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4K resolution
4K resolution refers to a horizontal display resolution of approximately 4,000 pixels.[1] Digital
television and digital cinematography commonly use several different 4K resolutions. In television
and consumer media, 3840 × 2160 (4K UHD) is the dominant 4K standard, whereas the movie
projection industry uses 4096 × 2160 (DCI 4K).

The 4K television market share increased as prices fell dramatically during 2014[2] and 2015. By
2020, more than half of U.S. households are expected to have 4K-capable TVs,[3] a much faster
adoption rate than that of Full HD (1080p).[4]

Contents
4K standards and terminology
DCI Digital Cinema System Specification
SMPTE UHDTV Standard
ITU-R UHDTV Standard
CEA Ultra HD
2160p resolution
Comparison of common broadcast resolutions
M+ or RGBW TV controversy
Adoption
DVB
Video streaming
Mobile phone cameras
History
Home video projection
Broadcasting
Resolutions
3840 × 2160
4096 × 2160
Comparison of common display resolutions
Other 4K resolutions
Recording
Chroma subsampling
Bit rates
See also
References
External links
Articles
Official sites of NHK
Video

4K standards and terminology

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The term "4K" is generic and refers to any resolution with a horizontal pixel count of approximately
4,000.[5](p2) Several different 4K resolutions have been standardized by various organizations.

DCI Digital Cinema System Specification

In 2005, Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI),

a prominent standards organization in the
cinema industry, published the Digital
Cinema System Specification. This
specification establishes standardized 2K
and 4K container formats for digital
cinema production, with resolutions of
2048 × 1080 and 4096 × 2160
respectively. [6](§4.3.1) The resolution of the
video content inside follows the SMPTE
428-1 standard,[6](§3.2.1) which establishes
Comparison of DCI and UHD resolutions
the following resolutions for a 4K
distribution:[7](p6)

4096 × 2160 (full frame, 256∶135 or ≈1.90∶1 aspect ratio)

3996 × 2160 (flat crop, 1.85∶1 aspect ratio)
4096 × 1716 (CinemaScope crop, ≈2.39∶1 aspect ratio)

2K distributions can have a frame rate of either 24 or 48 FPS, while 4K distributions must have a
frame rate of 24 FPS.[6](§3.1.4.2) Some articles claim that the terms "2K" and "4K" were coined by DCI
and refer exclusively to the 2K and 4K formats defined in the DCI standard.[8] However, usage of
these terms in the cinema industry predates the publication of the DCI standard,[9][10][11][12] and they
are generally understood as casual terms for any resolution approximately 2000 or 4000 pixels in
width, rather than names for specific resolutions.[5](p2)[13](p109)

SMPTE UHDTV Standard

In 2007, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers published SMPTE ST 2036-1,
which defines parameters for two UHDTV systems called UHDTV1 and UHDTV2.[14][15] The
standard defines the following characteristics for these systems:

A resolution of 3840 × 2160 (UHDTV1) or 7680 × 4320 (UHDTV2)[15](§5.2)

Square (1∶1) pixels, for an overall image aspect ratio of 16∶9[15](§5.1)
A framerate of 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59.94, 60, 100, 119.88, or 120 Hz with progressive
scan[15](§1.2)
RGB, Y′CBCR 4:4:4, 4:2:2, or 4:2:0 pixel encoding[15](§7.7)
10 bpc (30 bit/px) or 12 bpc (36 bit/px) color depth[15](§1.2)
Colorimetry characteristics as defined in the standard, including color primaries, quantization
parameters, and the electro-optical transfer function. These are the same characteristics later
standardized in ITU-R BT.2020. UHDTV1 systems are permitted to use BT.709 color primaries up
to 60 Hz.[15](§6.2)

ITU-R UHDTV Standard

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In 2012, the International Telecommunication Union, Radiocommunication Sector published

Recommendation ITU-R BT.2020, also known as the Ultra High Definition Television
(UHDTV) standard.[16] This standard adopts the same image parameters defined in SMPTE ST
2036-1.[17]

