Word Page Part of s Pronunciation Translation

Unit 9 Future generations

9.1 Vocabulary
agribusiness 101 n ˈæɡrɪˌbɪznəs
agricultural industrialis101 n phr ˌæɡrɪˌkʌltʃərəl ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃən
annual output 101 n phr ˌænjuəl ˈaʊtpʊt
be like water off a duck101 idiom bi laɪk ˌwɔːtə ɒf ə ˌdʌks ˈbæk
be on track to do sth 101 v phr bi ɒn ˌtræk tə ˈduː ˌsʌmθɪŋ
biodiversity 101 n ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti
boost 101 v buːst
burp 100, 101 v bɜːp
calf 100 n kɑːf
catastrophic 101 adj ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk
constitute 101 v ˈkɒnstətjuːt
consume 101 v kənˈsjuːm
consumption 101 n kənˈsʌmpʃən
contribute to sth 101 v phr kənˈtrɪbjuːt tə ˌsʌmθɪŋ
contributor to sth 100, 101 n phr kənˈtrɪbjətə tə ˌsʌmθɪŋ
critical/essential 100, 101,adj ˈkrɪtɪkəlɪˈsenʃəl
deforestation 101 n diːˌfɒrəˈsteɪʃən
devote 101 v dɪˈvəʊt
donkey’s years 101 idiom ˈdɒŋkiz jɪəz
driver 101 n ˈdraɪvə
expansion 101 n ɪkˈspænʃən
farming 100, 101 n ˈfɑːmɪŋ
greenhouse gas emissio101 n phr ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs iˌmɪʃənz
hold your horses! 101 idiom ˌhəʊld jə ˈhɔːsɪz
insecticide 100 n ɪnˈsektəsaɪd
kill two birds with one 101 idiom ˌkɪl tuː ˌbɜːdz wɪð wʌn ˈstəʊn
let sleeping dogs lie 101 idiom let ˌsliːpɪŋ dɒɡz ˈlaɪ
let the cat out of the ba 101 idiom ˌlet ðə ˌkæt aʊt əv ðə ˈbæɡ
machinery 101 n məˈʃiːnəri
manure 100, 101 n məˈnjʊə
methane 101 n ˈmiːθeɪn
mutton 100 n ˈmʌtn
nitrogen oxide 101 n phr ˌnaɪtrədʒən ˈɒksaɪd
paramount 101 adj ˈpærəmaʊnt
pesticide 100 n ˈpestəsaɪd
pigs might fly 101 idiom ˌpɪɡz maɪt ˈflaɪ
poultry 100 n ˈpəʊltri
quadruple 101 v ˈkwɒdrʊpəl
radical 101 adj ˈrædɪkəl
remorseless 101 adj rɪˈmɔːsləs
ruminant 101 n ˈruːmənənt
straight from the horse 101 idiom ˌstreɪt frəm ðə ˈhɔːsɪz maʊθ
substantial 101 adj səbˈstænʃəl
sustain 101 v səˈsteɪn
sustainable 101 adj səˈsteɪnəbəl
take the bull by the hor 101 idiom ˌteɪk ðə ˌbʊl baɪ ðə ˈhɔːnz
unpardonable 101 adj ʌnˈpɑːdnəbəl
veal 100 n viːl
venison 100 n ˈvenəzən
wheat 100, 101 n wiːt
wild goose chase 101 idiom ˌwaɪld ˈɡuːs ˌtʃeɪs
wolf in sheep’s clothin 101 idiom wʊlf ɪn ˌʃiːps ˈkləʊðɪŋ
wolf/wolves 101 n wʊlfwʊlvz
Example

