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RS - Lecture 3

This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts for reservoir simulation, including: 1. Grid modeling data such as porosity, permeability, saturation, and pressure is required, with properties defined as functions of pressure and saturation. 2. Upscaling is used to calculate effective properties for coarse simulation cells from fine-scale geological models. 3. Required input data includes grid cell properties, porosity, permeability, pressure, saturation, PVT properties, relative permeability, and well data. Properties must be defined as functions of pressure and saturation to model multiphase flow.

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Omer Ikhlas
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59 views37 pages

RS - Lecture 3

This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts for reservoir simulation, including: 1. Grid modeling data such as porosity, permeability, saturation, and pressure is required, with properties defined as functions of pressure and saturation. 2. Upscaling is used to calculate effective properties for coarse simulation cells from fine-scale geological models. 3. Required input data includes grid cell properties, porosity, permeability, pressure, saturation, PVT properties, relative permeability, and well data. Properties must be defined as functions of pressure and saturation to model multiphase flow.

Uploaded by

Omer Ikhlas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reservoir Simulation

Lecture 3: Reservoir Simulator

Haval Hawez
Petroleum Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Koya University

01.11.2018
Outline:

• Grid Modelling Data


• Porosity
• Permeability
• Saturation
• Pressure
• Data as a function of pressure
• Data required as a function of saturation

2
Upscaling

• Engineers usually refer to upscaling the geological


mode.

3
Upscaling

Effective Permeability
Permeability of a single homogeneous cell which gives
rise to the same flow as the fine scale model when the
same pressure gradient is applied

4
Upscaling

Upscaling Procedure
• An effective permeability is calculated for each coarse
cell

5
Required Data for Reservoir Simulation

Grid Modelling (cell data):


• Length
• Width
• Thickness
• Porosity
• Permeability (x,y,z)
• Elevation
• Pressure
• Saturation

6
Required Data for Reservoir Simulation

7
Porosity
• Total porosity is a measure of total void space to
bulk volume
• Effective porosity is the ratio of interconnected pore
space to bulk volume
• In sandstone, the effective porosity may approach
the total porosity
• limestones, large variances may occur between
effective and total porosity
• In shales, total porosity may approach 40% whereas
the effective porosity is usually less than 2%.

8
Porosity

• Hydrocarbon porosity is a measure of the pore space


occupied by oil and gas to bulk volume and may be
defined as

9
Average Porosity

Upscaling Porosity and Water Saturation


Some quantities easily upscaled by averaging
• Porosity

10
Permeability

• Absolute permeability (k or ka) is a measure of the


rock capability to transmit fluids

• Relative permeability (kr) is a reduction due to the


presence of other fluids
11
Permeability
• Permeabilities may have directional trends
(anisotropy);
• For example, in an areal model, the North– South
permeability may be greater than the East–West
permeability.
• In standard cartesian gridding, there may only be
two areal permeabilities which must be orthogonal
and as such, the grid must be aligned with any
directional trends

12
Permeability

• In cross-sectional and 3-D models, vertical


permeabilities are required;
• For example, a sealing shale in a cross-sectional
model would have a vertical permeability of zero

13
Averaging Permeability
Three flow patterns have been considered for this

• Flow parallel to uniform layers


• Flow across uniform layers
• Flow through random permeability distributions

14
Averaging Permeability
1. Flow parallel to uniform layers

• Use the arithmetic average

15
Averaging Permeability
Example 1

16
Averaging Permeability
2. Flow Across Uniform Layers

17
Averaging Permeability
Example 2

18
Averaging Permeability
3. Flow through Correlated Random Fields

Use the Geometric average

19
Averaging Permeability
Example 3

20
Pressure
Pressure

21
Pressure

• In multiphase flow (Oil, Water and Gas) the pressure


of each phase must be calculated.

For oil-water system 𝑃𝑐𝑤𝑜 = 𝑃𝑜 − 𝑃𝑤

For gas-oil system 𝑃𝑐𝑔𝑜 = 𝑃𝑔 − 𝑃𝑜

22
Pressure
• Example: Determine the pressure for an oil-water
system a 10ft above the WOC, for 50 Ib/ft3 oil and 65
Ib/ft3 water if the pressure at the WOC is 3000 psi.

23
Pressure

24
Pressure

25
Saturations

• Water Saturation

26
Required Data for Reservoir Simulation

Data required as a function of pressure

• Solution gas-oil ratio

• Formation volume factor

• Viscosities

• Densities

• Compressibility

27
Solution gas-oil ratio & Formation
volume factor
• Solution gas-oil ratio (Rs)
Dissolved gas is required as a function of pressure and
based on pressure in each cell. The majority of fields
have Rs of 200-1000 SCF/STB.
• Formation volume factor
Relate the reservoir volume to the surface volume. The
reasonable range is between 1.05-1.4.

28
Required Data for Reservoir Simulation

29
Densities
Oil density (ρo) is almost always reported in terms of a
stock tank gravity (which is a dead oil); most simulators
adjust this value to reservoir conditions using the
following relationship below the bubble point.

30
Densities
Gas density (ρg) is usually input as a gas gravity (gg or
γg) or in units of lb/MCF. The relationship between
these two quantities at standard conditions is

31
Required Data for Reservoir Simulation

Data required as a function of pressure:


• Relative permeability
• Capillary pressure
Well data:
• Production/injection rates
• Well locations
• Productions limitations

32
Relative Permeability
Relative permeability (kr) is a reduction due to the
presence of another fluids and based on:

• Pore geometry
• Wettability
• Fluid distribution
• Saturation history

33
Relative Permeability
Water-oil relative permeability
Is plotted as a function of water saturation and at the
Swc, the Kr=0.

34
Wettability
Wettability is a measurement of the ability of a fluid to
coat the rock surface. Classical definitions of wettability
are based on the contact angle of water surrounded by
oil and are defined as

Θ < 90◦ water–wet


Θ > 90◦ oil–wet
Θ = 90 ◦ intermediate or mixed wettability.
35
Wettability

36
Wettability

37

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