612, 813 Example 5: Choose or find odd letter group
Solution: HGF, XWV, NML, OPQ, UTS
The odd number is 813 Solution:
In all other numbers, the product of digits is 12. The odd Letter group is OPQ
In all other groups, the three letters are consecutive
but in reverse order.
Odd Letter Group
Example 6: Choose or find odd letter group
NPM, IJL, QSZ, BHK, XGT
Solution:
The odd Letter group is IJL
No other group contains a vowel.

Example 7: Choose or find odd letter group

GDA, OLI, VSP, KHE, WYZ
Solution:
The odd Letter group is WYZ
In all other groups, the second and first letter are
Example 1: Choose or find odd letter group three steps ahead of third and second letter
DE, PQ, TU, MO, FG respectively.
Solution:
The odd letter group is MO Example 8: Choose or find odd letter group
All other groups contain two consecutive letters of ACE, PRT, UWY, MNO, GIK
the alphabet. Solution:
The odd Letter group is MNO
Example 2: Choose or find odd letter group
All other groups contain alternate letters from left or
KP, MN, HR, GT, EV
right.
Solution:
The odd Letter group is HR Example 9: Choose or find odd letter group
In all other groups, the first letter occupies the same RTW, QOM, IKG, IKM, BDF
position from ‘A’ onward as the second letter Solution:
occupies from ‘Z’ backward. e.g.: ‘K’ is the eleventh The odd Letter group is RTW
letter from the beginning and ‘P’ is the eleventh letter All other groups contain alternate letters of the
from the end of the alphabet. alphabet.

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Example 10: Choose or find odd letter group Example 17: Choose or find odd letter group
PRT, MOQ, GEC, TVX, SUW BHE, DJG, SYV, JPM, PUS
Solution: Solution:
The odd Letter group is GEC The odd Letter group is PUS
All other groups contain alternate letters of the In all other groups, the third and second letters are 3
alphabet in order. steps ahead of the first and third letters respectively.

Example 11: Choose or find odd letter group Example 18: Choose or find odd letter group
BEH, CFI, DGJ, EHL, FIL RAT, SAT, CAT, MAT, GET
Solution: Solution:
The odd Letter group is EHL The odd Letter group is GET
In all other groups, there is a gap of two letters All other group end with AT.
between first and second as well as between second Example 19: Choose or find odd letter group
and third letters. BYX, LPO, EVU, FUT, IRQ
Solution:
Example 12: Choose or find odd letter group The odd Letter group is LPO
DAH, IFM, ROV, QNT, SPW In all other groups, the first and second letters occupy
Solution: the same position in the alphabet from the beginning
The odd Letter group is QNT and the end respectively. The second letter is moved
In all other groups, first letter is 3 letters ahead of the one step backward to obtain the third letter.
second and third letter is 4 letters ahead of the first.
Example 20: Choose or find odd letter group
Example 13: Choose or find odd letter group ABCD, EGIK, ACDF, CFIL
PQO, AZY, TWS, VBU, EXD Solution:
Solution: The odd Letter group is ACDF
The odd Letter group is AZY The letters in ABCD follow the sequence +1;
In all other groups, the third and first letters are those in EGIK follow the sequence +2 and
alphabetical order. those in CFIL follow the sequence +3,
while the letter in ACDF do not follow any such
Example 14: Choose or find odd letter group particular sequence.
VWY, QRT, LMO, JKL, DEG
Example 21: Choose or find odd letter group
Solution:
VYAKB, MYGHZ, LMVOX, FSYLD, QBSPN
The odd Letter group is JKL
Solution:
In all other groups, the first two letters are
The odd Letter group is FSYLD
consecutive and third letter is 2 letters ahead of the
In all other groups, two consecutive letters appear in
second.
a random order.
Example 15: Choose or find odd letter group Example 22: Choose or find odd letter group
ABD, FGI, LMO, STU, WXZ CALORIC,DRUID,LEVEL, ELOPE, FRETFUL
Solution: Solution:
The odd Letter group is STU The odd Letter group is FRETFUL
In all other groups, the first letters are consecutive All other groups being and end with the same letter.
and third letter is obtained by skipping one letter from
the second. Example 23: Choose or find odd letter group
JOEHNP,LZKMSU,GWOURV,SFXPMG,TQUHOS
Example 16: Choose or find odd letter group Solution:
AEC, PTR, FJH, UYW, KPM The odd Letter group is SFXPMG
Solution: All other groups contain three consecutive letters,
The odd Letter group is KPM though not in order.
In others, first, third and second letters are alternate.

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Example 24: Choose or find odd letter group Example 31: Choose or find odd letter group
STUTTER, RESURRECT, SUCCEED, VTOJE, USNID, UPKEA, OMIDB
SURRENDER, CUNNING Solution:
Solution: The odd Letter group is USNID
The odd Letter group is SUCCEED This is the only group containing three vowels.
In all other groups, one letter is repeated three times.
Example 32: Choose or find odd letter group
Example 25: Choose or find odd letter group USAGE, USUAL, UKASE, URINE
MOTXYZ, GKRVWX, PSBEFG, ORNODF, Solution:
CHJLMN The odd Letter group is USUAL
Solution: In all other groups, vowels occur alternately.
The odd Letter group is ORNODF
In all other groups, the last three letters are Example 33: Choose or find odd letter group
consecutive. WRONG, PRUNE, WHITE, RIGHT
Solution:
The odd Letter group is RIGHT
Example 26: Choose or find odd letter group
In all other groups, the middle letter is the vowel.
HSIRJ, FTGSH, DWEVF, AZBYC
Solution: Example 34: Choose or find odd letter group
The odd Letter group is FTGSH
AUDIO, ARISE, AWAKE, VIDEO
In all other groups, first letter occupies the same
Solution:
position from the beginning of the alphabet as is
The odd Letter group is AWAKE
occupied by the second letter from the end of the
No letter is repeated in any other group.
alphabet.
Example 35: Choose or find odd letter group
Example 27: Choose or find odd letter group MONDAY, TUESDAY, THURSDAY, SATURDAY
QePFola, OrDFkV, TuMBiNJ, XZaWoB, DNeRiF Solution:
Solution: The odd leter group is MONDAY
The odd Letter group is OrDFkV Each of the other groups contains two consecutive
In all other groups, the small letters are vowel. letters, e.g.: TU in TUESDAY and SATURDAY and
RS in THURSDAY.
Example 28: Choose or find odd letter group
jAnUaRy, mArCh, mAy, oCtObEr, dEcEmBeR Example 36: Choose or find odd letter group
Solution: PENAL, IDHNI, RUUD, KRTSINSA
The odd Letter group is dEcEmBeR Solution:
All other groups end with small letters. The odd letter group is PENAL
All other groups of letters, on rearrangement, from
name of a language, e.g.: (b) forms Hindi, (c) forms
Example 29: Choose or find odd letter group
URDU and (d) forms SANSKRIT.
YNHIA, SGRFI, ISEPU, FHUJU
Solution:
The odd Letter group is FHUJU
No letter is repeated in any other group.

Example 30: Choose or find odd letter group

UHRNI, KLTNV, HBOKL, AIJBY
Solution:
The odd Letter group is KLTNV
This is the only group which does not contain a
vowel.

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SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944 27714
12. ADG, PSV, SUW, CFI, TWZ
A. ADG B. PSV
EXERCISE – Pick the Odd Word C. SUW D. CFI

Choose or find odd word/Letter form the 13. BHE, DJG, SYV, JPM, PUS
following questions: A. BHE B. DJG
1. Kiwi, Eagle, Emu, Penguin, Ostrich C. SYV D. PUS
A. Kiwi B. Eagle 14. OTP, ABA, SZX, UVB, YQR
C. Emu D. Penguin A. OTP B. ABA
2. Lake, Sea, River, Pool, Pond C. SZX D. UVB
A. Lake B. Sea 15. JOT, OUT, FED, DIN, DOG
C. River D. Pool A. JOT B. OUT
3. Arrow, Axe, Knife, Dagger, Sword C. FED D. DIN
A. Arrow B. Axe 16. UTSR, IHGE, NMLK, ZYXW, SRQP
C. Knife D. Dagger A. UTSR B. IHGE
4. House, Cottage, School, Palace, Hut C. NMLK D. ZYXW
A. House B. Cottage 17. CROWD, FLUSH, JUDGE, SCANT
C. School D. Palace A. CROWD B. FLUSH
5. (Bottle: Wine) C. JUDGE D. SCANT
(Cup: Tea) 18. LAHMQW, HUTMCX, CLOVIK, IXMLBC,
(Pitcher: Water) NILHQR
(Ball: Bat) A. LAHMQW B. HUTMCX
A. Bottle:Wine B. Cup:Tea C. CLOVIK D. IXMLBC
C. Pitcher:Water D. Ball:Bat
19. xXYA, iIMP, hHIK, bBCE
6. 43, 53, 63, 73, 83 A. xXYA B. iIMP
A. 43 B. 53 C. hHIK D. bBCE
C. 63 D. 73
20. PRVX, MQTV, DHKM, BFIK
7. 51, 144, 64, 121, 256 A. PRVX B. MQTV
A. 51 B. 144 C. DHKM D. BFIK
C. 64 D. 121
21. Venus, Saturn, Earth, Mercury, Neptune
8. XW, FG, ML, PO, TS A. Venus B. Saturn
A. XW B. FG C. Earth D. Mercury
C. ML D. PO
22. Ghosts, Spirits, Phantoms, Skeletons,
9. BD, MP, NQ, HK, TW A. Ghosts B. Spirits
A. BD B. MP C. Phantoms D. Skeletons
C. NQ D. HK
23. Equity, Fairness, Partiality, Justice
10. AE, AI, IO, EI, OU A. Equity B. Fairness
A. AE B. AI C. Partiality D. Justice
C. IO D. EI
24. Wood, Cork, Stone, Paper
11. AOT, CPA, REB, TIW, QUD A. Wood B. Cork
A. AOT B. CPA C. Stone D. Paper
C. REB D. TIW

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25. Tailor, Carpenter, Blacksmith, Barber 38. Nun, Knight, Monk, Priest
A. Tailor B. Carpenter A.Nun B. Knight
C. Blacksmith D. Barber C. Monk D.Priest

26. Shoulder, Foot, Elbow, Arm, Fingers 39. Hostel, Hotel, Inn, Club
A. Shoulder B. Foot A. Hostel B. Hotel
C. Elbow D. Arm C. Inn D. Club

27. Fingers, Palm, Knee, Wrist 40. Kernal, House, Stable, Aquarium
A. Fingers B. Palm A. Kernal B. House
C. Knee D. Wrist C. Stable D. Aquarium

28. Ear, Nose, Tongue, Throat 41. Arc, Diagonal, Tangent, Diameter
A. Ear B. Nose A. Arc B. Diagonal
C. Tongue D. Throat C. Tangent D. Diameter

29. Correction, Improvement, Betterment, Elevation 42. Dynamics, Mechanics, Optics, Physics
A. Correction B. Improvement A. Dynamics B. Mechanics
C. Betterment D. Elevation C. Optics D. Physics

30. Rain, Mist, Smoke, Fog 43. Screw, Hammer, Needle, Nail
A. Rain B. Mist A. Screw B. Hammer
C. Smoke D. Fog C. Needle D. Nail

31. Sugarcane, Coffee, Tobacco, Rice 44. Rival, Spouse, Colleague, Partner
A. Sugarcane B. Coffee A. Rival B. Spouse
C. Tobacco D. Rice C. Colleague D. Partner

32. Illusion, Delusion, Identification, Hallucination 45. Peak, Mountain, Mound, Valley
A. Illusion B. Delusion A. Peak B. Mountain
C. Identification D. Hallucination C. Mound D. Valley

33. Disperse, Aggregate, Congregate, Accumulate 46. Coat, Shirt, Trousers, Sweater
A. Disperse B. Aggregate A. Coat B. Shirt
C. Congregate D. Accumulate C. Trousers D. Sweater

34. Broker, Salesman, Customer, Hawler 47. Reader, Writer, Printer, Publisher, Reporter
A. Broker B. Salesman A. Reader B. Writer
C. Customer D. Hawler C. Printer D. Publisher

35. Microscope, Telescope, Periscope, Stethoscope 48. Stick, Needle, Thorn, Pin
A. Microscope B. Telescope A. Stick B. Needle
C. Periscope D. Stethoscope C. Thorn D. Pin

36. Thermosphere, Stratosphere, Exosphere, 49. Gloomy, Calm, Dull, Tense, Distress
Ionospher, Troposphere A. Calm B. Dull
A. Thermosphere B. Stratosphere C. Tense D. Distress
C. Exosphere D. Ionospher
50. Under, Near, Beside, Above, Where
37. Wall, Stone, Cement, Brick A. Near B. Beside
A. Wall B. Stone C. Above D. Where
C. Cement D. Brick

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51. 131, 151, 181, 171, 161
A. 151 B. 181
C. 171 D. 161

52. 187, 323, 119, 221, 289

A. 323 B. 119
C. 221 D. 289

53. (Deer: Flesh)

(Crane: Fish)
(Crow: Carrion)
(Mongoose: Snake)
A. Deer: Flesh B. Crane: Fish
SIA
C. Mongoose: Snake D. Crow: Carrion
SHANMUGAM
54. (Shirt: Dress)
(Boy: Girl) IAS
(Mango: Fruit)
(Table: Furniture) STUDY CIRCLE
A. Shirt : Dress B. Boy : Girl
C. Mango : Fruit D. Table : Furniture IAS, IPS, TNPSC-
TNPSC-GROUP I&II,IV,
55. (Newspaper: Editor) BANKING EXAM, RRB, SSC,
(Film: Director)
(Stamps: Pholatelist)
TET, UPSC
(Book: Author) Coimbatore : 99941 46662
A. Newspaper: Editor B. Film: Director
C. Stamps: Pholatelist D. Book: Author Tirunelveli : 95972 11166
Tirupur : 99944 27714
PICK THE ODD WORD - ANSWER KEY
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1 B 12 C 23 C 34 C 45 D “IAS>> IPS, CDS, TNPSC-Group-I, II&IV,
SSC, RRB, TET, IBPS-PO, IBPS-SO,
2 C 13 D 24 C 35 D 46 C IBPS-Clerk - f;fhd”
hd
gapw;rp tFg;Gfs; eilngw;W tUfpwJ.
3 A 14 B 25 D 36 A 47 A
murhq;f Ntiytha;g;G ngw;wth;fspd;
4 C 15 B 26 B 37 A 48 A
topfhl;LjNyhL> jpwikahd Mrphpah;fis
nfhz;L gapw;rp tFg;Gfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
5 D 16 B 27 C 38 B 49 D NkYk; cah; njhopy;El;gkhd
PPT (Power Point Presentation System) %yk;
6 C 17 C 28 D 39 D 50 D tFg;Gfs; elj;jg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Fiwthd fl;lzj;jpy;’
‘Fiwthd
7 A 18 C 29 D 40 B 51 D jukhd gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gapw;rp’p gw;wpa tpguq;fs; mwpa
‘gapw;
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ANALOGIES Example 4: Fear : Threat ∷ Anger :?

A. Compulsion B. Panic
C. Provocation D. Force
Complete Analogy Solution:
C) Provocation
Tips for Doing Analogies: Provocation First arises from the second
Try to determine the relationship between the
Example 5: Clock : Time ∷ Thermometer :?
first pair of words.
A. Heat B. Radiation
Eliminate any pairs in your answer choices that
C. Energy D. Temperature
don’t have the same relationship.
Solution:
Try putting the first pair into a sentence:
D) Temperature
"Aspirin relieves a headache." Therefore, a nap
First is an instrument to measure the second.
relieves fatigue.
Sometimes paying attention to the words parts of Example 6: Muslims : Mosque :: Sikhs :?
speech helps. A. Golden Temple B. Medina
For example "knife" (noun):"cut" (verb)::"pen" C. Fire Temple D. Gurudwara
(also a noun):"write" (also a verb). Solution:
D) Gurudwara
Example 1:
Second is the place of worship for the first.
Marathon : race ∷ hibernation : ...................
A. winter B. bear C. dream D. sleep Example 7: Tractor : Trailer :: Horse :?
Solution: A. Stable B. Cart
D) sleep C. Saddle D. Engine
A ‘marathon’ is a long race and ‘hibernation’ is a Solution:
lengthy period of ‘sleep’. ‘Bear’ and ‘winter’ are B) Cart
related to ‘hibernation’. ‘Dream’ is incorrect because Cart - - Second is pulled by the first.
sleep and dream are not synonymous.
Example 8: Careful : cautious ∷ boastful : __
Example 2: A. arrogant B. humble
Secretly : openly ∷ silently : ................... C. joyful D. suspicious
A. scarcely B. impolitely Solution :
C. noisily D. quietly A) arrogant
Solution: Careful and cautious are synonym. Boastful and
C) Noisily arrogant are also synonyms. The answer is not choice
‘Secretly’ is the opposite of ‘openly’; (B) because humble means the opposite of boastful.
‘Silently’ is the opposite of ‘noisily’. The answer is not choice (C) or (D) because neither
(A) & (B) are clearly not opposites of ‘silently’. means the same as boastful.
Choice (D) means the same thing as ‘silently’.
Example 9 : Scribble: Write :: Stammer :?
Example 3: A. Walk B. Play
Optimist : cheerful ∷ pessimist : ................... C. Speak D. Dance
A. gloomy B. mean Solution :
C. petty D. helpful C) Speak
Solution: First is an improper from of the second.
A) gloomy
An ‘optimist’ is a person whose outlook is ‘cheerful’. Example 10: Flower: Bud :: Plant :?
A ‘pessimist’ is a person whose outlook is ‘gloomy’. A. Seed B. Taste
The answer is not choice ‘b’ because ‘a’ pessimist C. Flower D. Twig
does not have to be mean. Choices (C) and (D) are Solution:
incorrect because neither adjective describes the A) Seed
outlook of a pessimist. First develops from the second.

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Example 11: Errata: Books :: Flaws :? Example 18: Appraiser: Building :: Critic :?
A. Manuscripts B. Metals A. Book B. Masterpiece
C. Speech D. Charter C. Judge D. Gold
Solution : Solution:
A) Manuscripts A) Book
Errata comprise of errors in books. First comments on the second.
Similarly, flaws are the defects in metals.
Example 19: Growth : Death : : Increase :?
Example 12: Gun: Bullet :: Chimney :? A. Ease B. Decrease
A. Ground B. House C. Tease D. Cease
C. Roof D. Smoke Solution:
Solution : B) Decrease
D) Smoke Second puts an end to the activity denoted by the
Second comes out of the first. first.

Example 13 : Car : Garage :: Aeroplane :? Example 20: Dog : Bark :: Goat :?

A. Port B. Depot A. Bleat B. Howl
C. Hangar D. Harbour C. Grunt D. Bray
Solution: Solution:
C) Hangar A) Bleat
First is temporarily parked in the second. Second is the noise produced by the first.

Example 14: Race: Fatigue :: Fast :? Example 21: Grain : Stock :: Stick :?
A. Food B. Appetite A. Heap B. Bundle
C. Hunger D. Weakness C. Collection D. String
Solution: Solution:
C) Hunger B) Bundle
Hunger - - First causes the second. Second is a collection of the first.

Example 15: Candle: Wax :: Paper :? Example 22: Planet: Orbit :: Projectile :?
A. Wood B. Tree A. Trajectory B. Track
C. Bamboo D. Pulp C. Milky Way D. Path
Solution: Solution :
D) Pulp A) Trajectory
First is made from the second. Second is the path traced by the first.

Example 16 : Acting : Theatre :: Gambling :? Example 23: Genuine: Authentic :: Mirage :?

A. Casino B. Club A. Image B. Transpiration
C. Bar D. Gymn C. Reflection D. Illusion
Solution : Solution :
A) Casino D) Illusion
Second is the place for performing the first. The words in each pair are synonyms.

Example 17 : Venerate : Worship :: Extol :? Example 24 : Oceans : Deserts :: Waves :?

A.Glorify B.Homage A. Sea B. Dust
C.Compliment D.Recommend C. Sand Dunes D. Ripples
Solution: Solution:
A. Glorify C) Sand Dunes
The words in each pair are synonyms. If oceans were deserts, waves would be sand dunes.

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Example 25: Illiteracy: Education :: Flood :? Example 32 : Import : Export :: Expenditure :?
A. Rain B. Bridge A. Deficit B. Revenue
C. Dam D. River C. Debt D. Tax
Solution : Solution :
C) Dam B) Revenue
Second helps to get rid of the first. The words in each pair are antonyms.

Example 26: Cub: Lion :: Colt :? Example 33 : Country : President :: State :?

A. Doe B. Stag A. Governor B. Minister
C. Leopard D. Stallion C. CM D. Citizen
Solution: Solution :
D) Stallion A) Governor
First is a young one of the second. President and Governor are the nominal heads of the
Example 27 : Water : Convection :: Space :? country and the state respectively.
A. Conduction B. Transference
C. Vacuum D. Radiation Example 34 : Bread : Yeast :: Curd :?
Solution : A. Fungi B. Bacteria
D) Radiation C. Germs D. Virus
Radiation - - Second is the mode of transference of Solution :
heat by the first. B) Bacteria
First is produced by the action of second.
Example 28 :
Dungeon : Confinement :: Asylum :? Example 35 : Meat : Vegetarian :: Liquor :?
A. Refuge B. Mercy A. Insane B. Introvert
C. Truancy D. Remorse C. Teetotaller D. Foolish
Solution : Solution :
A) Refuge C) Teetotaller
A prisoner is confined within the dungeon, and an One who abstains from meat is called a vegetarian
unsheltered person takes refuge within the asylum. and one who abstains from liquor is called a
teetotaller.
Example 29 : Drill : Bore :: Sieve :?
A. Thresh B. Sift
C. Pry D. Rinse
Solution :
B) Sift
Second denotes the function performed by the first.

Example 30 : Fruit : Banana :: Mammal :?

A. Cow B. Snake
C. Fish D. Sparrow
Solution :
A) Cow
First denotes the class to which the second belongs.

Example 31 : Tile : Mosaic : : Knot :?

A. Embroidery B. Abacus
C. Macrame D. Easle
Solution :
C) Macrame
Just as tiles in a mosaic make a pattern, so also the
knots in a piece of macrame make a pattern.

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Example 7: Gardener is related to Trowel in the
Simple Analogy same way as Seamstress is related to .................
A. Saw B. Scissors
C. Sneakers D. Crowbar
Example 1: Drama is related to Scene in the Solution:
same way as Book is related to ................. B) Scissors
A. Story B. Page Second is the tool used by the first.
C. Chapter D. Author
Solution: Example 8: Prose is related to Writing in the
C) Chapter same way as Lisp is related to .................
Chapter - - Second is a unit of the first. A. Reading B. Music
C. Speech D. Drawing
Example 2 : Museum is related to Curator in the
Solution :
same way as Prison is related to .................
C) Speech
A. Manager B. Monitor
Speech - - First is a type of second.
C. Jailor D. Warden
Solution:
Example 9: Cyclone is related to Anticyclone in
C) Jailor
the same way as Flood is related to ......
Jailor - - First is managed by the second.
A. Devastation B. Havoc
Example 3: Soap is related to Wash in the same C. River D. Drought
way as Broom is related to ................. Solution:
A. Clean B. Dust D) Drought
C. Sweep D. Floor Drought - Both create opposite conditions.
Solution :
Example 10: Mathematics is related to Numbers
C. Sweep
in the same wayas History is related to
Second denotes the function of the first.
.................
Example 4: Wax is related to Grease in the A. People B. Events
same way as Milk is related to ................. C. Dates D. Wars
A. Drink B. Ghee Solution :
C. Curd D. Protein B) Events
Solution: Mathematics is the theory of numbers and
C) Curd History is the theory of past events.
Curd - First is used to prepare the second
Example 11: Anthropology is related to Man in
Example 5: Resign is related to Politician in the the same way as Anthology is related to ......
same way as Abdicate is related to ................. A. Nature B. Trees
A. Prince B. King C. Apes D. Poems
C. Realm D. Throne Solution :
Solution: D) Poems
B) King Anthropology deals with the study of man.
King - - First denotes the act leaving the post of the Similarly, anthology deals with collection of poems.
second willingly.
Example 12: Lion is related to Prowl in the
Example 6: Scissors is related to Cloth in the same way as Bear is related to .................
same way as Scythe is related to ................. A. Frisk B. Lumber
A. Wood B. Steel C. Stride D. Bound
C. Grass D. Paper Solution :
Solution: B) Lumber
C) Grass Second is the manner of walking of the first.
Grass - - First is used to cut the second

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Example 13: Birds is related to Aviary in the Example 19: Appreciation is related to Reward
same way as Bees is related to ................. in the same way as Disgrace is related to
A. Aquarium B. Hive .................
C. Brewery D. Apiary A. Crime B. Guilt
Solution: C. Allegation D. Punishment
D) Apiary Solution:
Apiary - - Second denotes the place where the first is D) Punishment
kept and reared Punishment - - Second brings the first.
Example 14 : Mirror is related to Reflection in
Example 20: Drummer is related to Orchestra in
the same way as Water is related to .................
the same way as Minister is related to .................
A. Conduction B. Dispersion
A. Voter B. Constituency
C. Immersion D. Refraction
C. Cabinet D. Department
Solution :
Solution:
D) Refraction
C) Cabinet
Light rays falling on a mirror undergo reflection and
Cabinet - First is a member of the second.
those falling on water undergo refraction.

Example 21: Starvation is related to Nutrition in

Example 15 : Firm is related to Flabby in the
the same way as Exhaustion is related to
same way as Piquant is related to .................
.................
A. Bland B. Salty
A. Energy B. Bravery
C. Pleasant D. Small
C. Freshness D. Courage
Solution :
Solution :
A) Bland
A) Energy
The words in each pair are antonyms of each other
Energy - - First denotes the lack of second.
Example 16: Drama is related to Scene in the Example 22: Annotate is related to Text in the
same way as Book is related to ................. same way as Caption is related to .................
A. Story B. Page A. Novel B. Law
C. Chapter D. Author C. Film D. Photograph
Solution: Solution :
C) Chapter D) Photograph
Chapter - - Second is a unit of the first. First is a comment on the second.
Example 23 : Author is related to Book in the
Example 17 : Motorcycle is related to Battery in
same way as Choreographer is related to
the same way as Life is related to . .................
.................
A. Earth B. Sun
A. Drama B. Ballet
C. Moon D. Star
C. Masque D. Opera
Solution :
Solution :
B) Sun
B) Ballet
Second is the ultimate source of energy for the first.
Ballet - - First composes the second.

Example 18: Happiness is related to Sorrow in Example 24 : Thick is related to Thin in the
the same way as Comfort is related to ...... same way as Idle is related to .................
A. Hardship B. Rest A. Virtuous B. Business
C. Poverty D. Difficulty C. Industrious D. Activity
Solution: Solution :
A) Hardship C) Industrious
The words in each pair are opposites of each other. The words in each pair are antonyms of each other.

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Example 25: Scrupulous is related to Principles Example 31: Man is related to Shout in the
in the same way as Ethical is related to same way as Crow is related to .................
................. A. Caw B. Chirp
A. Morals B. Virtues C. Mutter D. Mob
C. Religions D. Profits Solution :
Solution : D) Mob
A) Morals Second is the noisy sound produced by the first.
Morals - - When one abides by the second, he is said
to be the first by nature. Example 32: Mouse is related to Cat in the same
way as Fly is related to .................
Example 26: Kilogram is related to Quintal in
A. Animal B. Horse
the same way as Paisa is related to .................
C. Spider D. Rat
A. Rupee B. Coin
Solution:
C. Wealth D. Money
C) Spider
Solution :
Spider - - Second feeds on the first.
A) Rupee
Second is a biggest unit than the first, though both are
Example 33 : Victory is related to Happiness in
used to measure the same quantity.
the same way as Failure is related to .................
Example 27: Gents is related to Cap in the same A. Defeat B. Anger
way as Ladies is related to ................. C. Frustration D. Sandness
A. Scarf B. Hat Solution :
C. Handkerchief D. Hairband C) Frustration
Solution : Frustration Second is the result of the first
A) Scarf
Second is worn by the first on the head.
Example 34 : Horse is related to Hay in the
same way as Cow is related to .................
Example 28: Book is related to Magazine in the
A. Leaves B. Fodder
same way as Newspaper is related to .................
C. Milk D. Straw
A. Journal B. News
Solution :
C. Article D. Headline
B) Fodder
Solution :
Fodder - - Second is the food for the first.
A) Journal
Journal - - Second contains smaller articles of the
same nature as the first. Example 35 : Street is related to Lane in the
same way as Road is related to .................
Example 29: Bald is related to Blond in the A. Footpath B. Junction
same way as Barren is related to ................. C. Avenue D. Highway
A. Vegetation B. Farm Solution :
C. Fertile D. Inhabited C) Avenue
Solution : Second is a narrower form of the first.
B) Farm
The words in each pair are antonyms of each other.

Example 30: Tobacco is related to Nerves in the

same way as Alcohol is related to .................
A. Liver B. Liquor
C. Intoxication D. Head
Solution:
A) Liver
Consumption of first adversely affects the second.

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Example 7: Fox : Cunning
Analogous Pair A. Cat : Playful B. Horse : Runner
C. Vixen : Cute D. Ant : Industrious
Solution :
Example 1: Embroider : Cloth D) Ant : Industrious
A. Patch : Quilt B. Stain : Glass Fox is considered to be cunning.
C. Carve : Knife D. Chase : Metal Similarly, ant is considered to be industrious creature.
Solution :
D) Chase : Metal Example 8: Teeth : Chew
A pattern is embroidered on a cloth and chased on a A. Mind : Think B. Sweater : Heat
metal. C. Food : Taste D. Eyes : Flicker
Solution:
Example 2: Numismatist : Coins
A) Mind : Think
A. Philatelist : Stamps B. Jeweller : Jewels
Second is the function of the first.
C. Cartographer : Maps
D. Geneticist : Chromosomes
Example 9: Cat : Mouse
Solution:
A. Horse : Stable B. Trap : Cheese
A) Philatelist : Stamps
C. Bird : Worm D. Lion : Cage
A numismatist collects coins.
Solution:
Similarly, a philatelist collects stamps.
C) Bird : Worm
Example 3: Knife : Chopper Bird : Worm - - First feeds on the second.
A. Walking : Fitness B. Swim : Float
C. Scissors : Cloth D. Quilt : Blanket Example 10 : Agenda : Meeting
Solution: A. Programme : Function
D) Quilt : Blanket B. Performance : Ticket
Both knife and chopper are used for the same purpose C. Map : Scale
i.e. cutting Similarly, both quilt and blanket are used D. Footnote : Article
for protection from cold. Solution:
Example 4: Curtain : Drapery B) Programme : Function
A. Cockroach : Insect B. Bedsheet : Bed First contains the details of the second.
C. Pillow : Cushion D. Mat : Floor
Solution: Example 11 : Balance : Weigh
A) Cockroach : Insect A. Aeroplane : Height
Second denotes the class to which the first belongs. B. Radar : Detection
C. Satellite : Revolution
Example 5: Dusk : Night D. Television : Picture
A. Afternoon : Evening B. Infant : Child Solution:
C. Walk : Run D. Day : Light B) Radar : Detection
Solution: Second denotes the purpose for which the first is
B) Infant : Child used.
First is the initial stage of the second.
Example 6: Triangle : Hexagon Example 12: Pesticide : Plant
A. Cone : Sphere A. Injection : Disease
B. Rectangle : Octagon B. Vaccination : Body
C. Pentagon : Heptagon C. Medicine : Cure
D. Angle : Quadrilateral D. Teacher : Student
Solution: Solution:
B) Rectangle : Octagon B) Vaccination : Body
Numbers of sides in the second figure in both the First is meant to protect the second from diseases.
pairs is twice that in the first.
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Example 13: Crown : Royal Example 19: Indra : Rainfall
A. Throne : Regal B. Wrap : Ermine A. Shiv : Creation
C. Pen : Author D. Crucifix : Religion B. Shakespeare : Drama
Solution: C. Cupid : Love
D) Crucifix : Religion D. Venus : War
Crown is a symbol of royalty. Solution:
Similarly, crucifix is a mark of religion. C) Cupid : Love
Indra is the god of rainfall.
Example 14: Cloth : Texture Similarly, Cupid is the god of love.
A. Body : Weigh B. Silk : Cloth
C. Wood : Grains D. Ornaments : Gold Example 20 : House : Ceiling
Solution: A. Hut : Roof
C) Wood : Grains B. Building : Floor
Quality of cloth is identified by its texture and that of C. Bed : Bedsheet
wood by its grains. D. Grapes : Wine
Solution:
Example 15: Traffic : Road A) Hut : Roof
A. Aeroplane : Aerodrome B. Roots : Tree Second is the top part of the first
C. Blood : Veins D. Car : Garage
Solution: Example 21: Platform : Train
C) Blood : Veins A. Aeroplane : Aerodrome
Traffic moves on road. B. Hotel : Tourist
Similarly, blood travels through veins. C. Quay : Ship
D. Footpath : Traveller
Example 16 : Embarrass : Humiliate Solution:
A. Enquire : Ask C) Quay : Ship
B. Embezzle : Peculate Second is the place designed for the stoppage of the
C. Gamble : Investment first
D. Annoy : Exasperate
Solution: Example 22: Paper : Ream
D) Annoy : Exasperate A. Eggs : Dozen B. Books : Pile
The words in each pair are synonyms. C. Twigs : Bush D. Food : Packet
Solution:
Example 17: Judge : Adjudicate A) Eggs : Dozen
A. Researcher : Emendate Papers are bought in reams.
B. Mediator : Reconcile Similarly, eggs are bought in dozens.
C. Appellant : Implore
D. Advocate : Jury Example 23: Pen : Nib
Solution: A. Book : Knowledge B. Sword : Blade
B) Mediator : Reconcile C. Radio : Transistor D. Nut : Bolt
Second denotes the function of the first. Solution:
B) Sword : Blade
Example 18: Energy : Dissipate Second is the topmost part of the first.
A. Atom : Explosion
B. Power : Generator Example 24: Weight : Kilogram
C. Money : Squander A. Seconds : Hours B. Distance : Kilometre
D. Battery : Charge C. Bushel : Corn D. Mile : Length
Solution: Solution:
C) Money : Squander B) Distance : Kilometre
Second is the act of wasting the first. Second is a unit to measure the first.

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Example 25 : Mad : Insane Example 31 : Ampere : Current
A. Red : Green B. Healthy : Fat A. Sound : Waves B. Speed : Time
C. Brave : Timid D. Slim : Thin C. Distance : Kilometre D. Ohm : Resistance
Solution : Solution :
D) Slim : Thin D) Ohm : Resistance
First is a more intense form of the second. First is the unit to measure the second.

Example 26: Border : Country

Number Analogy
A. Pen : Cap B. Book : Cover
C. Handle : Spade D. Frame : Picture
Solution :
D) Frame : Picture
First marks the boundary of the second.

Example 27: Stationary : Mobile

A. Quilt : Sheet
B. Bulb : Tube light
C. Vehicle : Bus
D. Quack : Expert
Solution:
D) Quack : Expert Example 1:
The words in each pair are antonyms of each other. 1 : 1 : : 25 : ?
A. 26 B. 125
Example 28: Traveller : Destination C. 240 D. 625
A. Beggar : Donation Solution:
B. Accident : Hospital D) 625
C. Teacher : Education 625 - - - The relationship is x : x2.
D. Refugee : Shelter
Example 2:
Solution:
121 : 12 : : 25 : ?
D) Refugee : Shelter
A. 1 B. 2
A traveller seeks destination.
C. 6 D. 7
Similarly, a refugee seeks shelter.
Solution:
C) 6
Example 29: Horns : Bull
6 - - The relationship is x2 : (x + 1).
A. Mane : Lion B. Antlers : Stag
C. Hoofs : Horse D. Wattles : Turkey Example 3:
Solution: 7528 : 5306 : : 4673 : ?
B) Antlers : Stag A. 2367 B. 2451
A bull bears horns on its head. C. 2531 D. None of these
Similarly, a stag bears antlers on its head. Solution:
B) 2451
Example 30 : Valueless : Invaluable 2451 - - The relationship is x : (x - 2222).
A. Costly : Cut-rate Example 4:
B. Miserly : Philanthropic 25 : 125 : : 36 : ?
C. Frugality : Wealth A. 180 B. 206
D. Thriftiness : Cheap C. 216 D. 318
Solution: Solution :
B) Miserly : Philanthropic C) 216
The words in each pair are antonyms of each other. 216 - - - The relationship is x2 : x3.