To meet demand, the world’s agribusiness firms will attempt to boost their annual meat output from 3,000 million tons today to 4,800 m
Factory-style livestock production is a critical driver of agricultural industrialisation.
To meet demand, the world’s agribusiness firms will attempt to boost their annual meat output from 3,000 million tons today to 4,800 m
Everyone’s been telling Marco to turn off the lights when he’s not at his desk, but it’s like water off a duck's back.
Meat consumption is on track to rise seventy-five percent by 2050.
Its remorseless expansion is contributing to radical climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss and human-rights violations.
To meet demand, the world’s agribusiness firms will attempt to boost their annual meat output from 3,000 million tons today to 4,800 m
Emissions from livestock, largely from burping cows and sheep and their manure, currently constitute almost fifteen percent of global e
A cow and a beautiful calf are both grazing now.
The survey author Bob Bailey said ‘Preventing catastrophic warming is dependent on tackling meat and dairy consumption, but the wor
Emissions from livestock, largely from burping cows and sheep and their manure, currently constitute almost fifteen percent of global e
On average, every person on earth consumes 42.9 kilograms of meat per year.
The survey author Bob Bailey said ‘Preventing catastrophic warming is dependent on tackling meat and dairy consumption, but the wor
If this continues, not only will we contribute to the unpardonable destruction of the environment, we will also fail to sustain future gene
The global livestock industry produces more greenhouse gas emissions than all cars, planes, trains and ships combined, but a worldwide
Factory-style livestock production is a critical driver of agricultural industrialisation.
A lot is being done on deforestation and transport, but there is a substantial gap on the livestock sector.
The UN’s current roster of celebrities have a wide range of talents and achievements but they do indeed all share a willingness to devote
Do you remember a time when something took donkey's years so that you thought it might never end?
Factory-style livestock production is a critical driver of agricultural industrialisation.
Its remorseless expansion is contributing to radical climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss and human-rights violations.
Farming is a bigger contributor to global warming than transport.
It is now widely accepted that our planet faces potential catastrophe as a result of rising temperatures caused by greenhouse gas emissio
Can you recall a moment when you were impatient to do something but had to hold your horses.
Do not use any insecticide sprays in the house, or pesticide sprays in the garden.
Lucyna’s decided to kill two birds with one stone by going to the paper bank next to the supermarket.
I wouldn’t bring up that recycling argument again. Let sleeping dogs lie I always say.
Have you ever even let the cat out of the bag though you were supposed to keep quiet?
All the machinery needed to run the ski lifts, and all those people almost certainly got there by car with all the pollution that comes with
Emissions from livestock, largely from burping cows and sheep and their manure, currently constitute almost fifteen percent of global e
One major problem with factory-style livestock production is that it leads to considerable greenhouse-gas emissions – and not just beca
He had eaten roast mutton and apple charlotte.
The waste from the animals, together with the fertilizers and pesticides used to produce feed, generate large quantities of nitrogen oxide
Reducing meat consumption is paramount.
The waste from the animals, together with the fertilizers and pesticides used to produce feed, generate large quantities of nitrogen oxide
One day we’ll all live in a one hundred percent selfsustainable country!? Yeah! And pigs might fly!
Poultry production is responsible for the highest level of farming related green-house gas emissions.
Over the past fifty years, global meat production has almost quadrupled.
Its remorseless expansion is contributing to radical climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss and human-rights violations.
Its remorseless expansion is contributing to radical climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss and human-rights violations.
One major problem with factory-style livestock production is that it leads to considerable greenhouse-gas emissions – and not just beca
It’s true! They’re building a multi-storey bike park in the city centre. I heard it straight from the horse mouth.
A lot is being done on deforestation and transport, but there is a substantial gap on the livestock sector.’
We need to protect our oceans. Only in this way can we sustain marine life.
One day we’ll all live in a one hundred percent selfs-sustainable country!?
When I’m busy, I always take the bull by the horns and do the most difficult thing first.
Personally I believe humans consume too much meat. If this continues, not only will we contribute to the unpardonable destruction of th
The wine is excellent with calf's liver or plain roast veal.
Add the bacon and venison and cook quickly for a few minutes, stirring frequently, to seal the meat.
You need nine times more water to produce a kilo of meat than of wheat.
I think the search for a perfect partner is a wild goose chase.
Have you ever met somebody who turned out to
be
It’saclear
wolf why
in sheep's clothing?
the wolves need to be monitored.
m 3,000 million tons today to 4,800 million tons by 2050.

m 3,000 million tons today to 4,800 million tons by 2050.

f a duck's back.

and human-rights violations.

m 3,000 million tons today to 4,800 million tons by 2050.
tute almost fifteen percent of global emissions.

at and dairy consumption, but the world is doing very little.

tute almost fifteen percent of global emissions.

at and dairy consumption, but the world is doing very little.

we will also fail to sustain future generations.
and ships combined, but a worldwide survey finds that twice as many people think transport is the bigger contributor to global warming.

ndeed all share a willingness to devote time and energy to the cause they represent.

and human-rights violations.

es caused by greenhouse gas emissions.

with all the pollution that comes with that.

tute almost fifteen percent of global emissions.
use-gas emissions – and not just because the digestive processes of ruminant animals produce methane.

rate large quantities of nitrogen oxides.

rate large quantities of nitrogen oxides.

and human-rights violations.

and human-rights violations.
use-gas emissions – and not just because the digestive processes of ruminant animals produce methane.

