Monetary Policy in Africa Has Become More Orthodox

3/22/2019 Monetary policy in Africa has become more orthodox - The winding road
Monetary policy in Africa has become more orthodox

But it is still bedevilled by difficulties—including political meddling
Print edition | Finance and economics

Jan 24th 2019 | KAMPALA
F or more than a month protesters in Sudan have defied tear-gas and bullets to demand the resignation
of Omar al-Bashir, the president. The unrest began with demonstrations against soaring food prices;
inflation is above 70%. There is turbulence, too, in Zimbabwe, where the central bank’s “bond notes”, a kind
of local dollar, are reviving memories of hyperinflation. Protests broke out on January 14th after the
government raised fuel prices. The crackdown was lethal and swift.
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Such crises grab headlines. But they obscure a big shift. In Africa, as in advanced economies, inflation has
fallen over the long term. In the 1980s a fifth of countries south of the Sahara endured average annual
inflation of at least 20%. This decade only the two Sudans have (the rate in Zimbabwe is tricky to measure).
Runaway prices are now the exception, not the rule.
African countries took different routes to orthodoxy. Inflation is rarely a problem for the 15 in west and
central Africa with currencies pegged to the euro. They have imported central-bank credibility from Europe.
Elsewhere, monetary policy was reformed in the 1990s under the guidance of the imf. Governments gave
more independence to central banks. Some let exchange rates float. And they stopped printing so much
money. In the 1990s central banks in sub-Saharan Africa printed money worth 12% of gdp a year to help
finance governments; by 2015 that had fallen to 3%.
But African central bankers still have a harder task than their rich-world counterparts. Two-fifths of the
consumption baskets used to calculate inflation in the region consist of food; for rich countries the average
is 15%. When rains fail, food output declines and prices surge. Shocks come from abroad, too, when
currencies tumble or import prices spike. High inflation often used to stem from macroeconomic
indiscipline. Now, though inflation is in single digits, its trajectory can be harder to control. Pricey power
and inefficient farms make inflation hard to cut, says Ernest Addison, the governor of the Bank of Ghana.
Supply shocks also create a nasty trade-off for monetary policy. In the rich world volatility is often caused
by shifts in demand. If the government spends more, that both stimulates output and leads to higher
prices. In Africa, by contrast, frequent squeezes on supply mean that inflation and output move in
opposite directions. A drought may push up prices while shrinking production. That can mean central
banks have to tighten when the economy is in a trough.
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3/22/2019 Monetary policy in Africa has become more orthodox - The winding road
In most of Africa, markets for stocks and bonds are small. Only a fifth of firms have access to a bank loan
or formal credit. Monetary policy therefore has a limited impact on financial conditions, and takes effect
slowly. It works partly by nudging banks to lend more (or less). An imf study finds that this effect is only
half as strong in Uganda as it is in advanced economies.
Many countries in the region still set targets for growth in the money supply. But financial innovations
such as mobile money mean that the rate at which money changes hands has become unpredictable,
snapping the link between monetary aggregates and inflation. Central banks often miss their targets, in
ways that can be hard to decipher. They might do better to focus on an explicit inflation target, using
interest rates as their main tool. That is easier to communicate to the public, so has more effect. Some
countries, including Ghana and Uganda, have already made this switch.
Some worry that too narrow a focus on prices could stifle development. The typical inflation target in
Africa is around 5-8%. Yet studies find that inflation starts to drag on growth in poor countries only when
it hits 15-20%. Some economists therefore urge a more flexible approach that places greater weight on
other objectives, such as job creation.
Take the example of Uganda, which has a notoriously hawkish central bank. In 2011, as commodity shocks
and an election pushed inflation to 25%, it raised its main interest rate by ten percentage points. Traders
shut up shop; businesses laid off workers. The bank was using a hammer to kill a mosquito, says Ramathan
Ggoobi of Makerere University Business School. But high inflation helps nobody, retorts Adam Mugume, the
head of research at the Bank of Uganda. Constraints such as bad roads and rain-dependent farms limit
economic growth to around 6%; above that, the economy overheats and inflation rises.
Debate about central-bank objectives is healthy. In other ways, however, politics is less helpful. One
problem is new laws, such as a cap on commercial-lending rates imposed by the Kenyan parliament in
2016. The move infuriated the country’s central bank, which complains that monetary policy has become
less effective as a result. Another political headache is banking supervision, which is typically done by
central banks. The Bank of Uganda is mired in lawsuits and official probes after some controversial bank
closures.
Politics also intrudes in a third way: public debt. Many countries’ borrowing has risen sharply in the past
decade. Last year the region’s median fiscal deficit was 3.5%, including foreign grants. That revives
pressures to turn on the printing presses. All told, there is “growing concern” about African banks’ hard-
won autonomy, says Benno Ndulu, a former governor of the Bank of Tanzania. That is a shame. Their task
is hard enough as it is.
This article appeared in the Finance and economics section of the print edition under the headline "The winding road"
Print edition | Finance and economics

Jan 24th 2019 | KAMPALA
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3/22/2019 Monetary policy in Africa has become more orthodox - The winding road

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