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Example 5: Example 11:
14 : 9 : : 26 : ? 9 : 80 : : 100 : ?
A. 12 B. 13 A. 901 B. 1009
C. 15 D. 31 C. 9889 D. 9999
Solution: Solution:
C) 15 D) 9999
15 - - The relationship is (2x - 4) : x. 9999 - - The relationship is x : (x2 - 1).

Example 6: Example 12:

8 : 28 : : 27 : ? 12 : 144
A. 8 B. 28 A. 22 : 464 B. 20 : 400
C. 64 D. 65 C. 15 : 135 D. 10 : 140
Solution: Solution:
D) 65 B) 20:400
65 - - The relationship is x3 : (x + 1)3 + 1. 20 : 400 - - The relationship is x : x2

Example 7: Example 13:

583 : 293 : : 488 :? 27 : 9
A. 291 B. 378 A. 64 : 8 B. 125 : 5
C. 487 D. 581 C. 135 : 15 D. 729 : 81
Solution: Solution:
B) 378 D) 729 : 81
378 - - Sum of digits of the first number is 2 more 729: 81 - - The relationship is x3 : x2.
than the sum of digits of the second number.
Example 14:
Example 8 : 5 : 35
7 : 56 : : 9 : ? A. 7 : 77 B. 9 : 45
A. 63 B. 81 C. 11 : 55 D. 3 : 24
C. 90 D. 99 Solution:
Solution: A) 7 : 77
C) 90 The first number is multiplied by the next prime
90 - - The relationship is x : x(x + 1). number to obtain the second number.

Example 9 : Example 15:

17 : 52 : : 1 : ? 8 : 256
A. 3 B. 4 A. 7 : 343 B. 9 : 243
C. 5 D. 51 C. 10 : 500 D. 5 : 75
Solution: Solution:
B) 4 C) 10:500
4 - - The relationship is x : (3x + 1). 10 : 500 - - The relationship is x : x3/2.

Example 10 : Example 16:

20 : 11 : : 102 : ? 11 : 1210
A. 49 B. 52 A. 6 : 216 B. 7 : 1029
C. 61 D. 98 C. 8 : 448 D. 9 : 729
Solution: Solution:
B) 52 C) 8 : 448
52 - - The relationship is 2x : (x + 1). 8 : 448 - - The relationship is x : (x3 - x2).

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Example 17:
7 : 24 Alphabet Analogy
A. 30 : 100 B. 23 : 72
C. 19 : 58 D. 11 : 43
Solution:
B) 23 : 72
23 : 72 - - - The relationship is x : (3x + 3).

Example 18:
Given set : 363, 489, 579
A. 562 B. 471
C. 382 D. 281
Solution:
B) 471 Example 1: AG : IO : : EK :?
Number → Sum of digits → new sum of digits A) LR B) MS
363 → 3 + 6 + 3 = 12 → 1 + 2 = 3 C) PV D) SY
489 → 4 + 8 + 9 = 21 → 2 + 1 = 3 Solution:
579 → 5 + 7 + 9 = 21 → 2 + 1 = 3 B) MS
471 → 4 + 7 + 1 = 12 → 1 + 2 = 3 Each letter of the first group is moved eight steps
forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the
Example 19: second group.
Given set : 282, 354, 444
Example 2: ACE : FHJ : : OQS : ?
A. 453 B. 417
A) PRT B) RTU
C. 336 D. 255
C) TVX D) UWY
Solution:
Solution:
A) 453
C) TVX
In all the numbers, the sum of digits is 12 and the
Each letter of the first group is moved five steps
largest digit lies in the middle.
forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the
second group.
Example 20:
Given set: (6, 13, 22) Example 3 : EGIK : FILO : : FHJL : ?
A. (6, 13, 27) B. (10, 16, 28) A) GJMP B) GMJP
C. (11, 18, 27) D. (13, 19, 32) C) JGMP D) JGPM
Solution: Solution:
C) (11, 18, 27) A) GJMP
(11, 18, 27) - - In each set, The first, second, third and fourth letters of the first
2nd number = 1st number + 7; group are moved one, two, three and four steps
3rd number = 2nd number + 9. forward respectively to obtain the corresponding
letters of the second group.
Example 21: Example 4 : CAT : DDY : : BIG : ?
Given set: 4718, 5617, 6312, 8314 A) CLL B) CLM
A. 2715 B. 3410 C) CML D) CEP
C. 5412 D. 6210 Solution:
Solution: A) CLL
C) 5412 The first, second and third letters of the first group
In all numbers, the product of first and last digits is a are moved one, three and five steps forward
multiple of the sum of middle two digits. respectively to obtain the corresponding letters of the
Thus, 4 × 8 = 32 is multiple of (7 + 1) i.e. 8, second group.
5 × 7 = 35 is a multiple of (6 + 1) i.e. 7 and so on.

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Example 5 : LOGIC : BHFNK : : CLERK : ? Example 10: BYCK : DWEV : : FUGT : ?
A) XVRPA B) QBKJA A) EHIJ B) GHIJ C) HSIR D) SRHS
C) LPRTU D) JQDKB Solution:
Solution: C) HSIR
D) JQDKB The first and third letters of the first group are each
The order of the letters of the first group is reversed moved two steps forward, and the second and fourth
and each letter is moved one step backward to obtain letters are each moved two steps backward to obtain
the corresponding letters of the second group. the corresponding letters of the second group.
Example 11 :
Example 6: EVTG is related to HSQJ in the
BUCKET : ACTVBDJLDFSU ∷ BONUS: ?
same way as CXVE is related to ...............
A) ACMNMOTVRT B) SUNOB
A) EVUF B) FSUH
C) ACNPMOTVRT D) ACMNMOTURT
C) FUSH D) FUTG
Solution:
Solution:
C) ACNPMOTVRT
C) FUSH
Each letter of the frist group is replaced by two letter
The first and fourth letters of the first group are each
--- one that comes after it and one that comes before
moved three steps forward and the second and third
it, in the second group.
letters are each moved three steps backward to obtain
the corresponding letters of the second group. Example 12: CIRCLE is related to RICELC in
the same way as SQUARE is related to ............
Example 7 : PALE : LEAP : : POSH : ? A) QSUERA B) QUSERA
A) HSOP B) POHS C) UQSAER D) UQSERA
C) SHOP D) None of these Solution:
Solution: D) UQSERA
C) SHOP The first three and the last three letters of the first
The first, second, third and fourth letters of the group are written in a reverse order to obtain the
second group are respectively the third, four, second second group.
and first letters of the first group. Example 13: CFED is related to PSQR in the
same way as JMKL is related to ...
Example 8 : BDF : HIL : : MOQ : ? A) YXZW B) YVZX
A) XVT B) TVX C) WZWZ D) UVXZ
C) VTX D) TUX Solution:
Solution: C) WZWZ
D) TUX The first and second letters of the first group are each
BDF forms a sequence of alternate letters, while in moved 13 steps forward, the third letter is moved 12
HIL, the first two letters are consecutive and there is steps forward and the fourth letter is moved 14 steps
a gap of two letters between second and third letters. forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the
Similarly, MOQ forms a sequence of alternate letters. second group.
The group having properties similar to HIL is TUX.
Example 14 : As COUNSEL is to BITIRAK, so
Example 9: KMF : LLH : : RMS : ? also GUIDANCE is to ...
A) SLR B) SLU A) EQHYZKBB B) FOHYZJBB
C) SSU D) SUS C) FPHZZKAB D) HOHYBJBA
Solution: Solution:
B) SLU B) FOHYZJBB
The first letter of the first group is moved one step The first, third, fifth and seventh letters of the first
forward, the second letter is moved one step group are each moved one steps backward to obtain
backward and the third letter two steps forward to the corresponding letters of the second group. The
obtain the corresponding letters of the second group. movement of other letters is not required to find the
answer.

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Example 15: BLOCKED is to YOLXPVW as E, G, I, K are fifth, seventh, ninth and eleventh letters
OZFMXS is to ... from the beginning of the alphabet and W, U, S, Q
A) RESULT B) NAUGHT are fourth, sixth, eight and tenth letters from the end
C) LAUNCH D) LABOUR of the alphabet. Similarly, D, F, H, J are fourth, sixth,
Solution: eight and tenth letters from the beginning of the
A) RESULT alphabet. So, the required group will consists of
All the letters of the first group are replaced by the letters which are third, fifth, seventh and ninth from
corresponding letters from the other end of the the end of the alphabet.
alphabet in the second group.
Example 20 : NFK : PHM :: AXH :?
Example 16 : THEREFORE is to TEEOERFRH A) BYI B) ZWG
as HELICOPTER is to ... C) CZJ D) DAK
A) HELICORETP B) HLCPERTOIE Solution:
C) RETPOCILEH D) RETPOCILHE C) CZJ
Solution: Each letter of the first group is moved two steps
B) HLCPERTOIE forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the
The alternate letters of the first group, starting from second group. A similar relationship will exist
the first letter are first written, and then the remaining between the third and the fourth groups.
letters are written in the reverse order to obtain the
second group. Example 21 : EGI : JLO: : PRT : ?
Example 17: DWH is related to WDS in the A) AYW B) WYA
same way as FUL is related to ................. C) YWA D) VXA E) VXZ
A) UFO B) OFU Solution:
C) FOU D) ELV D) VXA
Solution: The first and the second letters of the first group are
A) UFO each moved two steps forward to obtain the first and
The first two letters of the first group are written in a the second letters of the second group respectively.
reverse order in the second. The third letter is The third and the fourth letters of the first group each
replaced by a letter occupying the same position from are moved one step forward to obtain the third and
the end of the English alphabet, as it occupies from the fourth letters of the second group respectively.
the beginning.
Example 22 : SADL : XFZH : : LIOE : ?
Example 18: ACFJ is related to ZXUQ in the A) QNKA B) POLB
same way as EGJN is related to .......... C) PMJA D) QNKB
A) DBYU B) VTQM Solution:
C) VTRP D) VUSQ D) QNKA
Solution: The first and the second letters of the first group are
B) VTQM moved five steps forward to obtain the corresponding
A, C, F and J are first, third, sixth and tenth letters letters of the second group. The third and the fourth
from the beginning of English alphabet and are letters are moved four steps backward. A similar
replaced by corresponding letters from the end of the relationship will exist between the third and the
alphabet in the second group. A similar relationship fourth groups.
exists between the third and fourth groups.

Example 19 : EGIK is related to WUSQ in the

same way as DFHJ is related to ..........
A) BDFH B) ECGI
C) SQOM D) XVTR
Solution:
D) XVTR

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12. Choose analogous pair – Traffic : Road
EXERCISE – Analogies A. Aeroplane : Aerodrome
B. Roots : Tree
1. Complete analogous pair C. Blood : Veins
Forecast : Future : : Regret : ? D. Car : Garage
A. Present B. Atone
C. Past D. Sins 13. Choose similar word: Calf : Kid : Pup
A. Infant B. Young
2. Melt : Liquid : : Freeze : ? C. Larva D. Animal
A. Ice B. Condense
C. Solid D. Crystal 14. Choose similar word: Jute : Cotton : Wool
A. Terylene B. Silk
3. Carnivorous : Tiger : Wolf C. Rayon D. Nylon
A. Mango : Banana : Fruit
B. Worker : Master : Manager 15. Choose similar word
C. Cat : Cow : Milk Diamond : Sapphire : Ruby
D. Student : Boy : Girl A. Gold B. Silver
C. Emerald D. Bronze
4. Doctor : Patient ∷ Lawyer : ?
A. Customer B. Accused 16. 21 : 3 : : 574 : ?
C. Magistrate D. Client A. 23 B. 82
C. 97 D. 113
5. Soap : Wash ∷ Broom : ?
17. 42 : 20 : : 64 : ?
A. Clean B. Dust
A. 31 B. 32
C. Sweep D. Floor
C. 33 D. 34
6. Bread : bakery ∷ Brick : ?
18. AG : IO ∷ EK : ?
A. Mint B. Kiln
A. LR B. MS
C. Furnace D. Mine
C. PV D. SY
7. Cub : Tiger ∷ Fawn : ?
19. Dda : aDD ∷ Rrb : ?
A. Stag B. Monkey
A. BBr B. bRR
C. Ass D. Sheep
C. rrr D. DDA
8. Radical : Moderate ∷ Revolution : ?
20. BLOCKED : YOLXPVW ∷ OZFMXS : ?
A. Change B. Chaos
A. RESULT B. NAUGHT
C. Peace D. Reformation
C. LAUNCH D. LABOUR
9. Bag : Luggage ∷ Ship : ?
21. Sweet : Chocolate ∷ Book : ?
A. Coal B. Stock
A. Dictionary B. Library
C. Cargo D. Weight
C. Encyclopaedia D. Atlas
10. Choose analogous pair – Agenda : Meeting
22. Truthfulness is to Liar as Loyalty is to ....
A. Programme : Function
A. Worker B. Traitor
B. Performance : Ticket
C. Diligent D. Faithful
C. Map : Scale
D. Footnote : Article 23. Preface : Book ∷ Overture : ?
11. Choose analogous pair – Theft : Confess A. Opera B. Ballad
A. Fight : Dare C. Novel D. Symphony
B. Fault : Admit 24. ACEG : DFHJ ∷ QSUW : ?
C. Murder : Commit A. KMNP B. MNPR
D. Mistake : Agree C. TQST D. TVXZ

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25. kcaC : Cack ∷ XgmF : ? 39. Doctor : Nurse ∷ Follower : ?
A. EmgF B. EgmX A. Leader B. Employer
C. FmgX D. GmeF C. Manager D. Union
26. Dda : aDD ∷ Rrb : ? 40. Venerator : Worship ∷ Extol : ?
A. BBr B. bRR A. Glorify B. Homage
C. rrr D. DDA C. Compliment D. Recommend
27. RATIONAL : RATNIOLA ∷ TRIBAL : ? 41. Breeze : Cyclone ∷ Drizzle : ?
A. TIRLAB B. TRIALB A. Earthquake B. Strom
C. TIRLBA D. TRILBA C. Flood D. Downpour
28. AOE : ? ∷ GMA : NKM 42. Dog : Bark ∷ Goad : ?
A. KLM B. KLF A. Howl B. Bleat
C. OBM D. KMN C. Grunt D. Bray
29. 9 : 80 ∷ 100 :? 43. Tile : Mosaic ∷ Knot : ?
A. 901 B. 1009 A. Embroidery B. Abacus
C. 9889 D. 9999 C. Macrame D. Easle

30. 20 : 11 ∷ 102 : ? 44. Bank : River ∷ Coast : ?

A. 49 B. 52 A. Flood B. Waves
C. 61 D. 98 C. Sea D. Beach

31. Memorise : Amnesia ∷ Movement : ? 45. Food : Stomach ∷ Fuel : ?

A. Lubrication B. Lethargy A. Plane B. Truck
C. Paralysis D. Hermit C. Engine D. Automobile

32. Ladies : Purse ∷ Gents : ? 46. Ocean : Water ∷ Glacier : ?

A. Bag B. Pocket A. Refrigerator B. Ice
C. Wallet D. Case C. Mountain D. Cave

33. Choose similar word: Potato : Carrot : Radish 47. Snake : Fang ∷ Bee : ?
A. Tomato B. Spinach A. Honey B. Humming
C. Sesame D. Groundnut C. Wax D. Sting

34. Choose similar word: Violet : Orange : Yellow 48. Fossils : Creatures ∷ Mummies : ?
A. Purple B. Blue A. Egypt B. Human Beings
C. White D. Pink C. Animals D. Martyrs

35. Choose similar word: Hair : Grass : Fur 49. Conference : Chairman ∷ Newspaper : ?
A. Feather B. Cloth A. Printer B. Distributor
C. Wood D. Leather C. Editor D. Reporter

36. Choose similar word: Liver : Heart : Kidney 50. House : Garbage ∷ ore : ?
A. Blood B. Nose A. Rubbish B. Gangue
C. Lung D. Urine C. Sand D. Dregs

37. Newspaper : Press ∷ Cloth : ? 51. JNQS : OIVN :: EHMQ :?

A. Tailor B. Textile A. IBQM B. FINR
C. Factory D. Mill C. JBRL D. JCRL

38. Vigilant : Alerts ∷ Viable : ? 52. NOPQ : PMRO :: ABCD : ?

A. Active B. Gentle A. CZEB B. CDEF
C. Feasible D. Useful C. YZAB D. CDAB

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53. 'USPL' is related to 'KMPT' in the same way as DIRECTION SENSE TEST
'LJGC' is related to
A. CEHL B. QSUW
C. GHIJ D. BDGK In this type of questions a successive follow-
up of directions and/or distance is formulated and on
54. 'WDYB' is related to 'UFWD' in the same way the basis of given information you are required to
as 'SHUF' is related to ascertain the final direction with respect to the
A. QJSH B. RITG starting point or the shortest distance between the
C. OQSU D. RTIG starting point and the final point. Sometimes both the
55. 'ACEG' is related to 'ZXVT' in the same way as final direction and the distance covered are asked.
'HJLN' is related to Thus, in this test, the question consists of a sort of
A. TRPN B. SQOM direction and/or distance puzzle. Obviously, such
C. OQSU D. RPNL questions are meant to judge the candidate's ability to
trace, follow and perceive the direction, described in
somewhat complicated language, correctly. In order
ANALOGIES - ANSWER KEY to solve such questions correctly you must have the
1 C 12 C 23 A 34 B 45 C knowledge of directions on the plane of a paper. At
the same time, it is necessary to sketch out the
2 C 13 C 24 D 35 A 46 B
directions as per the information provided in the
3 D 14 B 25 C 36 C 47 D question in proper sequence. An error at any point
would alter your answer choice.
4 D 15 C 26 B 37 D 48 B

5 C 16 B 27 D 38 C 49 C There are four main directions :-

East, West, North and South as shown below:
6 B 17 A 28 D 39 A 50 B

7 A 18 B 29 D 40 A 51 D

8 C 19 B 30 B 41 D 52 A

9 C 20 A 31 C 42 B 53 D

10 A 21 C 32 C 43 C 54 A
There are four cardinal directions :
11 B 22 B 33 D 44 C 55 B North-East (N-E), North-West (N-W),
South-East (S-E), and South-West (S-W)
as shown below:

1. At the time of sunrise if a man stands facing the

east, his shadow will be towards west.
SHANMUGAM IAS ACADEMY (SIA) 2. At the time of sunset the shadow of an object is
www.shanmugamiasacademy.in always in the east.
www.iasipstnpsc.in 3. If a man stands facing the North, at the time of
E-mail: [email protected] sunrise his shadow will be towards his left and at
0422-4378847, 0462-2582466 the time of sunset it will be towards his right.
4. At 12:00 noon, the rays of the sun are vertically
downward hence there will be no shadow.

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Example 1: Siva starting from his house, goes Solution:
5km in the East, then he turns to his left and
goes 4km. Finally he turns to his left and goes
5km. Now how far is he from his house and in
what direction?
Solution:

From II it is clear that the road which goes to IT-Park

is left to Hema.

From third position it is clear he is 4 km from his Example 5: One morning Udai and Vishal were
house and is in North direction. talking to each other face to face at a crossing. If
Vishal's shadow was exactly to the left of Udai,
Example 2: Suresh starting from his house, goes which direction was Udai facing?
4km in the East, then he turns to his right and Solution:
goes 3km. What minimum distance will be
covered by him to come back to his house?

Solution:

Udai facing North.

Example 6: ‘Y’ is in the East of ‘X’ which is in

the North of ‘Z’. If ‘P’ is in the South of ‘Z’,
Minimum distance = 4(4)7 + (3)7 then in which direction of ‘Y’, is ‘P’?
= √16 + 9 = √25 = 5 ;< Solution:

Example 3: One morning after sunrise Juhi

while going to school met Lalli at Boring road
crossing. Lalli's shadow was exactly to the right
of Juhi. If they were face to face, which direction
was Juhi facing? ‘P’ is in South-West of ‘Y’.
Solution: In the morning sunrises in the east.
So in morning the shadow falls towards the west. Example 7: If South-East becomes North,
Now Lalli's shadow falls to the right of the Juhi. North-East becomes West and so on. What will
Hence Juhi is facing South. West become?
Solution:
Example 4 : Hema starting from her house
walked 5 km to reach the crossing of Palace. In
which direction she was going, a road opposite
to this direction goes to Hospital. The road to the
right goes to station. If the road which goes to
station is just opposite to the road which IT-
Park, then in which direction to Hema is the road It is clear from the diagrams that new name of West
which goes to IT-Park? will become South-East.

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Example 8, 9: Dev, Kumar, Nilesh, Ankur and Example 11: A man is facing west. He turns 45
Pintu are standing facing to the North in a degree in the clockwise direction and then
playground such as given below: another 180 degree in the same direction and
Kumar is at 40m to the right of Ankur. then 270 degree in the anticlockwise direction.
Dev is are 60m in the south of Kumar. Find which direction he is facing now?
Nilesh is at a distance of 25m in the west of Ankur. Solution :
Pintu is at a distance of 90m in the North of Dev.
Solution:

The man firstly faces the direction OA. On moving

45 degree clockwise, he faces the direction OB.
Now again he moved 180 degree clockwise, now he
Example 8: Which one is in the North-East of will be facing OC. From here he moved 270 degree
the person who is to the left of Kumar? anticlockwise; finally he is facing OD, which is south
Solutuion: west.
Ankur is in the left of Kumar. Hence Pintu is in
North-East of Ankur. Example 12: A child is looking for his father.
He went 90 meters in the east before turning to
Example 9: If a boy starting from Nilesh, met to his right. He went 20 meters before turning to
Ankur and then to Kumar and after this he to his right again to look for his father at his uncle's
Dev and then to Pintu and whole the time he place 30 meters from this point. His father was
walked in a straight line, then how much total not there. From there, he went 100 meters to his
distance did he cover? north before meeting his father in a street. How
Solution : Required distance = far did the son meet his father from starting
25m + 40m + 60m + 90m point?
Required distance = 215m Solution:

Example 10: Rahul put his timepiece on the

table in such a way that at 6 P.M. hour hand
points to North. In which direction the minute
hand will point at 9.15 P.M.?
Solution:

Apply Pythagoras theorem,

A=AE=√=> 7 + ?> 7
=√607 + 807
At 9.15 P.M., the minute hand will point towards
=√10000=100
west.
So from starting point his father was 100 metre away.

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Example 13: ‘A’ is 40 m South west of ‘B’. ‘C’ Example 16: Two buses start from the opposite
is 40m South east of ‘B’. Then, ‘C’ is in which points of a main road, 150kms apart. The first
direction of ‘A’? bus runs for 25kms and takes a right turn and
Solution: then runs for 15kms. It then turns left and runs
for another 25kms and takes the direction back
to reach the main road. In the meantime, due to a
minor breakdown, the other bus has run only
35kms along the main road. What would be the
distance between the two buses at this point?
Solution:

‘A’ is clear from the adjoining diagram, ‘C’ lies to

the east of ‘A’.

Example 14: Suganya moves towards South–

east a distance of 7km, then she moves towards
West and travels a distance of 14m. From here,
she moves towards North-west a distance of 7m
and finally she moves a distance of 4m towards Let ‘X’ and ‘Y’ be two buses.
East and stood at that point. How far is the Bus ‘X’ travels along the path PA, AB, BC, CD.
starting point from where she stood? Now, AD = BC = 25km.
Solution: So, PD = PA + AD = 50km.
Bus ‘Y’ travels 36km upto ‘E’.
Distance between two buses = PQ – (PD + QE)
= [150 – (50 + 35)] = 65km.

Example 17: Sathish wants to go to the

university. He starts from his home which is in
the East and comes to a crossing. The road to the
The movements of Suganya are as shown in Fig. left ends in a theatre, straight ahead is the
Clearly, Suganya’s distance from the starting point O hospital. In which direction is the university?
= OD – (OC – CD) Solution:
= (AB – CD) = (14 – 4)m = 10m.

Example 15: P, Q, R and ‘S’ are playing a game

of carrom. P,R and S, Q are partners. ‘S’ is to the
right of ‘R’ who is facing west. Then, ‘Q’ is
facing
Solution:

Starting from his house in the East, Sathish moves

westwards. Then, the theatre, which is to the left, will
be in the South. The hospital, which is straight ahead,
will be to the West. So, the University will be to the
AS per the given data, ‘R’ faces towards West. North.
‘S’ is to the right of ‘R’. So, ‘S’ is facing towards
South.
Thus ‘Q’ who in the partner of ‘S’ will face towards
North.

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Example 18: If ‘A’ is to the south of ‘B’ and Example 21: Which of the following points are
‘C’ is to the east of ‘B’, in what direction is ‘A’ joined to form a rectangle?
with respect to ‘C’? (A) ACDE (B) ABCD
(C) ABGF (D) AGDC
Solution :
Solution : Answer : (C) ABGF

Clearly comparing the direction of ‘A’ with respect to

‘C’ is the second diagram with that in the first
diagram, ‘A’ will be south west of ‘C’. Example 22: Following questions are based on
the diagram given below showing four persons
Example 19: There are four towns P, Q, R and stationed at the four corners of a square piece of
T. ‘Q’ is to the South-west of ‘P’. ‘R’ is to the plot.
east of ‘Q’ and south-east of ‘P’, and ‘T’ is to
the north of ‘R’ in line with ‘QP’. In which
direction of ‘P’ is ‘T’ located?
Solution:

A starts crossing the field diagonally. After walking

Clearly, the arrangement according to the given half the distance, he turns right, walks some distance
directions is as shown. and turns left. Which direction is ‘A’ facing now?
So, ‘T’ lies to the north east of ‘P’. Solution:

Directions 20-21: Starting from point ‘A’ Sohan

walked 10 metres towards East and take a tea break at
‘B’, then walk 20 meters and reach point ‘C’. He
turned to his left and walked 30 meters to point ‘D’.
He again turned towards his left and walked 30
meters and reach point ‘E’. From ‘E’, he move 15
meters southwards and reach point ‘F’. Further he
move 10 meters to his left and reach point ‘G’. Clearly, the route of ‘A’ is as shown.
Hence, the direction of ‘A’ will be North-East.
Example 20: How far and in which direction is
he now from tea shop?
(A) 15 meters, South Example 23: Rasik walked 20m towards north.
(B) 15 meters, North Then he turned right and walks 30m. Then he
(C) 30 meters, North turns right and walks 35m. Then he turns left
(D) 30 meters, South and walks 15m. Finally he turns left and walks
Answer: (A) 15 meters, South 15m. In which direction and how many meters is
he from the starting position?

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Solution: Example 26 : One evening before sunset Rekha
and Hema were talking to each other face to
face. If Hema's shadow was exactly to the right
of Hema, which direction was Rekha facing?
Solution :

Required distance = AF = 30 + 15 = 45m

From the above diagram, ‘F’ is in East direction form In the evening sun sets in West. Hence then any
‘A’. Hence the required answer is 45m East shadow falls in the East. Since Hema's shadow was to
the right of Hema. Hence Rekha was facing towards
Example 24: Two cars start from the opposite South.
places of a main road, 150km apart. First car
runs for 25km and takes a right turn and then Example 27: A boy rode his bicycle Northward,
runs 15km. It then turns left and then runs for then turned left and rode 1km and again turned
another 25km and then takes the direction back left and rode 2km. He found himself 1km west
to reach the main road. In the mean time, due to of his starting point. How far did he ride
minor break down the other car has run only northward initially?
35km along the main road. What would be the Solution :
distance between two cars at this point?
Solution:

The boy rode 2km. Northward.

Required distance DF = 150 – (25+25+ 30) = 65km Example 28 : ‘K’ is 40m South-West of ‘L’. If
‘M’ is 40m South-East of ‘L’, then ‘M’ is in
Example 25 : Starting from the point ‘X’, Jayant which direction of ‘K’?
walked 15m towards west. He turned left and Solution :
walked 20m. He then turned left and walked
15m. After this he turned to his right and walked
12m. How far and in which directions is now
Jayant from ‘X’?
Solution :

Hence ‘M’ is in the East of ‘K’.

Example 29 : A man walks 2km towards North.

Then he turns to East and walks 10km. After this
he turns to North and walks 3km. Again he turns
Required distance = 20 + 12 = 32m in south direction towards East and walks 2km. How far is he from
the starting point?

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Solution: Solution:

‘Q’ is in South-East of ‘R’.

Example 33: One morning after sunrise, Vimal

Required distance = AE = √57 + 107 = 10 km started to walk. During this walking he met
Stephen who was coming from opposite
Example 30: The length and breadth of a room direction. Vimal watch that the shadow of
are 8m and 6m respectively. A cat runs along all Stephen to the right of him (Vimal). To Which
the four walls and finally along a diagonal order direction Vimal was facing?
to catch a rat. How much total distance is Solution:
covered by the cat? Sun rises in the east. So the shadow of a man will
Solution: always falls towards the west. Since the shadow of
Stephen is to the right of Vimal. Hence Vimal is
facing towards South.

Example 34: Golu started from his house

towards North. After covering a distance of 8km.
Required distance = 8+6+8+6+√87 + 67 he turned towards left and covered a distance of
6km. What is the shortest distance now from his
= 28 + √100 = 28 + 10 = 38m
house?
Solution:
Example 31: One morning sujata started to walk
towards the Sun. After covering some distance
she turned to right then again to the right and
after covering some distance she again turns to
the right. Now in which direction is she facing?
Solution:
Required distance = AC = √87 + 67 = √100 = 10km

Example 35: ‘P’ started from his house towards

west. After walking a distance of 25m. He
turned to the right and walked 10m. He then
again turned to the right and walked 15m. After
this he is to turn right at 135o and to cover 30m.
Hence finally Sujata will face towards North. In which direction should he go?
Solution :
Example 32 : Some boys are sitting in three
rows all facing North such that ‘A’ is in the
middle row. ‘P’ is just to the right of ‘A’ but in
the same row. ‘Q’ is just behind of ‘P’ while ‘R’
is in the North of ‘A’. In which direction of ‘R’
is ‘Q’?
Hence he should go in the South-West direction.

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Example 36 : ‘X’ started to walk straight towards 2. Ravi left home and cycled 10km towards South,
south. After walking 5m he turned to the left and then turned right and cycled 5km and then again
walked 3m. After this he turned to the right and turned right and cycled 10km. After this he
walked 5m Now to which direction ‘X’ is facing? turned left and cycled 10km. How many
Solution : kilometers will he have to cycle to reach his
home straight?
A. 10 km B. 15 km
C. 20 km D. 25 km

3. If A × B means A is to the south of B;

A + B means A is to the north of B;
Hence ‘X’ will face in the end towards South. A % B means A is to the east of B;
A – B means A is to the west of B;
Example 37: Hemant in order to go to Then in P % Q + R - S, ‘S’ is in which direction
university started from his house in the east and with respect to ‘Q’?
came to a crossing. The road to the left ends in a A. South-West B. South-East
theatre, straight ahead is the hospital. In which C. North-East D. North-West
direction is the university?
Solution : 4. Umesh directly went from P, to Q which is 9 feet
distant. Then he turns to the right and walked 4
feet. After this he turned to the right and walked a
distance which is equal from P to Q. Finally he
turned to the right and walked 3 feet. How far is
he now from ‘P’?
A. 6 feet B. 5 feet
C. 1 feet D. 0 feet
Example 38 : Four friends A, B, C and D live in
a same locality. The house of ‘B’ is in the east of (5 – 7) Each of the following questions is based on
A's house but in the north of C's house. The the following information:
house of ‘C’ is in the west of D's house. D's A # B means B is at 1 metre to the right of A.
house is in which direction of A's house? A $ B means B is at 1 metre to the North of A.
Solution : A * B means B is at 1 metre to the left of A.
A @ B means B is at 1 metre to the south of A.
Therefore, D's house is in the South- In each question first person from the left is facing
East direction of ‘A’. North.

