1 706 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE December

Comparison Single-Sideband Transmitters

of Linear
with Envelope Elimination and Restoration
Single-Sideband Transmitters*
LEONARD R. KAHNt, SENIOR MEMBER, IRE

Summary-The Elimination and Restoration System was origi- put is identical to the envelope waveshape of the single-
nally described in 1952 [i]. The purpose of the following is to evalu- sideband wave at point A. This audio frequency wave is
ate certain basic characteristics of the Envelope Elimination and amplified and then fed to the modulator.
Restoration System and to compare it with the Linear Amplifier
System [2, 3]. The modulator modulates the phase-modulated com-
ponent by the envelope function in the modulated stage.
If the time relationship between the phase and ampli-
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ENVELOPE ELIMINATION tude modulation components is properly maintained,
AND RESTORATION SYSTEM the signal at point G will be a high powered replica of
the single-sideband wave at point A. It should be
stressed that Fig. 1 is a simplified block diagram and in
itself is not a practical system. Such important elements
as the equipment for equalizing time delays are missing
INPUT
but it is felt that the figure demonstrates the basic
technique.
EFFICIENCY OF A LINEAR AMPLIFIER AND THE ENVELOPE
ELIMINATION AND RESTORATION SYSTEM
In the analysis shown in Appendix I, the efficiency of
the linear amplifier system is compared with that of the
\ {cupE envelope elimination and restoration system. It might
AMPLITUDE MODULATION COMPONENT be assumed fromi a cursory examination of these two
Fig. 1-Simplified block diagram of envelope elimination and systems that the comparison is the same as that of a
restoration system. high-level modulated AM transmitter with a low-level
modulated AM transmitter and therefore the high-level
p LEASE refer to Fig. 1, which is a simplified block (envelope elimination and restoration system) would be
diagram of the envelope elimination and restora- slightly superior in efficiency to the linear amplifier low-
tion system. The waveshapes shown in this figure level system. Actually the analysis is somewhat differ-
are for two equal amplitude tones with the carrier com- ent because of the special waveshapes peculiar to single-
pletely eliminated. The single-sideband generator used sideband operation.
in practical equipment has been of the filter type but the From the analysis shown in Appendix I, it is seen that,
phase shift techniques may also be used. The output of if it is assumed that the linear amplifier has a plate cir-
the single-sideband generator is fed to a limiter wherein cuit efficiency of 60 per cent under conditions of full
the limiter removes the amplitude modulation compo- drive [4], its average efficiency will be 47.1 per cent for
nent from the single-sideband wave producing a pure the two-tone case. In Appendix I, it is also shown that
phase-modulated wave. Since a phase-modulated wave the plate circuit efficiency of the envelope elimination
is not distorted by amplitude nonlinearities, this wave and restoration system is approximately 69 per cent.'
may be amplified in highly efficient Class C amplifiers. Therefore, the ratio of power output from the envelope
The Class C amplifier finally drives the modulated stage elimination and restoration system is 2.53 times that of
which may also be designed for Class C operation. the linear amplifier system assuming both systems uti-
The amplitude modulation component of the single- lize tubes having equal total plate dissipation. (That is,
sideband wave is isolated from the phase modulation the summation of the plate dissipation capabilities of the
component by the AM detector. The AM detector out- tubes in the Class C amplifier, plus those in the Class B
modulator, equals the plate dissipation capability of the
*
Original manuscript received by the IRE, June 14, 1956; re-
final linear amplifier tubes.)
vised manuscript received, October 5, 1956.
I See Appendix I for the conditions assumed.
t Kahn Research Laboratories, Freeport, N. Y.

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 1956 Kahn: Comparison of Linear Single-Sideband Transmitters 1707