e to the unpardonable destruction of the environment, we will also fail to sustain future generations.
lobal warming.
Word Page Part of s Pronunciation Translation
9.2 Reading
act for sb’s own advant102, 10v phr ˌækt fə ˌsʌmbɒdiz əʊn ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ
amplify the message 103 v phr ˌæmpləfaɪ ðə ˈmesɪdʒ
anti-capitalist 103 adj ˌænti ˈkæpətləst
be active on the climate102 v phr bi ˌæktɪv ɒn ðə ˈklaɪmət frʌnt
boost 103 v buːst
caring individual 102 n phr ˌkeərɪŋ ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl
cheapen the brand 102.1 v phr ˌtʃiːpən ðə ˈbrænd
climate summit 103 n phr ˈklaɪmət ˌsʌmət
come about 102 phr v ˌkʌm əˈbaʊt
contribute to sth 103 v phr kənˈtrɪbjuːt tə ˌsʌmθɪŋ
cross-cultural 103 adj ˌkrɒs ˈkʌltʃərəl
cultivate an image 102 v phr ˌkʌltəveɪt ən ˈɪmɪdʒ
cynical 103 adj ˈsɪnɪkəl
day in and day out 103 adv phr ˌdeɪ ˈɪn ənd ˌdeɪ ˈaʊt
deer 102 n dɪə
devote 102 v dɪˈvəʊt
endorse 103 v ɪnˈdɔːs
endorsement 102, 10n ɪnˈdɔːsmənt
environmental action/ 102 n phr ɪnˌvaɪrənˌmentəl ˈækʃənˈdæmɪdʒ
follower 102 n ˈfɒləʊə
Goodwill Ambassador 102, 10n phr ɡʊdˌwɪl æmˈbæsədə
have a track record of engagement
102 v phr hæv ə ˌtræk ˌrekɔːd əv ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt
high-profile 102 adj ˌhaɪ ˈprəʊfaɪəl
hinder 103 v ˈhɪndə
humanitarian assistance102 n phr hjuːˌmænəˌteəriən əˈsɪstənsˈeɪd
humanitarian cause 102, 10n phr hjuːˌmænəˌteəriən ˈkɔːz
intergovernmental relat102, 10n phr ˌɪntəɡʌvəˌmentl rɪˈleɪʃənzˌɔːɡənaɪˈz
lend sb’s name to sth 102 v phr ˌlend ˌsʌmbɒdiz ˈneɪm tə ˌsʌmθɪŋ
mitigate 103 v ˈmɪtəɡeɪt
outdo 103 v aʊtˈduː
peacekeeping forces 103 n phr ˈpiːsˌkiːpɪŋ ˌfɔːsɪz
peacekeeping mission 102 n phr ˈpiːsˌkiːpɪŋ ˌmɪʃən
philanthropic foundatio102, 10n phr ˌfɪlənˌθrɒpɪk faʊnˈdeɪʃənˈeɪd
plight 103 n plaɪt
pose problems 103 v phr ˌpəʊz ˈprɒbləmz
post-industrial 103 adj ˌpəʊst ɪnˈdʌstriəl
prenatal 103 adj ˌpriːˈneɪtl
pro-democracy 103 adj ˌprəʊ dɪˈmɒkrəsi
publicity 103 n pʌˈblɪsəti
put sth on the map 103 idiom pʊt ˌsʌmθɪŋ ɒn ðə ˈmæp
raise the profile of sth 103 v phr ˌreɪz ðə ˈprəʊfaɪl əv ˌsʌmθɪŋ
real estate 103 n phr ˈrɪəl ɪˌsteɪt
roster 102 n ˈrɒstə
royalty 102 n ˈrɔɪəlti
shine a spotlight on sth 102 v phr ˌʃaɪn ə ˈspɒtlaɪt ɒn ˌsʌmθɪŋ
spread/raise awareness 103 v phr ˌspredˌreɪz əˈweənəs
subcommittee 103 n ˈsʌbkəˌmɪti
trivialise 102 v ˈtrɪviəlaɪz
UN-affiliated agency 103 n phr juː ˌen əˌfɪlieɪtəd ˈeɪdʒənsi
unwavering commitmen102 n phr ʌnˌweɪvərɪŋ kəˈmɪtmənt
verdict 102 n ˈvɜːdɪkt
with the aim of (mainta102 adv phr wɪð ði ˌeɪm əv (meɪnˌteɪnɪŋ ˈpiːs)
wolf/wolves 102 n wʊlfwʊlvz
Example