5. According to X @ B * P, ‘P’ is in which

direction with respect to ‘X’?
EXERCISE – Direction Sense Test A. North B. South
C. North-East D. South-West
1. After walking 6km, I turned to the right and then
walked 2km. After then I turned to the left and 6. According to M # N $ T, ‘T’ is in which direction
walked 10km. In the end, I was moving towards with respect to ‘M’?
the North. From which direction did I start my A. North-West B. North-East
journey? C . South-West D . South-East
A. North
B. South 7. According to P # R $ A * U, in which direction is
C. East ‘U’ with respect to ‘P’?
D. West A . East B . West
C . North D . South

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8. Prasanna went 15km to the west from my house, 14. Kashish goes 30 metres North, then turns right
and then turned left and walked 20km. He then and walks 40 metres, then again turns right and
turned east and walked 25km and finally turning walks 20 metres, then again turns right and walks
left covered 20km. How far was he from his 40 metres. How many metres is he from his
house? original position?
A. 10 km B. 20 km A. 0 m B. 10 m
C. 30 km D. 40 km C. 20 m D. 40 m

9. Vimal walks northwards. After a while, he turns 15. Deepak starts walking straight towards east.
to his right and a little further to his left. Finally, After walking 75m he turns to the left and walks
after walking a distance of one kilometre, he 25m straight. Again he turns to the left and
turns to his left again. In which direction is he walks a distance 40 m straight, again he turns to
moving now? the left and walks a distance of 25m. How far is
A. North B. South he from the starting point?
C. West D. East A. 140m B. 35m
C. 115m D. 25m
10. The town of Paranda is located on Green Lake.
The town of Akram is west of Paranda. Tokhada 16. Arun started walking towards north. After
is east of Akram but west of Paranda. Kakran is walking 30m, he turned left and walked 40m.
east of Bopri but west of Tokhada and Akram. If He then turned left and walked 30m. He again
they are all in the same district, which town is the turned left and walked 50m. How far was he
farthest west? from his original position?
A. Bopri B. Kakran A. 50m B. 40m
C. Akram D. Paranda C. 10m D. 20m

11. Habi travelled from a point ‘X’ straight to ‘Y’ at 17. Ramu went 15kms to the west from his house,
a distance of 80 metres. He turned right and then he turned left and walked 20kms. He then
walked 50 metres, then again turned right and turned east and walked 25kms and finally
walked 70 metres. Finally, he turned right and turning left covered 20kms. How far was he
walked 50 metres. How far is he from the starting from his house?
point? A. 5 kms B. 10 kms
A. 10 metres B. 20 metres C. 40 kms D. 80 kms
C. 50 metres D. 70 metres
18. A man walks 30 metres towards south. Then,
12. Going 50m to the South of her house, Radhika turning to his right, he walks 30 metres. Then
turns left and goes another 20m. Then, turning to turning to his left, he walks 20 metres. Again, he
the North, she goes 30m and then starts walking turns to his left and walks 30 metres. How far is
to her house. In which direction is she walking he from his initial position?
now? A. 30 metres
A. North B. East B. 20 metres
C. North west D. South east C. 50 metres
D. 60 metres
13. A girl leaves from her home. She first walks 30
metres in North–west direction and then 30 19. Rekha who is facing south turns to her left and
metres in South–west direction. Next, she walks walks 15m, then she turns to her left and walks 7
30 metres in South-east direction. Finally, she metres, then facing west she walks 15m. How
turns towards her house. In which direction is she far is she from her original position?
moving? A. 22m B. 37m
A. North–East B. North–West C. 44m D. 7m
C. South–East D. South–East

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20. Going 50 m to the south of her house, Radhika 26. Five students A,B, C, D and E are sitting in a
turns left and goes another 20m. Then turning to row, ‘D’ is on the right of ‘E’. ‘B’ is on the left
the north, she goes 30m, and then starts walking of ‘E’ but is on the right of ‘A’. ‘D’ is on the left
to her house. In which direction is she walking of ‘C’. Who is sitting on the extreme left?
now? A) A B) B
A. North-West B. North C) C D) D
C. South-East D. East
27. Shyam travels 5km towards east and then he
21. Arun walks 20 metres towards North. He then turns left and moves 6km further. He then turns
turns left and walks 40 metres. He again turns left right and moves 9km. Finally he turns once
and walks 20 metres. Further, he moves 20 again to his right and moves 6km. How far is he
metres after turning to the right. How far is he from the starting point?
from his original position? Arun walks 20 metres A. 26 km B. 21 km
towards North. He then turns left and walks 40 C. 14 km D. 9 km
metres. He again turns left and walks 20 metres.
Further, he moves 20 metres after turning to the 28. A man travels 2km to the north and turns east
right. How far is he from his original position? and travels 10km and again he turns north and
A. 20 metres B. 30 metres travels 3km and again turns to east and travels
C. 60 metres D. 80 metres 2km. How far is he from the starting point?
A. 10 km B. 13 km
22. Shailesh and Mohan starts from a fixed point. C. 15 km D. 17 km
Shailesh moves 3km northward, turns right and
then covers 4km. Mohan moves 5km westwards, 29. Reena travelled from point ‘A’ to a distance of
turns right and walks 3km. The distance 10ft east at point ‘B’. She then turned right and
between Shailesh and Mohan now is walked 3ft. Again she turned right and walked
A. 10 km B. 9km 14ft. How far is she from the starting point?
C. 8 km D. 6 km A. 4 ft B. 5 ft
C. 24 ft D. 27 ft
23. A man walks 10 km towards north. From there
he walks 6 km towards south. Then he walks 3 30. Suresh starts from his house towards west. After
km towards east. How far and in which direction walking a distance of 30m, he turned towards
is he with reference to his starting point? right and walked 20 metres. He then turned left
A. 7 km east B. 5 km west and moving a distance of 10 metres, turned to
C. 5 km north-east D. 7 km west his left again and walked 40 metres. He now
turns to the left and walks 5 metres. Finally he
24. One morning after sunrise, Sumesh and turns to his left. In which direction is he walking
Ratheesh were standing on a lawn with their now?
backs towards each other. Sumesh's shadow fell A. North
exactly towards left hand side. Which direction B. South
was Ratheesh facing? C. East
A. East B. West D. West
C. North D. South
31. A starts and walks towards south. He then turns
25. A watch reads 4.30 if the minute hand points to his right and walks 3km and then again turns
East, in what direction will the hour hand point? left and walks 5km. In which direction is he
A. North from the starting point?
B. North-west A. West
C. South-east B. South-West
D. North-east C. North-East
D. East

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32. Facing the east, Rajesh turned left and walked 39. I travelled 3km southwards, then turned right
10 metres, then he turned to his left again and and travelled 5km. Then again turned right and
walked 10m. He then turned 450 towards his travelled 7km. In which direction was I
right and went straight to cover 25 metres. In travelling last?
which direction from his starting point is he? A. North B. South
A. South-west B. South-east C. East D. West
C. North-west D. North-east
40. After walking 6km, I turned right and covered a
33. A man travels 12km west, then 3km towards distance of 2km, then turned left and covered a
south and then 8km towards east. How far is he distance of 10km. In the end, I was moving
from the start? towards the north. From which direction did I
A. 23 km B. 20 km start my journey?
C. 15 km D. 5 km A. North B. South
C. East D. West
34. Which runs faster? A train running at 60km per
hour OR a car speeding at 100 metres per 6 41. Arun started walking positioning his back
seconds? towards the sun. After some time, he turned left,
A. Train B. Car then turned right and then towards the left again.
C. Both will progress in the same speed In which direction is he going now?
D. It is not possible to say A. East or South
B. West or North
35. Which of the following turning sequences will C. North or South
make one who started walking towards East, D. South or West
walk towards South?
A. Left, Left, Left B. Left, Left, Right 42. A river flows west to east and on the way turns
C. Right, Right, Right D. Left, Right, Left left and goes in a semi-circle round a hillock, and
then turns left at right angles. In which direction
36. Raj starts from his office facing west and walks in the river finally flowing?
100 metres straight, then takes a right turn and A. West B. East
walks 100 metres. Further he takes a left turn C. North D. South
and walks 50 metres. In which direction is Raj
now from the starting point? 43. I am facing south. I turn right and walk 20m .
A. North-east B. South-west Then I right again and walk 10m. Then I turn left
C. North D. North-west and walk 10m and then turning right walk 20m .
Then I turn right again and walk 60m. In which
37. One day John left home and cycled 10km direction am I from the starting point?
southwards, turned right and cycled 5km and A. North B. North-west
turned right and cycled 10km and turned left and C. East D. North-east
cycled 10km. How many kms will he have to
cycle to r each his home straight? 44. Starting from a point ‘P’, sachin walked 20
A. 10 km B. 15 km metres towards South. He turned left and walked
C. 20 km D. 25 km 30 metres. He then turned left and walked 20
metres. He again turned left and walked 40
38. A rat runs 20' towards East and turns to right metres and reached a point ‘Q’ . How far and in
runs 10' and turns to right runs 9' and again turns which direction in the point ‘Q’ from the point
to left runs 5' and then turns to left runs 12' and ‘P’?
finally turns to left and runs 6'. Now which A. 20 m west
direction is the rat facing? B. 10 m east
A. East B. North C. 10 m north
C. West D. South D. None of these

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45. Rohan walks a distance of 3Km towards North,
then turns to his left and walks for 2Km. He DIRECTION SENSE TEST - ANSWER KEY
again turns left and walks for 3Km. At this point 1 B 11 A 21 C 31 B 41 C
he turns to his left and walks for 3km. How many 2 B 12 C 22 B 32 C 42 B
kilometers is he from the starting point? 43 D
3 B 13 A 23 C 33 D
A. 1 km B. 2 km
4 C 14 B 24 D 34 C 44 C
C. 3 km D. 5 km
5 D 15 B 25 D 35 A 45 A
46. A man is facing south. He turns 135° in the anti 6 B 16 C 26 A 36 D 46 D
clockwise direction and then 180° in the
7 C 17 B 27 C 37 B 47 D
clockwise direction. Which directions is he
facing now? 8 A 18 C 28 B 38 B 48 B
A. North-east B. North-west 9 C 19 D 29 B 39 A 49 C
C. South-east D. South-wests 10 A 20 A 30 A 40 A 50 B

47. Manick walked 40 metres towards North, took a

left turn and walked 20 metres. He again took a
left turn and walked 40 metres. How far and in
which direction is he from the starting point?
A. 20 m east B. 20 m north
C. 100 m south D. None of these

48. Laxman went 15kms to the west from my house,

then turned left and walked 20kms. He then
returned East and walked 25kms and finally,
turning left covered 20kms. How far was he from
his house?
A. 5 kms B. 10 kms
C. 40 kms D. 80 kms

49. Amit walked 30 metres towards East, took a right

turn and walked 40 metres. Then he took a left
turn and walked 30 metres. In which direction is
he now from the starting point?
A. North-east B. East
C. South-east D. South

50. A man is facing north-west. He turns 90° in the

clockwise direction and then 135° in the anti
clockwise direction. Which direction is he facing
now?
A. East B. West
C. North D. South

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ALPHABET TEST Example 4 :

A. Prominent B. Prohibit
Questions based on English alphabet are C. Promise D. Prolong
relatively easier and these questions may acquire E. Programme
different formats on English alphabet, such as: Solution:
i. Formation of words using the specified letters of E) Programme
a keyword. Programme, Prohibit, Prolong, Prominent, Promise
ii. Questions on Alphabet Quibble.
iii. Pointing out the pairs of letters in a keyword Example 5:
which have as many letters between them in the A. Heredity B. Hesitate
word as in the alphabet. C. Heavy D. Hedge E. Herald
iv. Arrangement of words in alphabetical order. Solution:
v. Formation of Words by adding a few letters as C) Heavy
prefix or suffix to the given letters. Heavy, Hedge, Herald, Heredity, Hesitate

Example 6:
Alphabetical Order of Words A. Partition B. Passion
C. Parlour D. Participate E. Particle
Solution:
C) Parlour
Parlour, Participate, Particle, Partition, Passion

Example 7:
A. Filter B. Homage C. Chastise
D. Charge E. Certify
Solution:
E) Certify
Certify, Charge, Chastise, Filter, Homage

Direction 1 – 11 : Arrange the words Alphabetical Example 8:

A. Exhilarate B. Ephemeral
Order and choose the one that comes first.
C. Entrench D. Enterprise
Example 1:
E. Enthusiasm
A. Wasp B. Waste C. War
D. Wrinkle E. Wrist Solution:
D) Enterprise
Solution:
Enterprise - - Enterprise, Enthusiasm, Entrench,
C) War
Ephemeral, Exhilarate
War - - War, Wasp, Waste, Wrinkle, Wrist
Example 9:
Example 2: A. Length B. Lenient C. Legacy
A. Intense B. Intellect C. Intend D. Legal E. Legible
D. Intelligent E. Integument Solution:
Solution: E) Legacy
E) Integument Legacy, Legal, Legible, Length, Lenient
Integument, Intellect, Intelligent, Intend, Intense
Example 10:
Example 3: A. Language B. Laurel
A. Didactic B. Dictum C. Leisure D. Lapse E. Leave
C. Dictionary D. Diastole E. Dictate Solution:
Solution: A) Language
D) Diastole Language, Lapse, Laurel, Leave, Leisure
Diastole, Dictate, Dictionary, Dictum, Didactic

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Example 11: Example 17:
A. Qualify B. Quarter A. Mother B. Monitor
C. Quarrel D. Quarry E. Quaver C. Monkey D. Master E. Matter
Solution: Solution:
A) Qualify A) Mother
Qualify, Quarrel, Quarry, Quarter, Quaver Master, Matter, Moniter, Monkey, Mother

Direction 12–16: Arrange the words in Alphabetical Example 18:

Order and choose the once that comes middle. A. Language B. Litter
C. Lieutenant D. Luggage E. Landlord
Example 12: Solution:
A. Bishop B. Bifocal D) Luggage
C. Bicycle D. Bitter E. Brink Landlord, Language, Lieutenant, Litter, Luggage
Solution: Example 19:
A) Bishop A. Separate B. Settle
Bicycle, Bifocal, Bishop, Bitter, Brink C. Suggest D. Satisfaction
E. Sundry
Example 13: Solution:
A. Cathedral B. Catenation E) Sundry
C. Abacus D. Category E. Catalogue Satisfaction, Separate, Settle, Suggest, Sundry
Solution:
D) Category Example 20:
Catalogue, Catchment, Category, Catenation, A. Afford B. Avoid C. Answer
Cathedral D. Awesome E. After
Solution:
Example 14: D) Awesome
A. Haste B. Haphazard Afford, After, Answer, Avoid, Awesome
C. Host D. Hang
E. Handkerchief Example 21:
A. Eventual B. Extra
Solution:
C. Entrance D. Exterminate
B) Haphazard
E. Emanciapte
Handkerchief, Hang, Haphazard, Haste, Host
Solution:
B) Extra
Example 15:
Emanciapate, Entrance, Eventual, Exterminate, Extra
A. Amphibian B. Amorphous
C. Amphidextrous D. Ambiguous Example 22:
E. Ambivalent A. Perpetual B. Parachute
Solution: C. Paragraph D. Pursue
B) Amorphous E. Programme
Amorphous - - Ambiguous, Ambivalent, Amorphous, Solution:
Amphibian, Amphidextrous D) Pursure
Parachute, Paragraph, Perpetual, Programme, Pursue
Example 16:
A. Nozzle B. Nausea C. Nostril Example 23:
D. Nomenclature E. Normal A. Pillow B. Institution
Solution: C. Examination D. Inference E. Derive
E) Normal Solution:
Nausea, Nomenclature, Normal, Nostril, Nozzle A) Pillow
Direction 17–24: Arrange the words in Alphabetical Derive, Examination, Inference, Institution, Pillow
Order and choose the once that comes last.

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Example 24:
Letter-Word Problems
A. Television B. Truant
C. Twist D. Tension E. Teletext
Solution: Example 26: How many letters are there in the
C) Twist word 'CREATIVE' which have as many letters
Teletext, Television, Tension, Truant, Twist between them in the word as in the alphabet?
Solution: 3
Example 25: If the first five words in the
sentence, "Meeta's mother meets me many Letters in the word Letters in the alphabet
times" are rearranged in the alphabetical order, C R E C D E
which will be the middle word? A T I V E A B C D E
Solution: T I V T U V
Meeta
many, me, Meeta, meets, mother
Example 27: In the word 'PARADISE', how
many pairs of letters are there which have as
many letters between them in the word as in the
alphabet?
Solution: Two

Letters in the word Letters in the alphabet

P A R P Q R
A R A D A B C D

Example 28: How many pairs of letters in the

word 'DABBLE' have as many letters between
them in the word as in the alphabet?
Solution: More then three
Justification:

Letters in the word Letters in the alphabet

D A B D C B
B B L E B C D E
A B A B
A B B L E A B C D E

Example 29: How many pairs of letters are

there in the word 'DONATE' which have as
many letters between them as there are in the
alphabet?
Solution: Two

Letters in the word Letters in the alphabet

D O N A D C B A
O N O N

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Example 30: How many pairs of letters in the Example 35: How many independent words can
word 'CHAIRS' have as many letters between 'STAINLESS' be divided into without changing
them in the word as in the alphabet? the order of the letters and using each letter only
Solution: Two once?
Solution: Two - - The words are STAIN and LESS.
Letters in the word Letters in the alphabet
C H A C B A
Example 36: Which letter in the word
R S R S
'SELFRIGHTEOUSNESS' does not change its
position when the letters are reversed?
Example 31: Two letters in the word 'LEMON' Solution: T - - Clearly, when the letters of a word are
have as many letters between them in the word written in reverse order, the position of the middle
as in the alphabet. Which one of the two letters letter remains unchanged. Thus, middle letter i.e. T
comes earlier in the alphabet? does not change its position when the letters are
Solution: L reversed.

Letters in the word Letters in the alphabet Word Formation

L E M O L M N O
Example 37: If it is possible to make only one
Example 32: How many pairs of letters are there in meaningful English word with the first, the fifth,
the word 'CLANGOUR' which have as many letters the seventh and the eighth letters of the word
between them in the word as in the alphabet? ORGANISED, which of the following will be
Solution: More than three the third letter of that word? If no such word can
be made, give 'X’ as the answer and if more than
Letters in the word Letters in the alphabet one such word can be made give 'Y' as the
C L A C B A answer.
C L A N G C D E F G Solution: ‘Y’
L A N L M N
L A N G O U R L M N O P Q R
N G O U R N O P Q R

Example 33: If any two letters in the word

'PRISON' have as many letters between them in Specified Letters → O, N, S, E
the word as there are in the English alphabet, Meaningful Words → NOSE, ONES
they form an alpha-pair. How many such alpha-
pairs are there in the word 'PRISON'? Example 38: How many meaningful English
Solution: More than 3 words can be formed using the third, fifth, ninth
and eleventh letters of the word
Letters in the word Letters in the alphabet COMMANDMENT using each letter only once?
P R I S P Q R S Solution: More than three
R I S O R Q P O
R I S O N R Q P O N
O N O N

Example 34: How many independent words can

'HEARTLESS' be divided into without changing Specified Letters → M, A, E, T
the order of the letters and using each letter only Meaningful Words → MEAT,TEAM,TAME,MATE
once?
Solution: 3 - - The words are HE, ART and LESS.

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Example 39: If it is possible to make only one Example 42: If it is possible to make a
meaningful English word with the third, the meaningful word with the first, the seventh, the
fourth, the sixth and the eighth letters of the eighth and the tenth letters of the word
word SINGLETON, which of the following will ADJUSTMENT, using each letter only once,
be the third letter of that word? then what is the last letter of that word? If more
Solution: N than one such word can be formed mark 'M' as
the answer and if no such word can be formed
mark 'X' as the answer.
Solution: M

Specified Letters → N, G. E, O Specified letters → A, M, E, T

Meaningful word → GONE Meaningful words→ TEAM, MEAT. MATE, META
Thus, we can make four meaningful words with the
Example 40: If it is possible to make a first, the seventh, the eighth and the tenth letters of
meaningful word with the first, the fifth, the the word ADJUSTMENT.
ninth and the eleventh letters of the word
PENULTIMATE using each letter only once, Example 43: If it is possible to make a
which of the following will be the third letter of meaningful word from the second, fourth, fifth,
that word? If no such word can be made give ‘N' eleventh and thirteenth letters of the word
as the answer and If more than one such word ESTABLISHMENT using each letter only once,
can be formed give 'D’ as the answer. write second letter of that word as your answer;
Solution: D if more than one such word can be formed write
‘M’ as your answer and if no such word can be
formed, write ‘X’ as your answer.
Solution: M

Specified letters → P, L, A, E
Meaningful words → LEAP, PALE

Example 41: If the third, fourth, seventh and Specified letters → S, A, B, E, T

eighth letters of the word 'ENDANGER’ be used Meaningful words → BEAST, BEATS
for a single time then how many meaningful
words can be formed? Example 44: If it is possible to make a
Solution: Three meaningful word from the first, third, seventh,
and eleventh letters of the word
OMNIPRESENCE write second letter of the
word as your answer. If more than one such
word can be formed, write 'M' as your answer
and if no such word can be formed, ‘X’ as
answer.
Specified letters → D, A. E, R Solution: M
Meaningful words → DEAR. READ. DARE
Thus, with the third, the fourth, the seventh and the
eighth letters of the word ENDANGER three
meaningful words can be formed using each letter
only once. Specified letters → O, N, E, C.
Meaningful words → ONCE, CONE

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Directions (1-6): In each of the following questions
Alphabetical Quibble
jumbled alphabets of a meaningful word along with
simple hints to the word are given. You are to
rearrange these alphabets and select from the given Example 1: Which one of the following letters
alternatives the one which is one left to the middle is exactly midway between 22nd letter from the
letter of the rearranged word? left and 21st letter from the right in the English
alphabet?
Example 45: Solution:
N T Y L P A E (punishment) In the English alphabet 22nd letter from the left is ‘V’
(1)L (2) A (3)N (4)Y and 21st letter from the right is ‘E’ and ‘N’ is exactly
Solution: Meaning full word → PENALTY between ‘V’ and ‘E’

Example 2: If every alternate letter starting from

‘B’ is deleted from the English alphabet then
which letter will be 10th from the right?
Solution:
After deleting every alternate letter starting from ‘B’,
we get the remaining letters as given below:
Example 46: ACEGIKMOQSUWY
I S H T O C R (a fast running bird) Now the 10 letter in it from the right is ‘G’
(1)H (2)R (3)I (4)T
Solution: Meaningful word → OSTRICH Example 3: If the English alphabet is written in
One left to the middle is ‘T’ reverse order and then every alternate letter
starting from ‘Y’, is deleted, then which letter
Example 47: will be exactly in the middle?
L M E T U B A (subject 16 change) Solution:
(1)A (2)T (3)M (4)E On writing the English alphabet in reverse order and
Solution: then deleting every alternate letter starting from ‘Y’,
Meaningful word → MUTABLE we get Z X V T R P N L J H F D B
One left to the middle is ‘T’ Now in these remaining letters ‘N’ is just in the
middle.
Example 48:
Example 4: If every alternate letter starting from
N M C O O Y E (related to economics)
‘A’ is written in small letters and the remaining
(1) O (2)C (3)N (4)Y
letters are written capital then how will the word
Solution: Meaningful word → ECONOMY
‘October’ be written?
One left to the middle is ‘O’
Solution:
On writing every alternate letter starting from ‘A’ in
Example 49:
small letters we get
R I C N T D I O A (pointer on machine)
a B c D e F g H i J k L m N o P q R s T u V w X y Z.
(1)A (2)R (3)C (4)I
October = OcToBeR
Solution:
Meaningful word → INDICATOR Example 5: If first 10 letters of the English
One left to the middle is ‘I’ alphabet is written in reverse order then which
letter will be 7th to the left of the letter which is
Example 50: 12th from the right?
E E S A T (annoy) Solution:
(1)S (2)E (3) A (4)T On writing the first 10 letters of the English alphabet
Solution: in reverse order we get
Meaningful word → TEASE JIHGFEDCBAKLMNOPQRSTUVW
One left to the middle is ‘E’ XYZ Now 12 + 7 = 19 (Right to left)
Now 19th letter from the right is ‘C’.

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Directions (6–9): Answer these questions referring to Example 10: If the letters, the digits and the
the symbol-letter-number sequence given below. symbols from each series are counted separately,
Y P 4 # Q A © 8 K DB * 5E%S 2 R? 9 F U $ 6 @ W which of the following is lowest in count?
H 3M£ 1) Symbols in series I
2) Letters in series I
Example 6: If all the symbols are dropped from 3) Digits in series II
the sequence, then which element will be in the 4) Symbols in series II
middle in the new sequence? Solution: 4) Symbols in series II
1) E 2) S 3) 5 4) 2 Number of letters in Series I = 12
5) There is no middle element Number of digits in Series I = 8
Solution: 5) There is no middle element Number of symbols in Series I = 5
Number of letters in Series II = 12
Number of digits in Series II = 7
Example 7: Four of the following five are Number of symbols in Series II = 4
similar in respect of their positions in the above
sequence and hence form a group. Which one Example 11: What is the total number of
does not belong to that group? symbols in series I each of which is immediately
1) 52F 2) QK* 3) F@3 followed by a digit and immediately preceded by
4) $H£ 5) %?U a letter together with the number of letters in
Solution: 1) 52F series II which are immediately preceded by a
The rest have: There is a gap of three elements symbol and immediately followed by a letter?
between the first two elements and a gap of two A) 5 B) 4
elements between the last two elements. C) 1 D) 3 E) None of these
Example 8: How many symbols and numbers Solution: A) 5
are there in the sequence which are either In series I: *
immediately preceded or immediately followed In series II: J, Y, U, I
by the letter which is from the first half of the Now, total = 1 + 4 = 5
English alphabet?
1) Ten 2) Nine 3) Eight Example 12: If the first ten elements of series I
4) Seven 5) None of these are picked up and written in reverse order
Solution: 3) Eight followed by last ten elements of series II without
YP4#QA©8KDB*5E%S changing the order, which of the following pairs
2 R? 9 F U $ 6 @ W H 3 M £ of elements will indicate sixteenth element from
left and the eighth element to its left
Example 9: ‘#8’ is related to ‘?W’ in the same respectively?
way as ‘BE’ is related to a) A, Q b) 3, Q c) 3, Z
1) $3 2) S? 3) W£ d) A, Z e) None of these
4) 5M 5) None of these Solution: b) 3, Q
Solution: 5) None of these
No. of elements between the second pair of elements Directions (13-14): Answer the following questions
is double with respect to the no.of elements between on the basis of the character sequence given below:
the first pair of elements. N T d E K α J M p S * 6W 7 9 s R Q Z t d 2 L H 1 β j
q3X
Directions (10 - 12): Study the following series I &
II comprising letters/digits/symbols and answer the
Example 13: If the second half of the sequence
questions given below.
is placed in a reverse order below the first half,
Series I: N P Q * 5 4 B Z $ # 3 7 D 9 A ↑ F 8 G H 1
then which characters are the ninth from the
+DK6
right?
Series II: 7 4 £ J M 1 © Y P 8 Q R 5 T N 6 2 ↓ U A
1) d and q 2) K and β 3) E and j
39@IS
4) E and 2 5) J and H

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Solution: 5) J and H Example 17: Which two neighbours in the given
15th from right = (30 – 15 +1 = 16) 16th from left arrangement are farthest in the alphabetical
EFG7H order?
midway letter = = 18th from left. In the altered
7
H D Y S M W N B Q P O C R T B L Z V
arrangement the 18th and 20th letters will interchange
E G U F
their positions. So the required letter = 20th from left
1) B and Q 2) D and Y
in the original series = t.
3) U and F 4) V and E
Solution: 2) D and Y
Example 14: If a meaningful word can be made
They are separated by the maximum number of
out of the second, the fourth, the tenth and the
letters i.e, 20 in the English alphabet.
nineteenth letters, what will be the third letter of
the word? If no such word can be made, mark X
as your answer. If more than one such word can
be made, mark ‘M’ as your answer. EXERCISE – Alphabet Test
1) Z 2) H 3) S 4) M 5) X
Solution: 3) S
1. If second half of the English alphabet is written
The 2nd, 4th, 10th and 19th letters are T, E, S and Z
in reverse order then which letter will be 4th to
respectively which form the word ZEST.
the left of the letter which is 12th from the right?
A) J B) K C) L D) M
Example 15: If characters at positions which are
odd numbered and multiples of 3, are dropped
2-7 Study the letters series given below, carefully
from the sequence, then which character will be
and answer these questions :
sixth to the right of 15th from the left?
NOPQYBZARSHIJKLMTUVGFEW
A) l B) d C) 2 D) L E) H
XDC
Solution: A) l
The characters which should be dropped are 3rd, 9th,
2. In the given letter series which letter will be 5th
15th, 21st and 27th. Now, in a sequence of (30-5=) 25th
to right of the letter which is 13th from your left?
letters, 6th to the right of 15th from the left = (15+6)
A) U B) T C) A D) V
= 21st from the left. Since 3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st are
dropped this would mean (21+ 4 =) 25th from the left
3. If all the letters of this serious are written in
in the original series, which is 1.
reverse order then which letter will be 3rd to the
left of the letter which is 18th from your right?
Example 16: If the first and third characters
A) B B) F
interchange their positions, second and fourth,
C) I D) L
fifth and seventh, sixth and eighth, and so on up
to twenty-eight character, then which letter will
4. In reference to the letter series given above, what
come midway between the 20th character from
will replace the question mark?
the left and 15th from the right?
NDP, QWB, ZFR?
1) S 2) R 3) Q 4) 1 5) t
A) HVI B) RFI
Solution: 5) t
C) SVI D) SFA

5. If with the 8th, 16th, 17th and 22nd letters of

given serious it is possible to make a meaningful
word then which will be first letter of the word so
formed? If no such word can be formed then ‘X’
as the answer and if more than one such word can
be made then give P as the answer.
A) T B) E
C) P D) X

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6. If every alternate letter starting from ‘O’ is 14. Arrange the following words will come in middle
replaced by odd numbers 1, 3, 5, ... respectively if all of them are arranged alphabetically as in a
then which letter/digit will be 3rd to the left of dictionary?
the letter/digit which is 10th from your right? A) Save B) Savage
A) 15 B) L C) K D) 13 C) Savour D) Saviour

(7 – 11) Study the following arrangement carefully 15. Two letters in the word 'PRESENCE' have as
to answer these questions: many letters between them in the word as in the
E G 4 B H 75 @ K 8 D N £ QZ $ W3C 19 * LB2 S 6 alphabet and in the same order. Which one of the
two letters comes earlier in the alphabet?
7. In the above arrangement how many such digits A. C B. E C. R D. P
are there each of which is preceded by a letter 16. How many such pairs of digits are there in the
and followed by a letter? number 531268947 each of which has as many
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 digits between them in the number as when they
are arranged in descending order?
8. In the above arrangement how many such (A) None (B) One (C) Two (D) Three
consonants are there each of which immediately
proceeded by a symbol and immediately followed 17. If it is to make meaningful word with the second
by a digit? the fourth the sixth and the ninth letters of the
A) 1 B) 2 C) 0 D) 3 word PERMEABILITY which of the following
will be the first letter of that word? If no such
9. Which element is just in the middle of the word can be formed give ‘N’ as the answer. If
element 9th from the left and the element 7th only two such words can be formed give ‘D’ as
from the right? the answer and if more than two such words can
A) Q B) Z C) $ D) W be formed give ‘Z’ as the answer.
(A)M (B) L (C)N (D) Z
10. If first 15 elements are written in reverse order
18. If the letters in the word UNDERTAKEING are
then which will be the 7th element to the left of
rearranged in the alphabetical order, which one
the element which is 12th from the right?
will be in the middle in the order after
A) 7 B) @ C) 5 D) K
rearrangement?
(A)I (B) N (C) K (D) G
11. Which group of the elements will replace the
question mark in the following series?
19. If the first and the second letters of the word
4H@, KDQ,?, QLS
UNPRECEDENTED are interchanged with the
A) ZWI B) NQ$
last and the second last letters and similarly the
C) @8N D) $W9
third and the fourth letters are interchanged with
the third and the fourth letters from the last
12. How many pairs of letter are there in the word
respectively, and so on, then what will be the 7th
'BUCKET' which have as many letters between
letter to the right of the 3rd letter from the left?
them in the word as in the alphabet?
(A) P (B) R (C) E (D) C
A) One B) Two
C) Three D) Four
20. If the digits on the dial of a clock are replaced by
alternate English alphabet beginning with D such
13. How many pairs of letters are there in the word
as D replaces 1, F replaces 2 and so on, then
'HORIZON' which have as many letters between
where will be the hour hand at 19.45 O’clock?
them in the word as in the English alphabet?
(A) Between O and Q
A) 1 B) 2
(B) Between N and P
C) 3 D) More than 3
(C) Between P and R
(D) Between M and O

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Directions (21 – 25): Answer these questions 27. If it is possible to make a meaningful word with
referring to the symbol-letter-number sequence given the first, the third, the seventh and the ninth
below: letters of the word SEPARATION, which of the
3 6 $ E Z L > 2 * H 4 K P 9? # Y S R 7W • T 1N ↑ 5 following will be the third letter of that word? If
GB8<=±Q no such word can be made, give ‘X’ as the
answer and if more than one such word can be
21. If all the letters are dropped from the series, made, give ‘M’ as the answer.
which symbol/number will be 8th to the right of A) O B) P C) T D) X E) M
13th symbol/number from your right?
(A) 1 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 6 (E) 5 28. In certain code language ‘OMNIPRESENT’ is
written as ‘QJONPTSMDRD’. How is
22. How many symbols are there which are ‘CREDIBILITY’ written in that code?
(A) JEFSDCXSHKH
immediately preceded by a letter and
(B) JEFSDDXSHKH
immediately followed by a number? (C) DSFEJDDXSHKH
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) > (D) JEFSDXDSHKH
(E) NONE OF THESE
23. What is the total number of ‘the letters
immediately followed by a number’ and ‘the 29. Which one word can be formed from the
symbols immediately preceding the numbers’ following letters?
together in the given sequence? a a b c i l l n o o o r t
(A) 10 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 7 (E) 11 A) collapsible B) locomotive
C) colourfulness D) collaboration
24. If the positions of the letters and the numbers in
the sequence are re-occupied by the letters and 30. If it is possible to make a meaningful word with
the numbers respectively though after getting the third, the fifth, the sixth and the eleventh
letters of the word MERCHANDISE, using each
rearranged alphabetically and in ascending order letter only once, which of the following will be
respectively from the left, which of the following the third letter of that word? If no such word can
will indicate the position of ‘P’ in the new be formed, give ‘X’ as answer and if more than
arrangement? one such word can be formed mark ‘T’ as answer
(A) right of 6 (B) left of 5 (A) H (B) E (C) R
(C) left of 9 & right of 8 (D) middle of 5 & • (D) X (E) T
(E) None of these
Directions (31 – 34): Following questions are based
on English alphabet:
25. The position of which letters/ numbers will not ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
change after rearranging the series as in Q. 32? XYZ
(A) No such letters/numbers (B) H, 5, K
(C) K, 4, H (D) K, 4, E 31. If the letters from ‘T’ to ‘Z’ are interchanged by
(E) None of these the letters ‘A’ to ‘G’ in such a way that ‘A’ takes
the position of ‘T’ and so on, then which will be
the third letter to the left of 18th letter from right?
26. If it is possible to make a meaningful word with (A) Y (B) U (C) B
the fourth, the seventh, the eleventh and the (D) C (E) None of these
thirteenth letters of the word
'CATEGORISATION' which of the following 32. If first 6 letters shall be written in opposite order,
will be the first letter of that word? If no such then the next 6 letter shall be written in opposite
word can be made, give ‘X’ as the answer. If order and so on, and at the end ‘Y’ will be
interchanged by ‘Z’ then which will be the fourth
more than one such word can be made, give ‘M’
letter to the right of 13th letter from left?
as the answer. (A) J (B) H (C) I
A) O B) R C) T D) X E) M (D) O (E) None of these

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33. What will come in place of the question mark(?)
in the following series? DGK GKP? PVC ALPHABET TEST - ANSWER KEY
(A) GKV (B) KPV (C) PVZ
(D) KPU (E) None of these 1 B 11 A 21 E 31 A
2 A 12 A 22 E 32 E
34. If it is possible to make a meaningful word from
the third, sixth, eight and eleventh letters of the 3 B 13 D 23 A 33 B
word ‘DISTINGUISH’ using each letter only
once, first letter of the word would be your 4 C 14 A 24 D 34 B
answer. If more than one such word can be
formed, your answer would be ‘M’ and if no 5 C 15 D 25 C 35 C
such word can be formed, answer is ‘X’ 6 D 16 C 26 E 36 D
(A) N (B) S (C) O
(D) M (E) X 7 D 17 D 27 E 37 E
8 B 18 C 28 B 38 B
35. How many pairs of letters are there in the word
EXPLOSION which have as many letters 9 B 19 A 29 D 39 A
between them as in the English alphabet?
(A) One (B) Two (C) Three 10 C 20 C 30 E 40 D
(D) Four (E) None of these

Direction 36 – 40: To answer these questions study

the following arrangement:
JY2=S£EGM*7$HP9KL@WQ13#CD
©
36. How many such symbols are there in the above
arrangement each of which is either immediately
followed by a number or immediately preceded
by a letter, but not both?
(A) Nil (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
(E) None of these
www.shanmugamiasacademy.in
37. How many such letters are there each of which is
either immediately followed by a number or rhjpf;f epidf;fpwtq;f.....
immediately preceded by a symbol, but not both? rz;Kfk; I.V.v];
‘rz; I.V.v];. ];lb rh;f;fpSf;F’ thq;f...!
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 jukhd fy;tp!
(D) 7 (E) None of these epahakhd fl;lzk;!
cWjpahd Ntiytha;g;G!
38. How many such numbers are there each of which cah;thd tho;f;if!
is either immediately followed by a symbol or ,JNt rz;Kfk; I.V.v];. mfhlkpapd;
immediately preceded by a letter, but not both? jhuf ke;jpuk;!
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 3 rhjidahsh;fspd; rq;fkk;...
(D) 5 (E) None of these
rz;Kfk; I.V.v];. ];lb rh;f;fps;”
“rz;
39. ‘2 Y S’ is to ‘E G £ ’ in the same way as ‘PHK’ Nfhit kw;Wk; jpUney;Ntyp.
typ.
is to–
(A)@WL (B)WQβ (C) @βQ
(D)@WK (E) None of these

40. Four of the following five are alike in a certain

way based on the positions of the elements in the
above arrangement and hence form a group.
Which one does not belong to the group?
(A) 2 Y C D (B) £ S 13 (C) J S © 3
(D) £ E 1W (E) = # 2 C

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CODING AND DECODING Example 6: If CIGARETTE is coded as

GICERAETT, then DIRECTION will be coded
as
Letter Coding Solution: RIDTCENOI
The word is divided into groups of three letters each
A CODE is "a system of signals". Coding is, and then the letters in each group are written in a
therefore, a method of transmitting a message reverse order to obtain the code.
between the sender and the receiver which third
person cannot understand or comprehend. The coded Example 7: In a certain code, COMPUTER is
message can be deciphered or decoded by the written as RFUVQNPC. How is MEDICINE
receiver as he/she knows the rule/method which was written in the same code?
employed in encoding the message. Thus, the Solution: EOJDJEFM
CODING-DECODING test is given to judge the The letter of the word are written in a reverse order
candidate's ability to decipher the rule which is and each letter, except the first and the last one, is
applied for coding a particular message and break the moved one step forward, to obtain the code.
code to reveal the message. Example 8: In a code language, DISTANCE is
In this type of questions some words or a written as IDTUBECN and DOCUMENT is
group of letters and their coded forms are provided written as ODDVNTNE. How is THURSDAY
and you are required to find out the rule of coding so written in that language?
that you can either encode or decode another word or Solution:
another group of letters in similar fashion. Any HTVSTYAD
word/message/a group of letters can be coded in a The places of the first two letters and the sixth and
variety of ways. Generally, each question is based on eighth letters of the word are interchanged, while the
a particular rule of coding. Therefore, clues of a third, fourth and fifth letters are each moved one step
particular question are not applicable to the other forward, to obtain the code.
questions.
Example 9: If in a certain language FASHION
Example 1: If CERTAIN is coded as is coded as FOIHSAN, how is PROBLEM
XVIGZRM, how can MUNDANE be coded coded in that code?
Solution: Solution:
NFMWZMV PELBORM
Each letter in the word is replaced by the letter which The first and the last letters of the word remain as
occupies the same position from the other end of the such and the remaining letters are written in a reverse
alphabet, to obtain the code. order to obtain the code.

