REGULATION:2017 ACADEMIC YEAR:2018-2019

EE8353 ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND CONTROLS LT P C

3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic concepts of different types of electrical machines and their
performance.
• To study the different methods of starting D.C motors and induction motors.
• To study the conventional and solid-state drives
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION 8
Basic Elements – Types of Electric Drives – factors influencing the choice of electrical drives
Heating and cooling curves – Loading conditions and classes of duty – Selection of power rating
for drive motors with regard to thermal overloading and Load variation factors

UNIT II DRIVE MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS 9

Mechanical characteristics – Speed-Torque characteristics of various types of load and drive
motors – Braking of Electrical motors – DC motors: Shunt, series and compound - single phase
and three phase induction motors.

UNITIIISTARTINGMETHODS 8
Types of D.C Motor starters – Typical control circuits for shunt and series motors – Three phase
squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors.

UNIT IV CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. DRIVES

10
Speed control of DC series and shunt motors – Armature and field control, Ward-Leonard
control system - Using controlled rectifiers and DC choppers –applications.

UNIT V CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF A.C. DRIVES

10
Speed control of three phase induction motor – Voltage control, voltage / frequency control, slip
power recovery scheme – Using inverters and AC voltage regulators – applications.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOME:
Upon Completion of this subject, the students can able to explain different types of electrical
machines and their performance

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Nagrath .I.J. & Kothari .D.P, “Electrical Machines”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006
2. Vedam Subrahmaniam, “Electric Drives (Concepts and Applications)”, Tata McGraw-Hill,
2010

REFERENCES:
1. Partab. H., “Art and Science and Utilisation of Electrical Energy”, Dhanpat Rai and Sons,
2017
2. Pillai.S.K “A First Course on Electric Drives”, Wiley Eastern Limited, 2012
3. Singh. M.D., K.B.Khanchandani, “Power Electronics”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006.
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Subject Code: EE8353 Year/Semester: II /03

Subject Name: Electrical Drives and Controls Subject Handler: Mr.A.Antony Charles
UNIT I INTRODUCTION

Basic Elements – Types of Electric Drives – factors influencing the choice of electrical drives – heating and
cooling curves – Loading conditions and classes of duty – Selection of power rating for drive motors with
regard to thermal overloading and Load variation factors

Q.No. PART*A

List out the types of electric drives.(NOV/DEC 2016) BTL1

1. • Group electric drives,
• Individual drives,
• Multi motor electric drives.
What are the basic elements of an electric drive system?(MAY/JUNE 2014)(MAY/JUNE 2016)
BTL1
• Electrical motors and load
2 • Power modulator
• Source
• Control unit
• Sensing unit
Mention the factors affecting the selection of electrical drives.( NOV/DEC 2015) BTL1
3 • Steady state
• Acceleration including starting
• Deceleration including stopping
What is duty factor? BTL1
4
The ratio of ON time (Ton) of the drive to total time period (Ton + Toff) is called duty factor.

Differences between Drive and Electric Drive. BTL1

Drive: A combination of prime mover, transmission equipment and mechanical working load is
called a drive
5
Electric drive: An Electric Drive can be defined as an electromechanical device for converting
electrical energy to mechanical energy to impart motion to different machines and mechanisms for
various kinds of process control.

How heating occurs in motor drives?(APRIL/MAY 2015) BTL1

When a machine is switched off from the mains or when the load on the motor is reduced, the machine
6
cools. The curve obtained temperature drop Vs time when the drive is switched off or load on the drive
is removed.

Mention the necessity of power rating. BTL2

Power rating of electric drives for particular operation is important since, following reasons.
7
• Get economy with reliability
• To obtain the maximum efficiency on their full load.

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List out some examples of prime movers. BTL2

• I.C Engines
8 • Steam Engine
• Turbines
• Electric Motors.
List the factors affecting the selection of electric drives.(APRIL/MAY 2017) BTL2
• Efficiency
• Braking
9 • Load factor
• Availability of supply
• Effects of supply variations
• Economical aspects
Define four – quadrant operation. BTL2
A motor operate in two modes and braking. In motoring, it converts electrical energy into mechanical
10 energy, which supports its motion. In braking it works as a generator converting mathematical energy
into electrical energy and thus, opposes the motion. Motor can provide motoring and braking
operations for both forward and reverse directions.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Group drive (Shaft drive)? BTL3
Advantages:
• A single large motor can be used instead of a number of small motors.
• The rating of the single motor may be appropriately reduced taking into account the diversity
11 factor of loads.
Disadvantages:

• There is no flexibility; Addition of an extra machine to the main shaft is difficult.

• The efficiency of the drive is low, because of the losses occurring in several
transmitting mechanisms.
Mention the types of electrical drives.BTL3
12 • DC drives
• AC drives

Mention the various classes of duty BTL3

13
• Continuous duty
• Continuous duty, variable loads
• Short time loads
What is the three method of operation for electrics drive?BTL1
14 • Steady state
• Acceleration including starting
• Deceleration including stopping

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Mention power rating of linear movement in AC motors.BTL4

15 Efficiency of load and transmission system depend on the type of load.
v – Velocity of linear motion, m/s

Compare a multi motor electric drive.Give some examples.(Nov/Dec 2014) BTL5

In this drive, there are several drives, each of which serves to activate on of the working parts of the
16
driven mechanisms. Metal cutting machine tools, paper making machines, rolling mills, traction
drive, Traveling cranes etc.,

Define cooling curve.(April/May 2017) BTL5

17 When a machine is switched off from the mains or when the load on the motor is reduced, the machine
cools. The curve obtained temperature drop Vs time when the drive is switched off or load on the drive
is removed.

State individual electric drive. (April/May 2015) BTL1

In this drive, each individual machine is driven by a separate motor.
18
• This motor also imparts motion to various other parts of the machine. Single spindle drilling
machine, Lathe machines etc.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of individual drive? BTL6
Advantages:
• Flexibility of layout
• If any failure or maintenance carried out in main motor, corresponding load will be affected or
idle.
19 • Efficiency is high because no load losses are less.
Disadvantages:

• Cost is high compared to group drive

State the selection of motor based on load variation (or) Types of mechanical loads.BTL1
• Continuous or constant loads
20 • Continuous variable loads
• Pulsating loads
• Impact loads
• Short time loads
Give some examples of Electric Drives.BTL1
21 • Driving fans, ventilators, compressors and pumps.
• Lifting goods by hoists and cranes.
22 State the some of the advantage of an electric drive system.BTL1
• Control characteristic can be manipulated as per requirements
• Availability of simple and easy speed control methods
23 Mention the application of electrical drives.BTL1
• Paper mills
• Electric traction
• Cement mills
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• Steel mills
24 Define cooling time constant.BTL1
It is defined as the ratio between C and A cooling time constant is denoted as α
α= C/A
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Group drive (Shaft drive)?BTL1
Advantages:
• A single large motor can be used instead of a number of small motors.
• The rating of the single motor may be appropriately reduced taking into account the diversity
25 factor of loads.
Disadvantages:

• There is no flexibility; Addition of an extra machine to the main shaft is difficult.

• The efficiency of the drive is low, because of the losses occurring in several
transmitting mechanisms.
PART * B

Explain the factors governing the selection of motors. (13M) BTL1

Answer : Page :1.20 - J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• Transient Operation--------------------------- (3M)
• A system is said to be in a transient state when a process variable or variables have been
1. changed and the system has not yet reached a steady state.
• The time taken for the circuit to change from one steady state to another steady state is called
the transient time.
• Related with source ---------------------------------(3M)
• Need of Cost ---------------------------------------- (5M)
Describe in detail the determination of power rating of motors. (13M) (BTL1)
Answer: Page :1.9-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• Continuous duty---------------------------- (3M)
2 • Short time duty -------------------------- (3M)
• Intermittent periodic duty--------------- (7M)
Intermittent duty is when a motor or gear motor has a duty cycle that isn't running continuously
without any time of break.

