Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology

LAB REPORT
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Subject: MTE 1102
Date of submission: 15.04.2019
Submitted by,
1. Name: Thuhinul Islam
Roll: 1808012
2. Name: Md.Faiduzzaman Ifad
Roll: 1808014
3. Name: Tahir Hasan
Roll: 1808015
4. Name: Nadia Kachmina Prioty
Roll: 1808016
Sumitted to,
Dr. Sajal Kumar Das
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechatronics Engineering,
Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology

Md. Robiul Islam

Lecturer, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Rajshahi
University of Engineering and Technology
 RESISTOR

Fig 1 : Resisitor

Resistors are electronic components which have a specific, never-changing electrical resistance. The
resistor's resistance limits the flow of electrons through a circuit.

INDUCTOR

Fig 2 : Inductor

An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. In its
simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or coil. The inductance is directly proportional to
the number of turns in the coil. Inductance also depends on the radius of the coil and on the type of
material around which the coil is wound.
 CAPACITOR

Fig 3 : Capacitor

The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of an
electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small
rechargeable battery.

WIRE (JUMPER)

Fig 4 : Wire

Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to be used to
connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are typically used
with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a circuit as needed.
 PROJECT BOARD

Fig 5 : Project Board

A project board is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit designs.
Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting their leads or
terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where appropriate.

L.E.D

Fig 6 : L.E.D

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from LEDs varies from
visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low voltage and power.
 BATTERY

Fig 7 : Battery

Batteries are a collection of one or more cells whose chemical reactions create a flow of electrons in
a circuit. All batteries are made up of three basic components: an anode (the '-' side), a cathode (the
'+' side), and some kind of electrolyte (a substance that chemically reacts with the anode and cathode).

SOLDERING IRON

Fig 8 : Soldering Iron

A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can flow into
the joint between two workpieces.
 Potentiometer

Fig 9 : Potentiometer

Potentiometer is a small sized electronic component whose resistance can be adjusted manually.
Increasing or decreasing the value of resistance controls the amount of current flowing in a circuit.

Veroboard

Fig 10 : Veroboard

Veroboard is a type of board used to make electronic circuits, where some of the electrical
connections are formed by strips of copper on the underside of the board.
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Fig 11 : Voltage regulator

A voltage regulator is an electricity regulation device designed to automatically convert voltage into a
lower, usually direct current (DC), constant voltage.

TRANSFORMER

Fig 12 : Transformer

A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit another through the
process of electromagnetic induction .It is most commonly used to increase or decrease voltage levels
between circuits.
 MULTIMETER

Fig 13 : Multimeter

A multimeter is an electronic tool used to measure voltage, amps and resistance across circuits.
By attaching two leads to different parts of an electrical system, professionals can use multimeters to
detect levels of voltage and resistance, or changes in electrical currents.

Adapter

Fig 14: Adapter

Adapter is a special device for connecting electrical equipment to a power supply, or for connecting
different pieces of electrical or electronic equipment together.
 DIODE

Fig 15 : Diode

Diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one
direction only.

Transistor

Fig: Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. This is one of the most important invention in this century. The transistor's low cost,
flexibility, and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have
replaced electromechanical devices in controlling appliances and machinery. It is usually used as a
switch.
 Switch:

Fig: Switch

A switch is an electrical component that can "make" or "break" an electrical circuit, interrupting the
current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch removes or
restores the conducting path in a circuit when it is operated. It can control the current through out
the circuit.

Op-Amp:

Fig: Op Amp
An operational amplifier (often op-amp or op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage
amplifier. Op-amp are widely used nowadays. They are usually used to get a gain on applied voltage
in circuit.

IR Sensor:

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. It is
widely used in TV,AC and other remote controls.

Fig: IR Sensor

Tester:
Electrical testers are devices designed to test the presence of, rather than measure, electrical
conditions. These testers can range from very simple instruments that signal that voltage is present
in a circuit, to more complex instruments featuring multiple testing options for high-voltage
applications.

