NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND

CONTROL ENGINEERING
POWER APPARATUS LABORATORY

Sub Code: CA Marks:

Hrs/week: ES Marks:

1. To perform Open Circuit test on a Single phase transformer and to calculate

(i) Iron loss (ii) parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer.

2. To perform Short circuit test on a Single phase transformer and to calculate

(i) Copper loss (ii) parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer.

3. To perform no load test on Induction motor and to determine equivalent

circuit parameters.

4. To perform blocked rotor test on Induction motor and to determine

equivalent circuit parameters.

5. To start the induction motor by applying auto-transformer starter.

6. To start the induction motor by applying Star-Delta starter.

7. Speed Control of DC motor by field flux control.

8. Speed Control of DC motor by armature resistance control.

 NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL ENGINEERING
POWER APPARATUS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.-1

OBJECTIVE:-To perform Open Circuit test on a Single phase transformer and to calculate
(i) Iron loss (ii) parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer.

THEORY:-

The open circuit and short circuit tests are performed for determining the parameter of the
transformer like their efficiency, voltage regulation, circuit constant, etc. These tests are
performed without the actual loading and because of this reason the very less power is
required for the test. The open circuit and the short circuit test gives a very accurate result as
compared to the full load test.

Open Circuit Test

The purpose of the open-circuit test is to determine the no-load current and losses of the
transformer because of which their no-load parameter is determined. This test is performed
on the primary winding of the transformer. The wattmeter, ammeter, and the voltage are
connected to their primary winding. The nominal rated voltage is supplied to their primary
winding with the help of the ac source.
The secondary winding of the transformer is kept open and the voltmeter is connected to their
terminal. This voltmeter measures the secondary induced voltage. As the secondary of the
transformer is open the no-load current flows through the primary winding. The value of no-
load current is very small as compared to the full rated current. The copper loss occurs only
on the primary winding of the transformer because the secondary winding is open. The
reading of the wattmeter only represents the core and iron losses. The core loss of the
transformer is same for all types of loads.
Figure : Equivalant circuit diagram for open circuit test on transformer

Calculation of open circuit test :

W0 – wattmeter reading
V1 – voltmeter reading
I0 – ammeter reading
Then the iron loss of the transformer Pi = W0 and

W0 =(V1)(I0)CosФ ..............................eq (1)

The no-load power factor is

CosФ = W0/V1I0

Working component Iw is
Iw = W0/V1 ............................. eq (2)
Putting the value of W0 from the equation (1) in equation (2) you will get the value of
working component as

Iw = I0CosФ

Magnetizing component is

Im = [I0^2 - Iw^2]^(1/2)

No load parameters are given below :

Equivalent exciting resistance is

R0 = V1/Iw

Equivalent exciting reactance is

X0 = V1/Im
Procedure

1. Make the proper connection by clicking the node as instructed below. If the wire is
misplaced, click the node number to de attach the nodes wire.
Then click check button to check connection is correct or not.
2. Then click autotransformer to get the change in all meter.
3. Then click add to table button to get the reading of over open circuit transformer.
4. Then we have done open circuit transformer test. Then click short button for short
circuit transformer test.
5. Make the proper connection by clicking the node as instructed below. If the wire is
misplaced, click the node number to de attach the nodes wire.

6. Then click check button to check connection is correct or not.

7. Then click add to table button to get the reading of over short circuit transformer.
8. Then we have done short circuit transformer test. Then click submit button to get result.
9. Then we have the result in diagram form. We also print the result by click on print
button.
 NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL ENGINEERING
POWER APPARATUS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.-2

OBJECTIVE:-To Perform Short Circuit test on a Single phase transformer and to calculate

(ii) Copper loss (ii) parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer.

THEORY:-

The open circuit and short circuit tests are performed for determining the parameter of the
transformer like their efficiency, voltage regulation, circuit constant, etc. These tests are
performed without the actual loading and because of this reason the very less power is
required for the test. The open circuit and the short circuit test gives a very accurate result as
compared to the full load test.

Short Circuit Test :

The short circuit test is performed for determining the below mention parameter of the
transformer.

1. It determines the copper loss occurs on the full load. The copper loss is used for
finding the efficiency of the transformer.
2. The equivalent resistance, impedance, and leakage reactance are known by the short
circuit test.