Example 10: If DIAMOND is coded as

Example 3: In a certain code, INSTITUTION is
VQYMKLV, how is FEMALE coded?
written as NOITUTITSNI. How is
Solution:
PERFECTION written in that code?
TUMYNU
Solution:
If in the word, a letter is nth letter from the beginning
NOITCEFREP
of the English alphabet, then in the code the
The letters of the word are written in a reverse order
corresponding letter is the (n+1)th letter from the end
to obtain the code.
of the alphabet.
Example 4: If TABLE is coded as GZYOV,
how is JUICE coded? Example 11: If in a certain language, MADRAS
Solution: is coded as NBESBT, how is BOMBAY coded?
QFRXV Solution:
If in the word, a letter is the nth letter from the CPNCBZ
beginning of English alphabet, then in the code the Each letter in the word is moved one step forward to
corresponding letter is the nth letter from the end. obtain the corresponding letter of the code.

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Example 12: If in a code language, COULD is Example 18: If BOMBAY is written as
written as BNTKC and MARGIN is written as MYMYMY, how will TAMIL NADU be written
LZQFHM, how will MOULDING be written in in that code?
that code? Solution:
Solution: MNUMNUMNU
LNTKCHMF The letters at the third and sixth places are repeated
Each letter in the word is moved one step backward thrice to code BOMBAY as MYMYMY. Similarly,
to obtain the corresponding letter of the code. the letters at the third, sixth and ninth places are
repeated thrice to code TAMIL NADU as
Example 13: In a certain code, MONKEY is MNUMNUMNU.
written as XDJMNL. How is TIGER written in
that code? Example 19: If FRAGRANCE is written as
Solution: SBHSBODFG, how can IMPOSING be written?
QDFHS Solution:
The letter of the word are written in a reverse order NQPTJOHJ
and then each letter is moved one step backward to Each letter in the word is moved one step forward
obtain the code. and the first letter of the group so obtained is put at
the end, to obtain the code.
Example 14: If POND is coded as RSTL, how
is HEAR written in that code?
Solution: Example 20 : If in a certain language, NATURE
JIGZ is coded as MASUQE, how is FAMINE coded
The first, second, third and fourth letters of the word in that code?
are respectively moved two, four, six and eight letters Solution :
forward to obtain the code. EALIME
The second, fourth and sixth letters of the words
Example 15: If DELHI is coded as CCIDD, remain unchanged, while the first, third and fifth
how would you encode BOMBAY? letters are each moved one step backward to obtain
Solution: AMJXVS the corresponding letters of the code.
The first, second, third,...letters of the word are
respectively moved one, two, three,.. steps backward Example 21 : In a certain code,
to obtain the corresponding letters of the code. MUNICIPALITY is written as
INMUAPCIYTLI, How is JUDICIAL written in
Example 16: If VICTORY is coded as YLFWRUB, that code?
how can SUCCESS be coded? Solution :
Solution: IDJULACI
VXFFHVV
Each letter of the word is moved three steps forward Word Code
to obtain the code. MUNI INMU
CIPA YTLI
Example 17: If in a certain language, GAMBLE
LITY APCI
is coded as FBLCKF, how is FLOWER coded in
that code?
Solution: Example 22 : If in a certain code, TEACHER is
EMNXDS written as VGCEJGT, how would DULLARD
The first , third and fifth letters are each moved one be written in the same code?
step backward, while the second, fourth and sixth Solution :
letters are each moved one step forward to obtain the FWNNCTF
corresponding letters of the code. Each letter of the word is moved two steps forward to
obtain the code.

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Example 23: In a certain code,
REFRIGERATOR is coded as Number Coding
ROTAREGIRFER. Which word would be coded
as NOITINUMMA? Example 1: If DELHI is coded as 73541 and
Solution: CALCUTTA as 82589662, how can CALICUT
AMMUNITION be coded?
The word of letters of the word is reversed in the Solution:
code. So, reverse the letters in the code to get the 8251896
word. The alphabets are coded as follows :

Example 24: According to a military code, D E L H I C A U T

SYSTEM is SYSMET and NEARER is 7 3 5 4 1 8 2 9 6
AENRER. What is the code for FRACTION?
Solution: Thus, the code for CALICUT is 8251896.
CARFNOIT
The letter is the first half and the letter half of the Example 2: In a certain code, RIPPLE is written
word are separately reversed to obtain the code. as 613382 and LIFE is written as 8192. How is
PILLER written in that code?
Example 25: In a certain code, Solution:
SUBSTITUTION is written as 318826
ITSBUSNOITUT. How is DISTRIBUTION The alphabets are coded as shown :
written in that code? R I P L E F
Solution:
6 1 3 8 2 9
IRTSIDNOITUB
First, the first six letters an then the last six letters are
written in a reverse order to obtain the code. Thus, the code for PILLER is 318826.

Example 26: If PEOPLE is coded as PLPOEE, Example 3: If ROSE is coded as 6821, CHAIR
how is TREND coded? is coded as 73456 and PREACH is coded as
Solution: TNERD 961473, what will be the code for SEARCH?
The first and the last letters of the word remain Solution:
unchanged, while the second and second last, third 214673
and third last so on are interchanged, to obtain the The alphabets are coded as shown :
code.
R O S E C H A I P
Example 27: In a certain code ADVENTURES 6 8 2 1 7 3 4 5 9
is written as TRDESAUVEN. How is
PRODUCED written in that code? Thus, the code for SEARCH is 214673.
Solution:
IUIPGSSRNP Example 4: If the letters in PRABA are coded
The first and sixth, third and eighth, fifth and tenth as 27595, and THILAK are coded as 368451,
letters of the word interchange places in the code. how can BHARATHI be coded?
Solution:
Example 28: If FULFNHW is the code for 96575368
CRICKET, then EULGH is the code for which The alphabets are coded as shown :
word?
P R A B T H I L K
Solution:
BRIDE 2 7 5 9 3 6 8 4 1
Each letter of the word is three steps behind the
corresponding letter of the code. Thus, the code for BHARATHI is 96575368.

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Example 5: If in a certain language if ENTRY is Example 10: In a certain code GARIMA is
coded as 12345 and STEADY is coded as written as 725432 and TINA as 6482. How is
931785, then state which is the correct code for MARTINA written in that code?
ARREST Solution: 3256482
Solution: 744193
G A R I M T N
E N T R Y S A D 7 2 5 4 3 6 8
1 2 3 4 5 9 7 8
Thus, MARTINA is coded as 3256482.
So, ARREST is coded as 744193.
Example 11: In a certain code, RIPSLE is
Example 6: If in a certain language if ENTRY is written as 613082 and WIFE is written as 4192,
coded as 12345 and STEADY is coded as how is PEWSLE written in that code?
931785, then state which is the correct code for Solution: 32408
ENDEAR R I P S L E W F
Solution: 128174
6 1 3 0 8 2 4 9
E N T R Y S A D
1 2 3 4 5 9 7 8 Thus, PEWSLE is coded as 324082.

So, ENDEAR is coded as 128174.

Substitution

Example 7: If ENGLAND is written as 1234526

and FRANCE is written as 785291, how is Example 1: If white is called blue, blue is called
GREECE coded? red, red is called yellow, yellow is called green,
Solution: 381191 green is called black, black is called violet and
violet is called orange, what would be the colour
E N G L A D F R C of human blood?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Solution: Yellow
The colour of the human blood is 'red' and as given,
Thus, GREECE is coded as 381191. 'red' is called 'yellow'.
So, the colour of human blood is 'yellow'.
Example 8: If in a certain language
CHARCOAL is coded as 45164913 and Example 2: If orange is called butter, butter is
MORALE is coded as 296137, how is REAL called soap, soap is called ink, ink is called
coded in that language? honey and honey is called orange, which of the
Solution: 6713 following is used for washing clothes?
Solution: Ink
C H A R O L M E Clearly, 'soap' is used for washing the clothes.
4 5 1 6 9 3 2 7 But, 'soap' is called 'ink'.
So, 'ink' is used for washing the clothes.
So, the code for REAL is 6713
Example 3: If the animals which can walk are
Example 9: If SHARP is coded as 58034 and called swimmers, animals who crawl are called
PUSH as 4658, then RUSH is coded as flying, those living in water are called snakes
Solution: 3658 and those which fly in the sky are called hunters,
then what will a lizard be called?
S H A R P U
Solution: Flying
5 8 0 3 4 6
Clearly, a lizard crawls and the animals that crawl are
So, the code for RUSH is 3658. called 'flying'. So, 'lizard' is called 'flying'.

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Example 4: If air is called green , green is called Example 10: If room is called bed, bed is called
blue, blue is called sky, sky is called yellow, window, window is called flower and flower is
yellow is called water and water is called pink, called cooler, on what would a man sleep?
then what is the color of clear sky? Solution: Window
Solution: Sky A man sleep on a 'bed' and as given, 'bed' is called
The colour of clear sky is 'blue' and as given, 'blue' is 'window'. So, the man will sleep on the 'window'.
called 'sky'. So, the colour of clear sky is 'sky'.
Example 11: If sand is called air, air is called
Example 5: If man is called girl, girl is called plateau, plateau is called well, well is called
woman, woman is called boy, boy is called island and island is called sky, then from where
butler and butler is called rogue, who will serve will a woman draw water?
in a restaurant? Solution: Island
Solution: Rogue A woman shall draw water from a 'well' but a 'well' is
A 'butler' serves in a restaurant but 'butler' is called called 'island'.
'rogue'. So a 'rouge' will serve in the restaurant. So, the woman will draw water from an 'island'.

Example 6: If green means red, red means Example 12: If bangle is called cassette,
yellow, yellow means blue, blue means orange cassette is called table, table is called game and
and orange means green, what is the colour of game is called cupboard, then which is played in
clean sky? the tape recorder?
Solution: Yellow Solution: Table
The colour of clean sky is 'blue' and as given, 'yellow' Clearly, a 'cassette' is played in the tape-recorder.
means 'blue'. so, the colour of clear sky is 'yellow'. But a 'cassette' is called 'table'.
So, a table will be played in the tape-recorder.
Example 7: If train is called bus, bus is called
tractor, tractor is called car, car is called scooter,
Mixed Coding
scooter is called bicycle, bicycle is called
moped, which is used to plough a field?
Solution : Car Example 1: If 'ish lto inm' stands for 'neat and
A 'tractor' is used to plough a field. tidy' ; 'qpr inm sen' stands for 'small but neat' and
But a 'tractor' is called 'car'. 'hsm sen rso' stands for 'good but erratic', what
So, a 'car' will be used to plough the field. would 'but' stand for?
Solution: sen
Example 8: If lead is called stick, stick is called In the second and third statements, the common code
nib, nib is called needle, needle is called rope word is 'sen' and the common word is 'but'.
and rope is called thread, what will be fitted in a So, 'sen' means 'but'.
pen to write with it?
Solution: Needle Example 2: In a certain code language, 'col tip
Clearly, a 'nib' is fitted in the pen to write with it. mot' means 'singing is appreciable'; 'mot baj min'
But a 'nib' is called 'needle'. means 'dancing is good' and 'tip nop baj' means
So, a 'needle' will be fitted in the pen. 'singing and dancing' , which of the following
means 'good' in that code language?
Example 9: If rose is called popy, popy is called Solution: min
lily, lily is called lotus and lotus is called In the first and second statements, the common code
glandiola, which is the king of flowers? word is 'mot' and the common word is 'is'.
Solution: Glandiola So, 'mot' means 'is'.
The king of flowers is the 'lotus'. In the second and third statements, the common code
But 'lotus' is called 'glandiola'. word is 'baj' and the common word is 'dancing'.
So, 'glandiola' is the king of flowers. So, 'baj' means 'dancing'.
Thus, in the second statements, 'mint' means 'good'.

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Example 3 : In a certain code, 'bi nie pie' means Example 7: In a certain code language,
'some good jokes' : 'nie bat lik' means 'some real (A) ‘pit dar na’ means ‘you are good’
stories' ; and 'pie lik tol' means 'many good (B) ‘dar tok pa’ means ‘good and bad’
stories'. Which word in that code means 'jokes'? (C) ‘tim na tok’ means 'they are bad’
Solution: bi In that language, which word stands for 'they'?
In the first and second statements, the common code Solution: tim
word is 'nie' and the common word is 'some'. In the first and third statements, the common word is
So, 'nie' means 'some'. 'na' and the common word is 'are'.
In the first and third statements, the common code So, 'na' means 'are'.
word is 'pie' and the common word is 'good'. In the second and third statements, the common code
So, 'pie' means 'good'. word is 'tok' and the common word is 'bad'.
So, 'tok' means 'bad'.
Thus, in the third statements, 'tim' stands for 'they'.
Example 4: In a certain language, 'pre nat bis'
Example 8: In a certain code language,
means 'smoking is harmful';
(A) ‘pit na som’ means ‘bring me water’
'vog dor nat' means 'avoid harmful habit' and
(B) ‘na ja tod’ means ‘water is life’
'dor bis yel' means 'please avoid smoking'.
(C) ‘tub od pit’ means 'give me toy’
Which word in that language means ''habit'?
(D) ‘jo lin kot’ means ‘life and death’
Solution: vog
Which word in that language means 'is'?
In the first and second statements, the common code
Solution: tod
word is 'nat' and the common word is 'harmful'.
In statements A and B, the common code word is 'na'
So, 'nat' stands for 'harmful'.
and the common word is 'water'. So, 'na' means
In the second and third statements, the common code
'water'. In statements B and D, the common code
word is 'dor' and the common word is 'avoid'.
word is 'jo' and the common word is 'life'.
So, 'dor' stands for 'avoid'.
So, 'jo' means 'life'.
Thus, in statements B, 'tod' represents 'is'.
Example 5: If 'ski rps tri' stands for 'nice Sunday Example 9: In a certain code language,
morning'; 'teh sti rps' stands for 'every Tuesday (A) ‘pic vic nic’ means ‘winter is cold’
morning' and 'ski ptr qlm' stands for 'nice market (B) ‘to nic re’ means ‘summer is hot’
place', (C) ‘re pic boo’ means 'winter and summer’
what would 'Sunday' stands for? (D) ‘vic tho pa’ means ‘nights are cold’
Solution: tri Which word in that language means 'summer'?
In the first and second statements, the common code Solution: re
word is 'rps' and the common word is 'morning'. In statements B and C, the common code word is 're'
So, 'rps' means 'morning' and the common word is 'summer'.
In the first and third statements, common code is 'ski' So, 're' means 'summer'.
and the common word is 'nice'.
So, 'ski' means 'nice'. Example 10: If 'gnr' tag zog qmp' stands for
'Seoul Olympic Organising Committee';
'hyto gnr emf' stands for 'summer Olympic games'
Example 6: If in a certain code language, 'oka and 'esm sdr hyto' stands for 'modern games history',
peru' means 'fine cloth' ; 'meta lisa' means 'clear what would be the code for 'summer'?
water' and 'dona lisa peru' means 'fine clear Solution: emf
weather' , which word in that language means In the first and second statements, the common code
'weather'? word is 'gnr' and the common word 'Olympic'.
Solution: dona So, 'gnr' means 'Olympic'.
In the first and third statements, the common code In the second and third statements, the common code
word is 'peru' and the common word is 'fine'. is 'hyto' and the common word is 'games'.
So, 'peru' means 'fine'. So, 'hyto' means 'games'.
Thus, in the second statements, 'emf' means 'summer'.

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Example 11: In a code language, 'mok dan sil' Example 15: If 'nitco sco tingo' stands for
means 'nice big house'; 'fit kon dan' means 'softer than flower';
'house is good' & 'warn tir fit' means 'cost is 'tingo rho mst' stands for 'sweet flower fragrance' and
high'. 'mst sco tmp' stands for 'sweet than smile',
Which word stands for 'good' in that language? what would 'fragrance' stands for?
Solution: kon Solution: rho
In the first and second statements, the common code In the first and second statements, the common code
word is 'dan' and the common word is 'house'. word is 'tingo' and the common word is 'flower'.
So, 'dan' means 'house'. So, 'tingo' means 'flower'.
In the second and third statements, the common code In the second and third statements, the common code
word is 'fit'. So 'fit' stands for 'is'. word is 'mst' and the common word is 'sweet'.
In the second statement, 'kon' stands for 'good'. So, 'mst' stands for 'sweet'.
Thus, in the second statement, 'rho' stands for
Example 12: In a certain code language, 'put tir
'fragrance'.
fin' means 'delicious juicy fruit';
'tie dip sig' means 'beautiful white lily' and Example 16: In a certain code language, 'dom
'sig lon fin' means 'lily and fruit'. put ta' means 'bring hot food';
Which word in that language means 'and'? 'put tir sop' means 'food is good' and
Solution: lon 'tak da sop' means 'good bright boy'.
In the first and third statements, the common code Which word in that language means 'hot'?
word is 'fin' and the common word is 'fruit'. Solution: Can't be determined
So, 'fin ' stands for 'fruit'. We can find the code for 'food' form the first and
In the second and third statements, the common code second statements. Now, to find the code for 'hot',
word is 'sig' and the common word is 'lily'. we need to the code for 'bring' which cannot be
So, 'sig' stands for 'lily'. determined from the given information.
Thus, in the third statement, 'lon' means 'and'.
Example 13: In a certain language, 'Mink Yang EXERCISE – Coding and Decoding
Pe' means 'Fruits are ripe';
'Pe Lao May Mink' means 'Oranges are not ripe' and
1. If TAP is coded as SZO, then how is FREEZE
'May Pe Nue Mink' means 'Mangoes are not ripe'.
coded?
Which word in that language means 'Mangoes'?
A. ATSSTS B. EQDDYD
Solution: Nue
C. ESDDYD D. EQDDZD
In the second and third statements, the common code
words are 'Pe','Mink' and 'May' and
2. In a certain code, SIKKIM is written as THLJJL,
the common words are 'are', 'not' and 'ripe'.
how is TRAINING written in that code?
So, in the third statement, 'Nue' stands for 'mangoes'.
A. SQBHOHOF B. UQBHOIOF
Example 14: In a certain code language, 'Tom C. UQBHOHOI D. UQBHOHOF
Kun Sud' means 'Dogs are barking';
'Kun Jo Mop' means 'Dogs and horses' and 3. In a certain code, MENTION is written as
'Mut Tom Ko' means 'Donkey are mad'. LNEITNO. How is PATTERN written in that
Which word in that language means 'barking'? code?
Solution: Sud A. ATAETNR B. OTAETNR
In the first and second statements, the common code C. OTAESNR D. STAETNR
word is 'Kun' and the common word is 'Dogs'.
So, 'Kun' means 'Dogs'. 4. In a certain language, MADRAS is coded as
In the first and third statements, the common code NBESBT, how is BOMBAY coded in that code?
word is 'Tom' and the common word is 'are'. A. CPNCBZ B. CPNCBX
So, 'Tom' means 'are'. C. DPNCBZ D. DPNCBX
Thus, in the statement, 'Sud' means 'barking'.

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5. In a certain code, TRIPPLE is written as 15. Which of the following words would correctly
SQHOOKD. How is DISPOSE written in that decode the word ZHOFRPH if the simple
code? alphabet shifting code is used?
A. EJTQPTF B. EJTQPTG A. ARTISTS B. COMPUTE
C. CHRPNRD D. CHRONRD C. MAILING D. WELCOME
6. In a certain code, TOGETHER is written as
16. If CONTRIBUTE is written as ETBUIRNTOC,
RQEGRJCT. In the same code, PAROLE will be
which letter will be in the sixth place when
written as,
counted from the left if POPULARISE is written
A. RYPQJG B. RCPQJG
in that code?
C. NCPQJG D. NCPQJC
A. L B. I
7. If JOSEPH is coded as FKOALD, then GEORGE C. A D. R
will be coded as :
A. CAKNCA B. HAKNCA 17. In a certain language, CHAMPION is coded as
C. CBKNCA D. CALNCA HCMAIPNO, how is NEGATIVE coded in that
8. If COOL is coded as DQRP, then write the code code?
for HOT A. ENAGITEV B. NEAGVEIT
A. JQW B. IQW C. MGAETVIE D. EGAITEVN
C. IQX D. IPW
18. In a certain code, GIGANTIC is written as
9. If COMPLETED is coded as MOCELPDET, GIGTANCI. How is MIRACLES written in that
then DIRECTION will be coded as : code?
A. RIDTCENOJ A. MIRLCAES B. MIRLACSE
B. SIDTCENOI C. RIMCALSE D. RIMLCAES
C. RIDTCENOI 19. In a code, CORNER is written as GSVRIV. How
D. RIETCENOI can CENTRAL be written in that code?
10. If in a certain language, COUNSEL is coded as A. DFOUSBM B. GIRXVEP
BITIRAK, how is GUIDANCE written in that C. GJRYVEP D. GNFJKER
code?
A. EOHYZJBB B. FOIYZJBB 20. If BELIEF is written as afkkdi, how is SELDOM
C. FOHYZJBB D. None of above written in that code?
A. tfkenp B. rfkfnp
11. If FRIEND is coded as HUMJTK, how is
C. rfkenn D. rdkcnl
CANDLE written in that code?
A. EDRIRL B. DCQHQK
21. If 'sit nro kit' stands for 'clouds pour down';
C. DEQJQM D. FYOBOC
'nro bsi mit' stands for 'down he goes' and
12. If in a certain language KINDLE is coded as 'bsi nro zpi' stands for 'died down he',
ELDNIK, how is EXOTIC coded in that code? which word would means 'goes'?
A. EXOTLC B. CXOTIE A. nro B. mit C. kti D. bsi
C. COXITE D. CITOXE
22. In a certain code language, 'nee muk pic' means
13. In a certain code, PAPER is written as SCTGW.
'grave and concern';
How is MOTHERR written in that code?
'ill dic so' means 'every body else'; and
A. ORVLGW B. PQVJGT
'tur muk so' means 'body and soul'.
C. PQXJJT D. PQXKJV
Which of the following would mean 'every
14. If HEATER is written as KBDQHO, how will concern'?
you encode COOLER? A. dic pic
A. ALRIHV B. FLRIHO B. ill nee
C. FLIRHO D. FRLIHO C. pic nee
D. Can't be determined

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23. If in a certain code, 'bir le nac' means 'green and 28. In a certain code language, 'Ka Bi Pu Ya' means
tasty'; 'You are very intelligent';
'pic nac hor' means 'tomato is green' and 'Ya Lo Ka Wo' means 'They seem very
'coc bir hor' means 'food is tasty'. intelligent';
Which of the following means 'tomato is tasty' in 'La Pu Le' means 'You can see' and
that code? 'Sun Pun Yun Ya' means 'How intelligent she is'.
A. bir le hor In that language, which of the following words
B. pic hor nac means 'are'?
C. hor bir pic A. Ka B. Bi
D. None of these C. Le D. Pu E. Ya

24. In a certain code language, 'kew xas huma deko'

means 'she is eating apples'; CODING AND DECODING - ANSWER KEY
'kew tepo qua' means 'she sells toys' and
'sul lim deko' means 'I like apples'. 1 B 8 B 15 D 22 D
which word means 'she' and 'apples'?
A. xas & deko
B. xas & kew 2 D 9 C 16 A 23 C
C. kew & deko
D. kew & xas
3 B 10 C 17 A 24 C
25. If 'cinto baoli tsi nzro' means 'her village is
Sarurpur'; 4 B 11 A 18 B 25 C
'mhi cinto keepi tsi oind' means 'her first love is
literature' and
'oind geit tsi cinto pki' means 'literature collection 5 D 12 D 19 B 26 D
is her hobby',
which word would means 'literature'?
A. cinto B. baoli 6 C 13 C 20 B 27 D
C. oind D. geit
7 A 14 B 21 B 28 D
26. In a certain code language,
'mxy das zci' means 'good little frock';
'jmx cos zci' means 'girl behaves good';
'nvg drs cos' means 'girl makes mischief';
'das ajp cos' means 'little girl fell'.
Which word in that language stands for 'frock'?
A. zci B. das
C. nvg D. None of these

27. In a certain code language,

'pod na joc' means 'very bright boy';
'tam nu pod' means 'the boy comes';
'nu per ton' means 'keep the doll';
'joc ton su' means 'very good doll'.
Which of the following means 'bright' in the
language?
A. joc B. pod
C. ton D. na

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RANK TEST Example 5: Aruna ranks twelth in a class of

forty-six. What will be her rank from the last?
Example 1: In a row of girls, Priya is eighth Solution:
from the left and Reena is seventeenth from the Number of students behind Aruna in rank = (46 - 12)
right. If they interchange their positions, Priya = 34. So, Aruna is 35th from the last.
becomes fourteenth from the left. How many
girls are there in the row? Example 6: Ravi is 7 ranks ahead of Sumit in a class
Solution: of 39. If Sumit's rank is seventeenth from the last,
Since Priya and Reena interchange positions. So what is Ravi's rank from the start?
Priya's new position is the same as Reena's earlier Solution:
position. Sumit is 17th from the last and Ravi is 7 ranks ahead
This position is 14th from the left (Priya's new of Sumit. So, Ravi is 24th from the last.
position) and 17th from the right (Reena's earlier Number of students ahead of Ravi in rank
position). = (39 – 24) = 15; So, Ravi is 16th from the start.
∴ Number of girls in the row = (13 + 1 +16) = 30.
Example 7: Radha ranks twenty-first from the
Example 2: In a row of boys, Kapil is eighth
top and twentieth from the bottom in a certain
from the right and Rahul is twelth from the left.
examination. How many students are there in her
When Kapil and Rahul interchange positions,
class?
Rahul becomes twenty first from the left. Which
Solution:
of the following will be kapil's position from the
Clearly the whole class consists of
right?
i) 20 students who have a rank higher than Radha
Solution:
ii) Radha
Since Kapil and Rahul interchange places, so Rahul's
iii) 19 students who have rank lower than Radha
new position (21st from left ) is the same as Kapil's
i.e. (20+1+19) = 40. So, the answer is 40
earlier position (8th from right).
So, number of boys in the row = (20 + 1 + 7) = 28.
Example 8: In a row of girls facing North,
Now, Kapils new position is the same as Rahul's
Reena is 10th to the left of Pallavi, who is 21st
earlier position i.e., 12th from left.
from the right end. If Malini, who is 17th from
∴ Kapil's position from the right = (28-11) = 17th. the left end, is fourth to the right of Reena, how
Example 3: If Atul finds that he is twelth from many girls are there in the row?
the right in a line of boys and fourth from the Solution:
left, how many boys should be added to the line Pallavi is 21st from right and Reena is 10th to the left
such that there are 28 boys in the line? of Pallavi.
Solution: So, Reena is 31st from right.
Clearly, number of boys in the line = (11 + 1 + 3) = Malini is 4th to the right of Reena.
15. So, Malini is 27th from the right.
∴ number of boys to be added = 28 - 15 = 13. Also, Malini is 17th from the left.
∴ number of girls in the row = ( 26 + 1 + 16 ) = 43.
Example 4: Some boys are sitting in a row. ‘P’
is sitting fourteenth from the left and ‘Q’ is
Example 9: In a row of boys, if ‘A’ who is tenth
seventh from the right. If there are four boys
from the left and B who is ninth from the right
between ‘P’ and ‘Q’, how many boys are there
interchange their positions. ‘A’ becomes
in the row?
fifteenth from the left. How many boys are there
Solution:
in the row?
Number of boys in the row = number of boys uptil P
Solution:
+ number of boys between P and Q + number of boys
Clearly, A’s new position is 15th from the left. But
including Q and those behind Q .
this is the same as B’s earlier position which is 9th
= 14 + 4 + 7 = 25.
from the right.

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Example 10: In a queue, Arun is 10th from the 6. Some boys are sitting in a row. ‘P’ is sitting
front while Mukesh is 25th from behind and fourteenth from the left and ‘Q’ is seventh from
Maha is just in the middle of the two. If there be the right. If there are four boys between ‘P’ and
50 persons in the queue, What position does ‘Q’, how many boys are there in the row?
Maha occupy from the front? A. 25 B. 23
Solution: Number of persons between Arun and C. 21 D. 19
Mukesh = 50 – 1 (110 + 25) = 15.
Since Maha lies in middle of these 15 persons, so 7. In a queue of children, Kashish is fifth from the
Maha’s position is 8th from Arun i.e. 18th from the left and Mona is sixth from the right. When they
front. interchange their places among themselves,
Kashish becomes thirteenth from the left. Then,
EXERCISE – Rank Test what will be Mona's position from the right?
A. 4th B. 8th
C. 14th D. 15th
1. In a row of trees, one tree is fifth from either end
of the row. How many trees are there in the row? 8. Manoj and Sachin are ranked seventh and
A. 8 B. 9 eleventh respectively from the top in a class of 31
C. 10 D. 11 students. What will be their respective ranks from
the bottom in the class?
2. In a queue, Amrita is 10th from the front while A. 20th and 24th B. 24th and 20th
Mukul is 25th from behind and Mamta is just in C. 25th and 21st D. 26th and 22nd
the middle of the two. If there be 50 persons in
the queue. What position does Mamta occupy 9. Ravi is 7 ranks ahead of Sumit in a class of 39. If
from the front? Sumit`s rank is seventeenth from the last, what is
A. 20th Ravi`s rank from the start?
B. 19th A. 14th B. 15th
C. 18th C. 16th D. 17th
D. 17th
10. In a class of 60, where girls are twice that of
3. Raman ranks sixteenth from the top and forty boys, Kamal ranked seventeenth from the top. if
ninth from the bottom in a class. How many there are 9 girls ahead of Kamal, how many boys
students are there in the class? are after him in rank?
A. 64 A. 3 B. 7
B. 65 C. 12 D. 23
C. 66
D. Cannot be determined 11. In a row of ten boys, when Rohit was shifted by
two places towards the left, he became seventh
4. Sanjeev ranks seventh from the top and twenty from the left end. What was his earlier position
eight from the bottom in a class. How many from the right end of the row?
students are there in the class? A. First B. Second
A. 37 B. 36 C. Fourth D. Sixth
C. 35 D. 34
12. In a queue, Vijay is fourteenth from the front and
5. If Atul finds that he is twelfth from the right in a Jack is seventeeth from the end, while Mary is in
line of boys and fourth from the left, how many between Vijay and Jack. If Vijay be ahead of
boys should be added to the line such that there Jack and there be 48 persons in the queue, how
are 28 boys in the line? many persons are there between Vijay and
A. 12 B. 13 Marry?
C. 14 D. 20 A. 8 B. 7
C. 6 D. 5

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13. In a row of girls, Rita and Monika occupy the 19. Kanmani ranked sixteenth from the top and
ninth places from the right end and tenth place twenty ninth from the bottom among those who
from the left end, respectively. If they passed an examination. Six boys did not
interchange their places, Rita and Monika occupy participate in the competition and five failed in it.
seventeenth places from the right and eighteenth How many boys were there in the class?
place from the left, respectively. How many girls A. 35 B. 45
are there in the row? C. 50 D. 55
A. 25
B. 26 20. In a queue of children, Arun is fifth from the left
C. 27 and Suresh is sixth from the right. When they
D.Datainadequate interchange their places among themselves, Arun
becomes thirteenth from the left. Then, what will
14. Aruna ranks twelfth in a class of forty-six. What be Suresh's position from the right?
will be her rank from the last? A. 8th B. 14th
A. 33 C. 15th D. 16th
B. 34
C. 35 21. In a queue, Viji is fourteenth from the front and
D. 37 Jack is seventeenth from the end, while Mary is
in between Viji and Jack. If Viji be ahead of Jack
15. In a row of boys, Kapil is eighth from the right and there be 48 persons in the queue, how many
and Nikunj is twelfth from the left. When Kapil persons are there between Viji and Mary?
and Nikunj interchange positions, Nikunj A. 5 B. 6
becomes twenty first from the left. Which of the C. 7 D. 8
following will be Kapil's position from the right?
A. 8th B. 17th 22. Students line up in a queue in which Ashok
C. 21st D. Canont be determined stands fifteenth from the left and Sakthi is
seventh from the right. If they interchange their
16. In a class of boys stands in a single line. One boy places, Sakthi would be fifteenth from the right.
is nineteenth in order from both the ends. How How many students are there in the queue?
many boys are there in the class? A. 21 B. 22
A. 17 B. 27 C. 28 D. 29
C. 37 D. 39
23. ‘N’ ranks fifth in a class. ‘S’ is eighth from the
17. Three persons A, B and C are standing in queue. last. If ‘T’ is sixth after ‘N’ and just in the middle
There are five persons between ‘A’ and ‘B’ and of ‘N’ and ‘S’, then how many students are there
eight persons between ‘B’ and ‘C’. If there are in the class?
three persons ahead of ‘C’ and 21 persons behind A. 21 B. 23
‘A’, what could be the minimum number of C. 24 D. 25
persons in the queue?
A. 41 B. 40 24. Rajan ranks eighteenth in a class of 49 students.
C. 28 D. 27 What is his rank from the last?
A. 18 B. 19
18. In a row of girls, Shilpa is eighth from the left C. 31 D. 32
and Reena is seventeenth from the right. If they
interchange their positions, Shilpa becomes 25. Malik is fourteenth from the right end in a row of
fourteenth from the left. How many girls are 40 boys. What is his position from the left end?
there in the row? A. 21st B. 24th
A. 25 B. 27 C. 25th D. 27th
C. 29 D. None of these

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26. In a class of 35 students, Kamal is placed seventh NUMBER TEST
from the bottom whereasa Sunil is placed ninth
from the top. Manoj is placed exactly in between Example 1: In the following list of numerals,
the two. What is Kamal’s position from Manoj? how many 2's are followed by 1's but not
A. 7 B. 9 preceded by 4?
C. 10 D. 12 42121421124441221214421421212
4142124146
27. Murugan is sixth from the left end and Prasanna Solution :
is tenth from the right end in a row of boys. If 421 2 14211244412 2 1 2 1442142
there are eight boys between Murugan and 1 2 124142124146
Prasanna, how many boys are there in the row?
A. 21 B. 23
C. 24 D. 25 Example 2: How many 7's are there in the
following series which are preceded by 6 which
28. In a row of girls, Nithya and Suganya occupy the is not preceded by 8?
ninth place from the right end and tenth place 87678675679761677688697687
from the left end, respectively. If they Solution:
interchange their places, then Nithya and 876 7 86756 7 976 1 6 7 688697687
Suganya occupy seventeenth place from the right
and eighteenth place from the left respectively. Example 3: How many 6's are there in the
How many girls are there in the row? following series of numbers which are preceded
A. 22 B. 24 by 7 but not immediately followed by 9?
C. 26 D. 28 6795697687678694677695763
Solution:
6795697 6 87 6 786946776957 6 3
RANK TEST - ANSWER KEY

Example 4: A number, which is greater than 3

1 B 8 C 15 B 22 D but less than 8, also it is greater than 6 but less
than 10 is:
2 C 9 C 16 C 23 C Solution:
According to first condition, the number is greater
than 3 but less than 8. Such numbers are 4, 5, 6, 7.
3 A 10 C 17 C 24 D
According to the second condition, the number is
greater than 6 but less than 10. Such numbers are 7,
4 D 11 B 18 D 25 D 8, 9. Clearly, the required number is the number
satisfying both the above conditions i.e., 7.

