Par-Tapi-Narmada Link Project EIA PDF

Chapter – 11
Environment Impact Assessment and

Environment Management Plan
11.0 General
The water is an essential element in all the developmental activities of

the mankind which is required throughout the year. Water is also required
for sustenance of the surrounding environment. Precipitation is the only
source of fresh water supply which is unevenly distributed both in space and
time confined to mainly in monsoon season ie June to Sept only. As such
building storage dams to store flood waters are necessary so that the
availability of water could be ensured throughout the year for various
requirements including drinking water. Though reservoirs increase the
water availability leading to various developmental activities and prosperity
in the area, but some adverse impacts on the environment are also
inevitable. As such, it is necessary to identify the adverse impacts along
with the positive benefits of the reservoirs to mitigate or ameliorate the
anticipated adverse impacts on the environment.
To identify both positive and adverse environmental impacts due to

the proposed Par-Tapi-Narmada link project and to suggest measures to
mitigate or ameliorate the anticipated adverse impacts on the environment,
the Environmental Impact Assessment study of this link project has been
carried out through Water and Power Consultancy Services India Limited.
Brief report of the study indicating baseline information on various
environmental aspects, Environmental Impact Assessment of the project,
Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan along
with the costs to implement the Environmental Management Plan are
presented in the following paragraphs:
11.1 The Proposed Project

11.1.1 Project Background
Par-Tapi-Narmada Link Project has been planned to transfer surplus waters

of West flowing Par, Auranga, Ambica and Purna river basins of South
Gujarat and neighbouring Maharashtra to provide irrigation facilities to: the
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areas on its enroute: tribal areas enroute right side of the link canal; tribal
dominant districts of Dang and Valsad of Gujarat and Nasik district of
Maharashtra; command area of five projects proposed by Government of
Gujarat in its initial reaches to caters the water demands for irrigation and
drinking purposes in its enroute; and take over the part command area of
existing Miyagam Branch Canal of Narmada Canal System. The Narmada
waters so saved in Sardar Sarovar Project would be utilized to provide
irrigation facilities: in tribal areas of Naswadi, Kavant, Sankheda, Jetpur
Pavi, Chhota Udepur talukas of Chhota Udepur district and Halol,
Ghogamba and Kalol talukas of Panchmahal district by lift directly from
Narmada Main Canal on substitution basis; and in drought affected
Saurashtra region of Gujarat on substitution basis through Narmada Canal
System to meet irrigation, domestic and other requirements. In addition to
this, all possible Panchayat / village tanks coming in the vicinity of the
project will be filled up. The project will also provide drinking water to
tribal population in the vicinity.
The Union Ministry of Water Resources in the year 1980 had

prepared a National Perspective Plan for Water Resources Development in
the country, which comprises two components: Himalayan Rivers
Development Component and Peninsular Rivers Development Component.
The Par-Tapi-Narmada link is one of the 16 link proposals coming under the
peninsular rivers development component of National Perspective Plan,
involving the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat which will provide water
for irrigation and drinking purposes as specified in preceedind para.
Par-Tapi-Narmada Link project envisages transfer of about 1330

Million Cubic metres (MCM) surplus water available in west flowing Par,
Auranga, Ambica and Purna river basins of South Gujarat and Maharashtra
to North Gujarat. The project envisages construction of 6 dams and 6 power
houses involving submergence of about 6065 ha of land affecting about
2500 families in 61 villages in Gujarat and Maharashtra.
The earlier DPR of Par-Tapi-Narmada Link Project - Aug, 2015 has

been revised based on decisions taken at various Meetings in light of the
suggestions of Government of Gujarat to consider the water demands for
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irrigation and drinking water purposes in the vicinity of the project as
specified above. The following are the broad changes incorporated in the
Revised DPR of Par-Tapi-Narmada Link Project..
1. An additional area of 45561 ha of five projects viz., Ugta, Sidhumber,