The short circuit test is performed on the secondary or high voltage winding of the
transformer. The measuring instrument like wattmeter, voltmeter, and ammeter are connected
to the high voltage winding of the transformer. Their primary winding is short circuited by
the help of thick strip or ammeter which is connected to their terminal. The low voltage
source is connected across the secondary winding because of which the full load current
flows from both the secondary and the primary winding of the transformer. The full load
current is measured by the ammeter connected across their secondary winding.
The low voltage source is applied across the secondary winding which is approximately 5 to
10% of the normal rated voltage. The flux is set up in the core of the transformer. The
magnitude of the flux is small as compared to the normal flux. The iron loss of the
transformer depends on the flux. It is less occur in the short circuit test because of the low
value of flux. The reading of the wattmeter only determines the copper loss occur on their
windings. The voltmeter measures the voltage applied to their high voltage winding. The
secondary current induces in the transformer because of the applied voltage.

Figure : Equivalant circuit diagram for short circuit test on transformer

Calculation of short circuit test:

Let,

Wc – wattmeter reading
Vsc – voltmeter reading
Isc – ammeter reading

Equivalent resistance :

Re1 = Wc/(Isc^2)

Equivalent impedance :

Ze1 = Vsc/Isc

The Equivalent reactance :

Xe1 = [(Zs)^2 - (Rs)^2]^1/2

Referred to secondary parameters:

Equivalent resistance referred to secondary:

Re2 = (N2/N1)2Re1

Equivalent impedance referred to secondary:

 Ze2 = (N2/N1)2Ze1

The Equivalent reactance referred to secondary :

Xe2 = (N2/N1)2Xe1

Procedure

1. Make the proper connection by clicking the node as instructed below. If the wire is
misplaced, click the node number to deattach the nodes wire.
2. Then click check button to check connection is correct or not.
3. Then click autotransformer to get the change in all meter.
4. Then click add to table button to get the reading of over open circuit transformer.
5. Then we have done open circuit transformer test. Then click short button for short
circuit transformer test.
6. Make the proper connection by clicking the node as instructed below. If the wire is
misplaced, click the node number to deattach the nodes wire.

7. Then click check button to check connection is correct or not.

8. Then click add to table button to get the reading of over short circuit transformer.
9. Then we have done short circuit transformer test. Then click submit button for get
result.
10. Then we have the result in diagram form. We also print the result by click on print
button.
 NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL ENGINEERING
POWER APPARATUS LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT NO.-3

OBJECTIVE:- To perform no load test on Three Phase Induction motor and to

determine equivalent circuit parameters.

THEORY:-

A large percentage of the electrical power generated in the world is consumed by

induction motors, as these are the main drive motors used in the industries. Practicing
engineers should be conversant with the performance characteristics. Equivalent circuit
parameters of the machine should be known for predicting the performance. While motor
designer calculates the parameters using design details, measured values are preferable
for prediction.

The steady-state performance of a poly-phase induction motor can be obtained using per
phase equivalent circuit.
The symbols are,
V1= input voltage per Phase
R1,X1= resistance and leakage reactance of the stator per phase
R2,X2= resistance and leakage reactance of the rotor per phase
Xm= magnetizing reactance
Rc= core loss resistance
I1, I2 =stator and rotor currents (referred to stator) per phase.
The developed torque is given as,
T=3(I2)2R2/(sωs) N-m

Where
ωs=synchronous speed in radians/sec
ωr=rotor speed in radians/sec
s= slip.
The parameters could be determined by ‘no-load’ and ‘blocked-rotor’ tests, the former
determines Rc and Xm while the latter yields R1, R2, X1, X2.
Following equations could be used

X1 = R1+jX1
X2 = R2/S+jX2
S=ωs-ωr/ω
The Torque T=3(I2)2R2/s
Input power=3V1*I1*pf
Output power=(1-S) ωs

Per phase equivalent circuit of a poly phase induction motor

Start the motor by applying the normal frequency reduced voltage to the stator and
gradually increases the voltage to its rated value under no load condition. In case of slip-
ring motor short circuit the slip rings before starting. Note down the readings of
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeters and tachometer at different voltages.

PROCEDURE

1) NO load is connected to Induction motor so as to carry out NO load test on induction

motor.
2) Close the TPST (Triple Pole Single Throw) switch connecting three phase mains
supply to induction motor.
3) Start the motor by applying reduced voltage to the stator.
4) Gradually increases the voltage to its rated value.
5) Now increase the voltage by clicking the arrows on three phase variac.
6) As we go on increasing the supply voltage we can observe the change in speed of
motor in digital tachometer.

