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Maths Chapter 5 Class 12

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अंशदीप ठाकुर चौहान
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Maths Chapter 5 Class 12

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अंशदीप ठाकुर चौहान
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nn COonrTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 5.1 Introduction We introduced the idea of limit in standard XI, An intuitive approach and graphical understanding helped us to grasp the idea of limit. At several places, we mentioned the word ‘continuous’. What is a ‘continuous function’ ? We will now try to lear the concept of continuity which is very useful to study limits and it links limits and differentiability. Look at the graph of f@)= BLE R We cannot draw the graph of the function without lifting the pencil from the plane of the paper. At every point on the graph, with integer x-coordinate, this situation arises. The same is the situation with the graph of signum function f= (1 x<0 0 x=0 1 x>0 or Fi Sa poof x#0 om 0 x=0 At x= 0, the graph ‘jumps’. Here lim f(x)=—l and lim =1 lore lim_f(@)=—1 and lim, 70) So, im s(#) does not exist. In the example of (2) = [x] also, we infer from the graph, lim [2] = 0, tim fx] + Tim [x] does not exist. xl Figure 5.2 138 Marupwanics 12 CC 5.2 Continuity Consider the function f(x) = { Hence, f(x) = {x +2 x#2 _ Hse pap be tn cao (AB — {P}) U {Q) lim f(x) and lim f(2) exist and lim f@) = lim f@) =f. xoet ae If f is not continuous at x = c, we say f is discontinuous at x = c. That f is discontinuous at x = ¢ in a domain may occur in one of the following situations. A) tim, £69 or tim F() does not exist. (2) Him. (2) and lim (2) exist but are unequal. (3) fim, 70) and Tim _/() exist and are equal. ive. lim | fG) = Tim f(e) = lim. f(@) but fis not defined for x= ¢ oF lim f(s) # S(O) If f is defined at an isolated point, we say it is continuous at that point. Consequently a function defined on a finite set (x, x3, x3). %,) is continuous. We say fis continuous in a domain, if it is continuous at all points of the domain. If f is defined on [a, 6], then f is continuous on [a, 6] if (2) fis continuous at every point of (a, 6) @ lim fe) = 7@) (Fis not defined for x b) Example 1 : Examine the continuity of f: R > R, f(s) = 2x — 4 at x Solution : f(@) = 2x —4 is a polynomial in x. Jim, £0) = kim, (2 — 4)=2-3-4=2 fQ) =2-3-4=2 lim, £@) = 0) "fis continuous at x = 3. The graph is a straight line and it is ‘unbroken’. Example 2 : Examine continuity of f: R R, fle) =P at x= 2, Solution : tim, f(@) = Jim, = 4, fQ) 4 (f() = x is a polynomial) dim, £0) = s0) “. f() = x is continuous at x = 2. The graph is ‘continuous’. Figure 5.5 Example 3: Is f: R > R, f() = |x| continuous on R? Solution : Here, we have to examine continuity of |x| on the domain. S@=lxl={ x x20 (2 Let ¢ > 0. For some 8 > 0, we can have c— 5 > 0 (et 5 = £) S() = |x] = xin (@— 8, c+ 8) €-5>0 “lim f@)= lim x= 6 f(0)=lel= (> 0) sim, f@) =F) "fis continuous for all ¢ > 0 Let ¢ < 0. There exists some & > 0 such that c + 6 <0. Figure 5.6 140 Marupwanics 12 ____S=~—"—_—s—O ~ /@)= 1x1 in (c — 8 ¢ + 8) © +8 <9 lim, £6) = lim (9) = -c, f= |e| = -¢ « in £00 ~ im xd = tim, = 0 @ 0. = fe) As x > O+, f(2) increases unboundedly. Im such a case we say f(z) —> © as x —> OF, We do not write lim f(x) = 2. lim, FG) does not exit. Limit of function isa real number. 