Some people think that celebrities who endorse charities are acting for their own advantage.
Thanks to a famous actor or singer the message is amplified and spread across the star’s fan base.
There are a few anti-capitalist political parties in our country, some of them hugely represented in the parliament.
The star of Titanic and The Wolf of Wall Street has long been active on the climate front through his philanthropic foundation, and officials
To meet demand, the world’s agribusiness firms will attempt to boost their annual meat output from 3,000 million tons today to 4,800 millio
Celebrities are sometimes claimed to be acting to their own advantage, cultivating an image as caring individuals and global citizens.
That is why the UN’s priority has been to find superstars who have a track record of involvement in charitable causes and can represent the
However, it was only once actor Leonardo DiCaprio, ponytailed and dressed in a smart suit, had appeared at the UN climate summit in 2014
And in each case, a celebrity’s association with the organisation comes about because they have already demonstrated their dedication.
If this continues, not only will we contribute to the unpardonable destruction of the environment, we will also fail to sustain future generatio
Awareness of how language shapes such conceptions is helpful, especially for members of cross-cultural teams.
Celebrities are sometimes claimed to be acting to their own advantage, cultivating an image as caring individuals and global citizens.
One private consultant who finds ‘high-level supporters’ for the UN and other charities admits that the public and the media have the right t
Day in day out, the UN and its affiliated agencies work to promote respect for human rights, protect the environment, fight disease and redu
We still have lots of deer, very little water and not many open spaces.
The UN’s current roster of celebrities have a wide range of talents and achievements but they do indeed all share a willingness to devote tim
Some people think that celebrities who endorse charities are doing it for their own benefit.
Or does celebrity endorsement trivialise the causes they support even if they are doing it for the best of reasons?
With her help, the UN Environment Programme hopes to make environmental action ‘a lifestyle choice’.
The video of his speech has been watched by more than 1.5 million viewers – an all-time record for a UN video – while his tweets and retw
Danny Kaye, an actor and comedian popular in the 1950s, showed how to raise the organisation’s status by accepting the honorary title of G
The UN only picks celebrities who have a track record of engagement and can speak with some authority without cheapening the brand.
A more recent high-profile recruit is Brazil-born super-model Gisele Bündchen.
Did their endorsement help or hinder the cause, in your opinion?
Most of us have heard about UN peacekeeping missions and humanitarian assistance.
Should celebrities lend their names to humanitarian causes?
Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to the intergovernmental organisation.
So what is the verdict? Should celebrities lend their names to humanitarian causes?
Up to now, attention has focused primarily on the scientific aspects of climate change, with the aim of mitigating the impact of human activ
Bob Dole, the front-runner, was not to be outdone.
It would be the first major peacekeeping force deployed in the Western Hemisphere.
Most of us have heard about UN peacekeeping missions and humanitarian assistance.
The star of Titanic and The Wolf of Wall Street has long been active on the climate front through his philanthropic foundation, and officials
Named a Goodwill Ambassador in 2001, Jolie has travelled to some of the remotest regions of the world to highlight the plight of refugees a
Yet climate change is already posing humanitarian problems and challenges.
In a post-industrial information economy, the differences become more pronounced and more divisive as the length and necessity of school
Towards the end of a pregnancy, doctors recommend more frequent prenatal check-ups.
Every year there are a few pro-democracy protests in our country,
One private consultant who finds ‘high-level supporters’ for the UN and other charities admits that the public and the media have the right t
According to the head of the public information department, some issues would never have been put on the map if they hadn’t been support
Few global celebrities have done more to help raise the profile of a UN agency than Angelina Jolie.
Floods don’t just damage real estate but many other kinds of property are destroyed as well.
The UN’s current roster of celebrities have a wide range of talents and achievements but they do indeed all share a willingness to devote tim
Today, an army of royalty, actors, artists, authors, models, musicians, photographers and sports stars are lending a hand to shine a spotlight
And when the same technology may even produce protein foods such as fish and chicken, it’s no wonder that the spotlight is now on them.
Some people feel that governments should focus on educating the public and raising awareness, whereas others claim the most urgent cours
A special subcommittee is expected to meet later this month to begin discussing potential sites for the sculpture.
Or does celebrity endorsement trivialise the causes they support even if they are doing it for the best of reasons?
Few global celebrities have done more to help raise the profile of a UN agency than Angelina Jolie.
But getting the world to notice its activities requires more than unwavering commitment.
So what is the verdict?
In 1945, fifty-one countries formed the United Nations, with the aim of maintaining international peace and security and promoting social p
It’s clear why the wolves need to be monitored.
 nthropic foundation, and officials say they were impressed by his knowledge of the issues.
million tons today to 4,800 million tons by 2050.
viduals and global citizens.
able causes and can represent the organisation in a way that wouldn’t cheapen the brand.
at the UN climate summit in 2014 to call for action that the programme achieved spectacular success.
emonstrated their dedication.
also fail to sustain future generations.

viduals and global citizens.

blic and the media have the right to be cynical about celebrities getting involved in good causes – after all the relationship may seem calculated and public
vironment, fight disease and reduce poverty.

l share a willingness to devote time and energy to the cause they represent.