7) Observe the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeters and tachometer at various

stator input voltages.
8) Store the data by clicking “Start Storing Data” at various i/p voltages
9) Go on repeating this procedure till sufficient readings are stored.
10) Now display the data by clicking “Show data”. It will display data as shown

11) Now select one of the graph from available graphs and use “Generate graph” to plot
the graph .For Ex.
12) While switching off, gradually decrease the voltage applied to motor and make it
zero.
13) Open the TPST switch.
 NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL ENGINEERING
POWER APPARATUS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.-4

OBJECTIVE:- To perform blocked rotor test on Induction motor and to determine

equivalent circuit parameters.

THEORY:-

A large percentage of the electrical power generated in the world is consumed by induction
motors, as these are the main drive motors used in the industries. Practicing engineers should
be conversant with the performance characteristics. Equivalent circuit parameters of the
machine should be known for predicting the performance. While motor designer calculates
the parameters using design details, measured values are preferable for prediction.

The steady-state performance of a poly-phase induction motor can be obtained using per
phase equivalent circuit.
The symbols are,
V1= input voltage per Phase
R1,X1= resistance and leakage reactance of the stator per phase
R2,X2= resistance and leakage reactance of the rotor per phase
Xm= magnetizing reactance
Rc= core loss resistance
I1, I2 =stator and rotor currents (referred to stator) per phase.
The developed torque is given as,
T=3(I2)2R2/(sωs) N-m

Where
ωs=synchronous speed in radians/sec
ωr=rotor speed in radians/sec
s= slip.
The parameters could be determined by ‘no-load’ and ‘blocked-rotor’ tests, the former
determines Rc and Xm while the latter yields R1, R2, X1, X2.
Following equations could be used

X1 = R1+jX1
X2 = R2/S+jX2
S=ωs-ωr/ω
The Torque T=3(I2)2R2/s
Input power=3V1*I1*pf
Output power=(1-S) ωs

Per phase equivalent circuit of a poly phase induction motor

In blocked rotor test, rotor is not allowed to rotate so the speed of the rotor is zero r.p.m,
slip corresponding to zero speed is unity. Now, increase the stator voltage till motor
current reaches to its rated value. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter,
wattmeters and tachometer at different stator voltages.

PROCEDURE:-
1) Rotor of induction motor is blocked in order to perform block rotor test.
2) Close the TPST (Triple Pole Single Throw) switch connecting three phase mains
supply to induction motor.
3) Vary input current from zero to rated value (415V).
4) Observe the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, watt meters and tachometer at different
i/p voltages.
5) Now increase the voltage by clicking the arrows on three phase variac

6) Store this data by clicking “Start Storing Data”

7) Go on repeating this procedure till sufficient readings are stored.
8) Now display the data by clicking “Show data”. It will display data as shown
9) Now select one of the graph from available graphs and use “Generate graph” to plot
the graph. For Ex.

10) Since very low value of voltage can inject rated current under this condition
precaution should be taken not to apply high voltages.
11) While switching off, reduce the input voltage to zero and open the TPST switch.
 NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL ENGINEERING
POWER APPARATUS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.-5

OBJECTIVE:- To start the induction motor by applying auto-transformer starter.

THEORY:-

The auto- transformer is used to reduce the phase voltage to the fraction x of normal value.
The advantage of the method lies in the fact that the voltage is reduced by transformation, not
by dropping the excess in impedance, so that the line current and power input are reduced in
comparison with stator resistance starting.

Neglecting magnetizing current and losses in the auto-transformer, the current on the
output side is Is in the fraction of the turns, and on the input side will consequently be xIs =
x2Ix in all the turns of each phase. Thus for a starting torque of x2 of that obtainable by direct
switching, only x2 of the short-circuit current is taken from the line. Alternatively, for the
same line current, the starting torque with the auto-transformer is 1/x times as great as that
obtainable with the stator impedance startor.

The system of connections shown provides voltage steps during starting, the auto-
transformer being cut completely out of service after the start has been completed. Since it is
only in use for short periods, the current density in the windings may be increased
considerably above that normal for power transformers. At the same time, since the starting
torque depends on the square of the current, the impedance of the transformer should be kept
small. The auto-connection is here of particular advantage.
PROCEDURE:-
Steps for Connection:
1. Connect CH1 of the oscilloscope to L21.
2. Connect CH2 and CH3 with the motor shaft.
3. Choose the red colour cable button.
4. Connect L21 to the one of the terminal of the ammeter.
5. Connect U1 to the other terminal of the ammeter.
6. Choose the green colour cable button Connect L22 to V1.
7. Connect w1 to one of the terminal of the voltmeter.
8. Choose the blue colour cable button Connect L32 to W1.
9. Connect w2 to the other terminal of the voltmeter
10. Choose the black colour cable button.
11. Connect U2 and V2
12. Connect V2 and W2
13. Click the check button and if the connection is correct, click OK.
14. If the connection is wrong, follow the error message displayed and correct the
connection.
15. Select 1 on the two way switch on the left hand side of the panel.
16. Switch ON the MCB and click the start button.
17. Switch ON the second MCB.
18. Select star or delta by clicking the three way switch in the star delta starter
19. Note the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
20. Select CH1, CH2 and CH3 button on Oscilloscope for instantaneous current , speed and
torque reading.
 NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL ENGINEERING
POWER APPARATUS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.-6

OBJECTIVE:-To start the induction motor by applying Star-Delta starter.