As pointed out in Appendix I, the above comparison stage, the power gain of the envelope elimination and
is based upon an assumption of plate circuit efficiency restoration system, over the linear amplifier system,
for the Class C amplifier of 80 per cent. In both the would be 3.37 to 4.5 times.
linear and the envelope elimination and restoration It should be noted that the above comparison was
transmitter calculations, we have not taken into con- based upon the assumption that a modulator for the
sideration loss in the rf coupling networks but since both transmitter was available. If a modulator is not avail-
systems should have approximately the same loss in able, it would be necessary to compare the cost of the
these circuits, the comparison would not require modifi- modulator plus the envelope elimination and restoration
cation. If we had assumed that the Class C amplifier adapter with the cost of engineering, labor, and the
had a plate circuit efficiency of 75 per cent, the power power disadvantage of converting the rf stages of the
output of the envelope elimination and restoration sys- transmitter to Class B linear operation.
tem would be 2.1 times as great as that from a linear The above calculations are based upon the carrier
amplifier system. rating of an AM transmitter. If the cw rating of the
transmitter is used, the peak envelope power of the
COMPARISON OF MEANS OF MODIFICATION OF Class B linear is two-thirds the value above stated or
HIGH LEVEL AM TRANSMITTERS TO
SINGLE-SIDEBAND OPERATION
approximately four-ninths of the cw rating of the trans-
mitter. Similarly the peak envelope power of the en-
Many firms are reluctant to convert to single-side- velope elimination and restoration adapter transmitter
band transmission because of the expense of completely for single-sideband telephone operation is approxi-
replacing AM transmitting equipment. Therefore, there mately 2.67 times the cw rating and from 2 to 2.67 times
has been considerable interest in proposals for convert- the cw rating for multichannel teleprinter operation.
ing AM transmitters to single-sideband operation.
One method proposed is to use envelope elimination REQUIRED MODULATOR RESPONSE
and restoration adapters. The second method proposed Table I is a tabulation of the required modulator fre-
is to redesign the transmitter for Class B linear opera- quency response for given spurious outputs from an
tion. This second technique would require appreciable envelope elimination and. restoration transmitter.
engineering effort and in many cases additional stages
would have to be added to make up for the decreased TABLE I
power gain of Class B linear amplifiers. Also, since fre-
quency multipliers are not linear devices, further radical Modulator equalized to Worse spuriouis level for
pass up to two equal tones
changes would be necessary.
It might be interesting to compare the power output Fundamental of the difference fre- -25.3 db relative to 1 of the
from a high-level amplitude modulated transmitter con- quency of the two equal tones two tones
Second harmonic -31.4 db
verted to linear amplifier operation with the power out- Third harmonic -36.2 db
Fourth harmonic -40.5 db
put from the same transmitter utilizing an envelope
elimination and restoration adapter.
In Appendix II, it is shown that a high-level ampli- In the paper published in 1952 [1], a similar chart was
tude modulated transmitter, if modified for Class B furnished based upon the assumption that all the energy
linear single-sideband operation, would have a peak en- in the components not passed by the modulator added
velope power rating of approximately two-thirds of the up to produce a single spurious component. That chart
carrier rating of the transmitter. If such a transmitter was therefore pessimistic as pointed out in that article.
was adapted by the envelope elimination and restora- A new mathematical technique has since been developed
tion system, the peak envelope power would be equal to [5] and the fact that the figures originally published
approximately four times the carrier rating for single- were pessimistic was confirmed.
sideband telephone operation. The rating of such a In Appendix III, this new technique is used to solve
transmitter when transmitting multichannel teleprinter this problem. However, it should be pointed out that these
single-sideband signals varies between three to four figures are still pessimistic because the analysis assumes
times the carrier rating of the AM transmitter depend- that two equal amplitude tones are radiated and their fre-
ing upon the number of tones transmitted and whether quencies are at the extreme ends of the transmitted band.
they are phase-locked. Thus we see that for telephone Of course, in practice, voice signals have most of their
operation there is a power gain of approximately 6 and high energy components situated at relatively close
for a multichannel teleprinter a power gain of 4.5 to 6 spacing at the low-frequency end of the audio band.
over the power output from a high level modulated Another reason why these figures are pessimistic is that
transmitter converted to Class B linear operation. If, in most applications there are many components trans-
in the above calculations, a figure of 75 per cent was as- mitted simultaneously rather than just the severe two-
sumed for the plate circuit efficiency of the final Class C tone case. Multichannel telegraph single-sideband, and