Micro controller:

Fig: Micro controllers

A Microcontroller is a IC chip that executes programs for controlling other devices or machines. It is
a micro (small size as its a Integrated Circuit chip) device which is used for control of other devices
and machines thats why it is called 'Microcontroller'. It is a Microprocessor having RAM,ROM and
I/O ports.
 LDR:

Fig: LDR

A light dependent resistor is basically a photocell that works on the principle of photoconductivity.
The passive component is basically a resistor whose resistance value decreases when the intensity of
light decreases. This optoelectronic device is mostly used in light varying sensor circuit, and light and
dark activated switching circuits. Some of its applications include camera light meters, street lights,
clock radios, light beam alarms, reflective smoke alarms, and outdoor clocks.

LCD 16x2 Module:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that
uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.
18x2 means that 16 characters can be displayed in each of the 2 rows of the 16x2 LCD, thus a
total of 32 characters can be displayed at any instance of time.

Fig: 16x2 LCD Module

 Solenoid

Fig: Solenoid bolt

In electrical circuits, the “Solenoid” term may refer to a variety of transducer devices that convert
energy into linear motion. The term is also often used to refer to a solenoid valve, which is an
integrated device containing an electromechanical solenoid which actuates either a pneumatic or
hydraulic valve, or a solenoid switch, which is a specific type of relay that internally uses an
electromechanical solenoid to operate an electrical switch; for example, an automobile starter
solenoid, or a linear solenoid, which is an electromechanical solenoid. Solenoid bolts, a type of
electronic-mechanical locking mechanism, also exist.

Push Button:
A push button is a simple mechanism to make or break a connection in electrical circuits. It
can be used as a switch to turn on or off an electrical circuit, it can also be used as an input
mechanism in various electrical systems.

Fig: Push Button

 DC Motor:
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.

Almost every mechanical movement that we see around us is accomplished by an electric motor.
Electric machines are means of converting conventional energy. Motors take electrical energy and
produce mechanical energy. Electric motor is used to power hundreds of devices we use in everyday
life. An example of motor used in day to day life is automobiles, food blenders and so is vacuum
cleaner.

Figure: DC motor

7 segment display

Fig: 7 segment display

A seven-segment display, or seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic display device
for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix
displays. It is used in digital clocks, small panels etc.

Rail Connector
 Fig: Rail connector

Rail connectors are used to connect different electrical components with IC. As an
integrated circuit needs power, input cables so this connectors do the job.

Relay:

Fig: Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. So
relay is a switch which controls (open and close) circuits electromechanically. The main
operation of this device is to make or break contact with the help of a signal without any
human involvement.

LC-7447:

Fig: LC-7447

It accepts a binary coded decimal as input and converts it into a pattern to drive a seven-
segment for displaying digits 0 to 9. Binary coded decimal (BCD) is an encoding in which
each digit of a number is represented by its own binary sequence (usually of four bits).

PYRO ELECTRIC SENSOR

Fig: Pyro electric sensor

A Pyroelectric detector is an infrared sensitive optoelectronic component which are specifically used
for detecting electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range from (2 to 14) µm.
A receiver chip of a pyroelectric infrared detector consists of single-crystalline lithium tantalate.

Because of its very high curie temperature of 620 °C lithium tantalate guarantees an extremely low
temperature coefficient with an excellent long-term stability of the signal voltage.

Pyroelectric crystals have a rare asymmetry due to their single polar axis. This causes their
polarisation to change with temperature. This so-called pyroelectric effect is used in sensor
technology. For this, a thin pyroelectric crystal is coated perpendicular to the polar axis with
electrodes. On the upper electrode of the crystal, an absorbing layer (black layer) is applied. When
this layer interacts with infrared radiation, the pyroelectric layer heats up and surface charge arises.
If the radiation is switched off, a charge of the opposite polarity originates. However, the charge is
very low. Before the finite internal resistance of the crystal can equalise the charges, extremely low-
noise and low leakage current field-effect transistors (JFET) or operational amplifier (OpAmp)
convert the charges into a signal voltage. Thermopiles, too, belong to the group of thermal
detectors, however, the measuring effect is less significant. While pyroelectric infrared detectors
show a good signal/noise ratio up to modulation frequencies of 4 kHz, e.g. in FTIR spectrometers,
thermopiles produce good results up to modulation frequencies of specific Hertz only.