Although the UHDTV standard does not define any official names for the formats it defines, ITU
typically uses the terms "4K", "4K UHD", or "4K UHDTV" to refer to the 3840 × 2160 system in
public announcements and press releases ("8K" for the 7680 × 4320 system).[18] In some of ITU's
other standards documents, the terms "UHDTV1" and "UHDTV2" are used as shorthand.[19]

CEA Ultra HD

In October 2012, the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) announced their definition of the term
Ultra High-Definition (or Ultra HD) for use with marketing consumer display devices.[20] CEA
defines an Ultra HD product as a TV, monitor, or projector with the following characteristics:[21]

A resolution of 3840 × 2160 or larger

An aspect ratio of 1.77∶1 (16∶9) or wider
Support for color depth of 8 bpc (24 bit/px) or higher
At least one HDMI input capable of supporting 3840 × 2160 at 24, 30, and 60 Hz progressive
scan (though not necessarily with RGB / Y′CBCR 4:4:4 color), and HDCP 2.2
Capable of processing images according to the color space defined in ITU-R BT.709
Capable of upscaling HD content (i.e. 720p / 1080p)

The CEA definition does allow manufacturers to use other terms—such as 4K—alongside the Ultra
HD logo.[5](p9) Since the resolution in CEA's definition is only a minimum requirement, displays with
higher resolutions such as 4096 × 2160 or 5120 × 2880 also qualify as "Ultra HD" displays, provided
they meet the other requirements.

2160p resolution

Some 4K resolutions, like 3840 × 2160, are often casually referred to as 2160p.[22][23][24] This name
follows from the previous naming convention used by HDTV and SDTV formats, which refer to a
format by the number of pixels/lines along the vertical axis (such as "1080p" for 1920 × 1080
progressive scan, or "480i" for the 480-line interlaced SDTV formats) rather than the horizontal pixel
count (≈4000 or "4K" for 3840 × 2160).

The term "2160p" could be applied to any format with a height of 2160 pixels, but it is most
commonly used in reference to the 4K UHDTV resolution of 3840 × 2160 due to its association with
the well-known 720p and 1080p HDTV formats. Although 3840 × 2160 is both a 4K resolution and a
2160p resolution, these terms cannot always be used interchangeably since not all 4K resolutions are
2160 pixels tall, and not all 2160p resolutions are ≈4000 pixels wide. However, some companies have
begun using the term "4K" to describe devices with support for a 2160p resolution, even if it is not
close to 4000 pixels wide. For example, many "4K" dash cams only support a resolution of
2880 × 2160 (4∶3);[25][26] although this is a 2160p resolution, it is not a 4K resolution. Conversely,
Samsung released a 5120 × 2160 (64∶27) TV, but marketed it as a "4K" TV despite its 5K-class
resolution.[27][28]

M+ or RGBW TV controversy

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In 2015 LG Display announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the
addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.[29] The
media and internet users later called this "RGBW" TVs because of the white sub pixel.

Most of the new M+ technology was employed on 4K TV sets which led to a controversy after tests
showed the that the addition of a white sub pixel replacing the traditional RGB structure would
reduce the resolution by around 25%. After tests done by Intertek in which the technical aspects of
LG M+ TVs were analized and they concluded that “the addressable resolution display is 2,880 X
2,160 for each red, green, blue”, in other words, the LG TVs were technically 2.8K as it became known
in the controversy.[30][31] Although LG Display has developed this technology for use in notebook
display, outdoor and smartphones, it is more popular in the TV market due to the supposed 4K UHD
marketed resolution but still being incapable of achieving true 4K UHD resolution as defined by the
CTA as 3840x2160 active pixels with 8-bit color. This negatively impacts the rendering of text,
making it a bit fuzzier, which is especially noticeable when a TV is used as a PC
monitor.[32][33][34][35][36]