5 B 12 A 19 D 26 C
Example 5: Which is the third number to the left
of the number which is exactly in the middle of
6 A 13 B 20 B 27 C
the following sequence of numbers?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 9 8 7 6
7 C 14 C 21 D 28 C 5 4 3 2 1
Solution:
There are 27 numbers in the given sequence. So,
middle number = 14th number = 9.
Clearly, the third number to the left of this 9 is 4.

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Example 6: how many such even numbers are Example 12: How many even numbers are there
there which are exactly divisible by its which are immediately followed by an odd
immediate preceding number but not exactly number as well as immediately preceded by an
divisible by its immediate following number? even number?
3 8 4 1 5 7 2 8 3 4 8 9 3 9 4 2 1 5 8 2 86 76 89 32 75 3 4 2 2 3 5 5 2 2 8 1 1 9
Solution: Two Solution: Four
3 8 4 1 5 7 2 8 3 4 8 9 3 9 4 2 1 5 8 2 8 6 7 6 8 9 3 2 7 5 3 4 2 2 3 5 5 2
2 8 1 1 9
Example 7: How many 3's are there in the
following sequence which are neither preceded
by 6 nor immediately followed by 9?
EXERCISE – Number Test
9 3 6 6 3 9 5 9 3 7 8 9 1 6 3 9 6 3 9
Solution: Two
9 3 6 6 3 9 5 9 3 7 8 9 1 6 3 9 6 3 9 1. Count each 1 in the following sequence of
numbers that is immediately followed by 2, if 2 is
Example 8: Count each 7 which is not not immediately followed by 3. How many such
immediately preceded by 5 but is immediately 1's are there?
followed by either 2 or 3. How many such 7's are 1 2 1 3 4 5 1 2 3 5 2 1 2 6 1 4 5 1 1 2 4 1
there? 2 3 2 1 7 5 2 1 2 5
5 7 2 6 5738 37 3 2 5 7 2 7 3 4 8 2 6 7 8 A. 2 B. 4
Solution: 2 C. 5 D. 7
57 2 6 57 3 8 3 7 3 2 57 2 7 34 8 2 67 8
2. How many 7's are there in the following series
Example 9: How many 7's are there in the which are preceded by 6 which is not preceded
following series which are not immediately by 8?
followed by 3 but immediately preceded by 8? 8 7 6 7 8 6 7 5 6 7 9 7 6 1 6 7 7 6 8 8 6 9
8 9 8 7 6 2 2 6 3 2 6 9 7 3 2 8 7 2 7 7 8 7 7 6 8 7
3 7 7 9 4 A. Nil B. One
Solution: 2 C. Two D. Three
8 9 8 7 6 2 2 6 3 2 6 9 7 3 2 8 7 2 7 7
3. In the following list of numerals, how many 2's
8 7 7 7 9 4 are followed by 1's but not preceded by 4?
Example 10: In the series : 7 8 9 7 6 5 3 4 4 2 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 2 4 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 1 4 4 2
2 8 9 7 2 4 5 9 2 9 7 6 4 7 1 4 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 4 2 1 2 4 1 4 6
Which figures have equal frequency? A. Two B. Three
Solution: 865 C. Four D. Five
In the given series, 2 occurs 3 times; 3 occurs once; 4 4. How many 6's are there in the following number
occurs 3 times; 5 occurs 2 times; 6 occurs 2 times; 7 sequence which are immediately preceded by 9
occurs 5 times; 8 occurs 2 times and 9 occurs 4 times. but not immediately followed by 4?
Clearly, the frequency of 5, 6 and 8 is the same i.e. 2. 5 6 4 3 2 9 6 3 1 6 4 9 6 4 2 1 5 9 6 7 2 1
Example 11: In the following series of numbers, 4 7 4 9 6 4 2
find out how many times, 1, 3 and 7 have A. One B. Two
appeared together, 7 being in the middle and 1 C. Three D. Four
and 3 on either side of 7? 5. How many odd numbers are there in the sequence
2 9 7 3 1 7 3 7 7 1 3 3 1 7 3 8 5 7 1 3 7 7 which are immediately followed by an odd
1 7 3 9 0 6 number?
Solution: 3 5 1 4 7 3 9 8 5 7 2 6 3 1 5 8 6 3 8 5 2 2 4
2 9 7 3 173 7 7 1 3 3 173 8 5 7 1 3 7 3 4 9 6
7 173 9 0 6 A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. More than 4

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6. If the numbers from 1 to 45 which are exactly scooters and so on. Work out the number of
divisible by 3 are arranged in ascending order, scooters in the second half of the row.
minimum number being on the top, which would A. 10 B. 12 C. 15 D. 171
come at the ninth place from the top?
A. 18 B. 21 C. 24 D. 27
NUMBER TEST - ANSWER KEY
7. Nitin was counting down from 32. Sumit was
1 B 4 B 7 D 10 C
counting upwards the numbers starting from 1
and he was calling out only the odd numbers.
2 D 5 D 8 D 11 D
What common number will they call out at the
same time if they were calling out at the same 3 C 6 D 9 C 12 C
speed?
A. 19 B. 21 C. 22
D. They will not call out the same number

8. If the first and second digits in the sequence 5 9 8

1 3 2 7 4 3 8 are interchanged, also the third and
fourth digits, the fifth and sixth digits and so on,
which digit would be the seventh counting to
your left?
A. 1 B. 4 C. 7 D. 6

9. If the position of the first and the sixth digits of

the sequence of numbers 8 9 0 3 2 1 4 6 7 5
are interchanged, the second and the seventh and
so on. which number would be seventh from the
right end?
A. 2 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

10. The letters L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S and T in their

order are substituted by nine integers 1 to 9 but
not in that order. 4 is assigned to ‘P’. The
difference between ‘P’ and ‘T’ is 5. The
difference between ‘N’ and ‘T’ is 3. What is the
integer assigned to ‘N’?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

11. In the following sequence of instructions, 1

stands for Run, 2 stands for Stop, 3 stands for Go,
4 stands for Sit and 5 stands for Wait. If the
sequence were continued, which instruction will
come next?
4 454 5 3 4 5 31 4 5 31 2 4 5 4 5 3 4 5 3
A. Wait B. Sit C. Go D. Run

12. Thirty six vehicles are parked in a parking lot in a

single row. After the first car, there is one
scooter. After the second car, there are two
scooters. After the third car, there are three

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SHANMUGAM
JOIN WIN
IAS STUDY CIRCLE

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BLOOD TEST RELATION Example 2: Ram told Nikil, ‘Yesterday I

defeated the only brother of the daughter of my
grandmother.’ Whom did Ram defeat?
Mother's or father's son Brother Solution:
Daughter of grandmother --- Aunt; Aunt's only
Mother's or father's daughter Sister brother --- Father.
Mother's or father's brother Uncle
Example 3: Introducing a man, a women said,
Mother's or father's Sister Aunty "His wife is the only daughter of my father."
How is that man related to the woman?
Mother's or father's father Grandfather Solution:
Mother's or father's Mother Grandmother Only daughter of my father --- Myself. So, the man is
women's husband.
Son's wife Daughter-in-Law
Example 4: Pointing to a lady, a man said, "The
Daughter's husband Son-in-Law
son of her only brother is the brother of my
Husband's or wife's Sister-in-Law wife." How is the lady related to the man?
Solution:
Husband's or wife's brother Brother-in-Law Brother of my wife – My brother-in-law; son of
lady’s brother is the brother-in-law of the man. So
Brother's son Nephew
lady’s brother is man's father-in-law i.e., the lady is
Brother's daughter Niece the sister of man's father-in-law.

Uncle or aunt's son or daughter Cousin Example 5: Introducing a man, a women said.
"He is the only son of my mother's brother."
Sister's husband Brother-in-Law How is the women related to the man?
Solution:
Brother's wife Sister-in-Law
My mother's mother --- My grandmother; My
Grandson's or Grand Great grand daughter grandmother's only son --- My maternal uncle.
daughter's daughter So, the women is man's niece.

Problems of this type involve analysis of Example 6: Pointing to a man, a woman said,
certain blood relations and then interpreting certain "His mother is the only daughter of my mother".
relations on the basis of the given information. In How is the woman related to man?
solving such questions the candidate must be familiar Solution: Mother
with blood relations in a family. The following chart
would prove immensely beneficial to the candidates
for solving such questions.

Example 1: Pointing to a photograph, Ramesh

said, "She is the daughter of my grandfather's
only son." How is Ramesh related to the girl in
the photograph?
Solution:
My grandfather's only son ---- My father. Only daughter of woman's mother means woman
So, the girl is the daughter of Ramesh's father i.e., (herself). Only daughter of woman's mother is the
Ramesh is the girl's brother. mother of the man in the photograph. Therefore, the
woman in question is the mother of man in the
photograph.

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Example 7: Pointing to a man, a woman said, Drawing a family tree:
"His mother is the daughter of my mother's only Vertical or diagonal lines should be used to
daughter, How is the man related to that woman? represent parent-child relationships.
Solution: A double horizontal line (like) should be used to
Grandson represent marriages.
a dashed line should be used to represent brother
or sister relationships.
Put a + sign before someone who is a male and a
- sign before some one who is a female.
Whenever something is not known put a ‘?’
mark or some symbol (x, y, z, @, $ ......)

Directions: 10 – 12: Read the following information

carefully and answer the questions that follow:
My (Woman's) mother's only daughter means the In a family, there are six members A, B, C, D, E, and
woman herself. Woman's daughter is the mother of F. A and B are a married couple, ‘A’ being the male
man in question. Therefore, the woman (speaker) is member. ‘D’ is the only son of ‘C’, who is the brother
the grandmother of the man. of ‘A’. ‘E’ is the sister of ‘D’. ‘B’ is the daughter-in-
Thus, man is the grandson of the woman (speaker). law of ‘F’, whose husband has died.

Example 8: Pointing towards Waman, Madhav Example 10: How is ‘F’ related to ‘A’?
said "I am the only son of his father's one of the (1) Mother (2) Sister-in-law
sons". How Waman is related to Madhav? (3) Sister (4) Mother-in-law
Solution:
Either father or uncle Example 11 :How is ‘E’ related to ‘C’?
(1) Sister (2) Daughter
(3) Cousin (4) Mother

Example 12:Who is ‘C’ to ‘B’ ?

(1) Brother (2) Brother-in-law
(3) Son-n-law (4) Nephew
Solution :
The dotted arrows show doubtful relationship. We start with the 3rd sentence, since it given a
Waman's father has more than one son. parent-child relationship. The diagram is:
Madhav is the only son of one of the sons of
Waman's father. Therefore, Waman is either father or
uncle of Madhav.

Example 9: Looking at a portrait of a man,

Harsh said, "His mother is the wife of my
father's son. Brothers and sisters I have none." [D is the only son of C who is the brother of A]
At whose portrait was Harsh looking ?
Solution:
His son
Since Harsh has no brother or sister, so he is his
father's only son.
Now, wife of my father's son -- my wife. Now, we should look for a sentence that given
So, Harsh's wife is the man's mother or the man is information about A or C or D, The second sentence
Harsh's son. is appropriate. Incorporating it into the diagram,

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d) ‘C’, the Jeweller is married to the lawyer.
e) ‘B’ is the mother of ‘F’ and ‘E’.
f) There are two married couples in the family.

Example 14: What is the profession of ‘E’ ?

(1) Doctor (2) Engineer
[A and B are married couple, ‘A’ being the male (3) Manager (4) Psychologist
member]
Example 15: How is ‘A’ related to ‘E’ ?
Now, we incorporate the fourth sentence:
(1) Brother (2) Uncle
[E is the sister of D] (3) Father (4) Grandfather
Finally, we incorporate the last sentence. Note that
‘F’ must be a female because her husband has died. Example 16: How many male members are
[One who has/had a husband must be a female.] there in the family?
(1) Three (2) Four (3) Two
(4) Can't be determined.

Solution :
Note : While making the family tree, the professions
of each individual should be incorporated below their
names in addition to their sex.
Eg : ‘A’ means ‘a’ is male and an Engineer. (+, Eng)
The sentence (e) is based on parent-child relationship.
Hence, begin with (e)
[B is the daughter in-law of ‘F’, whose husband has
died]
From the figure, we can write the answer:
Answer for Eg 10: (1) Mother
Answer for Eg 11: (2) Daughter
Answer for Eg 12: (2) Brother-in-law

Example 13: Pointing to kedar, Veena said [B is the mother of F and E ]

"His mother's brother is the father of my son Sentence (b) given the information that ‘F’ is a
Nithin". How is kedar related to Veena ? psychologist. Note that if the doctor is the grandfather
Solution : of ‘F’ and if ‘B’ is the mother of ‘F’. Then ‘B’ must
Nephew be the daughter-in-law of the doctor. The diagram
Kedar's mother's brother is Kedar's uncle. becomes.
Father of Veena's son Nithin is Veena's Husband.
Hence, Kedar's Uncle is Veena's husband.
Kedar is Veena's Nephew.

Directions 14–16: Read the following information

carefully and answer the questions given below it:
a) There is a group of six persons A, B, C, D, E and
F in a family; They are Psychologist, Manager,
Lawyer, Jeweller, Doctor and Engineer.
b) The doctor is the grandfather of ‘F’ who is a
psychologist
c) The manager ‘D’ is married to ‘A’.
Hence ‘B’ must be the lawyer. Hence we have;

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EXERCISE – Blood Relation

1. Introducing a man to her husband, a women said,

"his brother's father is the only son of my
grandfather." How is the women related to his
man?
A. Grandfather
B. Brother
C. Father
From the figure, we can write the answer: D. Cannot be determined
Answer for Eg 14 : (2) Engineer
Answer for Eg 15 : (4) Grandfather 2. Pointing to a girl in the photograph, Amar said,
Answer for Eg 16 : (4) Can't be determined. “Her mother’s brother is the only son of my
mother’s father.” How is the girl’s mother related
Example 17: Answer the questions based on the
to Amar?
following assignments.
A. Mother B. Aunt
(i) 'A*B' means 'A is sister of B'
C. Sister D. Grandmother
(ii) 'A0B' means 'B is mother of A'
(iii) 'A+B' means 'A is brother of B'
3. Pointing to a photograph, a lady tells Pramod, "I
(iv) 'A=B' means 'B is father of A'.
amthe only daughter of this lady and her son is
Which of the following means 'M is maternal uncle
your maternal uncle". How is the speaker related
of N'?
to Pramod's father?
1) M+P+Q*N 2) N+P=Q*M
A. Sister-in-law
3) N0P*M+Q 4) N*P0Q*M
B. Either (a) or (b)
Solution: N0P*M+Q
C. Wife
Maternal uncle' = Mother's brother.
D. Neither (a) nor (b)
So 0 (mother) and '+' (brother) signs must be used.
The only one choice of in which both the signs are
4. Arun said, "This girl is the wife of the grandson
used is N0P*M+Q.
of my mother." Who is Arun to the girl?
N0P*M+Q
A. Father B.Husband
‘P’ is the mother of ‘N’, ‘P’ is the sister of
C.Grandfather D. Father-in-law
‘M’ is the brother of ‘Q’
‘P’ is the mother of ‘N’, ‘M’ is the brother
5. Pointing to an old man, kailash said, "His son my
of ‘P’.
son's uncle." How is the old man related to
‘M’ is the maternal uncle of ‘N’.
kailash?
A. Brother B. Father
Example 18: If A + B means ‘A’ is the brother
C. Uncle D. Grandfather
of ‘B’; A - B means ‘A’ is the sister of ‘B’ and
‘A’ x ‘B’ means ‘A’ is the father of ‘B’. Which
6. Pointing to a photograph, a person tells his friend,
of the following means that ‘C’ is the son of
"She is the grand daughter of the elder brother of
‘M’?
my father" How is the girl in the photograph
A) M - N × C + F B) F - C + N × M
related to his man?
C) N + M - F × C D) M × N - C + F
A) Niece B) Aunt
Solution : D) M × N - C + F C) Sister D) Sister-in-law
M × N → ‘M’ is the father of ‘N’
N - C → ‘N’ is the sister of ‘C’ 7. If ‘X’ is the brother of the son “Y’s son, how is
and C + F → ‘C’ is the brother of ‘F’. ‘X’ related to ‘Y’?
Hence, ‘M’ is the father of ‘C’ or ‘C’ is the son of A) Son B) Cousin
‘M’. C) Brother D) Grandson

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8. Rita told Mani, “The girl I met yesterday at the 15. A woman introduces a man as the son of the
beach was the youngest daughter of the brother- brother of her mother. How is the man, related to
in-law of my friend’s mother.” How is the girl the woman?
related to Rira’s friend? A) Nephew B) Cousin
A) Cousin B) Niece C) Son D) Uncle
C) Daughter D) Friend
16. A girl introduced a boy as the son of the daughter
9. Pointing to a man in a photograph, Asha said, of the father of her uncle. The boy is girl's
"His mother's only daughter is my mother." How A) Brother B) Uncle
is Asha related to that man? C) Son D) Son-in-law
A) Nephew B) Wife
C) Sister D) Niece 17. Pointing to a man, a woman said, "His mother is
the only daughter of my mother." How is the
10. Pointing to a person, a man said to a woman, woman related to the man?
"His mother is the only daughter of your father." A) Mother B) Sister
How was the woman related to the person? C) Daughter D) Grandmother
A) Aunt B) Wife
C) Mother D) Daughter 18. A man said to a lady, "Your mother's husband's
sister is my aunt." How is the lady related to the
11. When Anuj saw Manish, he recalled, "He is the man?
son of the father of my daughter." Who is A) Daughter B) Mother
Manish? C) Sister D) Grand daughter
A) Brother-in-law B) Cousin
C) Brother D) Uncle 19. Pointing to a man in a photograph, a woman said,
“His brother’s father is the only son of my
12. Pointing to a photograph, a woman says, "This grandfather.” How is the women related to the
man's son's sister is my mother-in-law." How is man in the photograph?
the woman's husband related to the man in the A) Mother B) Sister
photograph? C) Aunt D) Daughter
A) Grandson B) Son-in-law
C) Son D) Nephew 20. A + B means ‘A’ is the mother of ‘B’; A - B
means ‘A’ is the brother ‘B’; A % B means ‘A’
13. A man pointing to a photograph says, "The lady is the father of ‘B’ and A × B means ‘A’ is the
in the photograph is my nephew's maternal sister of ‘B’, which of the following shows that
grandmother." How is the lady in the photograph ‘P’ is the maternal uncle of ‘Q’?
related to the man's sister who has no other A) Q - N + M × P B) P + S × N - Q
sister? C) P - M + N × Q D) Q - S % P
A) Cousin
B) Mother 21. Pointing to a person in a photograph, lady said,
C) Sister-in-law "His sister is the daughter of my father's son's
D) Mother-in-law mother" how is the person related to the lady ?
A) Sister B) Brother
14. Pointing to a man on the stage, Rita said, "He is C) Nephew D) Father
the brother of the daughter of the wife of my
husband." How is the man on the stage related to 22. Pointing to a photograph, Shanti said, "she is the
Rita? mother of my brother's uncle's son" How is shanti
A) Son related to the person in the photograph?
B) Cousin A) Aunt B) Niece
C) Husband C) mother D) daughter
D) Nephew

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23. Pointing to a man, Radhika said, "His sister is my
daughter's brother's mother". How is the man BLOOD RELATION - ANSWER KEY
related to Radhika ?
A) Brother B) Father 1 B 8 A 15 B 22 A
C) Uncle D) Grandfather
2 B 9 D 16 A 23 A
24. Pointing to a man, a woman said, “He is the
brother-in-law of the only son-in-law of my 3 C 10 A 17 A 24 A
mother's husband." How is the man related to the
women ? 4 D 11 A 18 C 25 C
A) brother B) husband
C) brother-in-law D) sun 5 B 12 S 19 B 26 D

25. Pointing to a gentleman, Deepak said "His only 6 A 13 B 20 C 27 D

brother is the father of my daughter's father".
How is the gentlemen related to Deepak? 7 D 14 S 21 B 28 D
A. Father B. Grandfather
C. Uncle D. Brother-in-law

Directions (26 – 28): Read the following information www.shanmugamiasacademy.in

carefully and answer the questions given below it:.

A + B means ‘A’ is the sister of ‘B’.
A - B means ‘A’ is the father of ‘B’.
A × B means ‘A’ is the brother of ‘B’.
A/B means ‘A’ is the mother of ‘B’.

26. If K / L + M × N, then ‘K’ is N's

A. aunt B. uncle
SHANMUGAM IAS ACADEMY (SIA)
C. great-aunt D. None of these
www.shanmugamiasacademy.in
www.iasipstnpsc.in
27. If K + L - M × N / P, the ‘K’ is P's
E-mail: [email protected]
A. great-aunt B. grandmother
0422-4378847, 0462-2582466
C. mother D. sister

28. Which of the following shows that ‘C’ is the

maternal grandfather of ‘F’ ?
A. C + D- E/F B. C×D-E+F
C. C×D+E-F D. C-D/E×F

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Example 4:
PUZZLE TEST
Which one is immediate right to the ‘V’?
Example 1: A, P, R, X, S and Z are sitting in a Solution:
row. S and Z are in the centre. A and P are at the ‘T’ is immediate right to the ‘V’.
ends. R is sitting to the left of A. Who is to the
right of ‘P’? Example 5: Which of the following is correct?
Solution: A) P is to the immediate right of Q
The seating arrangement is as follows: B) R is between U and V
C) Q is to the immediate left of W
D) U is between W and S
Solution:
Therefore, right of ‘P’ is ‘X’. C) ‘Q’ is to the immediate left of ‘W’ is the only
correct statement.
Example 2: A, B, C, D and E are sitting on a
bench. ‘A’ is sitting next to ‘B’, ‘C’ is sitting Example 6:
next to ‘D’, ‘D’ is not sitting with ‘E’ who is on What is the position of ‘S’?
the left end of the bench. ‘C’ is on the second Solution:
position from the right. ‘A’ is to the right of ‘B’ To the immediate right of ‘W’
and ‘E’. ‘A’ and ‘C’ are sitting together. In
which position ‘A’ is sitting? Directions 7- 10: In an Exhibition seven cars of
Solution: The seating arrangement is as follows: different companies - Cadillac, Ambassador, Fiat,
Maruti, Mercedes, Bedford and Fargo are standing
facing to east in the following order:
• Cadillac is next to right of Fargo.
• Fargo is fourth to the right of Fiat.
Therefore, ‘A’ is sitting in between ‘B’ and ‘C’.
• Maruti car is between Ambassador and Bedford.
Directions 3-6: P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are sitting • Fiat which is third to the left of Ambassador, is
round the circle and are facing the centre: at one end.
• ‘P’ is second to the right of ‘T’ who is the Solution: The arrangement is as follows:
neighbour of ‘R’ and ‘V’. ‘S’ is not the
neighbour of ‘P’.
• ‘V’ is the neighbour of ‘U’.
• ‘Q’ is not between ‘S’ and ‘W’. ‘W’ is not
between ‘U’ and ‘S’.
Solution:
The seating arrangement is as follows:

Example 7: Which of the cars are on both the

sides of cadillac car?
A) Ambassador and Maruti
Example 3: Which two of the following are not B) Maruti and Fiat
neighbours? C) Fargo and Mercedes
A. RV B. UV D) Ambassador and Fargo
C. RP D. QW Solution:
Solution: C) Fargo and Mercedes are on both the sides of
‘R’ and ‘V’ are not neighbours. cadillac car.

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Example 8: Which of the following statement is Example 13: Which course is taught in the
correct? month of January?
A) Maruti is next left of Ambassador. 1. C 2. D 3. E
B) Bedford is next left of Fiat. 4. Data inadequate
C) Bedford is at one end. 5. None of these
D) Fiat is next second to the right of Maruti.
Solution: A) Maruti is next left of Ambassador. Solution:

Example 9: Which of the following groups of Lecturers Courses Month

cars is to the right of Ambassador? P B Feb
A) Cadillac, Fargo and Maruti Q A March
B) Mercedes, Cadillac and Fargo R E Jan
C) Maruti, Bedford and Fiat
S C/D April / May
D) Bedford, Cadillac and Fargo
Solution: B) Mercedes, Cadillac and Fargo cars are T C/D April/May
to the right of Ambassador.
Answers :
Example 10: Which one of the following is the 11. 3) Either C or D
correct position of Mercedes? From the table it is clear that ‘S’ teaches either
A) Next to the left of Cadillac C or D.
B) Next to the left of Bedford 12. 1) Q
C) Between Bedford and Fargo Course ‘A’ immediately follows course ‘B’ and
D) Fourth to the right of Maruti. it is taught by Q.
Solution: 13. 3) E
D) Fourth to the right of Maruti Clearly, Course ‘E’ is taught in the month of
The correct position of Mercedes is fourth to the right January.
of Maruti.
Directions 14 – 18: Read the following information
Directions (11-13): Study the following information carefully and answer the questions that follows:
carefully and answer the questions following it. i. Five friends P, Q, R, S, T travelled to five
i. There are five courses - A, B, C, D and E different cities of Chennai, Calcutta, Delhi,
each of one month duration are to be taught Bangalore and Hyderabad by five different
from January to May one after the other Modes of transport of Bus, Train, Aeroplane, Car
though not necessarily in the same order by and Boat from Mumbai.
lecturers P, Q, R, S and T. ii. The person who travelled to Delhi did not travel
ii. ‘P’ teaches course ‘B’ but not in the month of by boat.
April or May. iii. ‘R’ went to Bangalore by car and ‘Q’ went to
iii. ‘Q’ teaches course ‘A’ in the month of March calcutta by aeroplane.
iv. ‘R’ teaches in the month of January but does iv. ‘S’ travelled by boat whereas ‘T’ travelled by
not teach course ‘C’ or ‘D’. train.
v. Mumbai is not connected by bus to Delhi and
Example 11: Which course is taught by ‘S’? Chennai.
1) C 2) E 3) Either C or D
4) D 5) None of these Example 14: Which of the following
combinations of person and mode is not correct?
1. P – Bus 2. Q-Aeroplane
Example 12: Which lecturer’s course 3. R-Car 4. S – Boat
immediately follows after course ‘B’. 5. T-Aeroplane
1) Q 2) P 3) S
4) T 5) None of these

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Example 15: Which of the following Directions (19-22): Study the following information
combinations is true for ‘S’? carefully and answer the questions given below:
1. Delhi – Bus 2. Chennai – Bus In a building there are thirteen flats on three floors II,
3. Chennai – Boat 4. Data inadequate III and IV. Five flats are unoccupied. Three
5. None of these managers, two teachers, two lawyers and one doctor
occupy the remaining flats. There are at least three
Example 16: Which of the following flats on any floor and not more than six flats on any
combinations of place and mode is not correct? floor. No two persons of the same profession stay on
1. Delhi – Bus any floor. On the second floor, out of four flats, one
2. Calcutta - Aeroplane occupant is the lawyer and has only one neighbour.
3. Bangalore-Car One teacher lives one floor below the other teacher.
4. Chennai-Boat The doctor is not the neighbour of any of the lawyers.
5. Hyderabad – Bus No flat is unoccupied on the third floor.

Example 17: The person travelling to Delhi Example 19: How many flats are there on the
went by which of the following Modes? third floor?
1. Bus 2. Train 3. Aeroplane A. Three or Four B. Four C. Five
4. Car 5. Boat D. Three E. None of these

Example 20: What is the combination of

Example 18: Who among the following occupants on the second floor?
travelled to Delhi? A. Lawyer, Manager B. Teacher, Doctor
1. R 2. S 3. T C. Manager, Doctor D. Manager, Teacher
4. Data Inadequate E. None of these
5. None of these
Solution : Example 21: Who among the following is the
neighbour of the other lawyer?
Person Place Mode
A) Manager B) Teacher
P Hyderabad Bus
C) Both the manager and the teacher
Q Calcutta Aeroplane D) Data inadequate E) None of these
R Bangalore Car
S Chennai Boat Example 22: How many flats are occupied on
T Delhi Train the fourth floor?
A) Two B. Three C) Four
D) Data inadequate E) None of these
Answers :
14. 5) T- Aeroplane Solution:
Clearly, the incorrect combination is ‘T’
Aeroplane, So the answer is 5.
15. 3) Chennai – Boat
Clearly, the correct combination for ‘S’ is
Chennai - Boat. So the answer is 3.
16. 1) Delhi - Bus
Clearly, the incorrect combination is
Delhi-Bus. So the answer is 1.
17. 2) Train
Clearly, ‘T’ travelled to Delhi by Train So,
the answer is 2. Answer:
19. D) Three
18. 3) T
20. A) Lawyer, Manager
Clearly, T travelled to Delhi. So the answer is
21. C) Both the manager and the teacher
3.
22. B) Three

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Directions (23 –27): Study the following information Solution: Here the persons who travel are: A, B, C,
carefully and answer the questions given below: D, E, F and G. Stations are: Base station #I, #II, #III,
A, B, C, D, E, F and G are seven persons who travel #IV and #V.
to office everyday by a particular train which stops at
five stations, I, II, III, IV and V respectively after it
leaves base station.
Three among them get in the train at the base
station.
D gets down at the next station at which F gets
down.
B does not get down either with A or E.
G alone gets in at station III and gets down
with C after having passed one station.
A travels between only two stations and gets
down at station V. Answers :
None of them gets is at station II 23. C) #IV
C gets in with F but does not get in with either 24. D) Data inadequate
B or D. 25. D) Data inadequate
E gets in with two others and gets down alone 26. D) Four
after D. 27. B) Two
B and D work in the same office and they get
down together at station III. Directions (28 - 31): Read the following information
None of them gets down at station I. and answer the questions given below.
i. Rajiv, a medical representative (M.R.), has to
Example 23: At which station does ‘E’ get meet 7 doctors M, N, O, P, Q, R and S on a
down? particular day between 9 am and 4 pm.
A) #II B) #III C) #IV ii. He takes 30 minutes with each doctor and keeps
D) Data inadequate a gap of 25 minutes between two appointments
E) None of these for travel and preparation except after 5th visit,
Example 24: At which station do C and F get when he takes 50 minutes’ break for lunch,
in? travel and preparation.
A) #I B) #II C) #III iii. He has to meet doctor M immediately before Q
D) Data inadequate but immediately after R, who is the third doctor
E) None of these to be met.
iv. ‘S’ does not give time for Rajiv before 9.30 am
Example 25: At which of the following stations and after 10.30 a.m. ‘P’ and ‘N’ meet Rajiv
do B and D get in? between 2 pm and 3.30 pm only.
A. # I B. Base station C. #III
D. Data inadequate E. None of these Example 28: Who among the following is likely
to be the first doctor of that day?
Example 26: After how many stations does E
A) S B) O C) R
get down?
D) Q E) None of these
A) One B) Two C) Three
D) Four E) Five
Example 29: Who will be the last doctor to be
Example 27: ‘E’ gets down after how many visited by him on that day?
stations at which F gets down? A) N B) P
A) Next station B) Two C) Three C) Either N or P D) Data inadequate
D) Four E) Five E) None of these

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Example 30: At what time is he likely to meet Example 32: If all the people are made to sit in
doctor ‘S’? an alphabetical order, in clockwise direction,
A) 9.55 am B) 9.30 am starting from ‘A’, the position of whom amongst
C) 9 am D) Data inadequate the following remains the same (excluding ‘A’)?
E) None of these A) E B) F
C) C D) G
Example 31: If doctor ‘R’ asks him to visit
again 25 minutes after his scheduled seventh Example 33: How many people are seated
visit is over, then at what time can he meet between ‘A’ and ‘C’ (counting clockwise from
doctor ‘R’? ‘A’)?
A) 3.55 pm B) 3.40 pm A) Two B) Four
C) 3.25 pm D) Data inadequate C) None D) One
E) None of these Example 34: Who amongst the following sits
exactly between ‘F’ and ‘C’ (and is also their
neighbour)?
A) E B) B C) G D) A

Solution:

Answers :
28. B) O
29. C) Either N or P Answers :
30. A) 9.55am 33. B) F
31. E) None of these 34. A) Two
35. B) B
Directions 32 – 37: Eight friends A, B, C, D, E, F, G
and H are sitting in a circle, but not necessarily in the EXERCISE – Puzzle Test
same order. Four of them are facing outside and four
of them are-facing the centre.
‘E’ faces outside. Both the immediate 1 – 3) Five girls are sitting on a bench to be
neighbours of ‘E’ face the centre. ‘H’ sits second photographed. Seema is to the left of Rani and to the
to the right of ‘E’. ‘B’ sits third to the left of right of Bindu. Mary is to the right of Rani. Reeta is
‘E’. between Rani and Mary.
‘D’ faces the centre. Both the immediate 1. Who is in the middle of the photograph?
neighbours of ‘D’ face outside. A. Bindu B. Rani
‘G’ sits second to the left of ‘A’. ‘B’ sits third to C. Reeta D. Seema
the right of ‘H’.
2. Who is second from the right?
‘F’ is an immediate neighbour of ‘D’. ‘C’ is an
A. Mary B. Rani
immediate neighbour of ‘G’.
C. Reeta D. Bindu
‘D’ is not an immediate neighbour of ‘B’.
3. Who is sitting immediate right to Reeta?
A. Bindu B. Rani
C. Mary D. Seema

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4 – 7) Six friends are sitting in a circle and are facing 12. In the original arrangement who is sitting just
the centre of the circle. Deepa is between Prakash and opposite to ‘N’?
Pankaj. Priti is between Mukesh and Lalit. Prakash A) B B) A
and Mukesh are opposite to each other. C) C D) D
4. Who is sitting opposite to Prakash?
A . Mukesh B . Deepa 13 – 16) In a class there are seven students (including
C . Pankaj D . Lalit boys and girls) A, B, C, D, E, F and G. They sit on
three benches I, II and III. Such that at least two
5. Who is just right to Pankaj? students on each bench and at least one girl on each
A . Deepa B . Lalit bench. ‘C’ who is a girl student, does not sit with ‘A’,
C . Prakash D . Priti ‘E’ and ‘D’. ‘F’ the boy student sits with only ‘B’.
‘A’ sits on the bench ‘I’ with his best friends. ‘G’ sits
6. Who are the neighbours of Mukesh? on the bench ‘III’. ‘E’ is the brother of ‘C’.
A . Prakash and Deepa B . Deepa and Priti
C . Priti and Pankaj D . Lalit and Priti 13. How many girls are there out of these 7 students?
A) 3 B) 3 or 4
7. Who is sitting opposite to Priti? C) 4 D) Data inadequate
A . Prakash B . Deepa
C . Pankaj D . Lalit 14. Which of the following is the group of girls?
A) BAC B) BFC
8 – 12) Each of these questions are based on the C) BCD D) CDF
information given below:
A ,B, C, D and E are five men sitting in a line facing 15. Who sits with ‘C’?
to south - while M, N, O, P and Q are five ladies A) B B) D
sitting in a second line parallel to the first line and are C) G D) E
facing to North. ‘B’ who is just next to the left of
‘D’, is opposite to ‘Q’. ‘C’ and ‘N’ are diagonally 16. On which bench there are three students?
opposite to each other. ‘E’ is opposite to ‘O’ who is A . Bench I B . Bench II
just next right of ‘M’. ‘P’ who is just to the left of C . Bench III D . Bench I or II
‘Q’, is opposite to ‘D’. ‘M’ is at one end of the line.
17 – 20) Six girls are sitting in a circle facing to the
8. Who is sitting third to the right of ‘O’? centre of the circle. They are P, Q, R, S, T and V. ‘T’
A) Q B) N C) M D) Data inadequate is not between ‘Q’ and ‘S’ but some other one. ‘P’ is
next to the left of ‘V’. ‘R’ is 4th to the right of ‘P’.
9. If ‘B’ shifts to the place of ‘E’, ‘E’ shifts to the
place of ‘Q’, and ‘Q’ shifts to the place of ‘B’, 17. Which of the following statement is not true?
then who will be the second to the left of the A) ‘S’ is just next to the right to ‘R’
person opposite to ‘O’? B) ‘T’ is just next to the right of ‘V’
A) Q B) P C) ‘R’ is second to the left of ‘T’
C) E D) D D) ‘P’ is second to the right of ‘R’