Describe about the simplifications based on which the heating and cooling calculations of an
electric motor are made.(13M) BTL1
Answer: Page:1.10-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

3 • Heat developed-------------------(6M)
• Heat dissipated-------------------(7M)

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Describe the different types of loading of drives.(APR/MAY 2017)(13M) BTL1

Answer: Page :1.23-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

4 • Based on load conditions ---------------- (2M)

• Based on mode operation ----------------- (3M)
• Based on controlling action---------------- (3M)
• Based on Number machines------------------(5M)
Give the brief note on classes of duty for an electric motor(13M) BTL2
Answer: Page :1.17-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
5
• Continuous duty -------(3M)
• Fluctuating loads ----------- (5M)
• Short time and Intermittent duty(5M)
Explain about the torque and power methods for Fluctuating and Intermittent loads.(13M)
BTL2
Answer: Page:1.29-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
6
• Actual variable motor current------------(5M)
• Core loss and friction loss--------------- (5M)
• Copper loss----------------- (3M)

Explain the Load Equalization.(13M)BTL2

Answer: Page :1.30-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• Torque Fluctuation--------------- (5M)

7 The vibrating force due to the combustion pressure causes torque fluctuation in the crankshaft,
which is transmitted to the drive train.
• Electric hammer, Steel rolling---------------(3M)
• Voltage fluctuation-------------------------- (5M)

Calculate the load rising from 0to 400KW:5min

Uniform load of 500KW Regenerative power of 400 KW returned to the supply:4 min
Remains idle for 2 min(13M) BTL3
Answer: Page :1.3-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
8
• Uniform load =60--------------(5M)
• load =5A----------------------- (2M)
• Rated power=20 W ------------(3M)
• RMS value =50 V ---------------(3M)

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PART *C

A 100 KW motor ,having rated temperature is 60 C has a full load efficiency of 80% and the
maximum efficiency occurs at85% full load.It has a thermal constant of 80 minutes and 65
minutes It is cyclically loaded,120% of full load for one hour and 50% of full load for next hour.
Find the temperature rise after 3hrs.(15M) BTL2

1. Answer: Page:1.36-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• Temperature-25 C------------ (6M)

• full load- 10A---------------(2M)
• Output power-200 Watts---------(2M)
• Full load loss-20------------(2M)
• Temperature rise-30C(2M)
Explain the pattern of characteristics under steady state Short time &intermittent time. (15M)
(Nov/Dec 2016) BTL3
Answer: Page:1.27-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
2
• Short time & temperature rise intermittent time- (7M)
• Temperature rise- (3M)
• Constant load (3M)
• Number of cycles (2M)
Find the rating of a 100KW motor when subjected to a duty cycle of 18 minutes on full load
followed by 30 minutes on no load. The heating and cooling time constant of the motor are 90
and 120 minutes respectively. Assume that loss are proportional to square of load current.(15M)
BTL5
Answer: Page :1.33-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
3
Heating and cooling time constant-(6M)
Loss-(3M)
T1=65.5 °C.(3M)
Th1=55.34C

Draw a typical temperature rise –time curve and derive equation for temperature rise in an
electric drive(15M) BTL6
Answer: Page:1.16-J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
4
• Temperature rise (8M)
• Cooling curves (6M)

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UNIT II DRIVE MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Mechanical characteristics – Speed-Torque characteristics of various types of load and drive motors – Braking of
Electrical motors – DC motors: Shunt, series and compound - single phase and three phase induction motors.

Q.No. PART-A

Define back EMF in a D.C. Motor and State its expression. BTL1
• Armature starts rotating, the main flux gets cut by the armature winding
1.
an EMF gets induced in the armature.
• This EMF opposes the applied DC voltage and is called back EMF denoted as Eb.
Write the voltage equation of D.C. Motor. BTL1
• V=Eb+IaRa. The back EMF is always less than supply voltage (Eb<V).
2
• But Ra is very small hence under normal running conditions, the difference between back EMF and
supply voltage is very small.
State the various types of D.C. Motors. BTL1
3 • Separately excited DC Motor
• DC Shunt motor
Define slip. BTL1
The difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and actual speed (N) of the rotor is known as slip
4
speed. The percentage of slip is given by
% slip s = [(Ns -N) / Ns] *100
What is synchronous speed? BTL1
The speed depends on the supply frequency (f) and the number of poles for which stator winding is wound
5 (P).It is called synchronous speed denoted as Ns and given by
Ns = 120 f / P in RPM
What is rotor conductor and end ring? BTL1
6 The rotor core is cylindrical and slotted on its periphery. The rotor consists of un insulated copper or
aluminum bars called rotor conductors.
Mention the important characteristics of a DC motor.BTL2
7 • Torque – Armature current characteristics
• Speed – Armature current characteristics
• Speed- Torque Characteristics
Why DC motors should not be started without starters? (NOV/DEC 2016) BTL2
• Under light load or no load as flux is very small, the motor tries to run at dangerously high speed
8 which may damage the motor mechanically.
• This can be seen from the speed – armature current and the speed- torque characteristics
State Induction motor as a transformer. BTL2
• Transformer is a device in which two windings are magnetically coupled and when one winding is
9
excited by AC supply of certain frequency

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Draw the speed torque characteristics of DC shunt and series motors. (MAY/JUNE 2016)BTL2

10

DC shunt motor DC series motor

Why a single phase induction motor does not Self start? BTL3
• When a single phase supply is fed to the single phase induction motor. Its stator winding produces a
11 flux which only alternates along one space axis.
• It is not a synchronously revolving field, as in the case of a 2 or 3phase stator winding, fed from 2 or
3 phase supply.
Compare electrical braking and mechanical braking.BTL3

Electrical braking Mechanical braking

12
(i)Frequent Maintenance (i)Less maintenance

(ii)Braking is not smooth (ii)Braking is smooth

Mention the three regions in the speed –torque characteristics of induction motor. BTL4
13 • Motoring region (0< s<1)
• Generating region(s<0)
• Plugging region (1<s<2)
What are the different types of Electric braking?(APRIL/MAY 2015) (NOV/DEC 2015) BTL4
• Rheostatic or dynamic braking
• Plugging
14
• Regenerative braking
• D.C. Dynamic braking
Define transformation ratio. BTL4
K = E2 / E1(or) k = N2 / N1
15
Where E1 = Stator EMF per phase in volts
E2 = Rotor induced EMF per phase in volts at start when motor is at standstill.
Mention the types of Single phase induction motors. BTL5
• Split phase induction motor
16
• Capacitor start induction motor
State Rheostat or dynamic braking. BTL5
• Dynamic braking of electric motors occurs when the energy stored in the rotating mass is dissipated
17
in an electrical resistance.
• This requires the motor to operate as a generator to convert this stored energy into electrical.
18 Define Plugging. BTL6
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It is one method of braking of induction motor. When phase sequence of supply of the motor running at a
speed is reversed, by interchanging connections of any two phases of stator.
What is meant by Regenerative Braking? BTL1
• Regenerative braking occurs when the motor speed exceeds the synchronous speed.
20
• In this case, the induction motor would runs as the induction machine is converting the mechanical
power into electrical power, which is delivered back to the electrical system.
What are the advantages of electric braking over other type of braking?(NOV/DEC 2014) BTL1
• Rheostat or dynamic braking
21 • Plugging
• Regenerative braking
• D.C. Dynamic braking
List the advantage of squirrel cage I.M. BTL1
• Cheaper
• Light in weight
22 • Rugged in construction
• More efficient
• Require less maintenance
• Can be operated in dirty and explosive environments
Why a three phase induction motor does not Self start? BTL1
• When a three phase supply is fed to three phase induction motor. Its stator winding produces a flux
which only alternates along one space axis.
23
• It is not a synchronously revolving field, as in the case of a 2 or 3phase stator winding, fed from 2 or
3 phase supply.
What are the types of single phase induction motor? BTL1
• Split phase induction motor
24 • Capacitor start induction run motor
• Capacitor start Capacitor run motor
• Shaded pole induction motor
Compare Slip ring and Squirrel cage motor. BTL1
25 • Construction is complex
• High starting torque is added
PART * B
Describe the various types of electric braking and discuss the various braking of DC shunt and DC
series motor. (13M) (NOV/DEC 2014) BTL1
Answer: Page :2.45- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• Regenerative braking ----------------------------(4M)
1.
• Braking is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object by converting its kinetic
energy into a form which can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
• Dynamic braking-------------------------- (3M)
• Plugging or Reverse current braking------------ (6M)