This is a starting method that reduces the starting current and starting torque. At starting the Induction
motor is star connected after it reached the approximate operational speed it is switch to delta. The
motor must be delta connected during a normal run, in order to be able to use this starting method.
This starting method only works when the application is light loaded during the start. If the
motor is too heavily loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the motor up to speed before
switching over to the delta position.

THEORY:-

The induction motor must be built to run normally with a mesh-connected stator winding. At starting,
the winding is connected temporarily in star. The phase voltage is thus reduced to 1/√3 = 0.58 of
normal, and the motor behaves as if the auto-transformer were employed with a ratio x = 0.58. The
starting current per phase is Is = 0.58Ix , the line current is (0.58)2Ix =0.33Ix , the starting torque is
one-third of short-circuit value.

The method is cheap and effective, so long as the starting torque is not required to exceed about
50 percent of full load torque. It can therefore be used for machine-tools, pumps, motor generators
etc. The method is unsuitable for motors at voltages exceeding 3000 V. because of the excessive
number of stator turns needed for delta running. Where induction motors are required to run for
considerable periods on small loads, a star-delta switch permits the machine to be star-connected
during these periods, with reduction of magnetizing current and increase in efficiency.
PROCEDURE:-

Steps for Connection:

1. Connect CH1 of the oscilloscope to L11.
2. Connect CH2 and CH3 with the motor shaft.
3. Choose the red colour cable button.
4. Connect L11 to the one of the terminal of the ammeter.
5. Connect l1 to the other terminal of the ammeter.
6. Choose the green colour cable button Connect L12 to l2.
7. Choose the blue colour cable button Connect L31 to l3.
8. Choose the black colour cable button.
9. Connect w1 to one of the terminal of the voltmeter.
10. Connect w2 to the other terminal of the voltmeter.
11. Connect u1 of the star delta starter to u1 of the motor terminals.
12. Connect v1 of the star delta starter to v1 of the motor terminals.
13. Connect w1 of the star delta starter to w1 of the motor terminals.
14. Connect u2 of the star delta starter to u2 of the motor terminals.
15. Connect v2 of the star delta starter to v2 of the motor terminals.
16. Connect w2 of the star delta starter to w2 of the motor terminals.
17. Click the check button and if the connection is correct, click OK.
18. If the connection is wrong, follow the error message displayed and correct the connection.
19. Select 1 on the two way switch on the left hand side of the panel.
20. Switch ON the MCB and click the start button.
21. Switch ON the second MCB.
22. Select star or delta by clicking the three way switch in the star delta starter
23. Note the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
24. Select CH1, CH2 and CH3 button on Oscilloscope for instantaneous current , speed and torque
reading
 NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL ENGINEERING
POWER APPARATUS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.-7

OBJECTIVE:- Speed Control of DC motor by field flux control

THEORY:-

We know that the speed of shunt motor is given by:

N = (V-IaRa)/kФ
Where, Va is the voltage applied across the armature and φ is the flux per pole and
is proportional to the field current If.. As explained earlier, armature current Ia is
decided by the mechanical load present on the shaft. Therefore, by varying Va and If
we can vary n. For fixed supply voltage and the motor connected as shunt we can
vary Va by controlling an external resistance connected in series with the armature.
If of course can be varied by controlling external field resistance Rf connected with
the field circuit.

Thus for shunt motor we have essentially two methods for controlling speed, namely
by:

1. Varying armature resistance.

2. Varying field resistance.
 Figure: Equivalent circuit for field control of DC motor

Speed control by varying field current:

In this method field circuit resistance is varied to control the speed of a d.c shunt
motor. Let us rewrite the basic equation to understand the method.