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 I1708 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE December
of course voice systems, normally radiate more than
two-tones simultaneously.
If, instead of two equal tones, tones of unequal ampli-
tude are transmitted, the frequency response require-
ments of the modulator are eased.
Another important reason why these figures are quite
conservative, is that the response of a conventional
amplitude modulator does not suddenly go to zero
above a certain frequency. If this effect is analyzed it is
seen that the spurious is reduced by this vestigial fre-
quency response because of two reasons. The first
reason is that any energy at these higher frequencies
assists in reducing the spurious. The second reason is
that, for optimum spurious reduction, the highest fre-
quency overtone which is passed by the modulator
should have a smaller amplitude than indicated by the
Fourier series expansion of the envelope. This may be
seen by considering the analysis in Appendix III and
examining the effect of reducing the percentage of
modulation of the highest order overtone. This effect is
considerably more important for high order harmonics.
It has been found, in practical installations, that for
a signal bandwidth of up to 6 kc, a modulator, having a
flat response or one equalized for a flat response of ap-
proximately 8 kc, can be used to produce signals having
the worst spurious amplitude down 30 to 35 db relative
to one of the two equal desired tones.
DISCUSSION OF PRACTICAL INSTALLATIONS OF ENVELOPE
ELIMINATION AND RESTORATION SYSTEMS
Fig. 2 is a picture of a commercial single-sideband
envelope elimination and restoration transmitting
adapter. This adapter may be used to adapt an ampli-
tude modulated transmitter to single-sideband service.
The phase modulation component of the single-sideband
wave is fed to a low level rf stage of the transmitter. The
AM component of the single-sideband wave is fed from
the adapter to the audio input of the transmitter. Aside
from the installation of a connection for feeding the low
level rf stage, no modification of the transmitter is
necessary. This adapter may be used to produce inde-
pendently modulated upper and lower sidebands and is
being used in a number of transoceanic multichannel
teletype circuits.
A similar model of the single-sideband transmitter
adapter may be used for broadcast relay service. This Fig. 2-SSB53-2A. Kahn Research Laboratories'
adapter has been used in conjunction with a 100-kw AM twin sideband adapter.
transmitter to produce a 400-kw peak envelope single-
sideband signal. We understand that this is the most
powerful single-sideband transmitter in operation. ment of a practical 40-kw peak envelope power trans-
No attempt has been made to minimize the size of mitter utilizing this system was slightly better than
this equipment and certainly appreciable reduction in -40 db.
size and weight can be accomplished by use of conven-
tional miniaturization techniques. RtSUMik OF ADVANTAGES OF ENVELOPE ELIMINATION
The average spurious output of systems using these AND RESTORATION SYSTEMS
adapters is from -32 to -35 db relative to the ampli- The advantages of the envelope elimination and
tude of one of the two equal tones. The best measure- restoration system are as follows:

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 1956 Kahn: Comparison of Linear Single-Sideband Transmitters 1709
1) The envelope elimination and restoration system average power, Po, is therefore 2 watt.2 Since the en-
produces approximately 2.5 times the power out- velope waveshape of a two equal tone wave is a full
put, as does the linear amplifier system, for a given wave rectified sine wave and since the efficiency of a
total plate dissipation. linear amplifier is a linear function of signal voltage, the
2) The envelope elimination and restoration system efficiency as a function of time 7t is:
may be used to adapt existing high quality trans-
mitters without any design change of these trans- vt = k sin cot (1)
mitters. The peak envelope rating of such a system where Cl is the difference in angular velocity between the
is from 3 to 4 times the carrier rating. Of course, equal tones and k is the efficiency of the linear amplifier
the system may also be used as a component part when delivering peak output.
of new transmitters. The plate dissipation at any instant, t, is:
3) The envelope elimination and restoration system
is relatively noncritical because Class C amplifiers Pdt = Pit -Po
may be used. Pot
4) Frequency multiplication may be used in the ----Pot (2)
envelope system simplifying design. tlt
5) The envelope elimination and restoration system where
makes practical low-cost high-powered, 20-kw Pit=the power input fed to the amplifier from the
peak envelope power or more, single-sideband power supply.
transmitters. In the linear system, each additional Pot=the desired power output from the tube which
stage introduces distortion and this makes it very is fed to the tank circuit.
difficult to obtain satisfactory spurious figures (Pot = sin2 cot X 1 watt for a two equal tone wave having
from high-powered transmitters. Also, the high a peak envelope power of 1 watt.)
efficiency of envelope elimination and restoration Therefore,
type transmitters is of considerable economic
importance. sin2 cot
Pdt = - sin2 cot. (3)
6) At the present time there are no very high- k sin cot
powered linear amplifier type single-sideband
transmitters available, and for such requirements, The average plate dissipation Pd is:
the envelope elimination and restoration system I r/IrX r/ / sin cot\-
appears to be the only practical solution. Pd = Pdtdi = + i sin2 cot d)
APPENDIX I 2 1
Pd = - - -.
wrk 2
(4)
COMPARISON OF LINEAR AND ENVELOPE ELIMINATION
AND RESTORATION SINGLE-SIDEBAND
Therefore, since the average power output in this case
TRANSMITTER EFFICIENCIES is I watt, the efficiency of a linear amplifier when ampli-
In order to compare the efficiency of the two systems, fying a two equal tone wave is
we will first derive an equation for efficiency of the linear
amplifier. We will assume that the standard two equal PO 1/2 irk
tone signal is amplified by both systems because power Po±P
=
--/+2. =/ /
.
(5)
PO + Pd 1/2 + 2/7rk -1/2 4
and distortion ratings are generally based upon this
specific waveshape. We will assume that in the envelope elimination and
The efficiency of a Class B linear amplifier is a linear restoration system the Class C modulated stage has a
function of the output voltage. (This functional rela- plate circuit efficiency of 80 per cent (coupling circuit
tionship may be established by noting that output losses are not considered in this comparison) and the
power is proportional to the square of the output volt- Class B modulator stage has an efficiency of 55 per cent.
age, yet the voltage from the plate power supply is The following calculations show an over-all efficiency of
constant and the current from the power supply is a slightly over 69 per cent:
linear function of the output wave of the amplifier. Let Po =0.5 watt (1 watt peak envelope power)
Therefore, since the output power varies as a square of 2 The fact that the peak envelope rating of a two equal tone wave
the output voltage and the power input is merely a is equal to two times the average power rating may be confirmed as
linear function, the efficiency must also be a linear func- follows: consider that each of the two equal amplitude tones has an
tion in order to establish the correct product function.) rms amplitude of one-half volt developed across a one ohm resistance.
Each of the tones would dissipate i watt and the total power of the
Let us assume that the linear amplifier is used to two tones would then be i watt. The peak envelope power, however,
amplify a signal composed of two equal amplitude tones occurs when the two tones are in phase and their combined ampli-
tude would then be 1 volt rms so therefore their peak envelope power
and produces a 1-watt peak envelope power output. The would be 1 watt.

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 1710 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE December
0.5 sideband wave that are within the frequency response
Pd Class C stage = - -0.5= 0.125 watt of the modulator. In this manner it is possible to calcu-
late the amount of spurious produced when the modu-
Since, for a 0.5 watt SSB signal (lw PEP) there is lator can pass only a restricted number of overtones of
0.095 watt in the AM component. the envelope function.
0.095 0.095 Part 1
Pd Class B = _- _ = 0.0971 (6)
0.8 X 0.55 0.8 The method to be used for determining the spectrum
Total Pd = 0.125 + 0.097 = 0.222 (7) of the phase-modulated component of a two equal
amplitude tone wave was described in 1953 [5]. This
Po 0.5 method is based upon the fact that a limiter is an ampli-
1 = = 69.2 per cent (8)
PO + Pd 0.5 + 0.222 tude modulator which modulates the input wave by the
inverse function of the envelope of this input wave.
APPENDIX I I The method may be outlined in the following series of
POWER OUTPUT OF A HIGH LEVEL MODULATED TRANS- steps.
MITTER CONVERTED TO CLASS B LINEAR OPERATION 1) The signal wave fed to the limiter is fully described
as to the amplitude, frequency, and relative phase
If we assume that the transmitter to be modified of the spectrum components.
utilizes high-level modulation and that the modulated 2) The envelope function, F(t), of the input wave is
stage plate circuit efficiency is 80 per cent, then the determined.
plate dissipation, Pd, of the stage is: 3) The inverse function of the input envelope func-
3 (1-t) tion, 1/F(t), is next calculated. This is the en-
Pd =- Pcarrier velope-limiter gain function, ELGF(t).
2 4) The Fourier series describing the envelope-limiter
3 0.2 gain function determined in step 3 is calculated.3
-= - Pcarrier 5) Each individual input signal component described
2 0.8
in step 1 is amplitude modulated (multiplied) by
= 0.375 Pearrier. (9) the Fourier series of the envelope-limiter gain
It was shown, in Appendix I, that a reasonable figure function. The resulting spectrum is the desired
for the plate circuit efficiency of the linear single- output of an ideal limiter and therefore it is the
sideband amplifier is 47.1 per cent. Therefore, the phase-modulation component of the input wave
average power output, PSSB av, of a transmitter altered described in step 1.
to linear SSB operation is: In accordance with the above procedure, the following
calculations may be made.
n7 0.471 Step 1: The frequency components of the input wave,
PSSB av - Pd = 0.375 Pcarrier to the limiter, are shown in Fig. 3, line 1. Besides these
i-n ~1 - 0.471
two equal tone components there is assumed to be a
= 0.334 Pcarrier. (10) noise component which, in the analysis, is made to ap-
For a two equal tone single-sideband wave, the peak proach zero. It is assumed that at zero reference time
envelope power is equal to two times the average power. the two tones are exactly out of phase.
Therefore, the peak envelope power output of a trans- Step 2: The amplitude modulation component of the
mitter modified for linear amplifier operation is approxi- input wave is shown in Fig. 4. In order to simplify the
mately 0.67 times the carrier power output rating of the analysis, it is assumed that the bottom part of the wave
unmodified transmitter. is a straight line as shown in the figure. Actually the
bottom of the wave is not perfectly flat but since this
APPENDIX I I I portion of the wave is made to approach a limit of zero
MODULATOR FREQUENCY RESPONSE REQUIREMENT this assumption does not affect the accuracy of the
analysis. The envelope function may be defined as
The following analysis is accomplished in two seg- follows:
ments. In the first part of the analysis the spectrum of
the phase modulation component of the single-sideband F(t) [Nf] + [S sin b]e + [N]7
wave is determined. This is the signal fed to the modu- + [-Ssin0]'lr±e + [N] 2 7r-e (11)
lated stage in the envelope elimination and restoration
system. In the second part of the analysis the phase- Step 3: The envelope-limiter gain function, ELGF(t),
modulated wave is mathematically modulated by the which is the inverse function of step 2, is determined.
components of the envelope of the two-tone singIe- I In many cases, it will be less laborious to do step 4 before step 3.

