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Aim: Apparatus: Circuit Diagram & Theory:: Experiment 7

The document describes an experiment to design a relaxation oscillator circuit using an op-amp. It includes the circuit diagram and theory of operation, explaining that the capacitor charges and discharges through a resistor to produce a square waveform. MultiSim was used to simulate the circuit and test frequencies using different resistor values. The results matched the theoretical frequencies with low errors, demonstrating an inverse relationship between resistance and oscillation frequency as expected.

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66 views9 pages

Aim: Apparatus: Circuit Diagram & Theory:: Experiment 7

The document describes an experiment to design a relaxation oscillator circuit using an op-amp. It includes the circuit diagram and theory of operation, explaining that the capacitor charges and discharges through a resistor to produce a square waveform. MultiSim was used to simulate the circuit and test frequencies using different resistor values. The results matched the theoretical frequencies with low errors, demonstrating an inverse relationship between resistance and oscillation frequency as expected.

Uploaded by

rosestrikes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) Electronics Instrumentation Lab

22/10/2020

EXPERIMENT 7
AIM: Design a relaxation oscillator circuit using op-amp in MultiSim and verify its functionality.
APPARATUS: 741IC, Resistors, Capacitor, Voltage Supply, Connecting wires, Voltmeter, etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & THEORY:
Although generally not as stable as their harmonic relatives, relaxation oscillators are quite
handy circuits for low frequency generation and can be found in everything from turn signal
indicators to joule thief circuits.
Relaxation oscillators generate a changing voltage at a particular frequency by charging and
discharging a capacitor through a resistor and are often built around an operational amplifier.

Fig 1: Relaxation Oscillator Basic Circuit Diagram

Fig 2: Charging and Discharging cycles to produce square waveform


Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) Electronics Instrumentation Lab
22/10/2020

1. In Fig. 2., initially, if we consider the output of the comparator is high, during this time
the capacitor will be charging. With the charging of capacitor, terminal voltage will
gradually rise, as seen in Fig. 2.
2. Once capacitor terminal voltage reaches threshold, comparator output goes from high
to low as depicted. When comparator output goes negative, capacitor starts discharging
to zero. After capacitor completely discharges because of the presence of a negative
output voltage, it again charges except in the opposite direction. In Fig. 2., because of
the negative output voltage, the capacitor voltage also rises in a negative direction.
3. Once capacitor charges to the maximum in a negative direction, comparator switches
output from negative to positive. Once output switches to a positive cycle, capacitor
discharges in negative path and builds up charges in positive path as shown in Fig. 2.
4. The cycles of the capacitor charge and discharge in positive and negative paths trigger
the comparator to produce a square wave signal at output as observed:

Fig 3: MultiSim circuit design


The voltage divider formed by R1 and R2 determines the voltage Vp at the non-inverting input
of the comparator. During the time interval T1 when the output is at high level Vc charge
through R. Frequency varies directly with temperature. Produces different frequency range
outputs. If C = 0, inverting voltage = 0. Output = +Vsat. This will drop across R2 and R1. The non-
inverting voltage will be more, so we get +Vsat output. This charges the capacitor. It charges
until the voltage across capacitor = R1 voltage. If C > R1, then output we get is -12V. The
capacitor starts to discharge at this point until non-inverting voltage is more than inverting
voltage.
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) Electronics Instrumentation Lab
22/10/2020

Variation in R and C can vary frequency. T1 and T2 are period varying with R and C.
Voltage across capacitor can be found by:

CALCULATIONS:
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) Electronics Instrumentation Lab
22/10/2020

OBSERVATIONS GRAPHS:
RTD = R = 1kΩ:

Fig 4: R = 1kΩ
Frequency = 1/(118.44 – 117.41) = 970 Hz Period = 1.03 ms
RTD = R = 801 Ω:

Fig 5: R = 801Ω
Frequency = 1/(92.202 – 91.316) = 1.129 kHz Period = 0.886 ms
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) Electronics Instrumentation Lab
22/10/2020

RTD = R = 930 Ω:

Fig 6: R = 930Ω
Frequency = 1/(64.020 – 62.994) = 974.05 Hz Period = 1.026 ms
RTD = R = 1048 Ω:

Fig 7: R = 1048Ω
Frequency = 1/(20.934 – 19.798) = 880 Hz Period = 1.136 ms
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) Electronics Instrumentation Lab
22/10/2020

RTD = R = 1098 Ω:

Fig 8: R = 1098Ω
Frequency = 1/(31.428 – 30.229) = 833.98 Hz Period = 1.199 ms
RTD = R = 1208 Ω:

Fig 9: R = 1208Ω
Frequency = 1/(44.89 – 43.589) = 768.67 Hz Period = 1.30 ms
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) Electronics Instrumentation Lab
22/10/2020

RTD = R = 1294 Ω:

Fig 10: R = 1294Ω


Frequency = 1/(27.914 – 26.519) = 716.85 Hz Period = 1.396 ms
RTD = R = 1367 Ω:

Fig 11: R = 1367Ω


Frequency = 1/(55.047 – 53.582) = 682.35 Hz Period = 1.466 ms
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) Electronics Instrumentation Lab
22/10/2020

RTD = R = 1465 Ω:

Fig 12: R = 1465Ω


Frequency = 1/(55.671 – 54.1) = 638.1 Hz Period = 1.57 ms

RESULTS:
For creating a square wave of period T = 1ms and frequency = 1 kHz, R = 1kΩ proved successful
as seen in the Fig. 4.

FREQUENCY (Hz) ERROR


R (Ω)
PRACTICAL THEORETICAL PERCENTAGE
801 1129 1200 5.92
930 974.05 1040 6.34
1048 880 924 4.76
1098 833.98 882 5.44
1208 768.67 801 4.04
1294 716.85 748 4.16
1365 682.35 709 3.75
1465 638.1 661 3.46
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) Electronics Instrumentation Lab
22/10/2020

CONCLUSIONS:
Hence, we have successfully understood the concept of relaxation oscillators and their
operation. We have achieved this by designing resistor and capacitance values given the period
of the square wave using the frequency equation. Further, we verified the functionality using
the MultiSim software, utilizing values of R as RTD and have observed the variation of
frequency relative to resistance value. We realized that as the resistance R increases, frequency
of the square wave decreases, proving an inverse relation. This useful property of relaxation
oscillators can be applied in real life applications such as to create memory circuits or counters.

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