Write the braking characteristics available for induction motors and explain in details. (13M) BTL1
Answer: Page:2.56- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
2
• DC dynamic braking----------------------- (6M)
The motor now works as a generator, producing the braking torque. for the braking operation
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in dynamic braking.
• AC dynamic braking----------------------- (7M)
Explain the torque –speed characteristics for the DC motors. (APR/MAY 2015) (13M) BTL1
Answer: Page:2.31- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan

• Motoring region--------------------- (4M)

• The torque-speed curve for the normal MOTORING REGION, where the speed lies between zero
and just below synchronous, we must ask what happens if the speed is above the synchronous speed,
3 or is negative.
Generating region------------------ (6M)
Plugging region--------------------- (3M)

Describe the various torque –slip characteristics for the DC motors. (13M) BTL1
Answer: Page.:2.28- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Stable operating region------------- (4M)
• The solid line is the torque–speed curve of the motor, while the dotted lines
4
• Unstable operating region---------------- (6M)
• The concept of stability of induction motor is very important and vital for interview point of view or
and motor speed torque characteristics determines the point of stable operation of motor
• Normal operating region ---------------(3M)

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of electrical braking over mechanical braking. (13M)
BTL2
Answer: Page:2.38- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Regenerative braking---------------------(4M)
5 • Energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into a
form which can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
• Plugging-------------------------- (6M)
• A part of energy is returned to the supply consequently the running cost is reduced.
• Dynamic braking ---------------------------(3M)
Give the various load characteristics of DC Shunt Motor.(APR/MAY 2015) (13M) BTL2
Answer: Page:2.29- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Armature resistance------------------------------. (7M)
6
• At the moment a DC motor is started the armature is stationary and there is no counter EMF being
generated.
• Shunt field winding resistance------------------------------. (6M)

Describe about the operation of Single phase induction induction motor. (13M) BTL2
Answer:Page:2.32- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Lacking of starting torque. --------------------------------(6M)
• Wound type rotor induction motor addition of external resistance is possible this makes a wide
7
usage like speed control, high starting torque by decreasing
• Reduced power factor. ------------------------------(4M)
• Less efficiency.-------------------------(3M)

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State and explain single-phase induction motors speed torque curve in details. (13M) BTL3
Answer: Page.:2.39- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Resistance start----------------(3M)
• The phase-angle difference between current in the run winding and current in the start
winding of a resistance-start induction-run motor is generally 35 to 40 degrees.-

------------------(3M)
• Single-phase induction motors are not self-starting without an auxiliary stator winding driven
by an out of phase current of near 90o.
• Capacitor Run ------------------------------(4M)
• The capacitor start capacitor run motor has a cage rotor and its stator has two windings
known as Main and Auxiliary Windings.
• Shaded pole------------------------------------ (3M)
Describe the regenerative braking employed in DC Motors. (13M) BTL3
Answer: Page:2.56- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Hoisting mechanism------------------ (6M)
• The lifting three-phase induction electric motors are designed for application in the main motion of
9
rope and chain hoists. their brake is electromagnetic with dc supply voltage, non-adjustable.
• Variable frequency-------------------- (7M)
• Variable-frequency drive is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive
systems to control ac motor speed and torque by varying motor
Explain the 3Ø induction motor. (13M) BTL4
Answer: Page:2.21- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Types (6M)
• 1. Squirrel cage induction motor and 2. phase wound induction motor (slip-ring induction motor).
• Principle &Operation of motor ---------------(4M)
10 • A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• The principle of working of a DC motor is that "whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force".
• Advantages &Disadvantages ---------------------------(3M)
The primary advantage of the DC motor is that it can develop constant torque over a wide speed
application. Power supply is an important consideration in the application of DC motors.
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PART * C
Explain about the various load characteristics of DC Shunt Motor. (15M) BTL2
Answer: Page:2.16- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
1. • Speed-Armature characteristics------------------. (3M)
• Torque-armature characteristics.---------------------(4M)
• Speed-Torque characteristics.------------------------------(8M)
Explain any one method of electrical braking of DC Machines.(NOV/DEC 2014) (15M) BTL6
Answer: Page:2.56- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Downward mechanism -------------------------------------------(8M)
• A dc motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical .this
2 feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid car.
• variable frequency ----------------------------------------(7M)
• a variable-frequency drive is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive
systems to control ac motor speed and torque by varying motor.

Classify the different types of load torques available and sketch few load torques curves of typical
loads. (15) (Nov/Dec 2016) BTL5
Answer: Page.:2.31- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Motoring region---------------------------- (4M)
• Energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into a
3 form which can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
• Generating region --------------------------------(6M)
• A part of energy is returned to the supply consequently the running cost is reduced.
• Plugging region----------------------------------- (5M)
• Plugging circuit, a reverse torque is developed even when the armature has come to a stop. Circuit
interruption is usually controlled by an automatic null-speed device mounted on the motor shaft
Create a torque- slip Characteristics of three phase induction motor. (15M) (April/May 2016) BTL6
Answer: Page:2.36- J.Gnanavadivel, J.Karthikeyan
• Stable region------------------------------- (5M)
Essential condition that defines a stable operating point is that it is the point where the torque
requirement curve crosses the motor capability curve in a region where the motor torque capability
4 is declining as speed increases.
• Unstable operating region--------------------- (5M)
• Normal operating region--------------------------(5M)
• A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
• Introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run machinery starting in the 1870s
started a new second industrial revolution.