2 isnot a real number or i is member of extended real number system. Letx< Here as x decreases f(x) decreases and as x 0-, f(@) > —~. Again lim (2) = —2 is not to be written Jim £G) does not exist. Example 8 : f@) =k, x #0. jscuss continuity for x € R — {0}. Solution : Tete #0, Jim fox) = im lp = zoe *. fis continuous for x € R — {0} Note : For x= 0, lim 5 does not exist. x50 pow. x Se) Figure 5.9 142 ‘Manmnarics 12 Example 9 : Examine the continuity of SO) = (x43 x<2 { 3-x x22 atxeR Solution : Let a <2. So f@) some interval around a. lim f= im (@+3)=a+3=Se@) +3in + fis continuous for all x € R, with x <2. Let a > 2. So f(e) around a. = £@ BESO = Nm G-D= x in some interval =f Figure 5.10 + fis continuous for all x € R, with x > 2, Let a= 2, lim fe) = lim @ +3)=5 @<2 lim 7) = lim G@-y=1 + Hm, £G) does not exist. + fis continuous for all x € R except at x = 2. [Note : Generally, f is continuous at all points where possibly formula for f(x) changes or its graph is in transition stage.] Example 10 : Find points of discontinuity of SG) (xt x>2 0 x=2 I-x x<2 Solution + As per above note and a look at the graph of y = f(2), it is clear that f is continuous at all x € R except at x = 2 possibly. lim fe) = jim Gx) =1-2=—1 sone fim, fe) = lim @ + 1) =24+1=3 s+ Tim, 7) does not exist. Figure 5.11 ++ is discontinuous at x = 2. Example 11 : Prove that f@)= (x—1 x<1 {ir x > 1 is continuous on R— {1}. Solution + Let a <1. So f(@ =a—1. For some 5 > 0, we can have a + 8 < 1. Let x € (@—8,a+ 8). f@)=x-1 Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY 143, nn S@ oe fim £@) = tim @ 1 +. fis continuous for a € R with a < 1. Let a > 1. So f(@)=1—a For some 8 > 0, we can have a— 8 > 1 Let x € (a— 8, a + 8). Hence x > 1. Se) = fim /@)= lim (-x= xoat xoat Fis continuous for all a R such that a > 1 Fis continuous on its domain, smemenensont x-loxl Examine continuity of f. Solution : As seen in example 11, fis continuous for all x € R, x # 1. fin FG) = tim = 1) = 0, fim f(x) = fim (1 — x) = 0 ie xe s(y=0 is continuous for x + fis continuous on R. Note + Is not f: RR, f@) =4x- 1/2 ee x<0 2-x x>0 k x=0 determine k so that f is continuous on R. Solution : Looking at the graph and since S(e) = 2 — x for x > 0 and f(x) = x +2 for x <0 are linear polynomials, is continuous for all x € R= {0} lim, f@) = lim G+ 2) = 2 lim f@)= lim 2-2) =2 aor xe Figure 5.13, sim se) =2 In order that fis continuous at x = 0 also, lim, f(x) = 2 = f(0) is necessary. “+ £0 s+ If k= 2, fis continuous for all x © R. Example 14 ¢ Prove that a polynomial function is continuous. Solution + f@) = a," + a, yx" — 1 tut ay a, © RG =O, 1, 2a m) a, #0 is 0 polynomial. 144 ‘Maruxwarics 12 CC We know tim x= a" lim a; = 4, Gimit of a constant function) Also lim Gi(8) + AG) tt AGO) = lim, fe) + Tim. fy) +. tim 4,60) Now Him f(x) = lim (ag + ay 28! back ay) ha tn HT nm in aN tack Ti ay = a,a +a, al tt ay =f@ +A polynomial function is continuous for all x € R. Example 15 : Prove f(s) = [x] is continuous at all x € R except at all integers. Solution : f(@) = -1Sx<0 OSx<1 1 1Sx<2 ++ fis a constant function in any interval (n,n + 1) where n € Z + fis continuous in all intervals (7, m + 1) ie. at all x € RZ. new sen= fae n-1Sx 0 such that n—1 0 so thatn2 Solution + tim f@) = tim Go + 3) = 2k +3 lim f@) = tim 7 xo xan 7 Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY 145, lim, /) exists if 2k +3. = 7 For k= 2, fQ)=2-24+3=7 Jim, S@) = 7=f@2) fis continuous at x = 2, if k= 2. Example 17 ‘ind @ and b so that the following function is continuous. f@) = 3 xS1 ath 1 ah —> 0 lim sine = lim sin (a +h) aso = lim (sina cosh + cosa sinh) 10 = sina lim cosh + cosa lim sinh 10 10 = sina-1+ cosa:0 = sina “lim sine = sina + sine funetion is continuous for all x € R. @) cosine function is continuous on R. Let ae R.Letx=ath Asx ah—30 lim cose = lim cos(a + h) xa Ao jim, (cosa cosh — sina sink) cosa lim cosh — sina lim sinh noo nO = cosa+1 — sina+0 = cosa slim cosx= cosa “+ cosine function is continuous for all x € R. (4) tan function is continuous + tanx = SE, x © R— {2k - NE | ke Z} ‘sine is continuous for x € R. cosine is continuous for x € R. cosx = 0 > xe R- {2k- 1% | ke Z} By working rule of & for continuous functions fand g, ‘an function is continuous on its domain. Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY ry ©) Continuity of Composite Function : Lot f: (a, 6) > (c, d) and g : (c, d) > (@, f) be two functions, so that gof is defined. If f is continuous at x, € (a, 6) and g is continuous at f(x) € (6, d), then gof is continuous at x; € (a, b). According to the rule of limit of composite functions (std XI, semester II). lim, ao) = a lim, 709) = eee) of is continuous at x = x). Example 19 : Prove that x — [x] is discontinuous for all n € Z. Solution : f(@) = x oS R, (gof x) = gO) = g(\ x) = sin|x| is continuous for all x € R. Example 21 : Prove f: R > R, f(x) =| 1 — x +]x|| is continuous. Solution : g@) = 1 — x and A(x) | are continuous on R. 862) + Wa) = 1 — x + |x| is continuous. “ £@) = hol(g + AY) = Ag + AY) = | 1 — x +| x|| is continuous as h, g are continuous on R. 150 “Mixrtenarics 12 re Example 22 : Prove costs?) is continuous on R. Solution w+ gof: RR, (go) = eG) = g¢9) = cose} is continuous. Example 23 : f@) = { 2 - K x= ces tim fone th an kane Sotation + my fe) 2, FE) dim,Ssa" - 4 18) = 8 Since fe comimons atx =H, Hy 7) = (3) 2 hee w k= Foro [Note : For k = 0, f(x) = 0 for all x € R] Example 24 : f() = {* x#0 k 0 Can you find & so that f is continuous at x = 0? im SE sinx Solution + tim f@) = lim = im Sine sions Hi, FO) = ti tal Me i, F0= ing “at = li, 2+ lim, £6) does not exist + Fcannot be continuous for x = 0, for any value of KE R. ox eR Find &, if f is continuous for x = 0. Example 25 : f(x) { oe x#0 o Solution + im) fa) = tim, sine x00 9x = lim sing 4 xo0 4x8 a4 3 :RORSG@) =, g: RR, g(x) = cose are continuous. @-8-» Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY 1st 10) =P B= 4 for fto be continuous at x = 0. k= 42 for f to be continuous at [Bernier 1. Prove cot, casee and sec are continuous on their domains. 2. Prove ceiling function f(#) = [x] is discontinuous for all n € Z. 3. Prove signum function is discontinuous at x = 0. Discuss continuity of following functions : (4 to 12) 4 SO) fxt3 x22 5. f= (2 x20 3-x 0 x2 x x<0 6. f= (+3 xl 8. s@y= | ae x#0 9. S@= x<0 1 x=0 2 xe 3x-2 x>0 10. F@) = x#0 un. se) = (23 x>0 x0 aim x<0 2 x=0 xn 12. f@ = | yr x>0 at x<0 a x=0 Determine f, if following functions are continuous at given values of x : (13 to 16) 13. f@) = { tanke 20 3x 1 x0 (at x= 0) 14, f@) = sins x#0 1 x50 (at x= 0) e+) tancx— 9) 15. f@) = {Peet x#1 k xe (@tx=1 16. fy = farte x 1, the increment in f(x) increases as n increases. For example if x increases from 2 to 3, fi(2) = 2!, fig(3) = 3%, Fygl2) = 29, fay(3) = 3%. Obviously 320 — 220 > 310 — 210, yest Figure 5.15 Now we consider ‘common exponential’ function f(x) = 10%. This function increases faster than any f(x). Let x = 102, Now, foo) = 2100 = (102)100 = 10200, f(x) = 1010 = 19100 For x = 103, figg(x) = x10 = 10300, f(x) = 1010° = 191000 For x = 104, figg(x) = (104100 = 10100, f¢~) = 1910000 Obviously, if x > 103, f(z) increases much faster than f,o9(x). y oot = 154 “Maraearics 12 CC Exponential Function : f(x) = @*, a € R‘, x € R is called an exponential function. (D) Ifa > 1, f(s) increases as x increases. If a <1, f(@) decreases as x increases. (2) The graph of f(x) passes through (0, 1) for any a € RY, (3) Ifa #1, the function is one-one and onto. (4) Its range is Rt. (5) Ifa becomes larger, the graph of f(x) leans towards Y-axis for a > 1. (©) Asx becomes negative and decreases, the graph of (x) approaches X-axis but does not intersect X-axis. Laws of indices for real numbers : (aa =aey @) wea © @y=e ©) @by = ab a bER tx yER (This content is only for link to the discussion that follows and this is not from examination view point). The constant ¢ : Limit of a sequence : Just like functions, some sequences also approach a ‘limit The sequence 1, 4, 4,... 