video – while his tweets and retweets from the summit reached his 11.3 million followers.
y accepting the honorary title of Goodwill Ambassador awarded to him by the Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in 1954.
without cheapening the brand.

igating the impact of human activity.

nthropic foundation, and officials say they were impressed by his knowledge of the issues.
o highlight the plight of refugees and inspire others to help.

the length and necessity of schooling increase.

blic and the media have the right to be cynical about celebrities getting involved in good causes – after all the relationship may seem calculated and public
e map if they hadn’t been supported by a celebrity.

l share a willingness to devote time and energy to the cause they represent.
ending a hand to shine a spotlight on the UN operations.
hat the spotlight is now on them.
thers claim the most urgent course of action is to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels, however difficult that may be.
d security and promoting social progress.
p may seem calculated and publicity-hungry.

p may seem calculated and publicity-hungry.

Word Page Part of s Pronunciation Translation
9.3 Grammar
collapse 104 v kəˈlæps
consecutive 104 adj kənˈsekjətɪv
crops 104 n krɒps
devastating 104 adj ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ
empathise with sb 104 v phr ˈempəθaɪz wɪð ˌsʌmbɒdi
evaluate 104 v ɪˈvæljueɪt
flash flood 104 n phr ˌflæʃ ˈflʌd
flee one’s home 104 v phr ˌfliː wʌnz ˈhəʊm
industrial plant 104 n phr ɪnˈdʌstriəl plɑːnt
leak 104 v liːk
plug a gap 104 v phr ˌplʌɡ ə ˈɡæp
power line 104 n phr ˈpaʊə laɪn
sewerage 104 n ˈsjuːərɪdʒ
toxic waste 104 n phr ˌtɒksɪk ˈweɪst
Example

I managed to rescue the cat moments before the wall collapsed.

They didn’t know it would rain for three consecutive days.
There’s no time to prepare and once the waters hit, there’s nothing you can do to stop them: roads are closed, livestock killed, crops destroy
In recent years, public awareness of the devastating consequences of global warming has increased dramatically.
Only after you’ve experienced a flood for yourself, can you fully empathise with the victims.
The real damage can only be evaluated once the water has receded.
Flash floods come with no warning. There’s no time to prepare and once the waters hit, there’s nothing you can do to stop them: roads are c
Families who may have fled their homes in the middle of the night return home to a terrible shock.
Flood water carries with it mud and pollutants and often toxic waste from sewerage and industrial plants.
As soon as I plugged the gap, it started leaking again.
As soon as I plugged the gap, it started leaking again.
Flood waters do not only cause structural damage to roads and buildings, they also affect power lines and water supplies.
Flood water carries with it mud and pollutants and often toxic waste from sewerage and industrial plants.
Flood water carries with it mud and pollutants and often toxic waste from sewerage and industrial plants.
ed, livestock killed, crops destroyed and families forced from their homes. (

u can do to stop them: roads are closed, livestock killed, crops destroyed and families forced from their homes.

water supplies.
Word Page Part of s Pronunciation Translation
9.4 Language in Focus
city dweller 105 n phr ˈsɪti ˌdwelə
emerging economies 105 n phr ɪˌmɜːdʒɪŋ ɪˈkɒnəmiz
flocks of people 105 n phr ˌflɒks əv ˈpiːpəl
give sb/sth a wide berth105 idiom ˌɡɪv ˌsʌmbɒdiˌsʌmθɪŋ ə ˌwaɪd ˈbɜːθ
grumpy 105 adj ˈɡrʌmpi
in the height of summer105 adv phr ɪn ðə ˌhaɪt əv ˈsʌmə
inevitable 105 adj ɪˈnevətəbəl
jostle 105 v ˈdʒɒsəl
live by society’s rules 105 v phr ˌlɪv baɪ səˌsaɪətiz ˈruːlz
make room for sb/sth 105 v phr ˌmeɪk ˈruːm fə ˌsʌmbɒdiˌsʌmθɪŋ
migrate 105 v maɪˈɡreɪt
overpopulation 105 n ˌəʊvəpɒpjəˈleɪʃən
population boom 105 n phr ˌpɒpjəˈleɪʃən buːm
swear 105 v sweə
Example