Fig-Circuit of a pyro electric sensor

Applications:

 Heat sensor
 Power generation
 Proximity sensor
 THERMISTOR

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so than in

standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used
as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors (negative temperature coefficient or NTC type
typically), self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating elements (positive
temperature coefficient or PTC type typically).

Fig: thermistor

Thermistors differ from resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) in that the material used in a
thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer, while RTDs use pure metals. The thermistors are in the
form of beads, rods and discs but RTDs are in different shapes and sizes. The temperature response
is also different; RTDs are useful over larger temperature ranges, while thermistors typically achieve
a greater precision within a limited temperature range, typically −90 °C to 130 °C.
Types of Thermistor:

Thermistors are of two opposite fundamental types:

 With NTC thermistors, resistance decreases as temperature rises. An NTC is commonly used
as a temperature sensor, or in series with a circuit as an inrush current limiter.
 With PTC thermistors, resistance increases as temperature rises. PTC thermistors are
commonly installed in series with a circuit, and used to protect against overcurrent
conditions, as resettable fuses.

Fig: Circuit diagram of a thermistor

Applications:

PTC:

 As current-limiting devices for circuit protection, as replacements for fuses. Current through
the device causes a small amount of resistive heating. If the current is large enough to
generate more heat than the device can lose to its surroundings, the device heats up,
causing its resistance to increase. This creates a self-reinforcing effect that drives the
resistance upwards, therefore limiting the current.
 As timers in the degaussing coil circuit of most CRT displays. When the display unit is initially
switched on, current flows through the thermistor and degaussing coil. The coil and
thermistor are intentionally sized so that the current flow will heat the thermistor to the
point that the degaussing coil shuts off in under a second. For effective degaussing, it is
necessary that the magnitude of the alternating magnetic field produced by the degaussing
coil decreases smoothly and continuously, rather than sharply switching off or decreasing in
steps; the PTC thermistor accomplishes this naturally as it heats up. A degaussing circuit
using a PTC thermistor is simple, reliable (for its simplicity), and inexpensive.
 As heater in automotive industry to provide additional heat inside cabin with diesel engine
or to heat diesel in cold climatic conditions before engine injection.
 In temperature compensated synthesizer voltage controlled oscillators.
 In lithium battery protection circuits.
 In an electrically actuated Wax motor to provide the heat necessary to expand the wax.
 Many electric motors and dry type power transformers incorporate PTC thermistors in their
windings. When used in conjunction with a monitoring relay they provide over temperature
protection to prevent insulation damage. The equipment manufacturer selects a thermistor
with a highly non-linear response curve where resistance increases dramatically at the
maximum allowable winding temperature, causing the relay to operate.
NTC:

 As a resistance thermometer for low-temperature measurements of the order of 10 K.

 As an inrush current limiter device in power supply circuits, they present a higher resistance
initially, which prevents large currents from flowing at turn-on, and then heat up and
become much lower resistance to allow higher current flow during normal operation. These
thermistors are usually much larger than measuring type thermistors, and are purposely
designed for this application.
 As sensors in automotive applications to monitor fluid temperatures like the engine coolant,
cabin air, external air or engine oil temperature, and feed the relative readings to control
units like the ECU and to the dashboard.
 To monitor the temperature of an incubator.
 Thermistors are also commonly used in modern digital thermostats and to monitor the
temperature of battery packs while charging.
 Thermistors are often used in the hot ends of 3D printers; they monitor the heat produced
and allow the printer's control circuitry to keep a constant temperature for melting the
plastic filament.
 In the food handling and processing industry, especially for food storage systems and food
preparation. Maintaining the correct temperature is critical to prevent foodborne illness.
 Throughout the consumer appliance industry for measuring temperature. Toasters, coffee
makers, refrigerators, freezers, hair dryers, etc. all rely on thermistors for proper
temperature control.
 NTC thermistors come in bare and lugged forms, the former is for point sensing to achieve
high accuracy for specific points, such as laser diode die, etc.
 For measurement of temperature profile inside the sealed cavity of a convective (thermal)
inertial sensor.