10. Which of the following pair is diagonally 18. If ‘P’ and ‘R’ interchange their positions then
opposite to each other? which of the following pair will sit together?
A) EQ B) BO A) RT B) PV C) VR D) QV
C) AN D) AM 19. What is the position of ‘T’?
11. If ‘O’ and ‘P’, ‘A’ and ‘E’ and ‘B’ and ‘Q’ A) Just next to the right of ‘Q’
interchange their positions, then who will be the B) Second to the left of ‘P’
second person to the right of the person who is C) Between Q and ‘R’
opposite to the person second of the right of ‘P’? D) To the immediate right of ‘V’
A) D B) A 20. Which one is sitting just right to the ‘V’?
C) E D) O A) P B) T C) R D) S/Q

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21-23) Five friends Yash, Neeraj, Mehul, Ram and ARRANGEMENTS
Prakash are students of five different disciplines 1 – 3)
Medical, Engineering, Architecture, Arts,
Management and each plays a different musical
instrument Sitar, Tabla, Sarod, Guitar and Violin.
Mehul, a medical student, does not play Sarod or 4 – 7)
Sitar nor Guitar. Prakash is neither a student of
Engineering nor Management. Ram, who plays tabla,
is an Arts student Neither Prakash nor Yash plays
Sarod.
21. Who among the following plays Sarod?
A) Yash B) Neeraj
C) Prakash D) Data inadequate

22. The guitarist is a student of which of the 8 – 12)

following disciplines?
A) Engineering
B) Engineering or Management
C) Architecture D) Data inadequate

23. Who among the following plays Sitar?

A) Yash B) Neeraj
C) Prakash D) Data inadequate 13 – 16)

PUZZLE TEST - ANSWER KEY

1 B 7 B 13 B 19 D
2 C 8 B 14 C 20 B
3 C 9 A 15 C 21 B 17 – 20)
4 A 10 D 16 A 22 D
5 A 11 B 17 C 23 D
6 C 12 B 18 C

21 -23)
Yash Engg/Mgt Guitar/Sitar
Neeraj Engg/Mgt Sarod
Mehul Medicine Violin
Ram Arts Tabela
Prakash Architecture Guitar/Sitar

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STATEMENT AND ASSUMPTION Example 2 : Statement : The chairman and

secretary of the housing society have requested
society members to use water economically to help
society save on water tax.
Assumptions :
I. Majority of members of society are likely to
STATEMENT AND follow the request.
II. It is desirable to reduce expenditure wherever
ASSUMPTION possible.
Solution:
‘I’ is not implicit. But ‘II’ is implicit
Nothing about the response of society members can
be deduced from the statement.
ASSUMPTION :
An assumption is something which is
assumed, supposed and taken for granted. When Example 3: Statement: Double your money in
someone says something he may not put every five months - An advertisement.
aspect of his idea into words. That which is left Assumptions:
unsaid or taken for granted is called an assumption. I. The assurance is not genuine.
II. People want their money to grow.
IMPLICATION : Solution:
Implication is something which is implied. It Assumption ‘I’ can not be deduced from given
is the hidden meaning of the statement. Sometimes statement. But Assumption ‘II’ is implicit.
implications are also taken as assumptions.
Example 4: Statement: Read this book to get
Difference Between Assumption And Implication detailed and most comprehensive information on
An assumption is something on which the this issue.
statement is based, while implication is something Assumption:
which is derived from and therefore based upon the I. The person who wants this information can read.
statement. II. There are other books available on this issue.
Solution:
Both assumptions are implicit.
Directions : In these questions a statement followed
Assumption ‘I’ is implicit. Also this book give most
by two assumptions is given - numbered I and II. An
assumption is something supposed or taken for comprehensive information so it means there are
granted. You have to consider the statement and the other books also available.
following assumptions and decide which of the
assumptions is implicit in the statement. Example 5: Statement: "In order to bring
punctuality in our office, we must provide
Example 1 : Statement : We must settle all the conveyance allowance to our employees." - In
payment due to our suppliers within three charge of a company tells Personnel Manager.
working days. Assumptions:
Assumptions : I. Conveyance allowance will not help in bringing
I. We will always have necessary funds in our punctuality.
account to settle the bills. II. Discipline and reward should always go hand in
II. We are capable of verifying and clearing the hand.
bills in less than three working days. Solution:
Solution: Both assumptions are implicit. ‘II’ is implicit.
Since the statement talks of making all payments Assumption ‘I’ goes against the statement. So, it is
within three days, so company has funds and also not implicit. The allowance will serve as a reward to
bills can be cleared within said time. the employees and shall provoke them to come on
time.

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Example 6: Statement: Example 9: Statement: This book is for those
Read the study material prepared by XYZ to get who are interested to know more about ‘Indian
a high score in the exam. History’.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Study material prepared by XYZ is of good I. People who are interested to know about the
quality. author may read books.
II. Getting a high score in the exams is II. Every book may attract some readers.
desirable. Solution:
Solution: only assumption ‘II’ is implicit
Both the assumptions are implicit ‘I’ is not implicit because it talks about a subject, not
It is said in the statement that the study material the author. ‘II’ is implicit because when we say that
prepared by XYZ helps to get a high score, which a book is for a particular target segment, we assume
means that the study material by XYZ is of good that such a target segment exists.
quality thus assumption ‘I’ is implicit. Reading the
study material is recommended to get a high score in Example 10: Statement: There is no shopping
the exam, that is getting a high score, in the exams is complex for this colony; people have to go to the
desirable. Hence ‘II’ is also implicit. main market.
Assumptions:
I. This colony may be far from main market.
Example 7 : Statement: II. The people do not want to go to the main
This book is invested to guide the layman to market.
study tailoring in the absence of a teacher. Solution:
Assumptions: both I and II are implicit
I. A teacher of tailoring may not be available to Both the assumptions are implicit because of the
everyone. need felt for a shopping complex in the colony itself.
II. Tailoring can be learnt with the help of a book. Example 11: Statement: Helping the poor is the
Solution: real service to humanity.
Both the assumptions are implicit. Assumptions:
The book is intended to teach in the absence of a I. Poor people are in need of help from others.
teacher. From this we can enter that the absence of II. If we do not help poor, we will not be called
teacher is a possibility, thus assumption ‘I’ is valid. human beings.
Since the book is intended to teach tailoring, Solution:
assumption ‘II’ is also implicit. only assumption ‘I’ is implicit
‘I’ is implicit: how else can helping the poor be a
Example 8 : Statement: service? ‘II’ is not implicit because not all human
Buy pure and natural pearls of company `X' - an beings are in the “service” business.
advertisement.
Assumptions: Example 12: Statement: The police in India
I. Artificial pearls can be prepared. have to cope with tremendous stress and strain
II. People do not mind paying more for pure and while having to maintain security and order.
natural pearls. Assumptions:
Solution: I. In other countries, the police do not have to
Only assumption ‘I’ is implicit undergo stress and strain while doing their duty.
The advertisement tells that the pearls of company II. The police are expected to do their duties
‘X’ is natural, this means that artificial pearls may without stress or strain.
be available in the market. So assumption ‘I’ is Solution:
implicit. But the advertisement tells nothing about only assumption ‘II’ is implicit
the price of the pearls. So ‘II’ cannot be implicit. ‘I’ is not implicit because the statement is based
only on what happens in India. ‘II’ is implicit
because of the concern shown by the statement.

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Example 13: Statement: Example 16: Statement:
If children are to manage our world in future, “Please note that the company will provide
then they need to be equipped to do so. accommodation to only outside candidates if
Assumptions: selected.” A condition in an advertisement.
I. The world has always educated children. Assumptions:
II. It is possible to educate children. I. The local candidates would be having some or
Solution: other arrangement for their stay.
only assumption ‘II’ is implicit II. The company plans to select only local
‘I’ is not implicit because we don’t know whether candidates.
the statement is based on past experience. ‘II’ is Solution:
implicit because education is very important in only assumption ‘I’ is implicit
equipping the children. Accommodation to only outside candidates clearly
indicates that local candidates will be having their
Example 14: Statement: own arrangement for stay. Hence ‘I’ is implicit. It is
“I have not received telephone bills for nine no where mentioned that outside candidates will not
months in spite of several complaints.” - A be selected. Hence ‘II’ is not implicit.
telephone customer’s letter to the editor of a
daily. . Example 17: Statement:
Assumptions: The entry of multinational companies in India
I. Every customer has a right to get bills regularly has led to higher efficiency of the Indian
from the telephone company. companies who are competing with them.
II. The customers complaints point to defect in the Assumptions:
service which is expected to be corrected. I. Employees of multinationals may serve as
Solution: models for Indian company’s employees.
both I and II are implicit. II. Competition will reduce many Indian
The customer is assuming ‘I’ that is why he has companies to ashes.
lodged several complaints of not receiving his Solution:
telephone bills. As he has informed about this to the either ‘I’ or ‘II’ is implicit
editor of a daily, he expects to correct the system Higher efficiency will be brought about in either the
case. When you have good models, the environment
Example 15: Statement: improves. On the other hand, even if this not be
Take this ‘oven’ home and you can prepare very case, fear of being eliminated leads to adaptation in
tasty dishes which you were unable to prepare the Darwinian fashion.
earlier. - An advertisement of ‘X’ brand oven.
Assumptions: Example 18: Statement:
I. The user knows the procedure recipe of tasty Traffic police be given anti-pollution masks
dishes but does not have the proper oven to while manning traffic signals.
cook. Assumptions:
II. Only ‘X’ brand oven can cook very tasty I. The traffic police will be able to carry out
dishes. their work after wearing the mask.
Solution: II. The masks are safe for wearing and there is no
only assumption ‘I’ is implicit other adverse side-effect.
The term ‘which you were unable to prepare earlier’ Solution:
clearly means even though the user knows the both I and II are implicit.
procedure of some special preparation, he does not Providing anything for a solution automatically
have a proper oven to cook. Hence ‘I’ is implicit. leads to the fact that the provider has assumed that
The statement assumes that ‘X’ can cook tasty neither it will disturb while working nor it has any
dishes but does not rule out all other ovens from adverse side effect, and that it will rather promote
doing so. the work.

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Example 19: Statement:
The nutritional status of children in India is EXERCISE – Statement & Conclusion
better compared to that in other developing
countries. In each question below is given a statement followed
Assumptions: by two assumptions numbered I and II. Consider the
I. It is not possible to estimate nutritional statement and decide which of the given
requirement of children in other countries. assumptions is implicit.
II. India can become a developed country. Give Answer:
Solution: (A) If only assumption I is implicit
neither I nor II is implicit (B) If only assumption II is implicit
Assumption ‘I’ contradicts the statement. Nothing (C) If either I or II is implicit
can be assumed about the scale of becoming (D) If neither I nor II is implicit
developed. Hence ‘II’ is not implicit. (E) If both I and II are implicit.

Example 20: Statement: 1. Statement: It is desirable to put the child in

He teaches behavioural science but see how he school at the of 5 or so.
behaves with others? Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. At that age the child reaches appropriate level
I. Our behaviour is controlled by others. of development and is ready to learn.
II. One is expected to follow what one preaches. II. The schools do not admit children after six
Solution: years of age.
only assumption II is implicit 2. Statement: Savita made an application to the
‘I’ is not implicit. There is no hint regarding who bank for a loan of Rs 180000 by mortgaging his
controls our behaviour. ‘II’ is implicit. The house to the bank and promised to repay it in 5
statement takes exception at the fact that he does not years.
apply to himself what he teaches. Assumptions:
I. The bank has a practice of granting loans for
Example 21: Statement: Rs. 100000 and above.
Economic development and social justice should go II. The bank accepts house as collateral security
hand in hand. against such loans.
Assumptions:
I. Only economic development can bring social 3. Statement: "I would like to study the impact of
justice. pay revision on job satisfaction of employees." -
II. Life without social justice is worth not living. A tells B
Solution: Assumptions:
only assumption II is implicit I. Job satisfaction can be measured.
‘I’ is not implicit. The statement only says that the II. A has necessary competence to undertake such
two should go together, not that one results from the study.
other. ‘II’ is implicit; that is why the emphasis On
4. Statement: Money is the root cause of the
social justice.
problems in a family.
Assumptions:
I. Every problem is caused by something.
II. There are always some problems in the family.

5. Statement: Detergents should be used to clean

clothes.
Assumptions:
I. Detergents form more lather.
II. Detergents help to dislodge grease and dirt.

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6. Statement: In case of any difficulty about this 12. Statement: "Computer education should start at
case, you may contact our company's lawyer. schools itself."
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Each company has a lawyer of its own. I. Learning computers is easy.
II. The company's lawyer is thoroughly briefed II. Computer education fetches jobs easily.
about this case.
13. Statement: The organization should promote
7. Statement: 'Guests should be provided lunch' - employees on the basis of merit alone and not on
A tells B the basis of length of service or seniority.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Unless told, lunch may not be provided. I. Length of service or seniority does not alone
II. Guests will stay during lunch time. reflect merit of an employee.
II. It is possible to determine and measure merit of
8. Statement: The State government has decided an employee.
to appoint four thousand primary school
teachers during the next financial year. 14. Statement: I can take you quickly from Kanpur
Assumptions: to Lucknow by my cab but then you must pay
I. There are enough schools in the state to double charges.
accommodate four thousand additional primary Assumptions:
school teachers. I. Normally, It will take more time to reach there.
II. The eligible candidates may not be interested to II. People want to reach quickly without paying
apply as the government may not finally appoint extra money for it.
such a large number of primary school teachers.
15. Statement: There is no reason to rule out the
9. Statement: If it is easy to become an engineer, I possibility of life on Mars. Therefore, the
don't want to be an engineer. exploration of that planet has to be undertaken.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. An individual aspires to be professional. I. There is life on Mars.
II. One desires to achieve a thing which is hard II. The search for life is the sufficient reason for
earned. space.

10. Statement: The private bus services in the city 16. Statement: Government aided schools should
has virtually collapsed because of the ongoing have uniformity in charging various fees.
strike of its employees. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. The Government's subsidy comes from the
I. Going on strikes has become the right of every money collected by way of taxes from people.
employee. II. The Government while giving subsidy may have
II. People no more require the services of private stipulated certain uniform conditions regarding
bus operators. fees.

11. Statement: Lack of stimulation in the first four 17. Statement: The railway authorities have
or five years of life can have adverse decided to increase the freight charges by 10%
consequences. in view of the possibility of incurring losses in
Assumptions: the current financial year.
I. A great part of the development of observed Assumptions:
intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life I. The volume of freight during the remaining
II. 50 percent of the measurable intelligence at age period may remain same.
of 17 is already predictable by the age of four. II. The amount so obtained may set off a part or
total of the estimated deficit.

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18. Statement: The economic prosperity of any
STATEMENT AND ARGUMENT
nation is dependent on the quality of its human
resources.
Assumptions: In this type of questions, a statement is given
I. It is possible to measure the quality of human followed by two arguments. One argument supports
resources of a Nation. the given statement by pointing out the positive
II. Achieving economic prosperity is a cherished results of the statement and the other argument is
goal of any nation. given against the statement by pointing out the
negative features of it.
19. Statement: The civic authority appealed to the To find out the answer, first of all we should
people for reduction in usage of water as there determine whether an argument is strong or weak.
may be an acute shortage during the coming For this, each argument should be subjected to the
weeks. following tests.
Assumptions: If an argument is ambiguous, it is a weak
I. There will be no rain in recent future. argument. For example,
II. The people are ready to follow the advice of the Statement: Should higher education be reserved
civic authority. for the deserving few?
Argument: Yes, It will minimise wastage in
20. Statement: Do not copy software without our higher education.
permission - A notice.
Assumptions: If an argument is too simple, it is a weak
I. It is possible to copy the software. argument. They are clearly related with the
II. Such warning will have some effect. statement. But due to lack of proper
argumentation, they are considered as weak
21. Statement: ‘This book has been written for arguments.
every one and does not require readers to have Statement: Should all the remote parts of a
any experience in handling computers’.- An country be connected by road ?
author of a book on computers. Argument: Yes, It must be done immediately.
Assumptions: This argument does not have any argumentative
I. It is possible to learn computers with the help substance and so it is a weak argument.
of book only.
II. It is possible to learn to handle computers only If an argument has passed the above mentioned
after reading the book. points, then we check the desirability of the
argument. For this, first of all, we check whether
STATEMENT AND CONCLUSION -
the arguer is right in saying that the course of
ANSWER KEY
action will bring the given positive or negative
1 A 8 A 15 E consequence. Next, we check whether this
positive or negative conseqence is really
2 E 9 B 16 B benefitial or harmful.
3 E 10 D 17 B Statement: Should non-vegetarian food be
totally banned in our country?
4 D 11 A 18 A Argument: Yes, It is expensive and therefore
beyond the means of most people in
5 B 12 A 19 B our country.
Logically this argument is probable because
6 B 13 E 20 E non - vegetarian food is expensive and therefore it is
beyond the means of most people in our country.
7 E 14 A 21 D But only for this reason, ban on non vegetarian food
is not desirable. So this argument is weak.

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If an argument simply supports or denies a Example 1: Statement:
given statement without giving a proper Should luxury hotels be banned in India?
analysis, it is a weak argument. Arguments:
Statement: Should election expenses to central I. Yes, they are places from where international
and state legislatures be met by the criminals operate.
government ? II. No. Affluent foreign tourists will have no place
Argument: No, It is not good in any country. to stay.
Solution: Only argument II is strong
Arguments which consists of a question thrown ‘I’ is not strong because only by imposing a ban on
back without any substance and argument is a luxury hotels, success of international criminals can
weak argument. not be put to an end. But argument ‘II’ is strong.
Statement: Should fashionable dresses be
banned? Example 2: Statement: Should private sector
Argument: Yes, Why not? be permitted to operate telephone services?
If it is a scientifically established or universally Arguments:
acknowledge fact, it is a strong argument. I. Yes, They are operated in advanced western
Otherwise it is weak. countries.
Statement: Should religion be taught in our II. No. It is risky to put them in private hands.
School? Solution: Neither I nor II is strong
Argument: Yes, teaching religion helps inculcate A policy cannot be followed in a developing country
moral values among children. like India, merely on the reason that telephone
This argument is a strong argument because it is an services are operated in advanced western countries.
established fact. ‘II’ is not acceptable because permitting the private
sector to operate telephone services may bring out
An argument that promotes or prohibits on the greater efficiency.
basis of an example is a weak argument.
Statement: Should private sector be permitted to Example 3: Statement: Should government
operate telephone services? established higher level Institutes of Technology
Argument: Yes, They are operated in advanced (IITs) be privatised?
western countries. This is a weak Arguments:
argument. Just because telephone I. Yes, privatisation will make these institutes
services are operated in advanced financially healthy, competitive and quality
western countries, it cannot be conscious.
declared as pursuable. II. Yes, privatisation is the key of the new era can
we survive without it?
A statement and an argument are said to be
Solution: Only argument ‘I’ is strong
properly related if the argument emphasises the
Argument ‘I’ is advantageous. Argument ‘II’ has
main issue involved. Also it should be a
lack of any theme.
balanced option. That is really beneficial or
harmful. If they are properly related the
Example 4: Statement: Should Indian scientists
argument is considered as a strong argument.
working abroad be called back to India?
Statement: Should there be compulsory military
Arguments:
Training for all?
I. Yes, they must serve the motherland first and
Argument: Yes, It will bring a sense of
forget about discoveries, honours, facilities & all.
discipline in the people it is true that
II. No, we have enough talent; let them stay where
military training will bring a sense of
they want.
discipline in the people. But
Solution: Neither I nor II is strong
compulsory military training is too
‘I’ is not strong. The individual’s demands are as
significant an action to be taken
important as the motherland’s. ‘II’ is weak because
simply for this reason.
of its complacent attitude.

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Example 5: Statement: Example 8: Statement:
Should vacations of court judges be reduced? Should getting primary education be
Arguments: incorporated as a fundamental right in India?
I. Yes, it will speed up judicial process and many Arguments:
people are likely to get justice in reasonable I. No, what is the use? Have we fulfilled our
time. duties regarding other fundamental rights?

II. Yes. it is a sign of British legacy, why should II. Yes, this is what all the developed countries
we carry it further? have done.

Solution: Solution:
Only argument I is strong Neither I nor II is strong
‘I’ is a strong argument. If we have more working ‘I’ is distorting the argument. ‘II’ is based on an
days, it is natural that more work can be done. Good example which may not apply to India.
qualities or system of even our enemy can be
adopted. Hence ‘II’ is weak. Example 9: Statement:
Should scheme of lotteries be completely
Example 6: Statement: stopped in India?
Should the practice of transfers of clerical cadre Arguments:
employees from one city to another government I. No, many state governments will have to stop
office be stopped? some of their developmental activities which
Arguments: they fund from surplus generated by their
I. No, transfer of employees is a routine lottery scheme.
administrative matter and we must continue it.
II. No, many unemployed youth who sell lottery
II. Yes, it involves lot of governmental tickets to earn their livelihood will face
expenditure and inconvenience to many hardship.
compared to the benefits it yields.
Solution:
Solution: Both I and II are strong
Only argument II is strong. Both are strong because from the economic point of
It is not necessary that any practice which has been view we can’t ignore either unemployment or
continued for a long time be right. Hence ‘I’ is a revolute loss.
weak argument.
Example 10: Statement:
Example 7: Statement: Should dependents of India’s freedom fighters
Should higher qualification be the only criteria be given benefits of reservation in jobs?
for internal promotions in any organisation? Arguments:
Arguments: I. Yes. We should keep the dependents happy as
I. Yes, why not? In fact only higher qualification the freedom fighters have fought for a noble
is more important than other factors. cause.

II. No, quality of performance and other factors II. No. We already have too many reservations; let
are more important than mere higher us not add to it.
qualification in case of internal promotion.
Solution:
Solution: Only argument I is strong
Only argument II is strong. ‘I’ is strong because it will bolster patriotic
Neither the reason nor other factors are given in sentiments. ‘II’ is not strong because it is not
Argument ‘I’. Hence, it is weak. On the same necessary than an extra reservation quota be created.
grounds ‘II’ is strong. The new category may be adjusted within earlier
limits.

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Example 11: Statement: Should the course fees Example 15: Statement:
of all postgraduate courses run by the Should corporal punishment be fully restricted in
universities be increased to the level of IITs and schools?
IIMs? Arguments:
Arguments: I. No, in low age and formative year’s
I. Yes, this will weed out non-serious students out punishment helps develop the standard of
of higher education. discipline and values.
II. No, the poor brilliant students will not be able II. Yes, physical punishment hurts the self-respect
to join post-graduate courses. of an individual and such person turns to
Solution: Both I and II are strong violent ways of life.
‘I’ is strong because non-serious students vitiate the Solution:
environment. Besides, when we have PhDs who Either I or II is strong
hardly know their subject, it brings disrepute to our ‘I’ is strong because a discipline form the basis of
education system. ‘II’ is strong because merit should one’s Ufa, ‘II’ is also strong because the society
not be allowed to rot for want of money. needs to be protected from violence.
Example 12: Statement: Should the school
teachers be necessarily involved in the census Exercise – Statement and Argument
activities?
Arguments:
Instructions: Each question below is followed by
I. No, this will adversely affect the quality of
two arguments numbered I and II. You have to
teaching programme
decide which of the arguments a strong argument is
II. Yes, the teachers are the best fit for this job.
and which a weak argument is. Give answer
Solution: Only argument ‘I’ is strong
A) if only argument I is strong.
When a single person is given so many
B) if only argument II is strong.
responsibilities, it is possible that he may not
C) if either I or II is strong.
concentrate 100 per cent on all of them. Hence ‘I’ is
D) if neither I nor II is strong and
strong. “Best fit” does not specify a cause.
E) if both I and II are strong.
Example 13: Statement: With the opening of
the economy in India, should all workers unions 1. Statement:
be banned? Should promotions in the armed forces be made
Arguments: on the basis of seniority?
I. No, workers unions are not banned in the other Arguments:
economically advanced countries. I. No. Patriotism is the most important attribute
II. No, a level-headed worker’s union can really for such promotions.
do wonders both for workers and economy. II. No. It would be an injustice to those juniors
Solution: Neither I nor II is strong who are more deserving and suitable for
‘I’ is based on example, Hence does not follow. ‘II’ higher positions.
is a vague argument.
Example 14: Statement: Should we grant 2. Statement:
permission to reputed private companies to Should automation be restricted only to
construct civil airports for general use in India? industrial sector in our country?
Arguments: Arguments:
I. Yes, why not? It would be both economical and I. Yes. In other labour-intensive sectors, our
effective. vast unemployed population can be
II. No, it may pose danger to security and safety of beneficially deployed.
India. II. No. The automation in other sectors will
Solution: Only argument II is strong. II is strong also yield commendable result to boost our
because national security is a priority area. country’s economy which will, in turn, take
care of unemployment.

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3. Statement: Should the freedom of press be 8. Statement: Should all the rivers of India be
curbed in a democratic country? brought under Central Water Commission?
Arguments: Arguments:
I. Yes. Press, if not curbed, may go to any I. Yes, it will ensure equal distribution of
extent to lead the public astray. water to the States.
II. No. Why should we do that? II. No, because it will be contrary to the
geographical conditions in the States.
4. Statement: Should sex education be included in
the syllabus of junior college as a compulsory 9. Statement:
subject? Should the government open more medical
Arguments: colleges in the country?
I. Yes. It would certainly help in eradicating Arguments:
the existing misunderstanding and make I. No, because the Government should ensure
the younger generation physically and quality education in the existing Medical
mentally healthier. colleges as majority of the colleges lack
II. No. It will destroy the moral fibre and the necessary infrastructure.
highly esteemed value system which we II. Yes, because there is urgent need of
have inherited from our forefathers. qualified doctors and the ratio between
doctors and citizens is the lowest in India.
5. Statement: Should the public sector
undertakings be allowed to adopt hire-and-fire 10. Statement:
policy? Should there be a total ban on all tobacco
Arguments: products in India?
I. Yes. This will help the public sector Arguments:
undertakings to get rid of non-performing I. No, this will render a large number of
employees and will also help to reward the people jobless.
performing employees. II. No, the government will lose huge amount
II. No, the management may not be able to of money as it will not earn by way of taxes
implement the policy in an unbiased manner on these products.
and the employees will suffer due to the
highhandedness of the management. 11. Statement:
Should Hindi language be made compulsory at
6. Statement: Should India carry out fresh tests of school level in all the States in India?
nuclear weapons? Arguments:
Arguments: I. No, students should not be forced to learn
I. Yes, this will send a stern message to the any language.
whole world that India is serious to defend II. Yes, it is the national language, so everybody
herself by any means from aggression. must learn it.
II. No, the international community will isolate
India and this will bring a setback to Indian 12. Statement:
economy. Should the retirement age of all government
employees in India be made 55 years?
7. Statement: Should there be more than one High Arguments:
Court in each State in India? I. Yes, this will help government to offer
Arguments: employment to youth at lower cost and with
I. No, this will be a sheer wastage of taxpayers’ higher productivity.
money. II. No, the government will be deprived of the
II. Yes, this will help reduce the backlog of expertise of the experienced employees and
cases pending for a very long time. this will have adverse effect on the
productivity.

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13. Statement: 18. Statement: Should the railways in India be
Should India pull out of Commonwealth privatised in a phased manner like other public
Confederation? sector enterprises?
Arguments: Arguments:
I. No, India will lose an international forum to I. Yes, this is the only way to bring in
express its opinion on world matters. competitiveness and provide better service
II. Yes, Commonwealth has lost its relevance in to the public.
the post-cold war scenario. II. No, this will pose a threat to national
security of our country as multinationals
14. Statement: will enter into the fray.
Should all the profit-making public sector units
be sold to private companies? STATEMENT AND ARGUMENT -
Arguments: ANSWER KEY
I. Yes, this will help the government to 1 E 7 D 13 A
argument its resources for implementing the
development programmes. 2 A 8 E 14 E
II. No, the private companies will not be able to 3 A 9 E 15 A
run these units effectively.
4 A 10 B 16 E
15. Statement: 5 B 11 E 17 A
Should the existing labour laws be changed in
the favour of owners? 6 A 12 A 18 D
Arguments:
I. Yes, the existing labour laws give much more
protection to employees than required and
thus production is reduced.
II. No, because owners would-exploit
employees as before when there were no
labour laws.

16. Statement: Should all the utility services be

immediately brought under essential services to
avoid frequent agitation and strikes by the
employees?
Arguments:
I. No, otherwise how the employees may
voice their grievances and demands?
II. Yes, the employees are becoming more and
greedier and they take the general public for
ride by striking work.

17. Statement: Should all the unauthorised

structures in the city be immediately
demolished?
Arguments:
I. No, where will the people residing in such
Houses live?
II. Yes, this will give a clear message to
general public and they will refrain from
constructing unauthorised buildings.

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CAUSE AND EFFECT Example 5 : Statements:

I. Importance of Yoga and exercise is being
In this type of questions two statements are realized by all sections of the society.
given. Out of these two statements one may be the II. There is an increasing awareness about health in
cause and other the effect or either these two may be the society particularly among middle ages
independent causes any effect or independent effects group of people.
of any cause etc. The following examples will you a Solution: As the awareness about health in the society
clear cut idea to solve this type of problems. is increasing particularly among middle-aged group of
people, the importance of Yoga and exercise is being
Example 1: Statements: realized by all sections of the society.
I. Ram's father was ill. Therefore, Statement ‘II’ is the cause and statement ‘I’
II. Ram brought medicine after consulting the is its effect.
doctor.
Solution: As Ram's father was ill, he brought Example 6 : Statements:
medicine on the advice of doctor. I. The university authority has instructed all the
Therefore, ‘I’ statement is the cause while ‘II’ colleges under its jurisdiction to ban use of cell
statement is the effect. phones inside the college premises.
II. Majority of the teachers of the college signed a
Example 2: Statements: joint petition to the university complaining the
I. The Central Government has recently declared disturbances caused by cell phone ring tones
to finish the rebate on farming. inside the classrooms.
II. The Central Government faces financial loss on Solution: Statement ‘II’ is the cause and statement ‘I’
account of giving rebate on farming for the last is its effect. Since the teachers of the colleges
few years. complained to the university about the disturbances
Solution: As the Central Government faced financial caused by cell phone ring-tones inside the class-
loss on accounts of giving rebate on farming for the rooms, the university authority has instructed all the
last few years, therefore, they declared to finish the colleges under its jurisdiction to ban use of cell
rebate of farming. phones inside the college premises.
Hence statement ‘II’ is the cause while statement ‘I’
is the effect. Example 7 : Statements:
I. A huge truck overturned on the middle of the
Example 3: Statements: road last night.
I. Standard of living among the middle class society II. The police had cordoned of entire area in the
is constantly going up since part of few years. locality this morning for half of the day.
II. Indian Economy is observing remarkable growth. Solution: Statement ‘I’ is the cause and statement ‘II’
Solution: Since the standard of living among the is its effect. Since a huge truck overturned on the
middle class society is constantly going up so Indian middle of the road last night, so, the police had
Economy is observing remarkable growth. cordoned off the entire area in the locality last
Therefore, Statement ‘I’ is the cause and statement morning for half of the day.
‘II’ is its effect.
Example 8 : Statements:
Example 4: Statements: I. Police resorted to lathi-charge to disperse the
I. The staff of Airport Authorities called off the unlawful gathering of large number of people.
strike they were observing in protest against II. The citizens' forum called a general strike in
privatization. protest against the police atrocities.
II. The staff of Airport Authorities went on strike Solution: Statement ‘I’ is the cause and statement ‘II’
anticipating a threat to their jobs. is its effect. As, police resorted to lathi-charge to
Solution: Both the statements I and II are effects of disperse the unlawful gathering of large number of
independent causes. people, the citizens forum called a general strike
against the police atrocities.

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5. Statements:
EXERCISE – Cause and Effect I. The literacy rate in the district has been
increasing for the last four years.
Below in each of the questions are given two II. The district administration has conducted
statements I and II. These statements may be either extensive training programme for the workers
independent causes or may be effects of independent involved in the literacy drive.
causes or a common cause. One of these statements
may be the effect of the other statements. Read both 6. Statements:
the statements and decide which of the following I. The government has allowed private airline
answer choice correctly depicts the relationship companies in India to operate to overseas
between these two statements. Mark answer destinations.
(A) If statement ‘I’ is the cause and statement ‘II’ is II. The national air carrier has increased its flights
its effect. to overseas destinations.
(B) If statement ‘II’ is the cause and statement ‘I’ is 7. Statements:
its effect. I. Rural and semi-urban areas in the country have
(C) If both the statements I and II are independent been suffering due to load-shedding for quite
causes. some time.
(D) If both the statements ‘I’ and ‘II’ are effects of II. If the Government is not able to overcome the
independent causes. power crisis, load-shedding will be extended
(E) If both the statements I and II are effects of even to the urban areas.
some common cause.
8. Statements:
1. Statements: I. The Government has increased rates of petrol
I. The prices of food grains and other essential and diesel by 10% from the immediate effect.
commodities in the open market have risen II. Oil producing countries have decided to
sharply during the past three months. increase 10% of production on crude oil from
II. The political party in opposition has given a the last quarter.
call for general strike to protest against the
9. Statements:
government's economic policy.
I. Police had resorted to lathi-charge to disperse
the unruly mob from the civic headquarters.
2. Statements:
II. The civic administration has recently hiked the
I. The Government has decided to hold a single
property tax of the residential buildings by about
entrance test for admission to all the medical
30 percent.
colleges in India.
II. The State Government has debarred students 10. Statements:
from other States to apply for the seats in the I. Police authority has recently increased vigil
medical colleges in the State. during the evening hours in the locality.
II. There has been considerable reduction in the
3. Statements: incidents of petty crimes in the locality.
I. Large number of Primary Schools in the rural
areas is run by only one teacher.
II. There has been a huge dropout from the CAUSE & EFFECT- ANSWER KEY
primary schools in rural areas.
1 A 6 A
4. Statements: 2 E 7 E
I. The farmers have decided against selling their 3 A 8 D
Kharif crops to the Government agencies. 4 B 9 D
II. The Government has reduced the procurement 5 B 10 A
price of Kharif crops starting from the last
month to the next six months.