Although it is the emerging economies like China, India and Africa that will face the major population booms, the continued decrease in rur
Although it is the emerging economies like China, India and Africa that will face the major population booms, the continued decrease in rur
Although it is the emerging economies like China, India and Africa that will face the major population booms, the continued decrease in rur
So, if you happen to spot me looking all grumpy on the Tube one day, you’ll find it in your best interest to give me a very wide berth.
So, if you happen to spot me looking all grumpy on the Tube one day, you’ll find it in your best interest to give me a very wide berth.
If, like me, you hate it that people tend to jostle their way down a crowded street or squeeze their way into packed trams in the height of sum
Experts consider it inevitable that the Earth’s population will continue to grow – with figures predicting an increase from 7.3 billion to 8.4 b
If, like me, you hate it that people tend to jostle their way down a crowded street or squeeze their way into packed trams in the height of sum
We owe to our parents to ensure we live by society’s rules.
Although it is the emerging economies like China, India and Africa that will face the major population booms, the continued decrease in rur
Although it is the emerging economies like China, India and Africa that will face the major population booms, the continued decrease in rur
I consider important that we continue to think about the problems of overpopulation.
Although it is the emerging economies like China, India and Africa that will face the major population booms, the continued decrease in rur
In my opinion, swearing in public is rude.
oms, the continued decrease in rural business here in the West leaves it to us city dwellers to make room for the flocks of people continuing to migrate to t
oms, the continued decrease in rural business here in the West leaves it to us city dwellers to make room for the flocks of people continuing to migrate to t
oms, the continued decrease in rural business here in the West leaves it to us city dwellers to make room for the flocks of people continuing to migrate to t
give me a very wide berth.
give me a very wide berth.
packed trams in the height of summer, I’ve got bad news – it’s only going to get worse!
n increase from 7.3 billion to 8.4 billion by the year 2030.
packed trams in the height of summer, I’ve got bad news – it’s only going to get worse!

oms, the continued decrease in rural business here in the West leaves it to us city dwellers to make room for the flocks of people continuing to migrate to t
oms, the continued decrease in rural business here in the West leaves it to us city dwellers to make room for the flocks of people continuing to migrate to t

oms, the continued decrease in rural business here in the West leaves it to us city dwellers to make room for the flocks of people continuing to migrate to t
people continuing to migrate to the city.
people continuing to migrate to the city.
people continuing to migrate to the city.

people continuing to migrate to the city.

people continuing to migrate to the city.

people continuing to migrate to the city.

Word Page Part of s Pronunciation Translation
9.5 Listening
beaver 106 n ˈbiːvə
cub 106 n kʌb
dam 106 n dæm
elk 106 n elk
eradicate 106 v ɪˈrædəkeɪt
factor sth in 106 phr v ˌfæktə ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈɪn
flourish 106 v ˈflʌrɪʃ
gorge 106 n ɡɔːdʒ
irrigate 106 v ˈɪrəɡeɪt
monitor 106 v ˈmɒnɪtə
ongoing project 106 n phr ˌɒnɡəʊɪŋ ˈprɒdʒekt
otter 106 n ˈɒtə
predator 106 n ˈpredətə
prey 106 n preɪ
reintroduce 106 v ˌriːɪntrəˈdjuːs
staggered 106 adj ˈstæɡəd
upset the natural balanc106 v phr ʌpˌset ðə ˌnætʃərəl ˈbæləns
vital 106 adj ˈvaɪtl
wetlands 106 n ˈwetlændz
wolf/wolves 106 n wʊlfwʊlvz
Example

What astonished Kathy was the role that beavers played in maintaining the wetlands.
We were all assigned a particular group of wolves to follow, and when we spotted them, we had to write down the time, the place, the numb
What astonished Kathy was the role that beaver dams played in maintaining the wetlands.
As a result, the elk left the valleys and the trees flourished again.
A decision was made to eradicate the wolves.
Some people feel climate monitoring should be factored in too.
As a result, the elk left the valleys and the trees flourished again.
There was the Black Canyon of the Gunnison, an almost sheer thousand-foot gorge with several sites for high dams.
I was staggered to discover that these actually irrigated the wetlands.
My brother’s being sent to South Sudan on a peacekeeping mission to protect civilians and monitor human rights.
Do you know of any similar ongoing projects to reintroduce animals to the wild?
The beavers returned, encouraging new ecosystems – predictably these included fish, otters and ducks in the rivers, and mice and rabbits on
First I’ll give you some background. Years ago, wolves living in the park were simply seen as predators and a decision was made to eradica
We were all assigned a particular group of wolves to follow, and when we spotted them, we had to write down the time, the place, the numb
Wolves were reintroduced into the park.
I was staggered to discover that these actually irrigated the wetlands.
I wish scientists had understood then how this would upset the natural balance of the area.
Some volunteers describe the work as fascinating, others call it useful, but for me, it is vital, even though some people feel climate monitori
What astonished Kathy was the role that beaver dams played in maintaining the wetlands.
It’s clear why the wolves need to be monitored.
own the time, the place, the number of individuals in the pack, including cubs, and their prey.

he rivers, and mice and rabbits on the land, which provided food for foxes. I
nd a decision was made to eradicate them.
own the time, the place, the number of individuals in the pack, including cubs, and their prey.

ome people feel climate monitoring should be factored in too.