Khata Amba, Zankhari and Khuntali is included in the PTN link
project.
2. An area of about 36,200 ha benefitting the tribal areas on the right
side of PTN link canal by lift is included.
3. Command area 12514 ha in the vicinity of six proposed reservoirs
through lift directly from reservoirs in Dang and Valsad districts of
Gujarat and Nasik district of Maharashtra.
4. An area of about 23750 ha and 10592 ha is included in the command
area in Chhota Udepur and Panchmahal districts respectively by
substitution through lift from Narmada Main Canal.
5. Out of a total Culturable Command Area of about 2.32 lakh ha, about
68% of the area (1.57 lakh ha) is now benefitting the tribal areas.
6. Provision is made for drinking water needs of all villages in Dangs
district and villages in Dharmapur and Kaparada talukas of Valsad
district.
7. Provision is made for filling up of all village tanks in the benefitted
tribal areas.
8. Open channels has been replaced with closed pipeline system in the
feeder canals (totalling about 37 km length) as well as in the
distribution system in the command areas to reduce the land
acquisition.
11.1.2 Project Justification
The rainfall in Saurashtra and Kutch regions of Gujarat is very

scanty and the area is frequently affected by droughts. The annual normal
rainfall (1951-2000) in Saurashtra and Kutch region is 507 mm and whereas
the average annual Rainfall in Par, Auranga, Ambica and Purna river basins
is assessed to be 2180, 2055, 1830 and 1472 mm respectively. The rivers in
Saurashtra and Kutch region are mostly dry throughout the year. Whereas,
sizable quantum of flows of Par, Auranga, Ambica and Purna rivers are
going to sea unutilised every year. The water availability studies of these
basins carried out by Central Water Commission indicates availability of
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sizable surplus waters. The available surplus waters shall be stored in the
reservoirs to be constructed on these rivers and diverted to Saurashtra and
Kutch regions for meeting irrigation, drinking and other needs. However,
before considering any water transfer from these basins the water
requirements of the peoples in the vicinity of the proposed reservoirs and
en-route of the link canal will be met on top priority basis. The Par-Tapi-
Narmada link project is one of the viable options to divert the surplus flows
of Par, Auranga, Ambica and Purna rivers to Provide irrigation benefits in
Tribal areas as well as in drought prone Saurashtra and Kutch regions of
Gujarat etc.
Accordingly, Preliminary Feasibility study to ascertain whether the

project is feasible was carried out for the diversion of surplus waters of West
flowing Par, Auranga, Ambica and Purna rivers of South Gujarat to provide
the irrigation benefits in tribal areas as well as in the drought prone
Saurashtra and Kutch regions of Gujarat etc. While working out the quantity
of water that can be diverted through Par-Tapi-Narmada link, the in-basin
requirements of water up-stream and down-stream of the proposed dams at
the ultimate stage of development have been considered for justifying the
diversion of water through the proposed Par-Tapi-Narmada link project.
11.1.3 Project Description
The Par-Tapi-Narmada link project envisages construction of the following

components at the DPR preparation stage:
i) A 808.32 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

cum concrete dam across river Par near village Jheri with FRL 246.00
m and corresponding gross storage capacity 206.03 MCM. The
length of concrete face rock fill portion of the dam is 663.32 m and
the length of concrete non-overflow section and spill way is 145.00
m. The dam axis is located at Latitude 20°22'25" N and Longitude
73°25'51" E.
ii) A 1431.85 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

cum concrete dam across river Nar (a tributary of Par river) near
village Paikhed with FRL 248.00 m and corresponding gross storage
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capacity of 229.53 MCM. The length of concrete face rock fill
portion of the dam is 1310.85 m and the length of concrete non-
overflow section and spill way is 121.00 m. The dam axis is located
at Latitude 20°27'42" N and Longitude 73°23'37" E;
iii) A power house of 9.0 MW installed capacity at the toe of Paikhed

dam with 3 units each of 3 MW.
iv) A 2781.00 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

cum concrete dam across river Tan (a tributary of Auranga river) near
village Chasmandva with FRL 214.00 m and corresponding gross
storage capacity of 83.63 MCM. The length of concrete face rock fill
portion of the dam is 2703.00 m and the length of concrete non
overflow section and spill way is 78.00 m. The dam axis is located at
Latitude 20°37'02" N and Longitude 73°22'36" E.
v) A power house of 2.0 MW installed capacity at the toe of