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UNIT III STARTING METHODS
Types of D.C Motor starters – Typical control circuits for shunt and series motors – Three phase squirrel
cage and slip ring induction motors.
Q.No. PART-A
1. Why we need starters for starting electric motors?(NOV/DEC 2014) BTL1
• At starting, when the motor is stationary, there is no back EMF (Eb = 0) in the armature.
• This current will damage the motor.
2. What is meant by starting resistance? BTL1
• To restrict this high starting armature current, a variable resistance is connected in series with
the armature at start.
• This resistance is called starter or a starting resistance.
3. What are the two types of starters used for D.C shunt motors? BTL1
• Two Point starter
• Three point starter
• Four Point starter
4. List the main parts of three point starter. BTL1
• L = Line terminal
• A = Armature winding
• F = Field winding
5. What are the disadvantages of three point starter? BTL1
• The 3 point starter suffers from a serious drawback for motors with a large variation of speed
by adjustment of the field rheostat.
• To increase the speed of the motor, the field resistance should be increased. Therefore, the
current through the shunt field is reduced.
6. What is the use of four point starter? BTL1
• The 4 point starter like in the case of a 3point starter also acts as a protective device that
helps in safeguarding the armature of the shunt or compound excited DC motor against the
high starting current produced in the absence of back EMF at starting.
7. State automatic starter. BTL2
• Upon pressing ON-push button (start button), current limiting stating resistors get connected
in series with armature circuit in DC motor.
• Then, some form of automatic control progressively disconnects these resistors until full-line
voltage is available to the armature circuit.
8. Why DC motors should not be started without starters?BTL2
• In DC motors starters are used to limit the starting current within about 2 to 3 times the
rated current by adding resistance in series with the armature circuit.
9. What is the objective of rotor resistance starter?(APRIL/MAY 2015) BTL2
• Due to addition of resistance in the stator side cause the voltage available to the motor X
times the normal voltage.
• The starting current drawn by the motor as well as the current drawn from the supply get
reduced by X times where as the starting torque developed gets reduced by X2 times.
10 State the basic principle of increasing rotor resistance in the rotor circuit of a 3-phase
. induction motor as starting. BTL3
• Due to addition of resistance in rotor circuit by the stator not only reduces the
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staring current
• Addition to that the starting torque developed than those given by DOL starting.
11 What are the advantages of Electronic starter?BTL3
. • The moving parts and contacts get completely eliminated.
• The arcing problem gets eliminated.
• Minimum maintenance is required as there are no moving parts.
• The operation is reliable
• Starting time also gets reduced.
What are the various types of reducing starting current of induction motor? (APR/MAY
12 2015)BTL4
. • Stator resistance starter
• Autotransformer starter
• Star-delta starter
• Rotor resistance starter
• Direct on line starter
13 State the function of starters. BTL2
. • For large capacity induction motors is to reduce the starting current
• Having necessary control devices to limit the starting current
14 Define star-delta starter. BTL1
. • This is the cheapest starter of all and hence used very commonly for the induction motors.
• It uses triple pole double throw (TPDT) switch.
• The switch connects the stator winding in star at start.
• Hence per phase voltage get reduced by the factor 1/.3.Due to this reduced voltage, the
staring current is limited.
15 Define autotransformer starter. BTL5
. • A three phase star connected autotransformer can be used to reduce the voltage applied to the
stator.
• Such a starter is called as autotransformer starter.
List the various drawback of three point starter. BTL5
16 • In a three-point starter, the no-volt release coil is connected in series with the shunt field
. circuit so that it carries the shunt field current.
• During speed control, speed is varied through field regulator;
• The field current may be weakened to such an extent that the no-volt release coil may not be
able to keep the starter arm in the ON position.
• This may disconnect the motor from the supply when it is not desired.
• This drawback is overcome in the four point starter.
State the function of No Volt Release (NVR) or No Volt Coil (NVC) BTL3
• The No Volt magnet keeps starter handle at run position against the control spring.
17 • The No-Volt magnet attracts the soft iron bar placed in the handle.
. • The No-Volt magnet is energized by the .current flowing through the field circuit.
• If there is no No-Volt magnet the starter handle is pulled back the off position by the control
spring and the motor Point Starter is switched Off.
18 What is the function of Over Load Release (OLR) or Over Current magnet (OC)? BTL1
. • When the load on motor increases above the rated limit then the armature takes high current.
• When the motor is left unprotected from this high current, then it is damaged, the over
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current magnet is used for this protection.

When there is high current due to over load or due to short circuit the over current magnet is
energized and attracts soft iron rod H. As a result, the soft, iron rod H closes the switch S.
• When the switch S is closed, it short circuits the No-Volt magnet. As a result No Volt
magnet is de-energized and release the starter handle to the off position.
19 What is Soft Starter? BTL1
• Soft starting an AC motor refers to any one of several starting methods that limit the starting
current and torque of the motor.
• The reduced voltage starters, and will be referred to as soft starting.
• The soft starter eliminates unnecessary jerks during the start.
• Gradually, the voltage and the torque increase so that the machinery starts to accelerate the
motor by means of thyristor (SCRs)
20 What are the advantages of soft starter? BTL1
. • Reduced wear on mechanical gears, chains and sprockets, and unexpected repair of broken
belts and jammed gearboxes.
• Lower inventory of spare mechanical parts and operating costs.
• Increased production rates by reducing machine maintenance downtime.
• Prolonged life of electrical switchgear with lower inrush currents.
• Soft stops on pumping applications reduce piping system stresses and “hammer” effect.
PART-B

1. How the different types of starters used in cage induction motor with a neat sketch?
(13M)BTL1
Answer: Page :3.1- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• Basic function of 2 point starter is to protect dc series motor from high starting current. at the time
of starting large armature current is drawn by the motor which is limited by 2 point starter by
connection resistance. ----- -------- (3M)
• motor starter is shown in the figure below this no volt trip coil is connected in series with the field
winding of the motor.------------------------- (3M)

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-------
(5M)
4 POINT STARTER is a device to start dc motor safely. It provides extra resistance in armature circuit till
motor develops rated speed and back EMF. ----- ----------------------------(2M)
2. Explain starter is necessary for the induction motor?(NOV/DEC 2014) (13M) BTL1
Answer: Page :3.3- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• To limit this starting current we need a starter for induction motor .
• As the speed of armature/motor build up, armature induced emf also starts building thus reducing the
role resistance offered by the starter, hence requiring it to gradually reduce as the motor picks up
full speed.------------------------------------------------------- (6M)

----------------------
(5M)
• At the instant of start-up, there are some un-necessary effect on electrical and the ... in rotor
resistance starter the three terminals of the rotor winding.
• It is simple and cheap starter for a 3-phase induction motor . ...
• Isolator is required to isolate the starter from the supply for maintenance. ...
• A three phase motor will give three times the power output when the stator windings. ------ (2 M)

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3. Explain about rotor resistance starter.(NOV/DEC 2016) (13M) BTL1

Answer: Page :3.13- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• This starter is used with a wound rotor induction motor. it uses an external resistance/phase in the
rotor circuit so that rotor will develop a high value of torque.---------------------(6M)

----------- (4M)
• by correctly selecting the resistors inserted into the rotor circuit, the motor is able to produce
maximum torque at a relatively low current from zero to full speed. ------------- (3M)

4. Describe the manual auto-transformer starter for three phase induction motor. (13M) BTL1
Answer: Page:3.10- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• The difference between line and motor current is due to the transformer in the circuit. The
lower line current is the reason the autotransformer starter is a very popular type of reduced-
voltage starter------------------------------------ (7M)

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----------- (6M)

Explain the different types of starters used in cage induction motor with a neat sketch. (13M)
BTL2
5. Answer: Page :3.7- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• DOL, Star Delta, Auto Transformer starter, and latest are Variable Frequency Drive, Soft
Starter. These all are used for Squirrel cage motors.--------------------------- (6M)

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(3M)
• The reduction in back EMF increases the net voltage, since the supply voltage remains
constant. (4M)

6 Draw a neat schematic diagram of a four point starter and explain its working. (13M) BTL2
Answer: Page :3.6- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• Starting of DC Motors. At the moment a DC motor is started the armature is stationary and
there is no counter EMF being generated. The only component to limit starting current is the
armature resistance, which, in most DC motors is a very low value----------------- (5M)