Adoption
YouTube and the television industry have adopted 3840 × 2160 as their 4K standard.[37][38] As of
2014, 4K content from major broadcasters remained limited.[39] On April 11, 2013, Bulb TV created
by Canadian serial entrepreneur Evan Kosiner became the first broadcaster to provide a 4K linear
channel and VOD content to cable and satellite companies in North America.[40][41][42][43] The
channel is licensed by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission to
provide educational content.[44] However, 4K content is becoming more widely available online
including on Apple TV, YouTube, Netflix, and Amazon.[45][46] By 2013, some UHDTV models were
available to general consumers in the range of US$600.[47][48] As of 2015, prices on smaller computer
and television panels had dropped below US$400.[49]

DVB

In 2014, the Digital Video Broadcasting Project released a new set of standards intended to guide the
implementation of high resolution content in broadcast television. Dubbed DVB-UHDTV, it
establishes two standards, known as UHD-1 (for 4K content) and UHD-2 (for 8K content). These
standards use resolutions of 3840 × 2160 and 7680 × 4320 respectively, with framerates of up to
60 Hz, color depth up to 10 bpc (30 bit/px), and HEVC encoding for transmission.[50] DVB is
currently focusing on the implementation of the UHD-1 standard.[51]

DVB finalized UHD-1 Phase 2 in 2016, with the introduction of service by broadcasters expected in
2017. UHD-1 Phase 2 adds features such as high dynamic range (using HLG and PQ at 10 or 12 bits),
wide color gamut (BT. 2020/2100 colorimetry), and high frame rate (up to 120 Hz).[52][51]

Video streaming

YouTube, since 2010,[53] and Vimeo allow a maximum upload resolution of 4096 × 3072 pixels (12.6
megapixels, aspect ratio 4:3).[54][55] Vimeo's 4K content is currently limited to mostly nature
documentaries and tech coverage.[56][57]

High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265) should allow streaming 4K content with a bandwidth of 20 to
30 Mbit/s.[58]

In January 2014, Naughty America launched the first adult video service streaming in 4K.[59][60]

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Mobile phone cameras

The first mobile phones to be able to record at 2160p (3840×2160) were released in late 2013,
including the Samsung Galaxy Note 3, which is able to record 2160p at 30 frames per second.

In the year 2014, the OnePlus One was released with the option to record DCi 4K (4096 × 2160) at 24
frames per second.

In the years 2017 and 2018, mobile phone chipsets have reached sufficient processing power that
mobile phone vendors started releasing mobile phones that allow recording 2160p footage at twice
the framerate (60fps) for a smoother and more realistic appearance.

History
In 1984, Hitachi released the CMOS graphics processor ARTC
HD63484, which was capable of displaying up to 4K resolution
when in monochrome mode.[61] The resolution was targeted at
the bit-mapped desktop publishing market.[61] The first
commercially available 4K camera for cinematographic purposes
was the Dalsa Origin, released in 2003.[62][63] 4K technology was
developed by several research groups in universities around the
world, such as University of California, San Diego, CALIT2, Keio
University, Naval Postgraduate School and others that realized Samsung UN105S9 105-inch
[64] several demonstrations in venues such as IGrid in 2004 and (2,700 mm) ultra-high-definition 4K
television
CineGrid. YouTube began supporting 4K for video uploads in
2010 as a result of leading manufacturers producing 4K
cameras.[65] Users could view 4K video by selecting "Original"
from the quality settings until December 2013, when the 2160p option appeared in the quality
menu.[66] In November 2013, YouTube began to use the VP9 video compression standard, saying that
it was more suitable for 4K than High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). Google, which owns
YouTube, developed VP9.[65]

Theaters began projecting movies at 4K resolution in 2011.[67] Sony was offering 4K projectors as
early as 2004.[68] The first 4K home theater projector was released by Sony in 2012.[69]

Sony is one of the leading studios promoting UHDTV content, as of 2013 offering a little over 70
movie and television titles via digital download to a specialized player that stores and decodes the
video. The large files (≈40 GB), distributed through consumer broadband connections, raise concerns
about data caps.[70]