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 1956 Kahn: Comparison of Linear Single-Sideband Transmitters 1711
A tone
I volt
B tons
I volt 1 rT 1 -
redO r-e dO

lIt
Ao=- ELGF(t)dO= + + S
7 7r _O N J Lsin
aur_
7r Iad-

Aj
1 2e 1I { sin 0 6-] (13)
Modulation
of *A" Tone
B6/2
B2/2 =
_
-
+-log'i . .

by UIC-F(t)) t B 2 B6j2B2 1
Due to the choice of fundamental frequency, all odd
harmonics are equal to zero. The following equation de-
fines the Bn Fourier series components where n is an
06(2 4(2 J 1 B412 B6/2
even integer.
Modulation
of *B
by
Tone
eL07(t)
B8/2
4
- I Bn 1gr
-=I,}
2 =rJ0
ELGF(t) cos nOdO
AO-B2/2 AoB2/2 cos nOdO ,r-e cos nodO
Sum of line 56-88 04-06 H2B2-0 412 B2/2-44/2 %4/2-N6/2 16/2-B8l
7r L o
2 & line 3 1t
Ssin6
2
Rolativ.
2 I
N +
Amplitude 1/7n 1/3n 1/3TI I/IT I/ 1/3r i/5nT I/7T

Fig. 3-Spectrum diagram showing calculation of two-tone + cos nOd9]

phase modulation component. J7re N
1 [2 sin ne r-e sin (n-1)9d9
Voltage -21
r Nn J S
+ 1- Cos (n - 2)0d0-
(14)
6e S sin 0 j
but the next lower harmonic component, Bn_2, equals

B___ = -i ELGF(t) cos (n - 2)0do

2 ir
1 2 sin (n - 2)e + 7-e COS (n- 2)OdO]
7r L N(n -2) J6sin 0
For very small values of e, sin ne mne, where e is
in radians. The error in this approximation vanishes as
I
II Ct e approaches zero. Therefore, the first terms of Bn and
e' T-e' "lr+e Bn_2 approach equality as e approaches zero. There-
fore, the difference between Bn and Bn_2 is
Fig. 4-Envelope wave shape of two tone wave plus noise.
Bn-2 Bn 4
2 2
(16)
S(n-1)7r
This function may be defined as follows:
Similarly
ELGF(t) = 1/F(t) -
[1/N]oe + [s in Sf Ao =
1 F2e rT-6 dO 1
(17)
2
- 17r-e
s LNJe Ssin 0j
+ [1/N]7.e+C+e1 _ = 1 2 sin2e
B2 rT-e sin OdO
_sin 0 S_ 1r+6 2-J - 1
+ [1/N]2 ..27. (12)
2 r N2 e s
Step 4: Next, the Fourier series describing this wave '~. .dO_1
Je S sin oJ (18)
is determined. The fundamental frequency of the Fou-
rier series is assumed to be equal to one-half the fre- Therefore (16) holds even for the difference between
quency separation between the signal frequencies in Ao and B2/2.
order to simplify calculations. The dc component Step 5: Each of the two equal tone components is
equals: modulated by the various Fourier series components of