725, 2... has terms nearing 0. We say tim +=0 ave” ‘We do not formally define limit of a sequence. We accept following, results. (1) tim 2 = 0. (2 € N) We also assume tim + = 0 @ € R) nae” rope @ lim *=0 Inin 2 @> a We assume sequence (11+)" has a limit called e and by (i) and (ji) above 2 R is called logarithmic function. So if y = f(x) = a*, then x= 80) = logy ‘This function is denoted as g = log, Ify =a", then x = logy We know for inverse functions, f: A — B and g : B — A, (fogXy) (gof\z) =x x EA Now f(g) =» ++ F(lopg) =» we ala = y y © B and or in other words, al%®a* = x for x € RY If @ = 10, we get what is called common logarithm. i.c. logygx ‘Thus, f: R —> R*, f(x) = 10* has inverse logig : Rt — R, g(x) = logygr If a = e, we get natural logarithm and it is denoted by In,x. But unless otherwise stated, we will write Inx as log .x or simply logx. 156 Marupwanics 12 {£=£—z__CTrtrtS (@) Jog has domain R* and range R. Hence, logarithm of only positive number can be obtained and log x is a real number ifx € Rt. @) a =1. Bence log,1 = 0 Hence log,1 = 0, logigl = 0 @) al=a. Hence logs = 1 logy = 1, logygl0 = 1 ee* = x a8 alKa* = x for a © Rt — {1} Figure 5.18 SL We can see that graphs of f(x) = log and f(x) = e* are mirror images of each other in the line y = x. (2), 0) is on the graph of log function. (2) For a> 1, it is increasing. For 0 Ris a function and if ¢ € (a, b) and h is so small that c +4 € (a, 5), then im, £ LO, if i exists, is called the de tive of f at c and is denoted by *(c) h or [£ reewe or (Be a.¢ where y = sa). Ifthe deri ive of f exists at x = 6 we say Sis differentiable at If fis differentiable for Sis differentiable at c € (a, 6) means , lim LE*B=LO ang tim LE LO rouy exist & is also denoted by . x in a set A, (A # {)), we say fis differentiable in A. and are equal. Let f be defined on [a, b]. f is differentiable in [a, 6] means () fis differentiable in (a, 6) @) tim ee nist hv0+ We call this limit right-hand derivative of f at x = a and write f\(a+). im fOrW-fh ., @) fim LOHR ALO exists, 0 We call this left-hand derivative of f at x = 6 and denote it by f'(b~). Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY 159 nn ‘We also assume following working rules and standard forms. If f and g are differentiable at x, () fg is differentiable at x and Li) + go) - Lye + Lew 2) FX g Ms differentiable at x and Lf) ge) = fo) Lae) + a) LL) amt so-109-£ 80) ; ; po. Se Foo Fe @) Fis differentiable at x if g() # 0 ana £52 = dx [e@or @ Le mrt neRxeRt ©) E sine = cose xeER ©) Leosx = —sinx xeR @M ftanx = sec x €R- {2k- DE |k ez} @) Lsece = secx tanx xe€R-{ee- DE |k eZ} 0) Keone = —cosectx xER- {kn | k eZ} (10) £ cosecx = —cosecx core x ER- {in| ke 2} Now we prove a theorem, Theorem 5.2 : If f is differentiable at x = c, it is continuous at x =e. © € (a, 5) Proof : Let f be differentiable at x jim LO=-L0, © Now £09) ~f00 = (FB=L2) oe — oor x te. slim 76) ~ O) = fim LQ=L0 lim eo tim L£- fo (because f is differentiable, == exists) =fO-0= 0 lim F0) = im G@) — FO +4) = Jim G@) - FO) + im FO (both the limits exist) =0+s0, =s0 “. fis continuous at x = ¢. But a continuous function may not be differentiable. Consider f(x) = |x| Tim |x| = lim x = 0 x06 OF s+ fis continuous at x = 0. tim £2 . soe FO im L2=fO x90 0 '. f(@) = |x| is continuous at x= 0 but not differentiable at x = Can we explain the situation ? We had seen that /"(c) is