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Study 001 PDF

The document discusses various engineering drawing standards and fits and tolerances. It covers the Code of practice for Engineering Drawing including common abbreviations. It also discusses welding symbols and processes, riveted joints, keys, threaded fasteners including bolts, nuts and other types. It defines tolerance as the maximum permissible variation in a dimension and describes unilateral and bilateral tolerance systems. It also defines different types of fits between parts and provides an introduction to geometric dimensioning and tolerancing which defines nominal geometry and allowable variation.

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67 views6 pages

Study 001 PDF

The document discusses various engineering drawing standards and fits and tolerances. It covers the Code of practice for Engineering Drawing including common abbreviations. It also discusses welding symbols and processes, riveted joints, keys, threaded fasteners including bolts, nuts and other types. It defines tolerance as the maximum permissible variation in a dimension and describes unilateral and bilateral tolerance systems. It also defines different types of fits between parts and provides an introduction to geometric dimensioning and tolerancing which defines nominal geometry and allowable variation.

Uploaded by

Anonymous bAoFyA
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STUDY OF DRAWING STANDARDS & FITS AND TOLERANCES

Aim:
To study the Code of practice for Engineering Drawing, BIS specifications – Welding symbols, riveted joints, keys,
fasteners –Limits, Fits, basic principles of geometric dimensioning & tolerancing.

i) CODE FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING

Term Abbreviation Term Abbreviation


Assembly ASSY Nominal NOM
Auxiliary AUX Tolerance TOL
Centres CRS Thread THD
Chamfered CHMED Symmetrical SYM
Circular pitch CP Spot face SF
Dimension DIM Serial number Sl. No.
Drawing DRG Round RD
Ground GND Reference REF
Inspection INSP Radius in a note RAD
Inside diameter ID Pitch circle PC

INTRODUCTION TO WELDING

Welding is a process of fastening the metal parts together permanently by the application of heat (fusion welds) or pressure
(pressure or forge welding) or both (resistance welding).

The various types of welding process are

a. Gas welding
b. Arc welding
i. Metal Arc Welding (MAW)
ii. Gas metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
iii. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
iv. Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG)
v. Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG)
c. Forge Welding
d. Resistance Welding
e. Thermit Welding
f. High Energy Welding

The welded joints are broadly classified into


a. Butt joint b. Lap joint c. Corner or Fillet joint d. Tee joint e. Edge joint

Basic Weld Symbol

APPLICATIONS OF RIVETED JOINTS


A riveted joint is a permanent type of fastener used to join the metal plates or rolled steel sections together. Riveted joints are
extensively used in structural works such as bridges and roof trusses and in the construction of pressure vessels such as storage tanks,
boilers, etc.

SCREW THREADS
A screw thread is a functional element used on bolt, stud, set screw, nut or any other threaded piece or component. Screw
thread is a helical groove on a cylinder surface (outer side or inner side). Its function is to transform the input motion of rotation into
output motion of translation.

The principal uses of threads are,


1. For fastening
2. For adjusting
3. For transmitting power

TERMS AND NOMENCLATURE


Angle of the thread: It is the angle included between the sides of two adjacent Threads measured on an axial plane.
Depth of the thread: It is the distance between the crest and the root measured at Right angle to the axis. It is equal to half the
difference between the outer diameter and the core diameter.
Major diameter or outside diameter: It is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial cylinder, which would bind the crests of an external or
internal thread.
Minor or core or root diameter: It is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial cylinder, This would bind the roots of an external thread or
of an internal thread.
Pitch diameter: It is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial cylinder that can be Passed so as to cut the thread, that the width of the cut
thread will be equal to the Width of the groove.
Pitch: It is the axial distance between a point on one thread and the corresponding Point on the next thread. It may be indicated as the
distance from crest or from root of two adjacent threads.
Lead: It is the distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a thread to the corresponding point on the same thread for one
complete revolution.
External thread: It is the thread on the outside surface of a member such as bolt, Studs or screw.
Internal thread: It is the thread on the inside surface of a member such as nut or Threaded hole.
Right hand thread: Right hand thread if turned clockwise direction advances into a Threaded hole. It abbreviated as RH.
Left hand thread: Left hand thread if turned anticlockwise direction advances into a threaded hole. It abbreviated as LH.