(5M)
------------
• The rotating movement of the starter motor is created through the interaction of two
magnetic fields.------------------------------------(3M)
7 Determine the push-button operated direct-on line starter for three phase induction motor.
(13M) BTL2
Answer: Page :3.7- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• Typically, the contactor will be controlled by separate start and stop buttons, and an auxiliary
contact on the contactor is used, across the start button, as a hold in contact. ---------(3M)
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----------(5M)
• So this will be inconvenient for the users of the supply line, always experience a voltage drop
when starting a motor.
• But if this motor is not a high power---------------------- (5M)

8 Explain about the star delta starter circuit. (13M) BTL3

Answer: Page :3.13- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• The phase voltage is lower than line voltage in star connection, so the motors or drives
connected in star connection runs at lower speed as compared to delta connection.
• Star Connection is preferable in transmission system as the voltage insulation required is
less. Delta connection is used in Distribution---------------------------------(5M)

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------------- (5M)
• Main Different between Star and Delta Connections. In STAR connection, the starting or
finishing ends (Similar ends) of three coils are connected together to form the neutral point.
• A common wire is taken out from the neutral point which is called Neutral; Line Current is
Equal to Phase Current.--------------------------(3M)
9 Explain the star-delta starting method. (13M) BTL4
Answer: Page :3.12- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• Starting current is reduced 3-4 times of the direct current due to which voltage drops and
hence it causes less losses.--------------- (5M)
• Star delta starter circuit comes in circuit first during starting of motor, which reduces voltage
3 times, that is why current also reduces up to 3 times and hence less motor burning is
caused.

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- ---------------(5M)
• The most commonly used method for starting of a three-phase induction motor is the star-
delta method. this method of starting applies a star delta starter to start an induction motor.
• This starter facilitates the stator winding to run in delta form and in star form for its beginning
state. (3M)
Explain DOL,autotransformers,star-delta starters for AC motors.(13M) BTL4
10 Answer: Page :3.7- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
. • As the name implies, it switches the motor directly onto the three phase supply.
• The use of dol starters is restricted up to smaller rating motors , as these starters do not limit the
starting current. --------------------------- (5M)

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-------------------
(5M)
• The motor is connected through a starter across the full supply voltage.
• The three main contacts m and the auxiliary contact a are closed.
• The terminals a theory of Direct on Line Starting of induction motor .
• Let Ist be the starting current drawn from the supply mains per phase. --------------------------------
(3M)
PART-C
1. Explain the working of three phase slip induction motor using frequency sensing relay.(15M)
(Nov/Dec 2014) BTL2
Answer: Page :3.21- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• Stator winding can be either star or delta connected depending upon the design. ---------(3M)

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----------(5M)

• Induction motors generally will have low starting torque compared to dc series motor. Slip
ring induction motor have big advantage of having high starting torque compared to squirrel
cage motor. Therefore slip ring induction motors are generally employed where load requires
high starting torque or good speed control.----------------------------------------------------(7M)
What is the necessity of DC starters? Explain with neat sketches ,the principle and operation
of three point starter.(15M)BTL3
Answer: Page :3.4- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• Fixed spring attached end of the starting resistance is connected to supply through overload
release coil. The other end moves against the pull of the spring and makes connections with
studs during starting operation of the motor cutting more and more resistance as it passes
over each stud in clockwise direction .-----------------------------------------------------(5M)

2.

- ---------(5M)

A three-point starter is a device that helps in starting and running the shunt wound motor or
compound wound DC motor.

• The back EMF (Eb) plays a crucial role in governing the operation of motors.
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• NVC coil loses its magnetism and leaves the handle the handle than retracts back to OFF
position because of spring action. The motor will stop -------------------------------(5M)

3. Explain the control circuit for DC series and shunt motor.(NOV/DEC 2016) (15M) BTL5
Answer: Page :3.16- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• A DC series motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• Its principle of operation is based on a simple electromagnetic law that states that when a
magnetic field is created around current carrying conductor and interacts with an external
field, rotational motion is generated.---------------------------- (2M)

---------------- (3M)

• A dc series motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. its principle of operation is
based on a simple electromagnetic law that states that when a magnetic field is created around current
carrying conductor and interacts with an external field, rotational motion is generated.
• Shunt dc motors operate on direct current. As such, the field windings and armature are connected
in a parallel combination, and in electrical terminology. ---------------(5M)
• Induction motor equivalent circuit . ... for the rotor side, the induced emf is affected by the slip.(5M)
Explain the need of starters.(APR/MAY 2015) (15M) BTL3
Answer: Page:.3.7- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• No back EMF
• A starter is a device used to rotate (crank) an internal-combustion engine so as to initiate the engine's
operation under its own power.
• The powerful electric starter motor does the turning. Its shaft carries a small pinion which
engages with a large gear ring around the rim of the engine flywheel. -------(2M)
4
• The starter needs a heavy electric current, which it draws through thick wires from the
battery.
• Initial rush of excessive current
In an electric power system, overcurrent or excess current is a situation where a larger than
intended electric current exists through a conductor, leading to excessive generation of heat,
and the risk of fire or damage to equipment.-------------------------------(3M)
• Five to seven times of full load current

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------------ (5M)
• An electrical LOAD is an electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes (active) ...
LOAD affects the performance of circuits with respect to output voltages or CURRENTS , such as
in sensors, voltage sources, and amplifiers
• The electric starter motor or cranking motor is the most common type used on gasoline
engines and small diesel engines. The modern starter motor is either a permanent-magnet or
a series-parallel wound direct current electric motor with a starter solenoid (similar to a
relay) mounted on it. (5M)

UNIT IV CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. DRIVES

Speed control of DC series and shunt motors – Armature and field control, Ward-Leonard control system-
Using controlled rectifiers and DC choppers –applications.
Q.No. PART*A
What are the various parameters that control speed of DC motors?(NOV/DEC 2014)BTL1
• Flux in the air gap
1.
• Resistance in the armature circuit
• Voltage applied to the armature circuit
List the advantages of field control. (APRIL/MAY 2017) BTL1
2 • The regulating resistance, which has to carry only a small current
• Power wasted in regulating resistance is very small
What will happen due to change in supply voltage on the speed of dc shunt motor? BTL1
• The reduction of supply voltage to the armature of dc shunt motor causes reduction of back-
4
emf of the motor which in turn reduces the speed the speed is directly proportional to the back
emf
Define speed control. BTL1
5 • The initial change of drive speed to a value required for performing the specific work
process is called as a speed control.
What are the advantages of field control method?(APR/MAY 2016)BTL1
• Conventional and easy method
6
• Shunt field current Ish is small the power wasted in the field rheostat also small
• Independent of load on the motor
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• Economical and efficient method