the slope of tangent toy =f(@) atx =e. See that the graph of f(x) = | x| consists of two rays meeting at (0, 0) and does not have a tangent at (0, 0). It has a ‘comer’. ‘When can a function fail to have a derivative ? ()_ Itis discontinuous at that point. (Fig. 5.21) (2) The tangent is vertical at x = c. (Fig. 5.22) (@) There is no tangent at x = c. (Fig. 5.23) YX y 3 3 2 7 2 1 i < +x € >x ¢ >x 3 of 123 o = 123 a a 2 2 2 3 Figure 5:21 Figure 5.22 Figure 5.23 1. Prove that (x) = |x 1| + |x —2| + |x — 3] is continuous on R but not differentiable at x= 1, 2 and 3 only. Prove f(x) =f{xsint x40 © x =0 is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0. Conninurry aNb DivrxRENTIABILITY 161 nn 3. For fis) = fxtsmt x40 0 x = 0. Prove #\(0) = 0. Deduce f is continuous at x = 0. 4. Find (8) for (1) $0) = sin?s, (2) FO) = tanPx, (3) £@) = x4, (4) FQ) = cost 5.6 Chain rule or Derivative of a Composite Function We have seen how to find the derivative of sin®x or tan*x using product rule or the derivative of sin2x or cos2x using formulae from trigonometry like sin2x = 2sinx cosx, cos2x = cos?x — sin®x along with product rule. But they were simple cases. Suppose we want to find the derivative of tan‘(x? — x + 1), It is not 50 easy. Let us take an example. Let f(x) = Qe + 1) 6x4 + 32x3 + 24x? + Bx +1 SQ) = 643 + 96:2 + 48x + 8 = 882 + 12? + 6x +1) = 82x + 18 -4Qx+ 1) Let (= 4 and = W(x) = 2x + 1. So, ga) = 2x +1) = Ox + =F F@)= sho) Now gp = 48 and dl = nia) = 2 S'@) = 82x + LP = 4x + 1P 2 = 48-2 = godt = 2 HD) so, Lf - £ gh) = KOH) = ge) HO Here, we have expressed f(x) as a composite function of two functions g() = and x) = 2x + 1 whose derivative can be found out in a very simple manner and f"(x) can be calculated in a simple way. Tet us make it formal. Chain rule : f: (@, 6) > (c, d) is differentiable at x and g : (c, d) —> (¢, /) is differentiable at F(x) are two differentiable functions, Now, (gfx) = gf) Then (gof)'(x) = g'f &) S'&) In other words let h(x) = (gof)(x) = a(f(x)). Let f(x) = ¢ Then HG) = GON'G)= s'F) SC) =s0F0) Levey = Leo EF seo. where 1 =f) Eero = 4, where u = g( and t =f). Hence it = dit dt where w= g(0 and £ = £05) and u = atf)) ‘Thus if « is a function of ¢ and ¢ is a function of x. Then w is a composite function of x and du — du dt dx ~ dt dx This rule is called chain rule. du. du dt ds dy dx ~ dt ds dv dx a function of 4, ¢ is a function of s, s is a function of v and v is a function of x. example 26 : Find J") if f(4) = sin (an 3) Solution : We have g(f) = sint and ¢ = h(x) = tanx s+ fl2) = (gohyx) = g(a) = sin(tan) = F') = g(a) HO) = £ Me cost f(x) cos(tanx) sec (= tans) S'G) = costtams) sec But we can make it simpler. S() = sinu where w= tans ~ £0) = EM = cosusee?s = costtans) sects Generally, we make calculations orally. Go on differentiating functions selecting the outermost function first and then proceeding 10 differentiate till we reach the variable and multiply all derivatives. Let f(a) = sin(cos(2x + 3)) © 1G) = cos (cos2x + 3) (Csin(2x + 3)) . 2 Derivative of outer most (Proceed to (Derivative of last function function at its variable. inside’) 2 +3) 2sin (2x + 3) cos(cos(2x + 3)) (rearrange) Let f(x) = sin(tan (cos (x — 3x + 51))) °. $'@) = cos(tan (cos (x* — 3x + 51))) (sec? (cos (x? — 3x + 51) (sin (x? — 3x + 51)) x Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (Qx = 3) Stage 4 = “Or + 3) sin fs? — 3x + 51) sec? (cos (x? — 3x + 51)) cos(ean(cos(x? — 3x + 51))) (rearranging) Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY 163 nn Example 27 : Find 2, if y = sinbx cosSe sotsion + = sins fe coshe + con's sine = sine (cosa) + cos'x L (sin)? = sinds- Scoste (sins) + cosSx Isintx cose = -Ssinte-coste + 3sin?x cosSx [Note = In sin"x, sin’ = (sinx)"; power is ‘outermost’ function] Example 28 : Find sin)? — x + 1) Solution + A sia? —x +1) = £ foin? - x + DP = 3sin?