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 1712 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE December

t
I /nT 1 /n tone wave. In addition to its application to single-
sideband analysis, this result is of interest to other fields
of physics.
Part 2
As mentioned above, the second part of the analysis
requires the calculation of the effect of amplitude modu-
1/30 lation of the phase modulation spectrum by the
1/2n
i3/3
Fourier series components of the envelope function of
PM Component the two equal tone wave. The envelope function of the
of two equal
/ If l
f IF
I1/"T' i/si'
two equal tone wave is exactly equivalent to that of a
full wave rectified sinewave and may be expanded into
1/3oT 1/3i the following Fourier series:
2E 2 2 cos 40 2
e [-1 +-cos 20- +-cos 60
iV/ t 1 I/2
2 cos n6]
Sidebands produced
by modulation of
PM component by 13/2 1/3o 1/3TT . . (-1) n/2+1 -
II-
I (19)
ternm of Fourier
expansion of en-
velope function.
where n =even integer.
1/2
2 1/ 2 l /r '217
1 /f 11fni /i5 i/ I/Vn 1/330T The result of modulation by merely the fundamental
component of the Fourier series is shown in Fig. 5. Thus,
1.222 1. 222
it is seen that the worse spurious component is 25.3 db
Tr TY
down, relative to one of the two equal tone waves. The
results of similar calculations for modulators with better
frequency responses are shown in Table I.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to gratefully acknowledge the
advice and encouragement, in writing this paper, of
James L. Finch and Walter Lyons of RCA Communi-
cations, Inc.; Julius Ross of the United States Infor-
mation Agency; Edward Pierce and James Alden of
Kaiser Aircraft and Electronics Corp.; Alfred W. Barber
.0667
I. 0667 of Alfred W. Barber Laboratories, and Lloyd Ottenberg
Spectrum
produced. .03319 . .04122 T .04127 .03916 . 03319 of Kahn Research Laboratories.
t v n
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fig. 5-Calculation of spectrum created when envelope elimination
and restoration system is used with a low-fidelity modulator ca- [1] Leonard R. Kahn. "Singie-Sideband Transmission by Envelope
pable of passing only the fundamental beat note. Elimination and Restoration." PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE, Vol.
40 (July, 1952), pp. 803-806.
[21 A. H. Reeves. "Single-Sideband System Applied to Short Wave
Telephone Links." Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engi-
the envelope limiter gain functions, as shown in Fig. 3, neers (London), Vol. 73 (September, 1933), pp. 245-279.
lines 2 and 3. The result of this modulation process is [3] F. A. Polkinghorn and N. F. Schlaack. "A Single-Sideband Short
Wave System for Transatlantic Telephony." PROCEEDINGS OF
then summated as shown in Fig. 3, line 4. It should be THE IRE, Vol. 23 (July, 1935), pp. 701-718.
noted that, since the various sideband components are [4] N. Lund, C. F. P. Rose and L. G. Young, "Amplifiers for Multi-
channel Single-Sideband Radio Transmitters." PROCEEDINGS OF
equal to a difference between Bn, and Bn-2, the result- THE IRE, Vol. 40 (July, 1952), pp. 790-796.
ing spectrum may be readily determined to a very high [5] Leonard R. Kahn. "Analysis of a Limiter as a Variable-Gain
Device," Electrical Engineering, Vol. 72 (December, 1953), pp.
order of precision by use of (16). 1106-1109.
The result of this first part of the analysis is the [61 E. B. Moullin. "The Detection by a Straight Line Rectifier of
Modulated and Heterodyne Signals." Wireless Engineer (London),
phase-modulation component spectrum of a two equal Vol. 9 (July, 1932), pp. 378-383.

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