N = (V-IaRa)/kФ
If we vary I f, flux φ will change, hence speed will vary. To change If an external
resistance is connected in series with the field windings. The resistance is called the
shunt field regulator the field coil produces rated flux when no external resistance is
connected and rated voltage is applied across field coil. It should be understood that
we can only decrease flux from its rated value by adding external resistance. Thus
the speed of the motor will rise as we decrease the field current and speed control
above the base speed will be achieved. Speed versus armature current
characteristic is shown.
 Figure: Torque speed characteristics of DC motors

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect all dots in the following manner:

(a) A to K
(b) A to Y
(c) A to J
(d) B to P
(e) E to M

(f) F to D
(g) G to R

(h) H to I
(i) I to C
(j) C to H
(k) Q to L

Then Check the connections by clicking on Check Button.

3. If it shows alert "Incorrect Corrections" then press reset button and make
connection again.
4. If it shows alert"Correct Connections" then Turn On the MCB.
5. Then set the Voltmeter first with the help of the second slider.
6. Now,move the first slider to get corresponding values of Ammeter and
Speedometer.
7. Press the "Add to table" button to insert the values in table.
8. After inserting values on table click on "Plot graph" to get your required graph.
 NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL ENGINEERING
POWER APPARATUS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.-8

OBJECTIVE:-Speed Control of DC motor by armature resistance control.

THEORY:-

We know that the speed of shunt motor is given by:

N = (V-IaRa)/kФ
Where, Va is the voltage applied across the armature and φ is the flux per pole and is
proportional to the field current If.. As explained earlier, armature current Ia is decided by the
mechanical load present on the shaft. Therefore, by varying Va and If we can vary n. For
fixed supply voltage and the motor connected as shunt we can vary Va by controlling an
external resistance connected in series with the armature. If of course can be varied by
controlling external field resistance Rf connected with the field circuit.

Thus for shunt motor we have essentially two methods for controlling speed, namely by:

1. Varying armature resistance.

2. Varying field resistance.
 Figure: Equivalent circuit for armature control of DC motor

Speed control by varying armature resistance

In this method a variable series resistor Rext is put in the armature circuit. In this case the
field is directly connected across the supply and therefore the flux ɸ is not affected by
variation of Rext. in this case the current and hence the flux are affected by the variation of
the armature circuit resistance. The voltage drop in Rext reduces the voltage applied to the
armature and therefore the speed is reducing.

The slope of the n vs. Iaor n vs. Te characteristic can be modified by deliberately connecting
external resistance rext in the armature circuit. One can get a family of speed vs. armature
curves for various values of rext. From these characteristics it can be explained how speed
control is achieved. Let us assume that the load torque TL is constant and field current is also
kept constant.

Therefore, since steady state operation demands Te = TL, Te = kφ too will remain constant;
which means Ia will not change. Suppose rext = 0, then at rated load torque, operating point
will be at C and motor speed will be n. If additional resistance rext1 is introduced in the
armature circuit, new steady state operating speed will be n1 corresponding to the operating
point D. In this way one can get a speed of n2 corresponding to the operating point E, when
rext2 is introduced in the armature circuit. This same load torque is supplied at various speed.
Variation of the speed is smooth and speed will decrease smoothly if rext is increased.
Obviously, this method is suitable for controlling speed below the base speed and for
supplying constant rated load torque which ensures rated armature current always. Although,
this method provides smooth wide range speed control (from base speed down to zero speed),
has a serious draw back since energy loss takes place in the external resistance Rext reducing
the efficiency of the motor.

Figure: Armature current speed characteristics of DC motors

PROCEDURE:-

The following procedure is to be followed for the simulation:

1.

a. Make the proper Connections as per the Instructions. a) first of all connect the
+ (positive) terminal of MCB to the (-)negative terminal of Voltmeter(V) and
to the motor's A2 and F2 Port respectively .
b. Connect - (negative) terminal of MCB to the L port of the Starter.
c. Connect The F port of the starter to the positive (+) terminal of the
Ammeter(A).
d. Connect the A port of starter to the positive (+) terminal of the Armature
Resistance .
e. Connect the positive(+) terminal of the voltmeter(V) to the negative(-)
terminal of the Armature Resistance and to the motor's A1 Port respectively.
f. Connect Ammeter's negative(-) terminal to the positive(+) terminal of the
Field Resistance.
g. Connect Negative (-) Terminal of the Field Resistance to the Port F1 of the
Motor.
 h. Connect Port A1 of the Motor to the Negative (-) terminal of the Armature
Resistance.

2. Tap on the MCB to turn on the circuit.

3. Move slider second to get variations over the voltmeter readings.
4. Then tap on Add to Table Button to values to table.
5. Repeat steps 3 & 4 to add more values in table
6. After getting 6 or more rows on table then click on Create Graph button to make a
respective graph regarding the values in above table.
7. In order to print the page click on Print button .