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SYLLOGISM ii) Universal negative proposition (E):

A proposition of the form No S is P is called
a universal negative proposition. It is denoted by E.
eg : No professors is lazy.
No boxes are baskets.

iii) Particular positive Proposition (I):

A proposition of the form Some S are P is
called a particular positive proposition. It is denoted
by ‘I’.
eg: Some boys are smarts.
Some boys are cats.
Syllogism, which is introduced by Aristotle, iv) Particular negative proposition:
is a form of deductive logical argument that derives A proposition of the form Some S are not P is
a conclusion from two propositions(premises) called particular negative proposition. It is denoted
sharing a common term. by the letter O.
Usually in this form : all x are y (Major Premise) eg: Some flowers are not grapes.
: All y are z (minor premise) Some fans are not black.
Therefore : All x are z (conclusion)
TYPES OF INFERENCES
PROPOSITION
A proposition is a sentence that makes a 1) Mediate inference:
statement and gives a relation between two or more Here conclusion is drawn from two
terms. In logic, any statement is termed a propositions. For example, if you are given All cats
proposition. are dogs and All dogs are animals, then a conclusion
Example: of the form All cats are animals could be drawn
i) All windows are rods from it.
ii) No cloth is a bay 2) Immediate inference:
iii) Some students are members Here conclusion is drawn from only one
iv) Some green are not white given proposition. For example if a given statement
The parts of proposition are given below. is All gates are blue, then based on this a conclusion
I. Subject: A subject is the part of the proposition could be drawn that Some blue are gates. This is a
about which something is being said. case of immediate inference.
II. Predicate: Predicate is the part of the Two important cases of immediate inference
proposition denoting that which is affirmed or is given below.
denied about the subject. a) Implications:
eg: In the proposition All novels are songs, If a given proposition is A - type, then it also
something is being said about novels. So novels is implies that the I - type conclusion must be true. Let
the subject. Songs is the predicate here because it us verify it by considering the proposition, All
affirmed about the subject. elephants are big. This statement naturally implies
that the conclusion Some elephants are big must be
CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSITIONS true. Similarly we can prove that an E - type
proposition also implies an O - type conclusion.
i) Universal positive proposition (A): b) Conversion
A proposition of the form All S are P is Two steps are to be followed in conversion.
called a universal positive proposition. A universal The first step is to change the subject as the
positive proposition is denoted by A. predicate and the predicate as the subject. The
eg: All girls are disciplined. second step is to change the type of the given
All bulbs are lions. proposition to the pattern given in the following
table.

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Type of the given Type of the proposition COMPLEMENTARY PAIR

proposition after conversion
Consider the following Conclusions:
A I
i) Some buses are trucks.
E E
ii) Some buses are not trucks.
I I We know that either some buses will be trucks or
O Cannot be converted some buses will not be trucks. Hence either (i) or (ii)
is true. Such pair of statements are called
Let us consider the statement Some posters are good complementary pairs. So in a complementary pair, at
looking. This can be converted by using the above least one of the two statements is always true. We
table as Some good looking are posters. In the same can call a pair as a complementary pair if.
way, No books are pencils can be converted as No The subject and predicate of both the sentences
pencils are books. are the same.
A problem of syllogism consists of two They are an I + O - type pair or an A + O type
propositions which have one common term. This pair or an I + E - type pair.
common term will be the predicate of the first Example of complementary pair:
proposition and the subject of the second. If this i) All birds are swans
condition is not satisfied in the given propositions, ii) Some birds are not swans.
they should be aligned accordingly. While aligning a
given pair of statements, the priority should be given RULES FOR DERIVING CONCLUSIONS
while converting, to I - type statements to E-type 1. The Conclusion does not contain the Middle
Term (M).
statements and then to A - type statement, in that
Premises: All spoons are plates.
order. That is, the rule of IEA should be followed.
Some spoons are cups.
After aligning the given pair of statements,
Invalid Conclusion: All spoons are cups.
The conclusion can be easily drawn by using the
following table. 2. If both Premises are negative, no Conclusion
Premises: No black is white.
Statement - I Statement - II Conclusion No white is green.
A + A = A Invalid Conclusion: No black is green.
A + E = E
3. If both the Premises are Particular, no
E + A = O* Conclusion follows.
E + I = O* Ex. 1. Premises: Some sticks are elephants.
I + A = I Some elephants are lions.
I + E = O Invalid Conclusion: Some sticks are lions.
Ex. 2. Premises: Some books are photos.
No definite conclusion can be drawn for other Some photos are not pens.
combinations like A+I, O+A etc, which are not Invalid Conclusion: Some books are not pens.
mentioned in the above table. For the above given 4. From a Particular Major Premise and a
combinations which are aligned properly, the negative Minor Premise, no Conclusion can
conclusion is a proposition whose subject is the be drawn.
subject of the first statement and whose predicate is Premises: Some drums are boxes.
the predicate of the second statements. The common Some cups are not drums.
terms disappears. Invalid Conclusion: Some cups are not boxes.
In the above table, O* implies that the
5. In a Categorical argument, there must be a
conclusion is of type - O, whose subject is the Middle Term. If there is no Middle Term, no
predicate of the second statement and the predicate of Conclusion can be derived.
the conclusion is the subject of the first statement. Premises: All ships are girls.
All trees are men.
The given Premises have no Middle Term, hence no
Conclusion follows.

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6. The Middle Term must be distributed at 9. If one Premise is negative, the Conclusion
least once in Premises. Otherwise, no must be negative.
Conclusion can be derived. Ex. 1. Premises: Some books are photos.
Premises: All ships are rivers. No photos is coloured.
Some rivers are ponds. Valid Conclusion: Some book are not coloured.
Conclusion: Some ships are ponds. Ex. 2. Premises: All birds are black.
Explanation: Here, the Middle Term No black is white
"rivers" is not distributed in any of the Premises and Valid Conclusion: No bird is white.
therefore, the Conclusion is invalid.
For the Middle Term to be distributed in a Premise: 10. If one Premise is Particular, the conclusion
a. The Middle Term (M) must be the Subject if the must be Particular
Premise is an A-Proposition. Ex. 1. Premises: Some cups are plates.
b. The Middle Term (M) must be the Subject or All plates are spoons.
Predicate if Premise is an E-Proposition. Valid Conclusion: Some cups are spoons.
c. The Middle term (M) must be the Predicate if Ex. 2. Premises: Some chairs are tables.
Premise is an O-Proposition. No table is desk.
Ex. Premises: All pens are inks. Valid Conclusion: Some chairs are not desks.
Some inks are black.
Conclusions: I. All inks are pens. 11. If both the Premises are Affirmative, the
Conclusion be Affirmative.
II. Some pens are black. Ex. 1. Premises: All boxes are chairs.
Solution: No Conclusion follows All chairs are tables.
In the Premises, the Middle Term is 'ink'. Valid Conclusion: All boxes are tables
Clearly, it is not distributed in the first Premise, Ex. 2. Premises: Some dogs are cats.
which is an A-Proposition as it does not form its All cats are lions.
Subject. Again, it is not distributed in the second Valid Conclusion: Some dogs are lions.
Premise, which is an I-Proposition. Since the Middle
Term is not distributed even once in the Premises, so 12. If Major Premise is Affirmative the
no Conclusion follows. Conclusion must be Particular.
7. If Major Term is distributed in the Premises: Some dogs are cats
Inference it must be distributed in the Major All cats are lions.
Premise. Otherwise, the Conclusion cannot Valid Conclusion: Some dogs are lions.
be valid.
Premises: All books are kites 13. If the Conclusion is Universal, both the
No book is a desk. Premises must be Universal.
Invalid Conclusion: No desk is kite Ex. 1. Premises: All boys are players.
Explanation: The Inference is an E- All players are tall.
Proposition, so both the terms are distributed. Major Valid Conclusion: All boys are tall.
Premise is ‘A’ Proposition, so only the Subject Ex. 2. Premises: All boys are players.
(Books) is distributed. Obviously, the Major Term is No player is tall.
distributed in the Inference but not in the Premise. Valid Conclusion: No boy is tall.
8. If the Minor Term is distributed in the
Inference it must be distributed in the Minor 14. No Conclusion follows if both the Premises
Premise. Otherwise, the Inference cannot be are Particular.
valid. Ex. Premises: Some horses are lions.
Premises: No flower is fruit. Some lions are cats.
All fruits are seeds Invalid Conclusion: Some horses are cats.
Invalid Conclusion: No seed is flower.
Valid Conclusion: Some seeds are not flowers. 15. No Conclusion follows if both the Premises
are Negative.
Explanation: Here, the term "seed" which
Ex. Premises: No book is journal.
is Minor Term is distributed in the Inference but not
No journal is magazine.
in the Minor Premise, so the Inference is invalid.
Invalid Conclusion: No book is magazine.

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16. No Conclusion follows if the Major Premise iv. Check for complementary pair if steps ii and
is Particular and the Minor Premise is iii fail:
Negative. This Step is applicable to only those
Ex. Premises: Some girls are dancers.
Conclusions which do not follow from Steps II and
No singer is girl.
III. If one of the Conclusions has already been found
Conclusions: I. No dancer is singer.
to be valid in Step II or III, this Step is not required, if
II. Some dancers are singers.
there are only two Conclusions.
Here, the first Premise containing the Middle Term
A pair of contradictory statements, i.e., a pair of
'girls' as the Subject is the Major Premise and the
statements such that if one is true, the other is false
second Premise containing the Middle Term 'girls' as
and when no definite Conclusion can be drawn, using
the Predicate is the Minor Premise. Here no
the rules of Syllogism, either of them is bound to
Conclusion follows.
follow, is called a Complementary Pair.
17. If the Middle Term is distributed twice, the 1- Statement: All bags are toys.
Conclusion cannot be universal.
Ex. Premises: All coolers are fans. All toys are keys.
No heater is cooler. Solution: The sentences are already aligned. From
Conclusions: I. No heater is fan. the above given Table, A+A=A. Hence the
II. Some heaters are fans. conclusion is of type - A whose subject is the subject
Here, the first Premise is an A-Proposition of the first proposition and the predicate is the
and so the Middle term 'coolers' forming the Subject predicate of the second proposition. So the
is distributed. The second Premise is an E- conclusion is All bags are keys.
Proposition and so the Middle Term 'Cooler' forming 2- Statements: All teachers are readers.
the Predicate is distributed. Since, the Middle Term is All teachers are writers.
distributed twice, so the Conclusion cannot be Solution: This pair is not properly aligned because
Universal. the subject of both the sentences is 'teachers'. Since
both the sentences are of type - A, we may convert
ANALYTICAL METHOD
any of them. So the aligned pair is
The steps to be followed to do a syllogism Some readers are teachers.
problem by analytical method are mentioned below. All teachers are writers.
i. Align the sentences properly: The conclusion will be of type –I because I+A=I.
It is well known that if there is no Middle ∴ The conclusion is Some readers are writers
Term, no Conclusion follows. Therefore, in the given
Premises; there should be a common term. By 3- Statements: Some chocolates are toffees.
alignment of the Premises we mean that the two All chocolates are pastries.
Premises should be written in such a way that the Solution: The subject of both the sentences is the
common term (M) the Predicate of the first Premise same. By the rule of IEA, we convert the I – type
and it is the Subject of the second Premise. statement. So the aligned pair is,
If the given Premises are not already aligned, can Some toffees are chocolates.
align them by : All chocolates are pastries
(i) changing the order of the Premises and/or I+A=I.
(ii) converting one of the Premises. So the conclusion is Some toffees are pastries.
ii. Draw conclusion using the table 4- Statements: All lights are balls
After the alignment, refer to the chart to draw No bats are lights
valid Conclusion. The chart gives correct results if Solution: By changing the order of the statements
and only if the two given Premises have been itself we can align the sentences. The aligned pair is
properly aligned. No bats are lights.
iii. Check for immediate inferences: All lights are balls.
After determining the validity of given E+A=O*.
Conclusions, check for any immediate inferences— So the conclusion is, Some balls are not bats.
Conversion and/or Implication.

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5 - Statements: 9- Statements:
Some caps are red. Some cows are horses
No clip is red. All cows are tigers.
Solution: Here the common term is 'red' which is Conclusions: i) Some tigers are horses.
the predicate of both the sentences. By the rule of ii) Some tigers are cows.
IEA, we convert the I - type statement. After Solution: To align the sentences, it is sufficient to
conversion, the given pair becomes, convert the first statement. So the aligned pair is
Some red are caps. Some horses are cows.
No clip is red. All cows are tigers.
Now by changing the order of the statements, we can I + A = I. Hence the conclusion will be Some
align the sentences. So the aligned pair is, horses are tigers. If we convert this conclusion, we
No clip is red. get Some tigers are horses which is conclusion (i).
Some red are caps. Also if we convert the second statement, conclusion
The conclusion is of type O* since E+I=O*. Hence (ii) is obtained. Hence both the conclusions given
the conclusion is Some caps are not clips. above should be taken as true. There is no need to
check for complementary pair because definite
6- Statements: conclusion has already been obtained.
Some powders are not soaps.
All soaps are detergents. 10- Statements:
Solution: The given pair is properly aligned. But no Some poets are teachers.
definite conclusion can be drawn from this type Some teachers are saints
because it is a O+A - type combination. Conclusions: i) Some poets are saints.
ii) Some poets are not saints.
7- Statements: All novels are stories. Solution:
All stories are songs. This pair is already aligned. But there is no
Conclusion: (i)All novels are songs. definite conclusion for I + I type combinations. Also
(ii) Some songs are novels. none of the given conclusions is the immediate
Solution: First of all let us consider only the inference of any of the statements. So let us check
statements. The sentences are already aligned. Since for the complementary pair. The conclusions given
A+A = A, the conclusion will be All novels are are in the form of 'some' and 'some not'. Hence either
songs If we convert this conclusion, we get Some conclusion (i) or (ii) follows.
songs are novels. Hence both the conclusions given
in the question are true. 11- Statements:
A. Some leaves are fruits.
8- Statement: B. All branches are fruits .
No rooms are stones C. Some roots are branches.
Some houses are rooms. Conclusions:
Conclusions: i) Some houses are stones I. Some roots are fruits.
ii) Some houses are not stones. II. Some branches are leaves.
Solution: We can easily align the statements by III. No leaves are branches.
changing the order of the sentences. The aligned pair IV. Some leaves are roots.
is: (a) Either II or III and I follow.
Some houses are rooms. (b) Only I follows
No rooms are stones. (c) Only either II or III follows
I + E = O. So the conclusion is Some houses (d) Only I and III follow
are not stones, Hence we obtain a definite conclusion (e) None of these.
that conclusion (ii) is correct. Hence step ‘IV’ Solution: (a) Either II or III and I follow
becomes unnecessary. C + B gives ‘I’. Also II and III form a
complementary pair.

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12- Statements: Two items in a set has some relationship, while
A. All games are outdoor. third item does not have any relationship with
B. All outdoor are indoor. others. Therefore, the two items which have
Conclusions: some relationship are represented by intersection
I. All games are indoor. of figures, and the third item represented
II. Some indoor are outdoor. separately.
(a) if only conclusion ‘I’ follows Ex.: Carnivores, lions, herbivores.
(b) if only conclusion ‘II’ follows. In the given set. lion is a carnivore, but some
(c) if either I or II follows carnivores are also herbivores. Therefore, carnivores
(d) if neither I nor II follows and and lions are represented as intersection of figures,
(e) if both I and II follow while herbivores represented separately.
Solution:
The given Premises are already aligned. We
know that, A+A→A type Conclusion.
Conclusion according to the format:
"All games are indoor." This is Conclusion I. Carnivores Lion Herbivores
Conclusion II is the Conversion of the second
Premise. Therefore, both the Conclusions follow. In the given set, when the two items are partially
related to the third, and are independent of each
LOGICAL VENN DIAGRAMS other. Therefore, they are depicted by three
Venn diagram is a figure used to represent intersecting circles in a line.
relationships between sets. In this diagram two Ex. : Flowers, Yellow, Cloth
separate figures show disjoint sets, while overlapping Some flowers and some clothes are yellow.
figures represent intersecting sets. This test aims to But, not all the flowers or clothes are yellow.
relate certain groups of the items with the given Therefore, given items in a set would be represented
diagram and mark the correct answer from the by three intersecting circles in a line.
alternatives given. Yellow
On the basis of the given statements, you
should draw all the possible diagrams, and then
derive the solution from each of these diagrams
separately. Finally, the answer common to the all the
diagrams is taken.
Categories of relationships Flower Cloth
In a given set, when all the three items are
The different groups given in a set do not have partially related to each other and is represented
any relationship with each other. Therefore, they by three mutually intersecting circles.
are represented by disjointed figures. Ex.: Authors, teachers, women
Ex.: Dolphins, fishes and tortoises Some authors can be teachers. Some teachers
These are all separate animals and are can be women. Some women can be authors.
entirely different from each other. Therefore, they Therefore, the given items are partly related and
should be represented by three disjointed circles. represented by three mutually intersecting circles.

Dolphins Fishes
Authors Teachers

Tortoise

Women

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In a given set, when all the three items represent Human
to a same class, and are fully interrelated to each
other. therefore, they are represented in the form
of three concentric circles.
Ex.: Seconds, Minutes, Hours Teachers Graduate
Seconds are a part of minutes, and minutes
are the part of hours. There fore, the relationship can
be represented in the form of three concentric circles.

In a given set of items, one item belongs to the

class of second while the third item is purely
different from the two. Therefore, the two item
having relationship are represented by two
concentric circles, while the third item is
represented by a third circle separately.
Ex. : Water, Solids, Liquids

In a given set, when the two item belong to Liquids

the class of third item, therefore they are represented Water
by two disjointed circles within a larger circle.
Solids
Ex.: People, Economists, Technologists
Economists and technologists are separate
specialists but both are people. Therefore,
In a given set of items, one item belongs to the
economists and technologists are different from each
class of second and the third item is partly
other, and represented by separate disjointed circles
related to the two. Therefore, the two items
within a larger figure.
having relationship are represented by two
People concentric circle, and the third item represented
as circle, would intersect the two concentric
circle.
Ex.: Mates, Nephews, Cousins
All nephews are males;
Economists Technologists Nephew therefore they are
represented within two
concentric circles. But
cousins can be nephews
Cousins
or nieces; hence the
In a given set, when two item belong to the class
circle representing
of third, but the two items have some
cousins would intersect
relationship. Therefore, two items having some Males the two concentric
relationship are: represented by intersecting
circles.
figure within a larger circle. The larger circle
represents the third item.
Ex.: Human being, Teachers and graduates.
Some teachers may be graduates. Therefore,
teachers and graduates are represented by two
intersecting circles. Also, both teachers and graduates
are human beings, therefore a larger circle encircles
the two intersecting circles.

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Examples depicting the Logical ven diagrams for
Syllogism
1. Universal Proposition:
Universal Propositions either fully include or
fully exclude the Subject.

All politicians are liars (A type)

Liars Here, the inclusion of
members of a class into
From the diagram it is clear that (2) and (4)
another class is
Politician conclusions logically follow.
complete and hence
universal.
Example 2:
Statements:
1. Some dogs are asses.
No man is woman (E type) 2. Some asses are bulls.
Conclusions:
1. Some asses are not dogs.
Man Woman
2. Some dogs are bulls.
Solution:
From these given statements the following
diagrams are possible:
2. Particular Proposition:
Particular Propositions either only partly include or
only partly exclude the Subject while making a
statement. Thus, in this type of Propositions the
Subjective term refers to less than all.

Some girls are beautiful. (I type)

The Proposition
stands for only the
shaded portion.

Example 1:
Statements:
1. All dogs are asses. From the diagram neither (1) nor (2) conclusions
2. All asses are bulls. follow.
Conclusions:
1. Some dogs are not bulls. Example 3:
2. Some bulls are dogs. Statements:
3. All bulls are dogs. 1. Some actors are singers.
4. All dogs are bulls. 2. All the singers are dancers.
Solution: Conclusions:
On the basis of both statements, the following one 1. Some actors are dancers.
diagram is possible. 2. No singer is actor.

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Solution:
Only (1) conclusion follows EXERCISE – Syllogism

1. Statements:
1. Some cows are crows.
2. Some crows are elephants.
Conclusions:
1. Some cows are elephants.
2. All crows are elephants.
A) Only (1) conclusion follows
B) Only (2) conclusion follows
Example 4: C) Either (1) or (2) follows
Statements: D) Neither (1) nor (2) follows
1. All the papers are books. E) Both (1) and (2) follow
2. All the bags are books.
3. Some purses are bags. 2. Statements:
Conclusions: 1. All the pencils are pens.
1. Some papers are bags. 2. All the pens are inks.
2. Some books are papers. Conclusions:
3. Some books are purses. 1. All the pencils are inks.
Solution: 2. Some inks are pencils.
Only (2) and (3) follows A . Only (1) conclusion follows
B . Only (2) conclusion follows
C . Either (1) or (2) follows
D . Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E . Both (1) and (2) follow

3. Statements:
1. All buildings are chalks.
2. No chalk is toffee.
Example 5: Conclusions:
Statements: 1. No building is toffee
1. Some mangoes are yellow. 2. All chalks are buildings.
2. Some tixo are mangoes. A) Only (1) follows
Conclusions: B) Only (2) follows
1. Some mangoes are green. C) Either (1) or (2) follows
2. Tixo is a yellow. D) Neither (1) nor (2) follows
Solution:
Neither (1) nor (2) follows 4. Statements:
1. No door is dog.
2. All the dogs are cats.
Conclusions:
1. No door is cat.
2. No cat is door.
3. Some cats are dogs.
4. All the cats are dogs.
A) Only (2) and (4)
B) Only (1) and (3)
C) Only (3) and (4)
D) Only (3)

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5. Statements: 9. Statements:
1. All green are blue. 1. All benches are cots
2. All blue are white. 2. No cot is lamp
Conclusions: 3. Some lamps are candles
1. Some blue are green. Conclusions:
2. Some white are green. 1. some cots are candles
3. Some green are not white. 2. Some candles are cots
4. All white are blue. (A) If only conclusion 1 follows
A) Only (1) and (2) (B) If only conclusion 2 follows
B) Only (1) and (3) (C) If either conclusion 1 or 2 follows
C) Only (1) and (4) (D) If neither conclusion 1 nor 2 follows
D) Only (2) and (4)
10. Statements:
1. Some parrots are sparrows
6. Statements:
2. Some sparrows are crows
1. All men are vertebrates.
3. Some crows are red
2. Some mammals are vertebrates.
Conclusion:
Conclusions:
1. Some parrots are red
1. All men are mammals.
2. No sparrow is red
2. All mammals are men.
3. No parrot is red
3. Some vertebrates are mammals.
4. Some sparrows are red
4. All vertebrates are men.
(A) Either 2 or 4 (B) Only 1 and 2 follow
A) Only (4) B) Only (3)
(C) Either 1 or 3 and either 2 or 4
C) Only (1) D) Only (1) and (3)
(D) Either 1 or 3

7. Statements: 11. Statements:

1. All the phones are scales. 1. Some keys are staplers.
2. All the scales are calculators. 2. Some staplers are stickers.
Conclusions: 3. All the stickers are pens.
1. All the calculators are scales. Conclusions:
2. All the phones are calculators 1. Some pens are staplers.
3. All the scales are phones. 2. Some stickers are keys.
4. Some calculators are phones. 3. No sticker is key.
A) Only (1) and (4) 4. Some staplers are keys.
B) Only (3) and (4) A. Only (1) and (2) B. Only (2) and (4)
C) Only (2) and (4) C. Only (2) and (3)
D) Only (1) and (2) D. Only (1) and (4) and either (2) or (3)
12. Statements:
8. Statements: 1. All dogs are cats.
1. All the locks are keys. 2. No cat is a cow.
2. All the keys are bats. Conclusion:
3. Some watches are bats. 1. No dogs are cows
Conclusions: 2. No cows are dogs
1. Some bats are locks. 3. Some cows are dogs
2. Some watches are keys. 4. None of these
3. All the keys are locks. (A) None follow
A) Only (1) and (2) (B) Only 1 and 2 follow
B) Only (1) (C) Only 2 and 3 follow
C) Only (2) (D) Only 4 follow
D) Only (1) and (3) (E) All follow

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13. Statements: 17. Statements:
1. All boiling water bubbles 1. All dogs are kings
2. Some boiling water is salty 2. All lions are kings
Conclusion: Conclusion:
1. All salty water things bubble 1. All dogs are lions
2. Some salty things bubble 2. All lions are dogs
3. Some boiling water does not bubbles 3. Some lions are dogs
4. All boiling water is salty 4. None of these
(A) None follows (A) None follow (B) Only 1 and 2 follow
(B) Only either 1 or 4 follows (C) Only 2 and 3 follow (D) Only 4 follow
(C) Only either 1 or 4 and 2 follows (E) All follow
(D) Only either 1 or 4 and 3 follows
(E) Only 2 follows 18. Statements:
1. All books are computers
14. Statements: 2. Some books are pens
1. All states are towns Conclusion:
2. Some villages are not towns 1. All computers are pens
Conclusion: 2. All pens are computers
1. All states are villages 3. Some computers are pens
2. Some states are villages 4. None of these
3. Some villages are not states (A) Only 3 follows
4. Some states are not villages (B) Only either 1 or 4 follows
(A) None follows (B) Only 3 follows (C) Only either 1 or 4 and 2 follows
(C) Only 2 and 4 follows (D) Only 2 and 3 follows (D) Only either 1 or 4 and 3 follows
(E) All follows (E) Only 2 follows

15. Statements: 19. Statements:

1. All pens are books 1. All books are computers
2. All pens are pencils 2. No books are pens
Conclusion: Conclusion:
1. Some books are pencils 1. Some books are not pens
2. All books are pencils 2. Some pens are not computers
3. Some pencils are not pens 3. No computers are pens
4. None of these 4. None of these
(A) Only 1 follows (B) Only 1 and 2 follow (A) None follows (B) Only 1 follows
(C) Only 1 and either 2 or 4 follow (C) Only 1 and 3 follows
(D) Only either 2 or 4 follows (D) Only 2 and 3 follows (E) All follows
(E) None of these
20. Statements:
16. Statements: 1. All pens are books
1. All books are computers 2. All books are computers
2. No computers are schools Conclusion:
Conclusion: 1. All computers are pens
1. Some books are not schools 2. No computers are pens
2. Some schools are not books 3. All pens are computers
3. Some computers are schools 4. None of these
4. Neither 1 nor 2 (A) Only 1 follows (B) Only 1 and 2 follow
(A) Only 1 follows (B) Only 1,2 and 3 follows (C) Only 1 and either 2 or 4 follow
(C) Only either 1 or 3 and 2 follows (D) Only 3 follows (E) None of these
(D) Only 1 and 2 follows (E) Only 4 follows

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21. Statements: 25. Statements:
1. All books are computers 1. All dogs are cows
2. Some computers are not pens. 2. No cows are cats
Conclusion: Conclusion:
1. Some books are pens 1. No dogs are cats
2. Some books are not pens 2. All dogs are cats
3. Some pens are not books 3. Some dogs are cats
4. None of these 4. None of these
(A) Only 1 follows (B) Only 1,2 and 3 follows (A) Only 1 follows (B) Only 1 and 2 follow
(C) Only either 1 or 3 and 2 follows (C) Only 1 and either 2 or 4 follow
(D) Only 1 and 2 follows (D) Only 3 follows (E) None of these
(E) Only 4 follows
26. Statements:
1. Some parrots are pigeons
22. Statements:
2. No pigeons are crows
1. Some students are drinkers
Conclusion:
2. Some drinkers are careless
1. Some parrots are crows
Conclusion:
2. Some parrots are not crows
1. Some students are careless
3. Some crows are not parrots
2. Some careless persons are drinkers
4. None of these
3. Some careless persons are students
(A) Only 1 follows (B) Only 1,2 and 3 follows
4. 1 and 2 are correct
(C) Only either 1 or 3 and 2 follows
(A) None follow (B) Only 1 and 2 follow
(D) Only 1 and 2 follows (E) Only 4 follows
(C) Only 2 and 3 follow
(D) Only 2 follow (E) All follow 27. Statements:
1. Some sparrows are parrots
23. Statements: 2. All parrots are green
1. All cars are lorries 3. Some green are blue
2. All bikes are lorries Conclusion:
Conclusion: 1. All parrots are green
1. All cars are bikes 2. Some blue are green
2. All bikes are cars 3. Some parrots are blue
3. Some cars are bikes 4. All green are parrots
4. None of these (A) Only 3 follow
(A) Only 3 follows (B) Only either 1 or 4 follows
(B) Only either 1 or 4 follows (C) Only either 1 or 4 and 2 follows
(C) Only either 1 or 4 and 2 follows (D) Only either 1 or 4 and 3 follows
(D) Only either 1 or 4 and 3 follows (E) Only 2 follows
(E) Only 4 follows 28. Statements:
1. All phones are radios
24. Statements: 2. No radio is a T.V
1. All rats are cats 3. All radios are computers
2. No rats are dogs Conclusion:
Conclusion: 1. No phone is a T.V
1. No cats are dogs 2. No computer is a T.V
2. Some cats are not dogs 3. Some computers are T.V
3. Some cats are dogs 4. All radios are phones
4. None of these (A) None follows (B) Only 1 follow
(A) None follows (B) Only 1 follows (C) Only 1 and 3 follows
(C) Only 1 and 3 follows (D) Only 2 follows (D) Only 2 follows (E) All follows
(E) All follows

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29. Statements: 33. Statements:
1. All glasses are plates Some trees are flowers.
2. All plates are cups Some flowers are pencils.
3. All glasses are jugs Some pencils are tables.
Conclusion: Conclusions: I. Some tables are flowers.
1. All jugs are glasses II. Some pencils are trees.
2. Some plates are jugs III. Some tables are trees.
3. Some cups are jugs IV. Some trees are pencils.
4. All jugs are cups (A) All follow (B) None follows
(A) Only 1 follow (B) Only 2 and 3 follow (C) Only I and III follow
(C) Only 1 and either 2 or 4 follow (D) Only II and IV follow (E) None of these
(D) Only 4 follow (E) None of these
34. Statements:
All rods are bricks.
30. Statements:
Some bricks are ropes.
1. All Ncs are Has
All ropes are doors.
2. Some Has are Kvs
Conclusions:
3. All Kvs are Pms
I. Some rods are doors.
Concussion:
II. Some doors are bricks.
1. Some Ncs are Kvs
III. Some rods are not doors
2. Some Pms are Has
IV. All doors are ropes.
3. No Nc is Kv
(A) Only I and II follow
4. All Has are Ncs
(B) Only I, II and III follow
(A) Only 1 follow (B) Only 1,2 and 3 follows
(C) Only either I or III and II follow
(C) 2 and either 1 or 3 only follows
(D) Only either I or III and IV follow
(D) Only 1 and 2 follows (E) Only 4 follow
(E) None of these

31. Statements: 35. Statements:

Some trees are roads. Some books axe pens.
All roads are stones. Some pens are watches.
Conclusions: All watches are radios.
I. All trees are roads. Conclusions:
II. Some stones are trees. I. Some radios are watches.
III.No stone is tree. II. Some radios are pens.
(A) Only either II or III follows III. Some watches are books.
(B) Only either I or II follows IV. Some books are watches.
(C) Only either I or 111 follows (A) All follow (B) Only I and III follow
(D) Only II follow (E) None of these (C) Only II and IV follow
(D) Only I and IV follow (E) None of these
32. Statements: 36. Statements:
Some pencils are houses. All boys are girls.
All houses are buses. All girls are monkeys.
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I. Some pencils are buses. I. Some monkeys are girls.
II. Some buses are pencils. II. All girls are boys.
III. All buses are pencils. III. Some boys are not monkeys.
(A) All follow IV. Some monkeys are boys.
(B) None follows (A) All follow (B) Only I and III
(C) Only II follow (C) Only I and IV (D) Only I
(D) Only I and II follow (E) None of these
(E) None of these

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37. Statements: 41. Statements:
Some tables are rats. a. No Cloud is Bird.
Some rats are balls. b. Some Goats are Birds.
Conclusions: c. All Cars are Goats.
I. Some rats are tables. Conclusions:
II. Some balls are rats. I. No Car is Cloud.
III. Some balls are tables. II. Some Cars are Birds.
IV. Some rats are both tables as well as balls. III. No Bird is Car.
(A) All follow (B) Only I IV. Some Clouds are Goats.
(C) Only I and III (D) Only II and IV (A) Only III follows
(E) None of these (B) Only either II or III follows
38. Statements: (C) Only I follows
Some apes are bears. (D) Only I and either II or III follow
Some bears are children (E) None of these
Conclusions:
I. Some bears are apes. 42. Statements:
II. Some apes are children. a. All Grapes are Bananas.
III. Some children are apes. b. All Potatoes are Bananas.
IV.Some children are bears. c. Some Bananas are Mangoes.
(A) Only I and III follow Conclusions:
(B) Only I and IV follow I. No Grape is Mango.
(C) Only IV follows II. Some Potatoes are not Mangoes.
(D) Only I follows III. Some Grapes are Potatoes.
(E) None follows IV. All Mangoes are Grapes.
(A) Only I follows
39. Statements: (B) Either I or III follows
Some paints are boxes. (C) Only II & III follow
No box is rain. (D) Only I, II & III follow
Conclusions: (E) None of these
I. Some paints are rain
II. Some boxes are rain SYLLOGISM - ANSWER KEY
III. Some paints are not rain
IV.Some boxes are paints. 1 D 12 B 23 E 34 C
(A) Only III (B) Only IV
(C) Either III or IV (D) Only III and IV 2 E 13 E 24 D 35 E
(E) None of these
3 A 14 B 25 A 36 C
40. Statements:
4 D 15 A 26 A 37 E
All cars are trains.
All trains are, planes. 5 A 16 D 27 E 38 B
Conclusions:
I. All cars are planes. 6 B 17 D 28 B 39 D
II Some trains are cars. 7 C 18 A 29 B 40 A
III.Some planes are trains.
IV.Some planes are cars. 8 B 19 B 30 C 41 B
(A) All follow 9 D 20 D 31 D 42 E
(B) None follows
(C) Only I and II follow 10 C 21 E 32 D
(D) Only II, III and IV follow
11 D 22 D 33 B
(E) Only I, II and III follow

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STATEMENT & CONCLUSION : Solution:

Firstly, calculate relationship from given statements
INEQUALITIES
i.e. $ →= δ → ≥
IF THEN © → ≤ *→ <
A>B>C A>C @ →>
A>B≥C A>C
A≥B>C A>C Example 1: Statements:
A≥B≥C A≥C W$F, F δ R, R*M
Conclusions:
A<B<C A<C I. R * W II. R $ W
A<B≤C A<C Solution: W $ F, F δ R, R M
A≤B<C A<C W = F, F ≥ R, R < M
A≤B≤C A≤C Combining all the given expressions
W F > R < M
A=B>C A>C W ≥ R < M
A>B=C A>C
Thus, R ≤ W
A=B≥C A≥C
i.e., either R < W or R = W
A≥C=C A≥C
Example 2: Statements:
A=B<C A<C V δ T, T @ N, N$ J
A<B=C A<C Conclusions:
A=B≤C A≤C I) J*T II) N*V
A≤C=C A≤C Solution:
V δ T, T @ N, N $ J
No conclusion Derived from the following V ≥ T, T > N, N = J
A>B<C Combining all the above expressions
A<B>C V ≥ T ≥ N - J
A≤B>C V ≥ T > J
A≥B<C
Thus, ‘I’ follows
A≥B≤C
V ≥ T > N
A≤B≥C
N < V
1 – 5 In the following questions, the symbols S, *, $, ‘II’ also follows.
@ and © are used with the following meaning as
illustrated below. Example 3: Statements:
'P $ Q' means 'P’ is neither smaller nor greater than K©R, R δ M, M*F
Q'. Conclusions:
'P δ Q' means 'P is not smaller than Q'. I) F @ R II) K * M
'P © Q' means 'P is either smaller or equal to Q'. Solution:
'P * Q' means 'P is smaller than Q'. K © R, R δ M, M * F
'P @ Q' means 'P is neither smaller nor equal to Q'.
K ≤ R, R ≥ M, M < F
Now, in each of the following questions, assuming
Combining all the above statements,
the given statements to be true, find which of the
K < R > M < F
two conclusions I and II given below them is/are
Comparison is not possible
definitely true? Give answer
So, ‘I’ doesn’t follows.
A) if only conclusion ‘I’ is true.
Again, K < R > M < F
B) if only conclusion ‘II’ is true.
Comparison is not possible
C) if either conclusion I or II is true.
Thus, ‘II’ doesn’t follow
D) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
E) if both conclusions I and II are true.

