Common Elements in Creations Myths

Birth
Birth played a very important role in creation myths. Sometimes it appeared in the shape of an egg and other
times in that of a mother giving birth to children, but the element appears often.

In some versions of the Japanese creation myth the jumbled mass of elements at the beginning of time was in
the shape of an egg. Later in the story birth also comes into play because Izanami gave birth to her children who
became the sun and moon.

At the beginning of the Greek myth the bird, Nyx, laid an egg. From this egg comes the god of love, Eros. Then
the shell pieces became Gaia and Uranus, the Earth and sky. Again the egg is very important.

The Iroquois Sky Woman fell from the floating island in the sky after being pushed by her husband. This all
occurred because she was pregnant. If she had not known she was to give birth North America may not have
been created. It was an essential part of the story.

Mother-Father
Myths from all over the world have a mother and father figure in them. The mother is usually the Earth and the
father the sky. This pattern may be attributed to the fact that life emerges both from Mother Earth and from the
womb of a mother (Long 37). People of ancient times were mystified by the creation of children and vegetation.
Therefore they found links between mothers and Mother Earth. In calling the sky ÒFatherÓ a sense of unity is
created, as in the bonds of matrimony. Some myths have the mother and father figures represent different
characteristics of nature, but the element is still present.

The Greek creation myth told of the goddess, Gaia, and the god, Uranus, who fell in love. Uranus was the sky
and Gaia was the Earth. Together they had many children and grandchildren, who created the plants, animals,
stars and springs. The unity of Gaia and Uranus created a sense that the universe was one.

Two gods, in the Japanese creation myth, created Japan together. After exploring the island they were married
and Izanami gave birth to three children, Amaterasu who became the sun, Tsuki-yumi whom they made into the
moon and Sosano-wo, their unruly son. Once again the theme of a mother and father appeared, though this time
they were not the sun earth and sky.

The Australian Aborigines believed that the Sun Mother created all the animals, plants and bodies of water on
earth upon the urging of the Father of All Spirits. These two divine beings did not actually have children. Only
their names reflected the mother-father theme. However the Sun Mother was portrayed as one that gives life to
the sleeping spirits. A human mother also gives life to a spirit.

Geneology
The first god to be born was not always the one to create the world. Often it was his or her children that decided
to fill the world with life. The work the parent left undone was finished by the child.
According to the Greek creation myth the bird Nyx laid an egg, from which the god of love hatched. The halves
of the shell then became the Earth and Sky. They brought numerous children into the world who eventually
furnished their mother with plants, animals and physical features.

The children of the Iroquois Sky Woman created life on the land the animals had given her. Before Flint and
Sapling were born she created the sun, moon and stars, but she left the Earth bare. After they grew to manhood
they created wonders to fill the land and in the waters. It was a generation after the first god lived on Earth
before Earth was completed.

The Japanese believed that in the beginning there was an ocean of mud. From this mud a green plant grew until
it reached the clouds, where it was transformed into a god. Out of loneliness he started to create other gods. The
last two beings he created were Izanagi and Izanami. They created the islands of Japan and filled them with life.
It was also their children that became the sun and moon. They were not the first gods, but rather the last of the
first god's creations.

Supreme Beings
Nearly all ancient creation myths included some kind of supreme being. This being was not always in a clear
form, but it was almost always present. In Greek and Japanese mythology there were many gods and goddesses;
the Iroquois myth told of a Sky Woman and her sons; Aborigines placed their faith in the Father of All Spirits;
the Bushmen placed theirs in Kaang and Christians and Jews in God.

The supreme being used differnt methods to create the Earth. Some such as the God in the Bible and Torah
merely ordered that his will be carried out and it was done. Others molded each creation by hand. Still more
gods had a less powerful god to do the work for them. The supreme beings in creation myths came in many
differnt forms and acted very differntly, but they all shared in the creation of the world.

Creation from Above or Below

Some creation myths imagined a world created from chaos or nothing at all. However a great many myths also
illustrated a world that existed before there was life on earth. In this world, which was usually above or below
earth, gods and/or people lived peacefully It is from this imaginary world that some cultures believed our
makers or the inhabitants of the earth originated.

The Bushmen of Africa believed that at one time animals and people lived together in a land beneath the surface
of the earth where happiness reigned. As they lived together The Great Master and Lord of All Life, Kaang
(KŠng), planned a wondrous land above theirs. The first thing he created was a huge tree with branches
stretching over the land. At the base of it he dug a hole and brought the people and animals into another world
through it. Some of the animals in their rush to reach the wonders of the world found a way to climb up and out
of tree. A tree played a similar role in the Native American Hopi myth.

At the base of the Hopi culture was a myth recalling past worlds, beneath ours, where people used to live. When
life in these worlds became unbearable the Native Americans discovered upper worlds and to get to them they
climbed a pine tree. This pattern continued until they reached the present surface which may or may not be just
another step on the ladder. Despite being separated by miles of water the tree leading to the new world appears
in both myths.

In both the Japanese and Iroquois myths the creator's home was in the land above the clouds. Two gods, Izanagi
and Izanami, created the islands of Japan and the plants, rivers, brooks, animals and snow. Then they married
and their descendants became the people of Japan. The Iroquois people belive that they and their surroundings
were created by twin brothers, who were the children of a Sky Woman who fell from a hole in her home in the
clouds.