What are the disadvantages of field control method? BTL1
7 • There is a maximum limit of speed that can be obtained with this method.
• It is due to fact that flux per pole is too much weakened commutation becomes poorer.
State the application of ward- Leonard system speed control. (April/May 2015)BTL2
8 • This method normally adopted in very sensitive speed control like electric excavators,
elevators, coillery winders, main drives in steel mills and paper mills.
What are the advantages of Ward-Leonard speed control? BTL2
• Wide range of speed control is possible
• Full forward and reverse speed can be achieved
• Power is automatically regenerated to the ac line through the motor generator set which speed is
9
reduced.
• Short time over load capacity is large
• The armature current of the motor is smooth
Mention the various types of control in motor.BTL2
• For armature control method (or) voltage control method the field current is kept
10
constant
• For field control (or) flux control the armature current kept constant
What is meant by solid state speed control? BTL2
• A process which is used to control the speed by using purely semi conducting material.
11 • Power semiconductor devices like thyristors, power Transistors, MOSFET and etc., is called
solid state speed control.
Mention the arrangements are available using power semi conducting materials.BTL3
• Controlled converters
• AC voltage regulator
12
• Switch (or)chopper
• Inverter
• Cyclo converter
What are the advantages of solid state drive methods? BTL4
• Very fast response
13 • Less losses
• Higher efficiency
• Pollution free method
• Small size maintenance easy and controlled
What are disadvantage of solid state drive methods? BTL4
• Very difficult to regeneration of power
14
• It contains low power overload capacity
• Causes the interference in commutation in communication system due to harmonics in supply
What is meant by dc Chopper?(Nov/Dec 2014) BTL4
• It is a device which is used to converter fixed dc voltage into variable dc voltage.
15
• This is designed with the help of power Semiconductor devices like Power Transistors,
MOSFETS, Thyristors
What are the different types of choppers?(MAY/JUNE 2015) BTL5
16
• Class A or First quadrant chopper –Motoring control
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• Class B or Second quadrant chopper – Braking control

• Class C or Two quadrant Type A chopper
• Class D or Two quadrant Type B chopper
• Class E or Four quadrant chopper
What is meant by flux control (or) field control method? BTL5
• By varying the field flux the speed can be controlled is called flux control.
17
• This method can be used for increasing the speed of the motor is inversely proportional to the
field flux
State static Ward – Leonard drive.BTL6
• Controlled rectifiers are used to get variable dc voltage from an ac source of fixed
18
voltage.
• Controlled rectifiers fed dc drives are known as “static Ward – Leonard drive”.
Mention the advantage of flux control method.BTL6
• Convenient and easy method
19 • In this method is independent of load on the motor
• Economical and efficient method
What is meant by armature resistance control?(MAY/JUNE 2014)BTL2
• The armature having controller resistance in series during the speed control. By varying the
20 controller resistance R, the potential drop across the armature is varied.
• Hence the speed of the motor also varied.
• This method of speed control is applicable for speed less than no load speed.
What is the function of freewheeling diode? BTL1
21 • Freewheeling diodes are introduced to maintain the continuous current flow to the load whenever
all thyistors are turned off condition.
Mention the output voltage equation for single phase full converter and half
converter.BTL1
• Half converter
22
• V0=Vm/2π(1+COSα)
• Full converter
• V0=2Vm/ π COSα
State the advantages of DC chopper drives? BTL1
• High efficiency
23
• Flexibility control
• Quick response
What are the disadvantages of conventional Ward-Leonard schemes? BTL1
• Higher initial cost due to use of two additional machines.
• Heavy weight and size.
24
• Needs more floor space and proper foundation
• Required frequent maintenance.
• Higher noise and higher loss.
Mention the drawbacks of rectifier fed dc drives.BTL1
• Distortion of supply.
25
• Low power factor.
• Ripple in motor current
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PART* B
1. Explain the operation of chopper fed DC Series Motor drive. (13M)BTL1
Answer: Page:4.29- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• The principal difference between the thyristor-controlled rectifier and the chopper is that in the
former the motor current always flows through the supply.--------------------- (4M)

(3M)

(3M)

• For the remainder of the cycle the transistor is turned 'off ' and the current freewheels through the
diode, as shown by the dotted line.
• When the current is freewheeling through the diode, the armature voltage is clamped at (almost)
zero.
• The speed of the motor is determined by the average armature voltage, (Vdc), which in turn
depends on the proportion of the total cycle time (T) for which the transistor is 'on'. If the on and
off times are defined as Ton = kT and Toff = (1 - k)T, where 0 < k < 1, (3M)

Describe the single phase wave converter operation. (13M) (April/May 2015) BTL1
Answer: Page: 4.21- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
2
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Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier with ‘R’ load:

---- (3M)

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(2M)

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(2M)

• Induced emf is positive & maintains conducting SCR’s T3 & T4 with reverse polarity also.
• Thus VL is negative & equal to instantaneous ac supply voltage. Whereas load current continues to be
positive.
• Thus load acts as source & stored energy in inductance is returned back to ac supply
• At wt=α or 2π+α, T3 & T4 are commutated and T1,T2 are turned on----------------------------6M)
3. Describe and explain the ward Leonard systems for speed control of DC motors. (13M) BTL1
Answer: Page: 4.13- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• The direction of rotation of the motor M1 can be reversed by excitation current of the generator
and it can be done with the help of the reversing switch R.S.
But the motor-generator set must run in the same direction. (4M)
• This speed control system is mainly used in colliery winders, cranes, electric excavators, mine
hoists, elevators, steel rolling mills, paper machines, diesel-locomotives, etc.
(9M)

How the speed control of the drive is achieved using Single phase fully controlled rectifier. (13M)
BTL1
Answer: Page:4.21- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
4. • Half converter, semi converter, full converter and dual converter are some of the thyristor
circuits(2M)

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(4M)

• When a is decreased i.e., thyristor is fired earlier, conduction period is increased which increases
the mean value of the voltage applied across the motor armature.
• Consequently, motor speed is increased. In short, as a increases, V decreases and hence N
decreases.

• It further helps to control the motor speed because it is directly proportional to the armature
voltage. (7M)

5. Explain the operation of chopper control methods of speed control DC motors. (13M) (BTL2)
Answer: Page :4.29- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• E-bikes, e-bicycles, e-scooters also runs on DC motor and to vary their speed it is required to
control speed of DC motor DC motors are also used in portable sewing machine, drill machine
etc, in which speed control of motor is provided for different operation. (2M)

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Vdc = [Ton / (Ton + Toff)] × Vfixed

But Ton + Toff = Ttotal

So Vdc = [Ton / Ttotal] × Vfixed (6M)

. So the rectified output applied to DC motor is also more – means average voltage applied to motor is
more and its speed is moreThus as time period.(7M)
6. Describe the first quadrant with help of a suitable diagrams and waveforms. State the relation
between input and output voltages. (13M) (BTL2) (April/May 2017)
Answer: Page:4.34- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• Chopper circuits, unidirectional power semiconductors are used. If these semiconductor devices
are arranged appropriately, a chopper can work in any of the four quadrants.(4M)

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• Let us now take a look of these classifications and the characteristics of various classifications.

• This type of chopper is shown in the figure. It is known as first-quadrant chopper or type A
chopper. (6M)
• When the chopper is on, v0 = VS as a result and the current flows in the direction of the load. (3M)

7 Explain about two quadrant method of speed control DC shunt motor. (13M) BTL2(April/May
2017)
Answer: Page:4.37- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• Flux control method. It is already explained above that the speed of a dc motor is inversely
proportional to the flux per pole. ...---------------------- (4M)
• Armature control method. ...
• Voltage Control Method.
• Flux control method. ...
• Variable resistance in series with armature. ...
• Series-parallel control.--------------------------------------(6M)
• Motor armature current is decided by the load. On less load or no load, the armature current
drawn by the motor is very small. and on no load as I is small hence flux produced is also very
small. ... This is the reason why series motor should never be started on light loads or no load
conditions----------------------------------------------------- (3M)

Discuss the procedure to find Four quadrant chopper.(13M) (BTL3)

Answer: Page :4.39- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• Four Quadrant Operation of Motors

All types of DC-DC converters are capable of operating the motor operation in the first quadrant.

• Some converters are capable of operating in two quadrants and some in all four quadrants.
Power semiconductor devices (like SCR, MOSFET) used in chopper circuits are unidirectional
devices.