In 2014, Netflix began streaming House of Cards, Breaking Bad,[71] and "some nature
documentaries" at 4K to compatible televisions with an HEVC decoder. Most 4K televisions sold in
2013 did not natively support HEVC, with most major manufacturers announcing support in
2014.[72] Amazon Studios began shooting their full-length original series and new pilots with 4K
resolution in 2014.[73] They are now currently available though Amazon Video.[74]

In March 2016 the first players and discs for Ultra HD Blu-ray—a physical optical disc format
supporting 4K resolution and HDR at 60 frames per second—were released.[75]

On August 2, 2016 Microsoft released the Xbox One S, which supports 4K streaming and has an Ultra
HD Blu-ray disc drive, but does not support 4K gaming.[76] On November 10, 2016 Sony released the
PlayStation 4 Pro, which supports 4K streaming and gaming,[77] though many games use

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checkerboard rendering or are upscaled 4K.[78] On November 7, 2017 Microsoft released the Xbox
One X, which supports of 4K streaming and gaming,[79] though not all games are rendered at native
4K.[80]

Home video projection

Though experiencing rapid price drops beginning in 2013 for viewing devices, the home cinema
digital video projector market saw little expansion, with only a few manufacturers (only Sony as of
2015) offering limited 4K-capable lineups, with native 4K projectors commanding five-figure price
tags well into 2015 before finally breaking the US$10,000 barrier.[81] Critics state that at normal
direct-view panel size and viewing distances, the extra pixels of 4K are redundant at the ability of
normal human vision. Projection home cinemas, on the other hand, employ much larger screen sizes
without necessarily increasing viewing distance to scale. JVC has used a technique known as "e-shift"
to extrapolate extra pixels from 1080p sources to display 4K on screens through upscaling or from
native 4K sources at a much lower price than native 4K projectors.[82] This technology of non-native
4K entered its fourth generation for 2016.[83][84][85] JVC used this same technology to provide 8K
flight simulation for Boeing that met the limits of 20/25 visual acuity.[86]

Pixel shifting, as described here, was pioneered in the consumer space by JVC, and later in the
commercial space by Epson. That said, it is not the same thing as "true" 4K. More recently, some DLP
projectors claim 4K UHD (which the JVCs and Epsons do not claim).

As noted above, DCI 4K is 4096 × 2160, while 4K UHD is 3840 × 2160, producing a slight difference
in aspect ratio rather than a significant difference in resolution. Traditional displays, such as LCD or
OLED, are 3840 pixels across the screen, with each pixel being 1/3840th of the screen width. They do
not overlap—if they did, they would suffer reduced detail. The diameter of each pixel is basically
1/3840th of the screen width or 1/2160th of the screen height - either gives the same size pixel. That
3840 × 2160 works out to 8.3 megapixels, the official resolution of 4K UHD (and therefore Blu-ray
UHD discs).

The 4K UHD standard does not specify how large the pixels are, so a 4K UHD projector (Optoma,
BenQ, Dell, et al.) counts because these projectors have a 2718 × 1528 pixel structure. Those
projectors process the true 4K of data and project it with overlapping pixels, which is what pixel
shifting is. Unfortunately, each of those pixels is far larger: each one has 50% more area than true 4K.
Pixel shifting projectors project a pixel, shift it up to the right, by a half diameter, and project it again,
with modified data, but that second pixel overlaps the first.

In other words, pixel shifting cannot produce adjacent vertical lines of RGBRGB or other colors
where each line is one pixel (1/3840th of the screen) wide. Adjacent red and green pixels would end
up looking like yellow, with a fringe on one side of red, on the other of green - except that the next
line of pixels overlaps as well, changing the color of that fringe. 4K UHD or 1080p pixel shifting
cannot reveal the fine detail of a true 4K projector such as those Sony ships (business, education and
home markets). Also, JVC has one true 4K projector priced at $35,000 (as of mid-2017).