(e2 — x + 1) cos(x? — x + 1) Qe — 1) = 32x = 1) sin?@? — x + 1) cos? — x + 1) sample 29 : Find Joma Sotution : © eins Lin)? 2 A¢eine’y? cose 3x2 (J is outermost function) (ote : Remember £ JF = FE) sample 30 Find fy solution + L fis = Le teampei? = cam? 4 = Babe -cose _ Beose, ~ adsinx [ Exercise 53] Find the derivative uf the following functions defined on proper domaii 1, sinkQx + 3) 2 tants 3. sintx cosSx 4. costsin(sec(2x + 3)) 5. see(eot(s’ — x +2)) 6. Differentiate the identity sin3x = 3sinx — 4sin’x. What do you observe ? 164 Marupwarics 12 rr) 7. Find Qe + 3)" Gx + 2y" 8, Bind £ (sin — cos") 9. Find -£ sine cos 10. Find © sin34x — 1) cos¥(2x + 3) 5.7 Derivative of Inverse Functions ‘We have studied inverse trigonometric functions in chapter 2. Now we would like to find their derivatives. Derivative of Inverse Function : Let f : (a, 6) —> (c d) be a one-one and onto function, so that its inverse function exists. Its inverse 8+ (6 d) > GB) satisfies x = gy) = SQ) if y = S) a a dx We assume f'(x) = = Gig z (+0) Let y = sin'x. y © (-3,). so x = siny o# th axe tH) © cay = fist (con) > Oy & (-E8) =yi-2 » #174 “de de fi - x? % dg = ot oe Gy sie ty y= a x] <4 D ae a Ixl< Let y = cos“lx. y € (0, m). So x = cosy © ¥ 0, was x 4 +H) & - -siny = -ficoPy Giny > 0 as y € 0,7) Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY 165 166 ® © ily + caste = sine + corte = & hole + Leorte= LE = L sine + Leo = £4 =0 Hoobs = Hh sinte = Toles Ixl<1 as = aes Let y= tan-lx. y € (-%.). So x = tay. & ~ secty a re dx secty V+uanty 1437 hia = ax aot. b cate 15 «eR We can prove as in (3) or fant + cor lx = & will give the result. hae =i dx ixiyt 1 lelet Let y =see“lx. y (0, =) — {¥}. So, dE = secy samy Now, seey=x, ye 0, m)~ {3} ‘There are two cases. y € (0.4) or ye (¥.0 © ve (0%) = seey. (Why y # Oy # m 2) Marumsearics 12 Ver such that |x| > 1 ho xI>a (©) Similarly we can prove, FS cosee ke lep> &) Lat = a lope We know a = eltea at = (e8AF = XR a = et. Here = x loga By chain rule at = fet, dt = et. loge (fhe = ® = a loga hat = longa CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABIITY 167 9) Loge = + xe Rt = loge if ae BR RS Sh t eRe Example 31 : Find © san Iei<# Solution : Let x = tan, @ € (-%.3). bi<% eRse<#® => tan(-%) < tan® < tank = -B<0 E B<20" Criog 1 2 Bteetoey - Example 50: If y = acos (log x) + bsin (log x), prove that x2y, + xy, +» Solution + y = acos (log x) + bsin (log x) vn intoe), eos Qos 2) * 391 = —asin (log x) + beos (log x) =ac0s (log x) _ sin Gog ve ogy = Haein) — bends ++ XG, + Ly) = sacos (log x) — bsin (log 2) =~» S Py tay ty = 0 Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY 17 Example 51 : If, Solution : y = cosTtx U-PyP=1 « £a-x2y2=0 “(=x P2yyy + C2?) = 0 =, — 9 = 0 1 #9 Example 52 : If y = tan!x, prove (1 + 2)y, + 2x», Solution : y = tan” “a 2 +x yy =1 + ey, + 2x9, Example 53 : If y = ae™ + bet, prove that yy — (p+ a)yy + pay = 0. Solution : yy = apeP* + bget* Yao ape + beet caper + bge™ — y= 0 apreP™ + bqPe® — y= 0 @ Solving (i) and (ii) for © and e*, _ bon tba’y, ep sepa, copa abo" “ a-D) o te AOL p= Bt PH = Gp = —Faq= DP) + Substituting in y = ae?