• Polarities of output voltage VO and the direction of output current IO are restricted.
8 Semiconductor devices and passive components, a chopper can operate in any of the four
quadrants.
• Based on the number of quadrant a chopper can operate, the chopper circuits can be classified as
follows:
• Single Quadrant Chopper:-
Example: Type-A Chopper, Type-B Chopper
• Two quadrant Chopper:-
Example: Type-C Chopper, Type-D Chopper
• Four quadrant Chopper;-
Example: Type-E Chopper
• In some text books these chopper circuits are mentioned as Class-A, Class-B .... Class-E in place
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of Type-A, Type-B..... Type-E respectively.

In this Post, we will discuss about the four quadrant operation in detail.
Before proceeding further it is highly recommended to know about the basics, principle of
operation, classification of DC-DC Converter Circuits (Choppers). (7M)
• When a motor draws power from supply, the voltage and current are in the same direction.
• Now the motor is said to be in motoring operation, its operation corresponds to first quadrant.
• If there is a possibility of reversing the current direction keeping the voltage polarity same, the
motor is said to be operating in second quadrant.
• This happens when regenerative braking is applied on the motor.
• During regeneration operation, reverse power flow will happen. ie, power will fed back to the
supply system.
• If the voltage polarity and load current are reversed simultaneously, the motor's operation will be
in the opposite direction ( but the power is consumed by the load).
• This operation is corresponds to the third quadrant and even now it is said to be in motoring
operation (in reverse direction).
• If the voltage polarity is reversed maintaining the current direction from source to load, the power
reversed and the operation corresponding to the fourth quadrant.
• Now the motor is said to be in reverse regeneration operation (ie, regeneration in reverse
direction). (6M)

Explain with different methods of speed control employed in DC Shunt Motor. (13M) (BTL3)
Answer: Page:4.9- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

1. Flux Control Method

2. Armature Control Method
3. Voltage Control Method
o Multiple Voltage Control
o Ward Leonard System-------------------------------------(6M)

Flux Control Method

Speed is inversely proportional to flux. So by varying flux we can change the speed of the motor.
In this method a variable resistance (known as shunt field rheostat) is placed in series with shunt field
9 winding.

----------------------------------- (4M)
The field rheostat reduces the shunt field current Ish. So the flux also get reduced. There the speed can be
Voltage control method
• There are some disadvantages for flux control method and armature control method such as poor
speed regulation and poor efficiency. Voltage control method overcome these problems.
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• In this method, the voltage source supplying the field current is different from that which supplies
thearmature.
This method is used for large size motors since it is very expensive---------------------(3M)
PART* C
1. Explain in detail the single phase half wave converter drive speed control for DC drive with
waveforms. (15M) BTL4
Answer: Page:4.31- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
Separately excited DC motor controlled by a single-phase, half-wave controlled rectifier. This rectifier
provides speed control for the separately excited DC motor by varying armature voltage and current.
The steady state voltage and torque equations for a separately excited DC motor are

-----------------(5M)

• Speed control can be done by varying Ra, Va, and IF. Varying Ra can only increase the speed.
Also, by varying Ra, we increase the losses I2R. IF can only be decreased.
• This is accomplished by putting resistance in the field. Again, this increases the I2R losses.
Control of Vf is limited because of saturation. T
• he best method of controlling the speed of the motor is to control Va. Using a thyristor, as shown
in Fig. 3.2, the average of Va can be controlled. Figure 3.3 shows the voltage and current for a
separately excited DC motor controlled by a single-phase, half-wave, controlled rectifier.
• As seen in Fig. 3.3, a represents the firing angle of the thyristor.
• From these two quantities, we define the conduction angle----------------- (5M)

• Torque at the rated rms current. The rms to average current ratio is also more. The motor current
is always discontinuous. The ripple frequency is equal to supply frequency
• The freewheeling diode across the load improves the performance. The speed regulation is very
poor. At low speeds the motor receives power in pulses and the motor may chug when the load is
high. The speed oscillation is quite high. The supply transformer has premagnetisation due to dc
component of the load current. The application of this drive is limited to low powers.
• This inductance also affects the performance of the drive on the line side. The harmonic content
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of the line current is more at lower values of inductance because of possible discontinuous load
current. As the inductance increases the harmonic factor decreases. The peak value of current
decreases with additional inductance. This improves the commutating capability.------(5M)

2 Determine the speed control of DC series motor (15M) BTL3

Answer: Page :4.5- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• By varying the supply voltage.

• By varying the flux, and by varying the current through field winding.
• By varying the armature voltage, and by varying the armature resistance.----------------(5M)

• When supply voltage (V) and armature resistance Ra are kept constant, the Speed is directly
proportional to armature current (Ia). ---------------------------------------------(5M)
• An electronic speed control or ESC is an electronic circuit with the purpose to vary an servo-
motor's speed, its direction and possibly also to act as a dynamic brake. ESCs are often used on
motors essentially providing an electronically-generated three-phase electric power low voltage
source of energy for the motor------------------------------------------------ (5M)

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UNIT V CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF A.C. DRIVES

Speed control of three phase induction motor – Voltage control, voltage / frequency control, slip power recovery
scheme – Using inverters and AC voltage regulators – applications.

Q.No. PART*A

What is meant by voltage control in induction motor? BTL1

• In Induction motor speed can be controlled by varying the stator voltage.
1.
• This can be done by using transformer.
• This method is called voltage control
What is stator voltage control? BTL1
• Three phase induction motor speed can be controlled by varying the stator voltage.
2
• This stator voltage can be varied by using ac voltage controller.
• This method of speed control of induction motor is called as stator voltage control
What are the various conventional speed control methods used in induction
motors?(NOV/DEC 2014). .BTL1
3 • Changing applied voltage
• Changing the applied frequency
• Rotor rheostat control
Mention the advantage of squirrel cage induction motor over a DC motor.(NOV/DEC 2016)BTL1
• Speed control by changing supply frequency
4
• Speed control by changing no. of poles
• Speed control by changing slip
What is Slip-Power recovery system?BTL1
• The slip power can be recovered to the supply source can be used to supply an additional
5
motor which is mechanically coupled to the main motor.
• This type of drive is known as slip-power recovery system
Define V/F control?(Nov/Dec 2014) BTL1
• When the frequency is reduced the input voltage must be reduced proportionally so as to maintain
6 constant flux.
• Otherwise the core will get saturated resulting in excessive iron loss and magnetizing current.
• This type of induction motor behavior is similar to the working of dc series motors.

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State the main feature of v/f control. BTL2

7 • starting current is constant
• Maximum torque should be constant
State about stator frequency control. BTL2
8 The three phase induction motor speed can be controlled by varying the stator frequency. The variable
stator frequency can be obtained by inverters circuit.
What are the advantages of slip-power recovery system? BTL2
9 • The slip power from the slip-rings can be recorded and fed back to the supply.
• The overall efficiency also improved
What are the advantages of stator voltage control? BTL2
• Very simple control circuit
10
• More compact and less weight
• Quick response and economical method.
11 What is meant by stator current control? BTL3
The stator current control means in three phase stator current can be controlled by stator current
control. The stator current can be varied by using current source inverter.
What are the disadvantages of stator voltage control? BTL4
• Input Power factor is low
• Operating efficiency is low
12
• Voltage and current waveform are highly distorted due to harmonics, which affects the efficiency
of the machine
State ac voltage controller. BTL4
13 AC voltage controller is nothing but, which is used to converters fixed ac voltage into variable ac voltage
without changing supply frequency
Mention the possible methods of speed control available by using inverters.BTL5
➢ Variable voltage input (VVI) inverter control
14 ➢ Variable voltage output (VVO) inverter control
➢ Pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter control
➢ Current controlled inverter.
15 What is meant by PWM inverter control? BTL5