KEYS
Introduction:
A machine runs by the power supplied to it by a prime mover such as motor, engine etc; This power is transmitted from prime mover to
the machine through a coupler which couples shaft of the prime mover and the machine.

Keys are classified into three types

1. Taper keys
2. Parallel (or) feather keys
3. Special purpose keys

THREADED FASTENERS

INTRODUCTION
Threaded fasteners are temporary fasteners, which hold the parts together through the medium of a screw thread. These are used
in pairs for their action (for example, a nut and a bolt). They have the advantage over permanent fasteners of allowing assembly of parts
when required. A wide variety of threaded fasteners are in use. Some of them are standardized and others are made for special use.

COMMON TYPE OF THREADED FASTENERS

The five types of threaded fasteners in common use are

Bolt
Stud
Cap screw
Machine screw
Setscrew

All these with external threaded and used in combination with another having corresponding internal threads (eg) a nut or a tapped hole.
BOLTS
A bolt is a metal having a head at one end and a threaded portion to a definite length on other end. The head is formed by forging or
machining. The bolt is admitted through holes in the parts, which are to be fastened. The projected thread end of the bolt admits a
corresponding nut from the other side. Tightening the bolt by turning gives necessary clamping grip to hold the parts together.

Fig: Bolt and Nut Pair


NUTS
A nut is a device having internal threads used in combination with a bolt or stud, having external threads to fasten parts together. It is
screwed on the threaded end of the bolt or stud and the head of the bolt is drawn closer to hold and tighten the parts to be joined.
LOCKING BY A LOCK PLATE:
This type of locking is employed in the heavy engineering work, as in the case of connecting rod, wheel shafts etc. the plate is grooved
in such a way that the grooves in the plate receive the hexagonal corners of the nut at every 30˚ rotation. The plate is fixed to the bearing
surface by a tap bolt screwed into it.
STUD OR STUD BOLT:
Stud is a round bar threaded on both its ends. An undesirable feature of a tab bolt fastening is the tendency to damage the threads in the
holes when the bolts are frequently removed and replaced, especially when the screwed holes are in the iron and aluminum alloys, this
disadvantage are overcome by the use of stud bolts.It has threads on both ends so that one of the pieces, being held together, must be
threaded to replace the head.

SET SCREWS:
Setscrews are used as semi permanent fasteners to hold a collar, sleeve, pulley or on a shaft against rotational or translation forces.
CAP SCREW:
Cap screws are similar to bolts in that they have a head on one threads on the other.
MACHINE SCREWS:
These are similar in function and operation to cap screws, but are usually smaller in diameter.
FOUNDATION BOLTS:
For securing heavy machines to concrete foundations, special types of bolts known as foundation bolts are used.

Tolerance:

The term tolerance refers to the difference between the upper (maximum) limit and lower (minimum) limit of a
dimension. In other words, tolerance is the maximum permissible variation in a dimension. The tolerance may be
of two types i.e. unilateral or bilateral.
When the tolerance is allowed on one side of the nominal size, e.g., , then it is said to be unilateral
system of tolerance. ‘When the tolerance is allowed on both sides of the nominal size, e.g., then it is
said to be bilateral system of tolerance.

The unilateral system is widely used in practice as it permits changing the tolerance value while still retaining the
same allowance or type of fit.

Fits:

The term fits refers to the degree of tightness or looseness between two mating parts. Depending upon the actual
limits of the hole and shaft.

Fits may be classified into the following three types:

(i) Clearance fit.

(ii) Interference fit.

(iii) Transition fit.

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing:

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating engineering tolerances.It
uses a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated three-dimensional solid models that explicitly
describes nominal geometry and its allowable variation.

 Dimensioning specifications define the nominal, as-modeled or as-intended geometry.


 Tolerancing specifications define the allowable variation for the form and possibly the size of individual
features, and the allowable variation in orientation and location between features
Result
Thus the study of Code of practice for Engineering Drawing, BIS specifications – Welding symbols,
riveted joints, keys, fasteners –Limits, Fits, basic principles of geometric dimensioning & tolerancing were
studied.

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