* + bet * (Fe) 7 (Fa) “pala = Ply = ayn + Pry + Pyy = PY = 0-2-7 - Py ” Y2— P+ Oy, + Pay =0 5.12 Mean Value Theorems ‘There are some important theorems in differential calculus called mean value theorems. Rolle's Theorem : If fis continuous in a, 6] and differentiable in (a, ) and if f(a) = f(b), 178 Marupwanics 12 then there exists some ¢ € (a, b) for which f"(c) = 0 Geometrical Interpretation : If the graph of » = F(@) is continuous in [a, 6] and if it has a non-vertical tangent at all points (x, f(@)) where x € (a, 6) and if f (@ = f(y, there is some ¢ € (a, b) such that tangent at 0 x (6. ©) to thecurve y = f(x) is horizontal or we can say it is X-axis or parallel to X-axis. Mean-value Theorem (Lagrange) : If f is continuous in |a, 5] and differentiable in (a, 5), then Figure 5.25 LG ALO 6 516) for some ¢ € (a b) X mapa Geometric Interpretatio Bf) is continuous in [a, 6] and if y = f(x) has a non-vertical Ase tangent at all points, (x, f(2)) where x € (a 5), then 7 Be € (a, b) such that tangent at (c, f(c)) is parallel to the qi secant line joining A(a, f(a) and BO, f(@)). We know slope of $B = Slope of tangent at (c, /(€)) = 0). Figure 526 Hence the result. Example 54 : Verify Rolle's theorem for f(x) = x2 ~ 4x +3 in [1, 3] Solution : fis continuous in [1, 3] and differentiable in (1, 3) as it is a polynomi FQ) = 0, fG)=9-12+3=0 Fe € (A, 3) such that f(e) = 0 Now, fe) = 2e —4= 0 => ¢=2 and 2 € (1, 3) e=2,c€ (3) Example 55 : Verify Rolle's theorem for f(x) = x3 — 6x? + 1x ~ 6 in [1, 3]. Solution : f is continuous in (1, 3] and differentiable in (1, 3) and f(1) 0) = 32-24 1109 x= BEE x=2t FF € 0,3) The are two value of ¢ namely ¢ = 2 Je. © €a.3) Example 56 : Verify Rolle's theorem for f(x) = sinx in [0, 7]. Solution : sine is continuous in [0, 10] and differentiable in (0, 71) and sin 0 = sin = 0 LP) = cose = 0 => x= F in (0, T] = Band Fe 0, m ( € 0m) Coxriurry AND. 179 Example S7 ; Apply the mean value theorem to f(x) = cosx over [0, 1]. Solution : ¢as is continuous in [0, 1] and differentiable in (0, 7) a=0,b=7 LO-1@ boa -2 2 sine = 2, Also 0< 2 <1. Since Jc, 0 <¢< m such that sine = 2 [Im fact, there will be two value of c in each of (0.4) and (.7) such that sine = 2 sinZ, we will get only one value of c in (0.4) ] If we take Example 58 : Apply the mean value theorem to f(x) = e* in [0, 1]. Soloution : f(%) = e* is continuous in (0, 1] and differentiable in (0, 1). a= 0, = 1. Lo)- $a boa *. c= log,(e- 1) Now, 2» s € € @, I) and c= log ,(e ~ 1) Example 59 : Apply the mean-value theorem to f(x) = log x in (1, e]. log function is continuous in [1, e] and differentiable in (1, e). 1 Solution : a=l,b=ef' = tepentost _ oe Map=t 2 i-h (log 1 = 0, log ,¢ = 1) ue oesenl ( € (1, e) Also l 2 e=e-1 Example 60 : Can you apply the mean-value theorem and Rolle’s theorem to f(x) = [x] in [-2, 2]. 0, 1 and 2 (why not at -2 2) Solution sf is discontinuous at — Maruewarics 12 Fis not differentiable at —1, 0, 1 in (—2 f@)= (2 2Sx<-1 1 -1Sx<0 0 OSx<1 1 I0 8. fa) = ecosr xe [8.3] Verify Mean Value Theorem : (9-10) 9. fe) =x—2sins, x Em, 10. f@)=logx, x € [1,2] Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY 181 1, Prove *S* < tog, ¥ < 25%. 0. 0, So = tan > 0. $0,0< <= “ 0<202 Find a and 5, if following functions are continuous (9 to 10) : SG) =/ asic +6 0SxSE 10. cox -EexSm ee dy F0) = (ke? x Prove 40. Find the derivative of tan~ ar a nt si) A. 41. Find the derivative of cos™ 42, Find [(coseehy], __, by defination, 42, inte [s wee “5h, x>0 44. Find © tar Lia xP 0 188 “Marnematics 12 47, Find £ tansece — tans) 48, Select a proper option (a), (b), (c) or (4) from given options and write in the box given on the right so that the statement becomes correct : Section A (1 mark) [f secx], oO © yo Om OR @ £r= oO @ xt &) = @o @ #U + log) 8) (iets + C07) = soe (41D i @o () Te = (@) does not exist Ofe-...