Diver-Myths
Scientific evidence has shown that at one point parts of the earth that are now dry were covered by water. Many
myths allude to this fact by imagining a world once covered by water. Many myths, called diver-myths (Long
188), consisted of a being diving into the water that covers the earth to retrieve some earth. The earth brought to
the surface became the land we know today. Other stories had the mud brought to the surface in a different way,
but many had the common element of some earth being brought to the surface of the water and growing until it
became the Earth.

According to the Iroquois Native Americans water animals inhabited the Earth before there was land. When a
Sky Woman fell from her home above they caught her and dove into the seas to bring up mud. This mud they
spread onto the back of Big Turtle. There it began to grow until it became North America.

The Japanese creation myth painted a picture of a muddy ocean which covered the world at the beginning of
time. A god and goddess, Izanagi and Izanami, became curious about what was beneath the ocean. Izanagi took
his staff and threw it into the ocean. As he lifted it back up some lumps of earth fell off into the water. These
became the islands of Japan. No being dove beneath the waters to find mud, but the element of earth being
covered by water and a being bringing the earth up is there.

The creation myth of Christians and Jews does not tell of God diving into the water to bring up mud, but
Genesis 1:2 says Òthe Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.Ó Therefore according to the Torah and Bible
the Earth was once covered entirely by water.

The Relationship of Animals and Humans

Animals played key roles in many creation myths. They were viewed as equals by the humans. The myths told
of Òa time in which men and animals lived together...and no sexual, social or economic tensions are presentÓ
(Long 20). The roles of the animals in the myths may have reflected the feelings of the individual culture for
animals.

The water animals in the Iroquois creation myth save the Sky Woman from falling into the ocean that covered
the Earth. After saving the Woman the animals built an island for her to live on. Without their help the Sky
Woman may have perished and the human race never have existed. Iroquois Native Americans respected
animals very much. They acknowledge how greatly they rely on animals to support their needs.

According to the African Bushmen all the creatures of the earth once lived in an underground world. In this
place humans and animals lived together peacefully. They could understand each other and did not fear each
other. Later all this changed, but at one time there was equality among animals and people. Similar to the
Iroquois people, the Bushmen did not waste nature's gifts. They only hunted and gathered what was necessary
to their survival. The Bushmen recognize animals as being more important than the Western world deemed
them.

In these two myths the animals played an essential role. Without them the creation myths would lack a major
element; the creation of land in the Iroquois myth and the creation of suffering in the Bushmen myth. Their role
represented the necessity animals played in the lives of these groups of people.
An Instruction, a Sin and the Consequence
Many creation myths consisted of at least one of three elements; an order or instruction from the creator to the
creations, a sin and a consequence which must be faced. The consequence is often what causes pain, hunger,
disease and all the other evils that plaque the earth.

In the Greek myth, when Pandora was brought to Epimetheus she was given a box which Zeus orders her not to
open. Not only did Zeus give her the box, but also curiosity, which became her temptation to sin. Overcome by
the curiosity of her nature, Pandora took a peak inside the box and all of the troubles of the earth flew out of the
box. For her sin the whole human race had to suffer. This was the consequence humans were forced to face for
accepting Prometheus' gift of fire.

The African Bushmen were instructed not to build a fire. They disobeyed this command and for that sin their
peaceful relationship with animals was destroyed.

The Australian Aborigines believed that the Sun Mother told the animals she had created to live together
peacefully. Instead envy crept into their hearts and they began to quarrel. She returned to earth and in order to
make them happy gave them the power to change their shape into what they wanted it to be for eternity. The
result was an odd assortment of creatures. The Sun Mother decided to create two humans who would be
superior to the animals. Because the animals disobeyed the Sun Mother's instruction their superiority was taken
away.

Genesis 2:4-3:24 of the Bible tells the story of how suffering entered the world. God gave Adam and Eve the
Garden of Eden to live in, with the order never to eat from the Tree of Knowledge. They disobeyed him and the
price of this sin was banishment from the garden into the outside world with all its troubles.

Gods Creating Suffering

According to some myths the suffering in the world today was the result of human folly. However, many myths
site a god as being the reason the earth is not a paradise.

The Greeks believed that fire was a gift from the god Prometheus, who wanted them to have something to make
them superior to animals. However, humans had to pay for the actions of Prometheus. In an effort to make life
better for mankind he placed Zeus' wrath upon them and with this came suffering. Therefore, Prometheus was
responsible for the troubles which still plague the Earth.

The Japanese gods Izanagi and Izanami had three children, one of whom was a troublemaker. This god they
sentenced to the seas, so that he would not damage their islands. There his anger appeared in the form of tidal
waves and storms, which still threaten the islands of Japan.

The Sky Woman of the Iroquois creation myth bore two twin boys, Sapling and Flint. One was kind and the
other cruel. The hard-hearted god spent his time creating the hardships that stand in the way of humans. He
constantly ruined his brother's work and created problems his twin was forced to fix. If Sapling had been an
only child life would not have the hardships it now has.