Performance:

Over large changes in temperature, calibration is necessary. Over small changes in temperature, if
the right semiconductor is used, the resistance of the material is linearly proportional to the
temperature. There are many different semiconducting thermistors with a range from about 0.01
Kelvin to 2,000 Kelvin(−273.14 °C to 1,700 °C).
 Optical Encoder

Fig 3.1 : Optical Encoder Sensor

An optical encoder is an electromechanical device which has an electrical output in digital

form proportional to the angular position of the input shaft. Optical encoders enable an
angular displacement to be converted directly into a digital form. An optical encoder is an
angular position sensor. It has a shaft mechanically coupled to an input driver which rotates
a disc rigidly fixed to it. A succession of opaque and clear segments are marked on the surface
of the disc. Light from infrared emitting diodes reaches the infrared receivers through the
transparent slits of the rotating disc. An analogue signal is created. Then electronically, the
signal is amplified and converted into digital form. This signal is then transmitted to the data
processor.

Fig 3.2 : Optical Encoder Circuit Diagram

Optical Encoder Application: Optical encoder engines can be amazingly precise, with
some designs hitting 4 million counts per revolution. This makes an optical encoder a
desirable choice where resolution matters, from office equipment like computer mice and
copiers to medical equipment. With phased-array technology, an optical encoder is
increasingly able to perform in much tougher environments which require a combination of
durability and resolution, like crane operations and automated vehicle guidance.

Ultra-Sonic Sensor (SONAR)

Fig 2.1: Ultra-Sonic Sensor (SONAR)

Ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an
ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target. Ultrasonic Sensors
measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the emission and
reception.an ultrasonic sensor uses a single ultrasonic element for both emission and
reception. In a reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives
ultrasonic waves alternately. This enables miniaturization of the sensor head.

Fig 2.2: SONAR Circuit Diagram

Types of Ultra-Sonic Sensor: The four sensor types of ultra-sonic sensors are
1. Ultra-sonic proximity sensors
2.Ultra-sonic 2 points proximity switches
3.Ultra-sonic retro-reflective sensors
4.Ultra-sonic through beam sensors

Ultra-Sonic Sensor Applications:

 Loop control
 Roll diameter, tension control, winding and unwind
 Liquid level control
 Thru beam detection for high-speed counting
 Full detection
 Thread or wire break detection
 Robotic sensing
 Stacking height control
 45° Deflection; inkwell level detection; hard to get at places
 People detection for counting
 Contouring or profiling using ultrasonic system
 Vehicle detection for car wash and automotive assembly
 Irregular parts detection for hoppers and feeder bowls
 Presence detection
 Box sorting using multi-transducer ultrasonic monitoring system

Performance:
Ranging Distance: 2cm – 400 cm/1″ – 13ft.
Resolution: 0.3 cm.
Measuring Angle: 30 degree. Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS.

Piezoelectric sensor

Fig: Piezoelectric sensor

Piezoelectric sensor is a device to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature,
strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge. It is based on the electric charge
that accumulates in certain solid materials in response to applied mechanical stress. This
phenomenon is also known as the piezoelectric effect.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: Circuit diagram for piezoelectric sensor

Types:
This sensor can be categorized by the material used for the sensor. These are:
1. Piezoelectric ceramics based sensors.
2. Single crystal materials based sensors.
Applications:
1. Pressure Sensing.
2. Force management.
3. Energy harvesting.
4. Making adaptive or smart systems.