So while 4K UHD sounds like it has a pixel structures with 1/4 the area of 1080p, that does not
happen with pixel shifting. Only a true 4K projector offers that level of resolution. That's why "true"
4K projectors cost so much more than 4K UHD projectors with otherwise similar feature sets. They
produce smaller pixels, finer resolution, no compromising of detail or color from overlapping pixels.
By comparison, the slight difference in aspect ratio between DCI and 3840 × 2160 pixel displays
without overlap is insignificant relative to the amount of detail.

Broadcasting

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In November 2014, United States satellite provider DirecTV became the first pay TV provider to offer
access to 4K content, although limited to selected video-on-demand films.[87] In August 2015, British
sports network BT Sport launched a 4K feed, with its first broadcast being the 2015 FA Community
Shield football match. Two production units were used, producing the traditional broadcast in high-
definition, and a separate 4K broadcast. As the network did not want to mix 4K footage with
upconverted HD footage, this telecast did not feature traditional studio segments at pre-game or half-
time, but those hosted from the stadium by the match commentators using a 4K camera. BT
envisioned that if viewers wanted to watch studio analysis, they would switch to the HD broadcast
and then back for the game. Footage was compressed using H.264 encoders and transmitted to BT
Tower, where it was then transmitted back to BT Sport studios and decompressed for distribution, via
4K-compatible BT TV set-top boxes on an eligible BT Infinity internet plan with at least a 25 Mbit/s
connection.[88][89]

In late 2015 and January 2016, three Canadian television providers – including Quebec-based
Videotron, Ontario-based Rogers Cable, and Bell Fibe TV, announced that they would begin to offer
4K compatible set-top boxes that can stream 4K content to subscribers over gigabit internet
service.[90][91] On October 5, 2015, alongside the announcement of its 4K set-top box and gigabit
internet, Canadian media conglomerate Rogers Communications announced that it planned to
produce 101 sports telecasts in 4K in 2016 via its Sportsnet division, including all Toronto Blue Jays
home games, and "marquee" National Hockey League games beginning in January 2016. Bell Media
announced via its TSN division a slate of 4K telecasts to begin on January 20, 2016, including
selected Toronto Raptors games and regional NHL games.[92][93][94]

On January 14, 2016, in cooperation with BT Sport, Sportsnet broadcast the first ever NBA game
produced in 4K – a Toronto Raptors/Orlando Magic game at O2 Arena in London, England. On
January 20, also during a Raptors game, TSN presented the first live 4K telecast produced in North
America.[90][92][95] Three days later, Sportsnet presented the first NHL game in 4K.[96]

Dome Productions, a joint venture of Bell Media and Rogers Media (the respective owners of TSN
and Sportsnet), constructed a "side-by-side" 4K mobile production unit shared by Sportsnet and
TSN's first 4K telecasts; it was designed to operate alongside a separate HD truck and utilize cameras
capable of output in both formats.[97] For the opening game of the 2016 Toronto Blue Jays season,
Dome constructed "Trillium" – a production truck integrating both 4K and 1080i high-definition
units.[98] Bell Media's CTV also broadcast the 2016 Juno Awards in 4K as the first awards show
presented in the format.[99]

In February 2016, Univision trialed 4K by producing a closed circuit telecast of a football friendly
between the national teams of Mexico and Senegal from Miami in the format. The broadcast was
streamed privately to several special viewing locations. Univision aimed to develop a 4K streaming
app to publicly televise the final of Copa América Centenario in 4K.[100][101][102] In March 2016,
DirecTV and CBS Sports announced that they would produce the "Amen Corner" supplemental
coverage from the Masters golf tournament in 4K.[103][104]

After having trialed the technology in limited matches at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup,[105] and
the 2014 FIFA World Cup (via private tests and public viewings in the host city of Rio de
Janeiro),[106] the 2018 FIFA World Cup was the first FIFA World Cup in which all matches were
produced in 4K. Host Broadcasting Services stated that at least 75% of the broadcast cut on each
match would come from 4K cameras (covering the majority of main angles), with instant replays and
some camera angles being upconverted from 1080p sources. These broadcasts were made available
from selected rightsholders, such as the BBC in the United Kingdom, and selected television
providers in the United States.[107][108][109]