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The output from inverter is square with some harmonic contents so we have to remove or reducing the
harmonic contents by using some voltage control technique called PWM
Mention the classifications of PWM technique?BTL1
• Single pulse width modulation
16
• Multiple pulse PWM modulation
• Sinusoidal Pulse PWM
Mention the applications of stator voltage control.BTL2
17
The application of the stator voltage control method is suitable for torque demand reduced with speed,
which points towards its suitability for ,Fan, Pump drives
Mention the applications of AC drives.BTL1
AC drives are used in a number of applications are:
• Fans
• Blowers
18
• Steel mills
• Cranes
• Conveyors and
• Traction etc.
Mention the advantages of stator voltage control method.BTL1
The advantages of stator voltage control method are:
19 The control circuitry is simple
• Compact size
• Quick response time
What is meant by soft start? BTL1
20 The soft start means, the AC voltage controllers allow a steeples control of supply voltage from zero to
rated volt. They are used for soft start of motors.
What is meant by frequency control of induction motor? BTL1
21 The frequency control of induction motor means the speed of an induction motor is controlled by
Changing the supply frequency, because the speed is directly proportional to supply frequency.
What is meant by stator current control?(NOV/DEC 2015) (BTL1)
22 The stator current control means in three phase stator current can be controlled by stator current
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control. The stator current can be varied by using current source inverter
What is meant by slip power? BTL1

23 The slip power means, the portion of air gap power, which is not converted into mechanical power, it is

called slip power. Slip power is nothing but multiplication of slip (S) and air gap power (Pag).

Define sub-synchronous speed operation.(APR/MAY 2014) BTL1

24 The sub-synchronous speed operation means, the SRIM speed can be controlled below
synchronous speed. That is, the slip power is fed back to the supply.
What is meant by super-synchronous speed operation? BTL1
25 The super-synchronous speed operation means, the SRIM speed can be controlled above
synchronous speed. That is, the supply is fed back to the rotor side.
PART* B
Describe the solid state stator voltage control technique for the speed control of three phase
induction motor. (13M) BTL3
Answer: Page:5.2- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• Stator Voltage Control is a method used to control the speed of an Induction Motor. ---------(4M)

1.

-----------------(5M)

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• By varying the supplying voltage, the speed can be controlled.

• By connecting an external resistance in the stator circuit of the motor.

• By using an Auto transformer.
• By using a Thyristor voltage controller
• By using a Triac Controller----------------------------(4M)

Explain in detail about static Kramer method and static Scherbius method of speed control of three
phase induction motor.(13M) BTL3
Answer: Page:5.40- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• The static Kramer-drive is the method of controlling the speed of an induction motor by injecting
the opposite-phase voltage in the rotor circuit.-------------------------(5M)

--------------(3M)
• The current carrying rotor being placed in a magnetic field, experiences a torque and hence begins
to rotate.--------------------------------------------- (5M)
Describe about the operation of three phase induction motors. Hence derive the speed experienced
for the cascaded set(13M) BTL3
Answer: Page:5.43- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• When the primary winding or stator is connected to a three phase alternating current supply, it
establishes a rotating magnetic field which rotates at a synchronous speed.-----------------(3M)
• The direction of rotation of the motor depends on the phase sequence of supply lines, and the
3 order in which these lines are connected to the stator.

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• The synchronous speed, a term given to the speed at which the field produced by primary
currents will rotate, is determined by the following expression.------------(5M)

• There are mainly two types of Induction Motor: Squirrel Cage Induction Motor andSlip Ring or
Wound Rotor Induction Motor.
Hence 3 phase synchronous motors are not self-starting. -------------------------(5M)
Write in detail about the various methods of solid state speed control techniques by using
inverters.(13M) BTL6
Answer: Page:5.17- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• AC motors are just not suitable for variable speed operation. Smaller still, standard low-voltage
variable frequency drives can now control permanent magnet synchronous motors in addition to
induction motors. (4M)

(3M)
• A solid state motor speed control is described that is capable of controlling a motor so that it
operates quietly, eliminating annoying buzzing noises that would otherwise be generated by the
motor's windings. ------------------------------.(6M)
Give the various in detail about Slip power recovery scheme.(NOV/DEC 2016)(13M) BTL2
Answer: Page:5.33- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• The slip power recovery (SPR) drive is an external system connected to the rotor circuit in place
of the external resistors. ---------------------(4M)
• The output of three phase Induction motor is connected to the DC motor by coupling them the
5
mechanical power input---------------------------------- (3M)

The phenomenon of this system is same as conventional type but the only difference is this system
provides with diode bridge rectifier along with thyristor bridge inverter. This is also known as Sub-
synchronous cascade drive.---------------------------------------------(6M)

6 Discuss the method of DC link static scheribus drive(13M) BTL2

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Answer: Page:5.43- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• The controlled rectifier works as an inverter and converts the DC power back into AC and feeds it back to
the AC source--------------------------------(6M)
• The power is fed into the rotor through the slip ring.(4M)
• The mechanical power is injected by the shaft and the output power is obtained from the stator and
rotor circuit.---------------------------------(3M)

7 Explain about the operation of CSI fed DC drives(13M) BTL2

Answer: Page:5.30- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• When the supply is AC, a controlled rectifier is connected between the supply and inverter. When
the supply is, DC a chopper is interposed between the supply and inverter.------------------(3M)
• The commutation capacitance C1-C6 reduces the voltage spikes by reducing the rate of rising and
fall of the current. -------------------------------(4M)
• A large value of capacitance is required to sufficiently reduce the voltage spikes.-----------(6M)

8 Mention the necessity speed control schemes of phase induction motors.(13M) BTL3
Answer: Page:5.17- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• A three phase induction motor is basically a constant speed motor so it’s somewhat difficult to
control its speed----------------------------- (6M)

• It is the part of the motor which will be in a rotation to give mechanical output for a given amount
of electrical energy.-------------------------(3M)

9 Explain the speed control of a three phase induction motor using three phase bridge
rectifier.(NOV/DEC 2014) (13M) BTL4
Answer: Page:5.27- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• There are mainly two types of Induction Motor: Squirrel Cage Induction Motor and Slip Ring or
Wound Rotor Induction Motor. This classification is based on the constructional difference
between them------------------------------ (4M)
• The field windings in the stator of an induction motor set up a rotating magnetic field through the
rotor. The relative motion between this field and the rotation of the rotor induces electric current in
the conductive bars.

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-----------------------------------------(6M)
• A Double Cage Induction motor is that type of motor in which a double cage or two rotor windings
or cages are used. ------------------------------------------------------------------ (3M)
PART* C
1. State the relationship speed control of AC motors by using three phase AC Voltage regulators.(15M)
BTL2.
Answer: Page:5.23- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan
• An alternating current (AC) in one winding creates a time-varying magnetic flux in the core, which
induces a voltage in the other windings. -----------------------------------(8M)
• A voltage regulator is used to regulate voltage level. When a steady, reliable voltage is needed,
then voltage regulator is the preferred device.----------------------------------------(7M)
2 Explain the power circuit arrangement of three phase variable frequency inverter for the speed
control of three phase induction motor and explain its working(15M) BTL6
Answer: Page:5.19- J.Gnanavadivel,J.Karthikeyan

• Various automation processes in the industry need control of AC induction motors using AC
drives..-----------------------------------(5M)
• A simple control panel is wired using an Allen Bradley PLC for demonstration.-------------- (5M)
• These allow current to flow in only one direction; the direction shown by the arrow in the diode
symbol. ---------------------------------------------(5M)

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