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Example 4: Statements: Example 6: Statements: P # Q, R $ P, R * O
B@J, J*H, H © N Conclusions :
Conclusions: I) Q # R
I) N @ J II) N @ B II) Q $ R
Solution: Solution:
B @ J, J * H, H © N if neither conclusion I nor II is true
B > J, J < H, H ≤ N P > Q, R<P, R ≥O
Conclusions; I. N > J, II. N > B Q≥ R or Q ≤ R
Combining all the statements.
B > J < H ≤ N ∴ N > J follows Example 7: Statements:
Combining ∴ I follows P = Q, T @ R, R # P
B > J < H ≤ N Conclusions:
B > J < N I) T = Q
Comparison is not possible II) Q *T
Thus, ‘II’ doesn’t follow. Solution:
if either conclusion I or II is true
Example 5: Statements: P ≤ Q, T = R, R > P
T*K, K©M, M δ D T ≤ Q or T ≥ Q
Conclusions:
I) D $ K II) M@T Example 8: Statements:
Solution: P @ Q, L @ M, P # L
T * K, K © M, M δ D Conclusions:
T < K, K ≤ M, M ≥ D I) Q # M
Combining all the above II) M $ P
T < K < M > D Solution:
Comparison is not possible if both conclusions I and II are true
So, I doesn’t follow. P = Q, L = M, P > L
Again, T < K < M > D Q > M and M < P
Combining T < M ≥ D
Thus, II follows. Example 9: Statements :
P # M # L, L# N @ Q, Q $ S @ R
Directions (6-10): In the following questions the Conclusions:
symbols #, *, @. $ and = are used with the following I) R @ M
meanings: II) L @ R
A # B means ‘A’ is greater than ‘B’. Solution:
A * B means ‘A’ is greater than or equal to ‘B’. if neither conclusion I nor II is true
A @ B means ‘A’ is equal to ‘B’. P> M > L; L > N = Q;
A $ B means ‘A’ is lesser than ‘B’. Q<S=R
A = B means ‘A’ is lesser than or equal to ‘B’.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming Example 10: Statements :
the three statements to be true, find which of the two P * Q, Q@ T, T * L
conclusions I and II given below them is/are true. Conclusions:
Give answer. I) Q # L
(A) if only conclusion ‘I’ is true II) T # P
(B) if only conclusion ‘II’ is true Solution:
(C) if either conclusion ‘I’ or conclusion ‘II’ is true if neither conclusion I nor II is true
(D) if neither conclusion ‘I’ nor conclusion ‘II’ is P ≥ Q, Q = T and T ≥ L
true Q≥L
(E) if both conclusions I and II are true.

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Directions (11 – 16): In the following questions the Example 14: Statements:
symbols +, *, ?, @ and S are used with the following E × F, F @ L, L + N
meanings: Conclusions:
P+Q means P is neither smaller nor greater than Q. I) N + F II) E × L
P×Q means P is neither equal to nor smaller than Q. Solution: if only conclusion II is true
P ? Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. E > F .... (i) F > L .... (ii), L = N .... (iii)
P @ Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q. From (ii) & (iii), we get F > L=N
P $ Q means P is not equal to Q. F > N or N < F.
Now in each of the following questions assuming Hence I may be true but not necessarily so.
the given statements to be true, find which of the From (i) and (ii), we get E > F > L → E > L
two conclusions I and II given below them is/are Hence ‘II’ is true.
definitely true.
Give answer : (A) if only conclusion I is true; Example 15: Statements:
(B) if only conclusion II is true; H@J, J ? K, K × M
(C) if either I or II is true; Conclusions:
(D) if neither I nor II is true; and I) H @ M
(E) if both I and II are true. II) M × J
Solution:
Example 11: Statements :
if neither I nor II is true
P$Q, Q×R, P + R
H > J...(i), J < K... (ii), K > M....(iii)
Conclusions:
From (ii) and (iii), we get J < K > M
I) Q × P II) P ? Q
∴no relationship between J & M can be established.
Solution:
P # Q .... (i), Q > R ..... (ii), P = R .... (iii) Hence ‘II’ can’t be established.
From (ii) and (iii), we get Q > R = P → Q > P. Again, combining all we can’t conclude the
Hence both I and II are true. relationship between H and M. Hence ‘I’ is not true.

Example 12: Statements: Example 16: Statements: M@T, T + V, V?E

A + B, B $ C, C ? A Conclusions:
Conclusions: I) V + M
I) C $ A II) B+C II) V ? M
Solution: only conclusion ‘I’ is true Solution:
A = B ..... (i) B ≠ C ..... (ii), C < A ..... (iii) if either I or II is true
From (iii), conclusion I is true. M > T ... (i), T = V....(ii),V < E ... (iii)
II contradicts statement (ii), hence it is not true. From (i) and (ii), we get M > T = V→ M > V
Example 13: Statements: ∴ either V = M or V < M is true.
Y@Z, Z × Q, Q $ P
Conclusions: Directions (17-19): In the following questions the
I) Y ? Q II) Y ? P symbols @, c, £, ? and $ are used with the following
Solution: meanings:
if neither I nor II is true A@B means A is neither equal to nor smaller than B.
Y > Z ...(i), Z > Q ... (ii), Q ≠ P ...(iii) A c B means A is neither greater nor smaller than B.
From (i) and (ii), we get Y > Z > Q A £ B means A is not equal to B.
Y > Q... (A) Hence ‘I’ is not true. From (iii), two A ? B means A is neither greater than nor equal to B.
possible relationships between P and Q are; A $ B means A is either greater or equal to B.
Case I: When P > Q Expressing them mathematically, we get
Now, using (A), we get Y >Q<P ∴ No conclusion. @→> (greater than), c→= (equal to), £→≠ (means
Case II: When Q > P either greater than or smaller than, but no definite
using (A), we get Y > Q > P ∴ Y > P. conclusion), ?→< (smaller than), and $→≥.
Hence II is not true.

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Example 17: Statements:
N ? S, S @ P, P £ M EXERCISE – Statement & Conclusion
Conclusions:
I) S@M II) PcN 1 – 5 Symbols @, %, ●, $ and # are used with
Solution: following meanings— ‘A @ B’
neither I nor II is true means ‘A is smaller than B’.
N < S ... (i), S > P ... (ii), P ≠ M ... (iii) ‘A % B’ means ‘A is greater than B’.
From (ii) and (iii), no definite relationship between ‘A ● B’ means ‘A is neither greater than nor smaller
S and M can be established. Hence ‘I’ is not true.
than B’.
From (i) and (ii), we get, N < S > P
‘A$B’ means ‘A is either smaller than or equal to B.’
∴ no conclusion. Hence ‘II’ is not true.
‘A#B’ means ‘A is either greater than or equal to B’.
Now in each of the following questions assuming
Example 18: Statements: the given statements to be true, find which of the
JcP, P$N, J£H
two conclusions I and II given below them is/are
Conclusions: definitely true and give your answer accordingly.
I) JcN II) H@P
(A) If only conclusion ‘I’ is true.
Solution: (B) If only conclusion ‘II’ is true.
if neither I nor II is true
(C) If either conclusion ‘I’ or conclusion ‘II’ is true.
J = P ... (i), P > N ... (ii), J ≠ H ... (iii)
(D) If neither conclusion ‘I’ nor conclusion ‘II’ is
From (i) and (ii), we get, J = P > N → J > N
true.
I may be true but not necessarily so.
(E) If both conclusions I and II are true.
From (i) and (iii), P = J ≠ H → P ≠ H.
Hence again II may be true but H < P may be other 1. Statements: G @ H, H ● Q, Q $ M
possibility. Hence ‘II’ is not true. Conclusions: I) M % G II) H $ M
2. Statements: F ● B, B @ E, E # J
Example 19: Statements:
Conclusions: I) F @ E II) J $ B
R c U, U ? Q, W $ R
Conclusions: 3. Statements: R $ H, H % M, M # F
I) WcU II) W@U Conclusions:
Solution: I) F $ H II) F @ R
Either I or II follows
4. Statements: T # L, L % W, W @ V
R = U... (i), U < Q... (ii), W ≥ R... (iii)
Conclusions:
From (i) and (iii), we get, W ≥ R = U →W ≥ U
I) L % V II) T % W
W@U → W>U and WcU → W = U
5. Statements: K % L, L # T, I $ T
Example 20: Statements: Conclusions:
L @ T, P ? T, K$L I) L % I II) L ● I
Conclusions: 6 – 12 In these questions symbols $,#,%,© and@ are
I) L@P II) K@T
used with different meanings as follows:
Solution: 'A $ B' means 'A is smaller than B'
if both I and II are true
'A # B' means 'A is not smaller than B'
L >T..(i), P < T……(ii), K ≥ L……(iii)
'A % B' means 'A is neither smaller than nor greater
From (i) and (ii), L > P; From (iii) and (i), K > L
than B'
'A© B' means 'A is greater than B'
'A@ B' means 'A is not greater than B’
In each of the following questions assuming the
given statements to be true, find out which of the
two conclusions I and II given below them is/are
definitely true.

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6. Statements: D$L, L@V, V#W 17. Statement: R ∂ K ; K ×M ; M @ J
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I) D$V II) D©W I) J © K II) M © R III) R × J
7. Statements: M#T, T©H, F@H A) Only I & I are true
Conclusions: B) Only II & III are true
I) M©H II) T©F C) Only I & III are true.
D) All I, II & III are true
8. Statements: H©L, L%E, E$T E) None of these
Conclusions:
I) H@T II) H©T 18. Statements:
9. Statements: L@R, R%J, J©N Z@M;M©K;KXF
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I) L@N II) N$R I) F © Z II) K X Z III) F © M
A) None is true B) Only I is true
10. Statements: V#F, F©J, J%D
C) Only II is true D) Only III is true
Conclusions:
E) Only II & III are true.
I) V#D II) F©D
11. Statements: L%T, T@J, J#K 19. Statements:
Conclusions: V%H;H@F;F∂E
I) L©K II) T@K Conclusions:
12. Statements: G@K, K@F, F$M I) F @ V II) F X V III) E % H
Conclusions: A) Only either I or II is true
I) G©F II) K@M B) Only III is true
C) Only I & II are true
13–16 In each of these questions, relationship D) All I, II & III are true.
between different elements is shown in the E) Only either I or II and III are true.
statements.
13. Statements: H ≥ I = J > K ≤ L 20. Statements:
Conclusions: W© T;T∂N;N%D
I) K < H II) L ≥ I
Conclusions:
14. Statements: S > C ≥ O ; P < C I) D X T II) W © N III) D @ T
Conclusions: A) None in True
I) O < P II) S > P B) Only I is true
C) Only II is true
15. Statements: A = B ≤ C; A > R
D) Only III is true
Conclusions:
E) Only I & II are true
I) B > R II) R < C
16. Statements: D > E ≤ F; J < F Directions (21-25): In the following questions, the
Conclusions: symbols @,#,S,% and © are used with the following
I) D > J II) E < J meaning as illustrated below: ‘P$Q’ means ‘P is not
greater than Q’
17 – 20) In the following questions, the symbol ×, ∂, ‘P@Q’ means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q
%, ©, @, are used with the following illustrations. ‘P%Q’ means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q
P % Q means P is not smaller than Q ‘P©Q’ means ‘P is not smaller than Q’
‘P#Q’ means ‘P is neither greater than nor smaller
P © Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q
than Q’
P×Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q Now in each of the following questions
P ∂ Q means P is not greater than Q assuming the given statements to be true, find which
P @ Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller of the three conclusions I,II and III given below them
than Q is are definitely true.

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21. Statements: M @R, R©K, J% K SEQUENTIAL OUTPUT TRAINING
Conclusions:
I) M @ J II) J% R III) K % M SOURCE GENERAL RULES
(A) None follows
Arrange according to the dictionary - the words
(B) Only either I or II follows
(C) Only either II or III follows are arranged according to the dictionary
(D) Only II and III follows Example: Input: is of am do can
(E) All follow Step I: am is of do can
Step II: am can is of do
22. Statements: D ©N, N # V, W $V
Conclusions: Step III: am can do is of
I) D # W II) W % D III) V # Here `am', the Ist word that we will find in a
(A) None follows dictionary from the given input, is placed in the Ist
(B) Only either I or II follows position in Step I. Then ‘can', the second letter in the
(C) Only either II or III follows dictionary, is placed in the 2nd position and the
(D) Only letter II or III and I follow
process continues till the whole input of words are
(E) All follow
arranged. In the same manner as they will appear in
23. Statements: H % B, M © B, K # M the dictionary.
Conclusions:
I) K @ H II) B # K III) K @ B Arranging the words according to the increasing
(A) All follow or decreasing order of the total number of letters
(B) Only I follows of each word.
(C) Only either II or II follows Example: Input: He never lie always
(D) Only either II or III and I follows
Step I: Always He never lie
(E) None of these
Step II: Always never He lie
24. Statements: V @ M , N % V, J @ N Step III: Always never lie He
Conclusions: Here the word with the larger number of
I) J @ M II) M @ N III) V @ J
(A) None follows letters is placed first, ie `always', then the word
(B) Only I follow `never' and so on till the word with least number of
(C) Only either I or II follows letters is placed last.
(D) Only III follows (E) All follow
If we don't find any arrangement, then number
25. Statements: T # R, R $ W, W % H the words of the input.
Conclusions : Example: Input: is to before go back on
I) H @ R II) H @ T III) H © T
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
(A) Only I follow
(B) Only II follow Step I: go is to before back on
(C) Only I and II follows (4) (1) (2) (3) (5) (6)
(D) All follow Step II:is go to before back on
(E) None of these (1) (4) (2) (3) (5) (6)
Step III: is before go to back on
STATEMENT AND CONLUSION: (1) (3) (4) (2) (5) (6)
INEQUALITIES - ANSWER KEY and so on ..............
Were the 4 words is pattern to the IST place and
th
1 E 6 A 11 A 16 D 21 E
the nearest word to it is interchanged. This process is
2 A 7 E 12 D 17 D 22 B continued.
Arrangement of Numbers
3 D 8 C 13 A 18 C 23 D Example: Input: 15 28 27 39 12 6
Step I: 6 12 15 28 27 39
4 B 9 B 14 B 19 E 24 A Step II: 6 12 28 15 27 39
Step III: 6 12 28 15 27 39
Step IV: 6 12 28 39 15 27
5 C 10 B 15 E 20 A 25 C
Step V: 6 12 28 39 27 15

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Here, Ist the even numbers are arranged in the Example 4: If the first batch code of a day is
ascending order while the odd numbers are arranged ‘five gave it close to mine’, which of the
in the descending order after the even numbers are following will be the code for fourth batch?
arranged. (A) five to it close gave mine
(B) mine to close it gave five
Directions (1-5): Study the following information (C) five to close it gave mine
carefully and answer the questions given below it: (D) close five to gave mine it
An export processing unit has a computerised (E) None of these
machine which generates six codes to distinguish
products of each of the seven batches produced in a Example 5: If the code of fifth batch of a day is
day. The machine is fed code for the first batch of same is tea at now then, which of the following
each day. Based on that, the machine generates 6 would definitely be the first code of that day?
codes by rearrangement of words for subsequent (A) tea same is now then at
batches. Following is an illustration of generation of (B) same now tea at is then
codes for some batches of a day. (C) now at then same tea is
Day’s first batch —who nut cream page for table. (D) now tea is same then at
Day’s second batch —who for cream page nut table. (E) None of these
Day’s third batch —who for page cream nut table.
Day’s fourth batch —table for page cream nut who. Solution of Example 1 -5:
Day’s fifth batch — page table for nut who cream. The machine operates as follows:
Day’s sixth batch — page who for nut table cream. Ist batch to 2nd batch:
and so on till seventh batch. Next day based on the Second and fifth words interchange places.
same rule, new set of words will be introduced as 2nd to 3rd :
given above: The middle two words interchange places.
rd th
3 to 4 :
Example 1: If the seventh batch of the day is First and last words interchange places.
th th
‘from door no leaf glass but’, which of the 4 to 5 :
following would be the first three words of the The middle words move to the extreme
code of the third batch of that day? positions on their respective sides while the outer
(A) door leaf from..... (B) door leaf but ...... words move inwards.
(C) glass leaf but..... (D) but door no....... Hereafter, the process Ist repeated, i.e.
(E) None of these 5th to 6th:
Same as 1st to 2nd
Example 2: If the code of sixth batch of the day 6th to 7th:
is ‘very say could man on fire’, which of the Same as 2nd to 3rd
following batch codes would read as ‘say could Let us now make our job easy by going in for
very fire man on’? Digital representation. We assign numbers 1 to 6 to
(A)Second (B)Third (C)Fourth the words in the first batch: who-1, nut - 2, cream - 3,
(D)Fifth (E)None of these page - 4, for - 5, table - 6. Thus, our table becomes:
1st batch :123456
Example 3: If the code of fourth batch is ‘so 2nd batch :153426
when clean get lemon dust’, which of the 3rd batch :154326
following would be the code for seventh batch? 4th batch :654321
(A) get dust lemon when so clean 5th batch :465213
(B) clean so when lemon dust get 6th batch :415263
(C) when get dust so clean lemon 7th batch :412563
(D) clean dust lemon when so get We can now answer the questions easily by applying
(E) None of these the above table.

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Answer : Example 9: Which of the following correctly
1. (A) door leaf from..... describes the ‘machine logic’ in generating
2. (B) Third various steps based on the given input?
3. (D) clean dust lemon when so get (A) Each step is generated on random basis.
4. (B) mine to close it gave five (B) Words/letters are finally arranged in
5. (C) now at then same tea is Dictionary order,
(C) The seventh letter interchanges with the
Directions (6-10): Study the following information Fourth every time.
carefully to answer the questions given below. In a (D) Data inadequate
toy exhibition, a machine processes a given input by (E) None of these
the following rule. Participants are shown one by one
Example 10: What will be the step IV for the
till it reaches its last step. Following is an illustration
following input?
of the working of this machine.
Input: may sen to cry if not hell
Input : sui me ato fe zen u no
(A) cry may sen to if not hell
Step I : fe sui me no ato zen u
(B) if not hell to cry may sen
Step II : no fe sui u me ato zen
(C) sen to if may not hell cry
Step III: u no fe zen sui me ato
(D) not hell cry if may sen to
Step IV: zen u no ato fe sui me
(E) None of these
Step V : ato zen u me no fe sui and so on.
Now attempt the questions given below. Solution of Example 6 - 10:
Here the rule followed is:
Example 6: Which of the following steps would In each step the fourth word becomes first
read as ‘not you only say wise yet are’ for the word and the last word becomes fourth word and all
input ‘say not you are only wise yet’? other words shift one place rightwards except the
(A) III third, which shifts two place rightwards.
(B) V In order to make things easier, let us represent the
(C) VI words digitally from 1 to 7. Then we have:
(D) VII Input :1234567
(E) None of these Step I : 4 1 2 7 3 5 6
Step II : 7 4 1 6 2 3 5
Example 7: If the Step V of an input is ‘so cd Step III : 6 7 4 5 1 2 3
rom lay is nor it’, which of the following would Step IV : 5 6 7 3 4 1 2
be its Step II? StepV : 3 5 6 2 7 4 1
(A) is nor it rom lay so cd Step VI : 2 3 5 1 6 7 4
(B) nor it lay is so cd rom [Note: We have gone up to step VI because one of
(C) lay so cd it rom is nor the questions (Q. 171) demands that.]
(D) Data inadequate Answer:
(E) None of these 6. (A) III
7.(B) nor it lay is so cd rom
Example 8: If the Step III of an input is ‘lo men 8.(E) None of these
chi from yet as know’, which of the following 9.(E) None of these
would be its input? 10.(A) cry may sen to if not hell
(A) Data inadequate
(B) from lo men know chi yet as Directions (11-15): Study the following Information
(C) men chi yet lo as know from carefully and answer the given questions:
(D) chi as know men know from lo A word and number arrangement machine
(E) None of these when given an input line of words and numbers
rearranges them following a particular rule in each
step. The following is an illustration of input and
rearrangement.

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Input : sky forward 17 over 95 23 come 40 Solution of Example 11 - 15:
Step I : come sky forward 17 over 95 23 40 From the last step it can be concluded that
Step II : come 95 sky forward 17 over 23 40 words and numbers are arranged alternately. Words
Step III: come 95 forward sky 17 over 23 40 are arranged alphabetically whereas numbers are
Step IV: come 95 forward 40 sky 17 over 23 arranged in descending order. When the arrangement
Step V : come 95 forward 40 over sky 17 23 of all elements gets completed in a particular step that
Step VI: come 95 forward 40 over 23 sky 17 step is called last step.
Step VI is the last step of the rearrangement of the
above input. Answer:
As per the rules followed in the above steps, answer 11. (C) against 85 machine hire for 19 21 46
the following questions. 12. (C) at 62 box 53 gift 20 now 32
13. (C) V
Example 11: 14. (A) VI
Input: machine hire for 19 against 85 21 46 15. (D) Cannot be determined
Which of the following will be step II?
(A) against 85 hire machine for 19 21 46
(B) against 85 machine 19 hire for 21 46 EXERCISE – Sequential Output
(C) against 85 machine hire for 19 2146 training
(D) Cannot be determined
(E) None of these
Directions (Q.1-5): Study the following information
Example 12: carefully and answer the given question:
Input: box at 20 53 62 gift now 32 A word and number arrangement machine
Which of the following is step IV? when given an input line of words and numbers
(A) at 62 box 53 gift 32 20 now rearranges them following a particular rule in each
(B) at 62 box 53 gift 32 now 20 step. The following is an illustration of input and
(C) at 62 box 53 gift 20 now 32 rearrangement.
(D) Cannot be determined Input : now 41 28 for join 37 go 61
(E) None of these Step I : 61 now 41 28 for join 37 go
Step II : 61 for now 41 28 join 37 go
Example 13: Step III: 61 for 41 now 28 join 37 go
Input: on at 33 27 42 sky mat 51 Step IV: 61 for 41 go now 28 join 37
Which of the following steps will be the last? Step V : 61 for 41 go 37 now 28 join 37
(A) VI (B) VII (C) V Step VI: 61 for 41 go 37 join now 28
(D) VIII (E) None of these Step VII: 61 for 41 go 37 join 28 now
Step VIII: is the last for this input
Example 14: Step III of an input is: As per the rules followed in the above steps, find
bring 63 desk 11 29 together fight 30 out in each of the following questions the appropriate
Which of the following steps will be the last but one? step for the given input.
(A) VI (B) VII (C) VIII 1. Input: when you 22 special 31 16 47 town which
(D) V (E) None of these of the following steps will be the last but one?
(A) IV (B) VI
Example 15: Step II of an input is: (C) V (D) VII
earn 72 31 46 higher goal 20 more
Which of the following is definitely the input? 2. Input: Chair wood 21 42 59 height bench 78
(A) 46 72 3l earn higher goal 20 more Howmany steps will be required to complete the
(B) 20 31 72 46 higher goal earn more rearrangement?
(C) higher 20 31 72 46 goal earn more (A) Three (B) Four
(D) Cannot be determined (C) Five (D) Six
(E) None of these

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3. Step IV of an input is: “74 again 69 call 17 32 8. What will be the input on a day on which pass
horse desk” which of the following is definitely code for the immediate pre-rest hour batch is
the input? answer-sheet information you’re the on fill up?
(A) Again call 74 69 17 32 horse desk (A) fill up your information on the answer-sheet
(B) 74 call again 17 69 horse 32 desk (B) fill answer sheet up the your on information
(C) Call 74 again 69 17 32 desk horse (C) information your up answer sheet on fill the
(D) Cannot be determined (D) information up on the fill answer sheet your
4. Step III of an input is: “82 brown 74 sugar
hobby lady 32 49” Which of the following will 9. The pass code for the 6th batch on a day was
be step VI? ‘mark your answer against appropriate serial
(A) 82 brown 74 hobby 49 sugar lady 32 number’. What was the input provided to the
(B) 82 brown 74 hobby 49 lady sugar 32 machine on that day?
(C) 82 brown 74 hobby 49 lady 32 sugar (A) number against appropriate serial answer
(D) Cannot be determined mark your
(B) number your against mark appropriate
5. Input: “Goal team ask 12 92 85 42 sound” which
answer serial
of the following will be step IV?
(C) number against serial appropriate answer
(A) 92 ask 85 goal 42 sound 12 team
mark your
(B) 92 ask 85 goal 42 sound team 12
(D) your answer number mark serial
(C) 92 ask 85 goal 42 team 12 sound
appropriate
(D) 92 ask 85 goal team 12 42 sound
Directions (Q.6-9): Give an input, a coding machine Directions (Q.10-14): Study the following
generates pass codes for six batches every day as information carefully to answer these questions:
follows: A word and number arrangement machine
Input: you should know about type of questions when given an input line of words and numbers
Passcode: rearranges them following a particular rule in each
Batch I : you questions should of know type about step. The following is an illustration of input and
Batch II: about you type questions know should of rearrangement.
Batch III: about of you should type know questions Input : goal 63 57 home five task 82 17
And so on till the sixth batch. The first batch begins Step I : 82 goal 63 57 home five task 17
work at 10.00a.m. Each batch works for one hour. Step II : 82 five goal 63 57 home task 17
There is a rest period of one hour after the fourth Step III : 82 five 63 goal 57 home task 17
batch’s work is over. Step IV : 82 five 63 goal 57 home 17 task
6. If the input on a day is ‘eight friends are sitting in And step IV is the last output
the circle’, then what be the pass code for the As per the rules followed in the above steps,
batch at 3.00pm? find out in each of the questions 196 to 200 the
(A) the circle in friends are sitting eight appropriate step for the given input.
(B) circle sitting are the in eight friends
(C) sitting friends the are circle in eight 10. Input: ‘World 23 new 47 major 13 62 desk’
(D) circle friends sitting eight are in the which of the following will be step V?
7. Ajay was to attend the batch at 4.00pm on a day (A) 62 desk 47 world 23 new major 13
with a pass code, ‘sentence awarded by high (B) 62 desk 47 major world 23 new 13
court was executed’. However, he was completed (C) 62 desk 47 major 23 world new 13
to work in the batch at 12noon on that day. What (D) 62 desk 47 major 23 new world 13
was his pass code then?
(A) Awarded sentence executed high by court was 11. Input: ‘host 15 32 pages 43 over mother 92’
(B) was executed by awarded court high sentence Which of the following steps will be the last but
(C) by high was sentence court awarded executed one?
(D) high sentence awarded executed court was by (A) IV (B) V
(E) None of these (C) VI (D) VII

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12. Step III of an input is: “75 archive 59 queen 17. Input: “by now 51 32 for 91 20 me” which of the
task 17 32 goal” which of the following is following steps will be the last?
definitely the input? A) III (B) IV
(A) Archive 59 75 queen task 17 32 goal (C) V (D) VI
(B) Archive 59 queen 75 17 task 32 goal
(C) 59 75 archive queen task 17 32 goal 18. Input: “Fight for all 39 62 25 today 19” which of
(D) Cannot be determined the following will be step IV?
(A) today 25 for 39 fight all 61 19
13. Step III of an input is: “81 boat 73 wheel spike (B) today 19 for 25 fight all 39 62
dancer 32 59” How many more steps are (C) today 19 for 25 fight 39 all 62
required to complete the rearrangement? (D) Cannot be determined
A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five
19. Input: “queenmary 79 62 17 20 green west”
14. Step II of an Input is: “67 cat 12 25 dog fight Which of the following steps will be the last but
man 42” which of the following will be step V? one?
(A) 67 cat 42 12 25 dog fight man A) VI (B) VII
(B) 67 cat 42 dog 12 25 fight man (C) V (D) None of these
(C) 67 cat 42 dog 25 12 fight man
(D) 67 cat 42 dog 25 fight 12 man Directions (Q.20-24): Study the following
information to answer the given questions:
Directions (Q.15-19): Study the following A word and number arrangement machine
information carefully and answer the given question: when given an input line of words and numbers,
A word and number arrangement machine rearranges them following a particular rule in each
when given an input line of words and numbers step. The following is an illustration of input and
rearranges them following a particular rule in each steps of rearrangement.
step. The following is an illustration of input and Input : Wind packet 19 7 back 12 task 34
rearrangement. Step I : 34 wind packet 19 7 back 12 back
Input : 93 come home over 32 47 now 26 Step II : 34 back 19 wind packet 19 7 12 task
Step I : over 93 come home 32 47 now 26 StepIII : 34 back 19 wind packet 7 12 task
Step II : over 26 93 come home 32 47 now Step IV: 34 back 19 packet wind 7 12 task
StepIII : over 26 now 93 come home 32 47 Step V : 34 back 19 packet 12task wind 7
Step IV: over 26 now 32 93 come home 47 Step VI: 34 back 19 packet 12 task wind 7
Step V : over 26 now 32 home 93 come 47 Step VII: 34 back 19 packet 12 task 7 wind
Step VI: over 26 now 32 home 47 93 come and step VII is the step.
Step VII: over 26 now 32 home 47 come 93 As per the rules followed in the above steps, find
and step VII is the last step. out in the given questions the appropriate step for the
given input.
15. Step II of an input is: “Sky 20 90 37 begins
again 11 home” which of the following is 20. Input: “9 13 about tariff 24 call 29 even” Which
definitely the input? of the following will be step IV?
(A) 20 90 37 begin again II home sky (A) 29 about 24 9 13 tariff call even
(B) Sky 90 37 20 begin again 11 home (B) 29 about 24 call 9 13 tariff even
(C) 90 20 37 begin sky again 11 home (C) 29 about 24 call 13 9 tariff even
(D) Cannot be determined (D) 29 about 24 call 13 even 9 tariff

16. Step III of an input is: “take 17 mind game 29 21. If step II of an input is:
73 18 loud” How many more steps are required “37 desk 34 garden 5 father victory 17”, which of
to complete the sequence? the following steps will be last step?
(A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five (A) Step III (B) Step V
(C) Step IV (D) Step VI

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22. If step I of an input is: 26. If the IVth step of an input is:
“59 bead tenure father 38 11 ultimate 24” “ago 85 elite 79 exile fat 26 41”, which of the
which of the following will be step III? following will definitely be the IInd step of the
(A) 59 bead 38 tenure 11 father ultimate 24 input?
(B) 59 bead 38 11 tenure father ultimate 24 (A) ago 85 79 elite fat 41 26 exile
(C) 59 bead 38 tenure father 11 ultimate 24 (B) ago 85 exile elite 41 26 fat 79
(D) 59 bead 38 father tenure 11 ultimate 24 (C) ago 85 26 exile 41elite 79 fat
(D) Cannot be determined
23. If the last step of an input is:
“41 cost 32 over 28 project 17 violet” which of 27. If the Ist step of an input is:
the following must be the input? “car 17 vas tiger 92 87 like 52”, which of the
(A) Project 32 cost over 17 41 violet 28 following will be the IVth step?
(B) Project 32 cost over 41 violet 17 28 (A) car 92 like 87 tiger 52 17 vas
(C) Project cost 32 over 41 17 violet 28 (B) car 92 like 87 17 vas tiger 52
(D) Cannot be determined (C) car 92 like 87 tiger 17 vas 52
(D) car 92 like 17 vas tiger 87 52
24. Which of the following will be the step III of the
following input? 28. Input: “Zeal for 49 31 high 22 track 12” which
Input: 24 12 entry sand butter 51 32 carry of the following will be the IIIrd step?
(A) 51 butter 32 24 12 entry sand carry (A) for 49 high 31 track 22 zeal 12
(B) 51 butter 32 carry 24 12 entry sand (B) for 49 high 31 zeal 22 track 12
(C) 51 butter 32 carry 24 entry 12 sand (C) for 49 high zeal 31 22 track 12
(D) 51 24 12 entry sand butter 32 carry (D) for 49 high 31 track zeal 22 12

Directions (29-33): Study the following information

Directions (25-28): Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below:
carefully and answer the question given below: When an input line of words is given to a
A word number arrangement machine when word arrangement machine, it rearranges them
given an input as a set of words and numbers, following a particular rule in each step.
rearranges them following a particular rule and Input : car some pour tie more in bee goat.
generates stepwise outputs till the rearrangement is Step I : goat car some pour tie more tin bee.
complete following that rule. Step II : goat more car some pour tie tin bee
Followings is an illustration of input and step of StepIII : goat more pour car some tie tin bee
rearrangement will the last step. Step IV: goat more pour some car tie tin bee
Input : Pour ask 57 dear 39 fight 17 28 StepV : goat more pour some bee can tie tin and
Step I : ask pour 57 dear 39 fight 17 28 step V is the last output.
Step II : ask 57 pour dear 39 fight 17 28
StepIII : ask 57 dear 39 pour fight 17 28 29. If the 3rd step of an input is:
Step IV: ask 57 dear 39 pour fight 17 28 “bend take vide nut zeal pot car tin.” Which of
Step V : ask 57 dear 39 fight pour 17 28 the following will be the last step?
Step VI: ask 57 dear 39 fight 28 pour 17 A) VI th (B) V th (C) VIIth (D) IVth
and step VI is the last output
As per the rule followed in the above steps find 30. If the 2nd step of an input is:
out the answer to each of the following questions: “coat some for die song kill bit son” which
certainly the input?
25. If step II of an input is: (A) for come die song kill coat bit son
“cut 97 38 end for 29 46 down”. Which of the (B) for die come song kill coat bit son
following will be the last step? (C) for die song come kill coat bit son
A) V (B) IV (C) VI (D) VII (D) Cannot be determined

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31. Input: “door site may for you mean now goal”
which of the following is the 3rd step of the above Sequential Output training - ANSWER KEY
input?
(A) door goal mean site for may now you 1 C 8 A 15 D 22 D 29 B
(B) door goal mean site may for you now
(C) door site goal mean may for you now 2 D 9 A 16 B 23 D 30 D
(D) None of these
3 D 10 C 17 D 24 A 31 D
32. Input: “mute deal sit cut coat day long for”
which of the following will be the 4th step? 4 B 11 A 18 B 25 A 32 C
(A) coat deal mute sit cut day long for
(B) coat deal long mute sit cut day for 5 C 12 D 19 D 26 D 33 A
(C) coat deal long mute cut sit day for
(D) coat deal long mute cut day for sit
6 D 13 C 20 B 27 B 34 A
33. Input: “ask not feel task opt sale dark den”
Which of the following will be the last step? 7 E 14 C 21 C 28 C 35 D
A) Vth (B) VIth (C) IVth (D) VIIth
Directions (Q.34-35): Study the following
information and answer the questions given below:
A number arrangement machine when given
an input of numbers rearranges them following a
particular rule in each step. The following is an
illustration of input and steps of rearrangement.
Input : 48 245 182 26 99 542 378 297
StepI : 542 48 245 182 26 99 378 297
Step II : 542 248 245 182 99 378 297
StepIII : 542 26 378 48 245 182 99 247
Step IV: 542 26 378 48 297 245 182 99
Step V : 542 26 378 48 297 99 245 182
This is the final arrangement and step V is the last
step for this input.

34. What should be the last step of the following

input?
Input: 158 279 348 28 326 236
(A) 348 28 326 158 279 236
(B) 348 28 326 236 158 279
(C) 348 28 236 158 279 326
(D) 348 28 158 326 236 279

35. Below is given the third step of an input. What

will be its second step? Step III: 387 42 236 185
92 64
(A) 387 42 185 236 92 64
(B) 387 42 92 185 236 64
(C) 387 42 185 92 236 64
(D) Cannot be determined
(E) None of these

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