Performance:

Usually a piezoelectric sensor has a strain sensitivity of 5.0 [V/µε] and a threshold of
0.00001 [µε].
 Inductive sensor

Fig: Inductive sensor

An inductive sensor is a device that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect
or measure objects. An inductor develops a magnetic field when a current flows through it;
alternatively, a current will flow through a circuit containing an inductor when the magnetic
field through it changes.
Circuit diagram:

Fig: Capacitive sensor circuit diagram

Types of inductive sensors:

Proximity Sensors Compared: Inductive, Capacitive, Photoelectric, and Ultrasonic. Proximity
sensors detect the presence or absence of objects using electromagnetic fields, light, and
sound. There are many types, each suited to specific applications and environments.
Working fields of inductive sensors: Inductive proximity sensors are used for non-contact
detection of metallic objects. Their operating principle is based on a coil and oscillator that
creates an electromagnetic field in the close surroundings of the sensing surface.
Applications:
1. Metal detectors,
2. Traffic lights,
3. Car washes,
4. Search coil magnetometer
5. Electromagnetic waves measurement

Performance:

When an application calls for detecting a metallic target that falls within an inch of the
sensing surface, inductive proximity sensors are apt for the task. ... An inductive proximity
sensor has four components: the coil, oscillator, detection circuit, and output circuit.

Capacitive sensor

Fig: Capacitive sensor

Details:
In electrical engineering capacitive sensor is a technology based on capacitive coupling that
can detect and measure anything that is conductive or has a dielectric different from air. For
example: Many types of sensors use capacitive sensing, including sensors to detect and
measure proximity, position and displacement force, humidity, fluid level, and acceleration.
Human interface devices based on capacitive sensing, such as trackpads, can replace the
computer mouse. Digital audio players, mobile phones and tablet computers use capacitive
sensing touchscreens as input devices. Capacitive sensors can also replace mechanical
buttons. Capacitance is typically measured indirectly busing it to control the frequency of an
oscillator, or to vary the level of coupling of an Ac signal. The design of a simple capacitance
meter is often based on relaxation oscillator. The capacitance to be sensed forms a portion
of the oscillator’s RC circuit or LC circuit. Basically the technique works by charging the
unknown capacitance with a known current. The unknown capacitance with a known
current. The equation of a capacitors is i=Cdv\dt .
Circuit diagram:

Fig: Capacitive sensor circuit diagram

Types of capacitive sensors:

Sensing Types of Capacitive Sensors: Similar to inductive sensors, capacitive sensors are
available in two basic versions. The first type is the flush or shielded or embeddable version
however with capacitive sensors they are sometimes referred to as object detection
sensors.
Another type of capacitive sensor is the capacitive displacement sensor, which works by
measuring change in capacitance.

Applications:

1. Flow: Many types of flow meters convert flow to pressure or displacement, using an
orifice for volume flow. Capacitive sensors can then measure the displacement.
2. Pressure: A diaphragm with stable deflection properties can measure pressure with a
spacing-sensitive detector.
3. Liquid Level: Capacitive liquid level detectors sense the liquid level in a reservoir by
measuring changes in capacitance between conducting plates which are immersed in the
liquid, or applied to the outside of a non-conducting tank.
4. Spacing: If a metal object is near a capacitor electrode, the mutual capacitance is a very
sensitive measure of spacing.
5. Scanned multi-plate sensor: The single-plate spacing measurement can be extended to
contour measurement by using many plates, each separately addressed. Both conductive
and dielectric surfaces can be measured.
Performance:
Sensor noise:
The noise floor is about 10 atto farads peak-to-peak, which corresponds to a current change of
about 4 pico amperes at the antenna. When more interference is present, the noise floor can
increase by over an order of magnitude.

Person detection:
For detecting an adult, the reliable range is from contact up to about 1 meter. The noise limited
detection range is about 1.6 meters. This graph shows the response of the three sensor array to a
person walking in a along the length of the array at 1 meter, 0.7 meters and 0.35 meters: Response
walking at different ranges