Resolutions

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3840 × 2160 Examples of some 4K resolutions used in displays and media

Format Resolution Aspect Ratio Pixels
The resolution of
3840 × 2160 is the - 4096 × 3072 1.33∶1 (4∶3) 12,582,912
dominant 4K resolution - 4096 × 2560 1.60∶1 (16∶10) 10,485,760
used in the consumer
- 4096 × 2304 1.77∶1 (16∶9) 9,437,184
media and display
industries. This is the DCI 4K (full frame) 4096 × 2160 ≈1.90∶1 (256∶135) 8,847,360
resolution of the DCI 4K (CinemaScope cropped) 4096 × 1716 ≈2.39∶1 (1024∶429) 7,020,544
UHDTV1 format defined
in SMPTE ST 2036-1,[15] DCI 4K (flat cropped) 3996 × 2160 1.85∶1 (≈37∶20) 8,631,360
as well as the 4K WQUXGA 3840 × 2400 1.60∶1 (16∶10) 9,216,000
UHDTV format defined
by ITU-R in Rec. 4K UHD 3840 × 2160 1.77∶1 (16∶9) 8,294,400

2020,[16] and is also the - 3840 × 1600 2.40∶1 (12∶5) 6,144,000

minimum resolution for - 3840 × 1080 3.55∶1 (32∶9) 4,147,200
CEA's definition of Ultra
HD displays and
projectors.[21] The resolution of 3840 × 2160 was also chosen by the DVB Project for their 4K
broadcasting standard, UHD-1.[51]

This resolution has an aspect ratio of 16∶9, with 8,294,400 total pixels. It is exactly double the
horizontal and vertical resolution of 1080p (1920 × 1080) for a total of 4 times as many pixels, and
triple the horizontal and vertical resolution of 720p (1280 × 720) for a total of 9 times as many pixels.
Thus, each still frame of such video footage is able to act as an 8.3 Megapixel photograph that can be
extracted from the video.

It is sometimes referred to as "2160p", based on the naming patterns established by the previous
720p and 1080p HDTV standards.

Televisions capable of displaying UHD resolutions are seen by consumer electronics companies as the
next trigger for an upgrade cycle after a lack of consumer interest in 3D television.[110]

4096 × 2160

This resolution is used mainly in digital cinema production, and has a total of 8,847,360 pixels with
an aspect ratio 256∶135 (≈19∶10). It was standardized as the resolution of the 4K container format
defined by Digital Cinema Initiatives in the Digital Cinema System Specification, and is the native
resolution of all DCI-compliant 4K digital projectors and monitors.[6] The DCI specification allows
several different resolutions for the content inside the container, depending on the desired aspect
ratio. The allowed resolutions are defined in SMPTE 428-1:[6](§3.2.1) [7](p. 6)

4096 × 2160 (full frame, 256∶135 or ≈1.90∶1 aspect ratio)

3996 × 2160 (flat crop, 1.85∶1 aspect ratio)
4096 × 1716 (CinemaScope crop, ≈2.39∶1 aspect ratio)

The DCI 4K standard has twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of DCI 2K (2048 × 1080), with
four times as many pixels overall.

Digital movies made in 4K may be produced, scanned, or stored in a number of other resolutions
depending on what storage aspect ratio is used.[111][112] In the digital cinema production chain, a
resolution of 4096 × 3112 is often used for acquiring "open gate" or anamorphic input material, a

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resolution based on the historical resolution of scanned Super 35 mm film.[113]

Other 4K resolutions

Various other non-standardized 4K resolutions have seen use in displays, including:

4096 × 2560 (1.60∶1 or 16∶10); this resolution was used in the Canon DP-V3010, a 30-inch
(76 cm) 4K reference monitor designed for reviewing cinema footage in post-production, released
in 2013.[114]
4096 × 2304 (1.77∶1 or 16∶9); this resolution was used in the 21.5-inch (55 cm) LG UltraFine
22MD4KA 4K monitor, jointly announced by LG and Apple in 2016[115] and used in the 21.5" 4K
Retina iMac computer.
3840 × 2400 (1.60∶1 or 16∶10); this resolution was used in the 22.2-inch (56 cm) IBM T220 and
T221 monitors, released in 2001 and 2002 respectively. This resolution is also referred to as
"WQUXGA", and is four times the resolution of WUXGA (1920 × 1200)[116]
3840 × 1600 (2.40∶1 or 12∶5); a number of computer monitors with this resolution have been
produced to date, the first of which was the 37.5-inch (95 cm) LG 38UC99-W released in 2016.
This resolution is equivalent to WQXGA (2560 × 1600) extended in width by 50%, or 3840 × 2160
reduced in height by ≈26%.[117] LG refers to this resolution as "WQHD+" (Wide Quad HD+),[118]
while Acer uses the term "UW-QHD+" (Ultra-wide Quad HD+)[119] and some media outlets have
begun using the term "UW4K" (Ultra-wide 4K).[120][121]
3840 × 1080 (3.55∶1 or 32∶9); this resolution was first used in the Samsung C49HG70, a 49-inch
(120 cm) curved gaming monitor released in 2017. This resolution is equivalent to dual 1080p
displays (1920 × 1080) side-by-side, but with no border interrupting the image. It is also exactly
one half of a 4K UHD (3840 × 2160) display. Samsung refers to this resolution as "DFHD" (Dual
Full HD).[122]

Recording
The main advantage of recording video at the 4K standard is that
fine spatial detail is resolved well.[123] If the final video quality is
reduced to 2K from a 4K recording, more detail is apparent than
would have been achieved from a native 2K recording.[123]
Increased fineness and contrast is then possible with output to
DVD and Blu-ray.[124] Some cinematographers record at 4K with
the Super 35 film format to offset any resolution loss that may
occur during video processing.[125]

With Axiom devices there is some open source hardware Sony Handycam FDR-AX1
available that uses a 4K image sensor.[126][127][128]

Chroma subsampling

Many consumer electronics such as mobile phones store video footage with 4:2:0 chroma
subsampling, which means that colour information is stored at only a quarter of the resolution as the
brightness information.[129]

For 1080p video, this means that the colour information is stored at only 540p, while 2160p video
with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling stores colour information at 1080p, providing a colour accuracy
benefit when viewed on a 1080p monitor.[130]

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Bit rates

Consumer cameras and mobile phones record 2160p footage at

much higher bit rates (usually 50 to 100 Mbit/s) than 1080p
(usually 10 to 30 Mbit/s).

This higher bit rate reduces the visibility of ugly compression

In full size, (https://upload.wikimedi
artefacts, even if viewed on monitors with a lower resolution than a.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Color
2160p. comp.jpg) this image shows the
difference between four
See also subsampling schemes. Note how
similar the color images appear. The
1080p Full HD – digital video format with a resolution of lower row shows the resolution of
1920 × 1080 the color information.

2K resolution – digital video formats with a horizontal

resolution of around 2,000 pixels
5K resolution – digital video formats with a horizontal resolution of around 5,000 pixels, aimed at
non-television computer monitor usage
8K resolution – digital video formats with a horizontal resolution of around 8,000 pixels
10K resolution – digital video formats with a horizontal resolution of around 10,000 pixels
16K resolution – experimental VR format
Ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV) – various standards for high-resolution television
Rec. 2020 – ITU-R recommendation for UHDTV, defining formats with resolutions of 4K
(3840 × 2160) and 8K (7680 × 4320)
Aspect ratio (image) – proportional relationship between an image's width and height
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) – video standard that supports 4K & 8K UHDTV and
resolutions up to 8192 × 4320
Digital cinema
Graphics display resolution
Ultrawide formats

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