Word Page Part of s Pronunciation Translation
9.6 Speaking
cross-country skiing 107 n phr ˌkrɒs ˌkʌntri ˈskiːɪŋ
farming 107 n ˈfɑːmɪŋ
machinery 101, 10n məˈʃiːnəri
Example

Some people prefer cross-country skiing because it is much quieter without the ski lifts.
Farming is a bigger contributor to global warming than transport.
All the machinery needed to run the ski lifts, and all those people almost certainly got there by car with all the pollution that comes with tha
the pollution that comes with that.
Word Page Part of s Pronunciation Translation
9.7 Writing
be inclined to believe 109 v phr bi ɪnˌklaɪnd tə bəˈliːv ðæt
consumption 108 n kənˈsʌmpʃən
devastating 109 adj ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ
fossil fuels 108, 109 n phr ˈfɒsəl ˌfjuːəlz
greenhouse gas emissio108, 109 n phr ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs iˌmɪʃənz
occurrence 108 n əˈkʌrəns
regardless 108 adv rɪˈɡɑːdləs
slash 108 v slæʃ
spread/raise awareness 108, 109 v phr ˌspredˌreɪz əˈweənəs
stop sth in its tracks 108 idiom ˌstɒp ˌsʌmθɪŋ ɪn ɪts ˈtræks
tackle 108 v ˈtækəl
upset the natural balanc108 v phr ʌpˌset ðə ˌnætʃərəl ˈbæləns
Example

I’m inclined to believe that she has designed the dress herself.
The survey author Bob Bailey said ‘Preventing catastrophic warming is dependent on tackling meat and dairy consumption, but the wor
In recent years, public awareness of the devastating consequences of global warming has increased dramatically.
At the same time, it must be said that reducing our dependence on fossil fuels has a major role to play in limiting future greenhouse gas
It is now widely accepted that our planet faces potential catastrophe as a result of rising temperatures caused by greenhouse gas emissio
Amazing though this may seem, many people fail to recognise the link between global warming and the increasing occurrence of extrem
Regardless, it seems to me that campaigns of the kind used to tackle health issues like smoking are needed to shock the public out of the
Governments should slash cheap flights, raise petrol taxes and promote green cars.
Some people feel that governments should focus on educating the public and raising awareness, whereas others claim the most urgent c
Climate change can be stopped in its tracks provided that governments implement policies to force businesses and individuals to take ac
Regardless, it seems to me that campaigns of the kind used to tackle health issues like smoking are needed to shock the public out of the
I wish scientists had understood then how this would upset the natural balance of the area.
airy consumption, but the world is doing very little.

miting future greenhouse gas emissions.

ed by greenhouse gas emissions.
creasing occurrence of extreme weather events such as drought and flooding.
to shock the public out of their naivety and blindness.

thers claim the most urgent course of action is to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels, however difficult that may be.
sses and individuals to take action.
to shock the public out of their naivety and blindness.
Word Page Part of s Pronunciation Translation
Focus Review 9
anti-capitalist 110 adj ˌænti ˈkæpətləst
be like water off a duck110 idiom bi laɪk ˌwɔːtə ɒf ə ˌdʌks ˈbæk
boost 111 v buːst
catastrophic 110 adj ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk
critical/essential 110 adj ˈkrɪtɪkəlɪˈsenʃəl
dam 111 n dæm
devastating 110 adj ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ
donkey’s years 110 idiom ˈdɒŋkiz jɪəz
eradicate 110 v ɪˈrædəkeɪt
factor sth in 111 phr v ˌfæktə ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈɪn
farming 111 n ˈfɑːmɪŋ
fossil fuels 110 n phr ˈfɒsəl ˌfjuːəlz
industrial plant 110 n phr ɪnˈdʌstriəl plɑːnt
irrigate 111 v ˈɪrəɡeɪt
kill two birds with one 110 idiom ˌkɪl tuː ˌbɜːdz wɪð wʌn ˈstəʊn
let sleeping dogs lie 110 idiom let ˌsliːpɪŋ dɒɡz ˈlaɪ
livestock industry/secto110 n phr ˈlaɪvstɒk ˌɪndəstriˌsektə
peacekeeping forces 111 n phr ˈpiːsˌkiːpɪŋ ˌfɔːsɪz
peacekeeping mission 111 n phr ˈpiːsˌkiːpɪŋ ˌmɪʃən
pesticide 111 n ˈpestəsaɪd
pigs might fly 111 idiom ˌpɪɡz maɪt ˈflaɪ
plight 110 n plaɪt
put sth on the map 110 idiom pʊt ˌsʌmθɪŋ ɒn ðə ˈmæp
raise the profile of sth 110 v phr ˌreɪz ðə ˈprəʊfaɪl əv ˌsʌmθɪŋ
remorseless 110 adj rɪˈmɔːsləs
rural 111 adj ˈrʊərəl
shine a spotlight on sth 111 v phr ˌʃaɪn ə ˈspɒtlaɪt ɒn ˌsʌmθɪŋ
spread/raise awareness 110 v phr ˌspredˌreɪz əˈweənəs
straight from the horse 110 idiom ˌstreɪt frəm ðə ˈhɔːsɪz maʊθ
sustain 111 v səˈsteɪn
sustainable 110 adj səˈsteɪnəbəl
tackle 110 v ˈtækəl
take the bull by the hor 111 idiom ˌteɪk ðə ˌbʊl baɪ ðə ˈhɔːnz
unwavering commitmen110 n phr ʌnˌweɪvərɪŋ kəˈmɪtmənt
with the aim of (mainta111 adv phr wɪð ði ˌeɪm əv (meɪnˌteɪnɪŋ ˈpiːs)
Example