@>% oO @ #(1 + toga) (6) 0 oe (€) does not exist Of oO (a) e* (b) Se™* (c) Sx e*— 1 @o (© & hog |x| = @ #0) oO om ®t (©) does not exist (A) e OO & sinks = Oo (a) 3sin2x (b) 3eas?x (©) 3sin®x cose (d) —3eos?x sine oO (b) nian" ~ 'xsectx (c) nsec™™x (d) ntan" ~ 'x sect ~ Nx 139 O)US@ = (ats 1Sx<5 I-58 SSx<10 bx +30 x210 is continuous, (a, 6) = @ 6, 10) 6,5) anitse = (=a (@) lim #0) = (©) fis continuous at x = a (DIE S@) = { x x€ (0,1) 1 x21 (@ fis continuous at x = 1 only (©) Fis continuous on R* dt COT Toatat = om omar (I3)IE y = asinx + Beosx, y* + (4)? (@) acosx — bsinx 9 2 + sina) = (@) 362 + sin?sy (©) 2x + 2sinx cosx OSL fii mom OSES xsinx + cosx © “Tam ©) arsine () (asinx — beosx)? (©) «? + B? nn (©) G0, 5) (d) (0, 0) then... (b) jim so =-a (@) fis differentiable at x = a (b) fis discontinuous at x = 1 only (@) f is not defined for x = 1 O-any «OF @+P40) @o (6) 30? + sintx)? @x + sindxy @o xoosx + sin Section B (2 marks) ©" aYisinx © Wasinx on an £ tam mex<2n ots opts of o4 (18) If x = eta! (@) 2x (tan (log x) + 5) (b) 2e (tan (log x) + 1) + x sec (log.x) (©) 2x (lan (log x) + 1) + xsee (logx) (4) 0 09) £ ot (B+4yi-2) @ 1) One O a One tia O Tye (21) FQ) = tog, logy), then 1) = sn © yeres ©) Toate ©Ovatm7 @var 2) £ xix] @<0) (a) 2x (b) —2x ©) |x! @)o 3) te = Ps y= ES, then B=... ote wo ie jx Oars 24) £eere @x*(1+logx bo) x (1+ loge @xt 25) OS eta OTe Ome OTF Section © (@ marks) (26) If x = at, y = 2at, then 2. . @F wo Oa Om CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 11 nt 7) cor SEH @e R-(0}) Oo * one OT One oy 2, es) =... oO e ow Oy oy o42 & a) 7 & we (2) @) (2) (29) For the curve f(x) = (x — 3), applying mean value theorem on [2, 4] the tangent at... is parallel to the chord joining A(2, 1) and B(4, 1). Oo @ 4, oa» ©29 6.0 (30) The value of ¢ for the mean-value theorem for f(x) = 2° in [-1, 1] is ...... oO @t¢ 45 @#t1 @o (G1) If we apply the Rolle’s theorem to f(x) = e*sinx x [0, T], then c = =I @ 3 5 oF we (62) If we apply the Rolle’s theorem to f(x) = x3— 4x, x [0, 2], then oO OB 2 OF @2 Section D (4 marks) (33) If x = sec® — cos®, y = sec"® — cos"®, then... I, 2 2 @@+o(B) -ror+o w @- 4B) = 9-4 2 2 Oet (2) =1 @et (2) =p4a hg Hee AE CO adie Toe ISD Oo 1 = 1 x @ f-¥ Oe © We OTF oy £ (EFF + © swt 4) =... @>0) Oo © fe? © fP-2 @ Jere (36) Conditions of Mean Value Theorem are not applicable to ...... in [-1, 1]. 1 @S@ = |x 0) S@) = 8 OS® = six A) FQ) =P 192 “Marnematics 12 kz ES _€ 7) For f@) = x + 4, x € [1,3] the value of c for mean-value theorem and for f() = x2 — 4x +3 for Roll's theorem are ...... . oO (@ v3.1 2,1 © V3.2 2,83 (38) If the tangent to the curve y = x log x at (c, f(x) is parallel to the line-segment joining ‘ACI, 0) and B(e, e), then ¢ = oOo os (b) log + (jer? (eet (39) If we apply the mean value theorem to f(x) = 2sinx + sin 2x, then ¢ = oO @r &F OF OF (40) If we apply the mean value theorem to f(@) = {2+2x3 x<1 oOo 3x x>1 xé [-1,2] then ¢ = @2 wo @1 ws Excavations at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and other sites of the Indus Valley Civilization have uncovered evidence of the use of "practical mathematics". The people of the IVC manufactured bricks ‘whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favourable for the stability of a brick structure, ‘They used a standardized system of weights based on the ratios: 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, '50, 100, 200, and 500, with the unit weight equal to approximately 28 grams (and approximately equal to the English ounce or Greek uncia). They mass produced weights in regular geometrical shapes, which included hexahedra, barrels, cones, and cylinders, thereby demonstrating knowledge of basic geometry. ‘The inhabitants of Indus civilization also tried to standardize measurement of length toa high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler—the Mohenjo-daro ruler—whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length. Connnurry ano DivHeReNTIABILITY 193,

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