There are a few anti-capitalist political parties in our country, some of them hugely represented in the parliament.
Everyone’s been telling Marco to turn off the lights when he’s not at his desk, but it’s like water off a duck's back.
To meet demand, the world’s agribusiness firms will attempt to boost their annual meat output from 3,000 million tons today to 4,800 millio
The survey author Bob Bailey said ‘Preventing catastrophic warming is dependent on tackling meat and dairy consumption, but the world is
Factory-style livestock production is a critical driver of agricultural industrialisation.
What astonished Kathy was the role that beaver dams played in maintaining the wetlands.
In recent years, public awareness of the devastating consequences of global warming has increased dramatically.
Do you remember a time when something took donkey's years so that you thought it might never end?
A decision was made to eradicate the wolves.
Some people feel climate monitoring should be factored in too.
Farming is a bigger contributor to global warming than transport.
At the same time, it must be said that reducing our dependence on fossil fuels has a major role to play in limiting future greenhouse gas emi
Flood water carries with it mud and pollutants and often toxic waste from sewerage and industrial plants.
I was staggered to discover that these actually irrigated the wetlands.
Lucyna’s decided to kill two birds with one stone by going to the paper bank next to the supermarket.
I wouldn’t bring up that recycling argument again. Let sleeping dogs lie I always say.
The industralisation of the livestock sector has resulted in increased methane levels.
It would be the first major peacekeeping force deployed in the Western Hemisphere.
Most of us have heard about UN peacekeeping missions and humanitarian assistance.
The waste from the animals, together with the fertilizers and pesticides used to produce feed, generate large quantities of nitrogen oxides.
One day we’ll all live in a one hundred percent selfsustainable country!? Yeah! And pigs might fly!
Named a Goodwill Ambassador in 2001, Jolie has travelled to some of the remotest regions of the world to highlight the plight of refugees a
According to the head of the public information department, some issues would never have been put on the map if they hadn’t been support
Few global celebrities have done more to help raise the profile of a UN agency than Angelina Jolie.
Its remorseless expansion is contributing to radical climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss and human-rights violations.
Although it is the emerging economies like China, India and Africa that will face the major population booms, the continued decrease in rur
And when the same technology may even produce protein foods such as fish and chicken, it’s no wonder that the spotlight is now on them.
Some people feel that governments should focus on educating the public and raising awareness, whereas others claim the most urgent cours
It’s true! They’re building a multi-storey bike park in the city centre. I heard it straight from the horse mouth.
We need to protect our oceans. Only in this way can we sustain marine life.
One day we’ll all live in a one hundred percent selfs-sustainable country!?
Regardless, it seems to me that campaigns of the kind used to tackle health issues like smoking are needed to shock the public out of their n
When I’m busy, I always take the bull by the horns and do the most difficult thing first.
But getting the world to notice its activities requires more than unwavering commitment.
In 1945, fifty-one countries formed the United Nations, with the aim of maintaining international peace and security and promoting social p
 million tons today to 4,800 million tons by 2050.
airy consumption, but the world is doing very little.

miting future greenhouse gas emissions.

e quantities of nitrogen oxides.

o highlight the plight of refugees and inspire others to help.

e map if they hadn’t been supported by a celebrity.

man-rights violations.
oms, the continued decrease in rural business here in the West leaves it to us city dwellers to make room for the flocks of people continuing to migrate to t
hat the spotlight is now on them.
thers claim the most urgent course of action is to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels, however difficult that may be.

to shock the public out of their naivety and blindness.

d security and promoting social progress.

people continuing to migrate to the city.