Chasmandva dam with 2 units each of 1 MW.
vi) A 1887.00 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

cum concrete dam across river Ambica near village Chikkar with FRL
210.00 m and corresponding gross storage capacity of 141.99 MCM.
The length of concrete face rock fill portion of the dam is 1736.00 m
and the length of concrete non overflow section and spill way is
151.00 m. The dam axis is located at Latitude 20°42'00" N and
Longitude 73°30'50" E.
vii) A power house of 2.0 MW installed capacity at the toe of Chikkar

dam with 2 units each of 1 MW.
viii) A 1170.00 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

cum concrete dam across river Kapri (a tributary of Ambica river)
near village Dabdar with FRL 169.00 m and corresponding gross
storage capacity 222.38 MCM. The length of concrete face rock fill
portion of the dam is 1035.00 m and the length of concrete non
overflow section and spill way is 135.00 m. The dam axis is located at
Latitude 20°48'58" N and Longitude 73°32'05" E.
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ix) A power house of 3.2 MW installed capacity at the toe of Dabdar dam
with 2 units each of 1.60 MW.
x) A 1330.00 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

cum concrete dam across river Purna near village Kelwan with FRL
164.00 m and corresponding gross storage capacity of 282.17 MCM.
The length of concrete face rock fill portion of the dam is 1141.00 m
and length of concrete non overflow section and spill way is 189.00
m. The main dam axis is located at Latitude 20°55'30" N and
Longitude 73°32'00" E.
xi) A power house of 2.5 MW installed capacity at the toe of Kelwan

dam with 2 units each of 1.25 MW.
xii) A power house of 2.0 MW installed capacity at the fall of feeder pipe
line connecting Kelwan dam with main link canal with 2 units each of
1 MW.
xiii) A tunnel of about 12.70 km long with 3.00 m diameter (D shape) and
bed slope of 1:875 connecting Jheri reservoir with Paikhed reservoir.
xiv) A 147.50 m long barrage in the downstream of Paikhed dam with

crest level of 136.00 m.
xv) A 128.00 m long barrage in the downstream of Chasmandva dam with

crest level of 123.00 m.
xvi) A 369.043 km long link canal off-taking from Paikhed barrage at FSL
142.80 m.
xvii) A 100 m long tunnel No.1 at RD 14.650 to 14.750 km; A 350 m long
tunnel No.2 at RD 24.000 to 24.350 km; A 200 m long tunnel No.3 at
RD 32.350 to 32.550 km; A 50 m long tunnel No.4 at RD 37.750 to
37.800 km; and A 450 m long tunnel No.5 at RD 51.500 to 51.950
km;
xviii) A 2.859 km feeder pipe line connecting main canal with Chasmandva
barrage.
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xix) A 14.342 km pipe line inter connecting Chikkar and Dabdar
reservoirs.
xx) A 12.258 km feeder pipe line connecting main canal with Dabdar
dam.
xxi) A 7.616 km feeder pipe line connecting main canal with Kelwan dam.
xxii) Cross Drainage / Cross Masonry works including Regulators,

Escapes, Road / Railway bridges
11.2 Study Area
The study area to be considered for the Environmental Impact

Assessment study and preparation of Environmental Management Plan for
the proposed Par-Tapi-Narmada link project is given as under:
i) Area to be acquired for various project appurtenances including

reservoir submergence.
ii) 10 km on either side of the canal.
iii) 10 km radius around the project area from the periphery of the project
site.
iv) Catchment area intercepted at each dam site.
v) Command area of the project.
11.3 Legal Status of the Project
The Water Resources Project, when implemented provides the

immense benefits to the society in the form of increased availability of
water for irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses. On the other hand,
these projects have impacts, both positive and negative on the environment
of the project area and in the near vicinity and also affect the socio-
economic conditions of the population in the specific region. The project
before implementation required statutory clearance from the Ministry of
Environment and Forests and Climate Change. As stipulated in the
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification of 14th Sept 2006, the Terms
and Conditions for carrying out the Environmental Impact Assessment study
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of Par-Tapi-Narmada link project were submitted to the Ministry for
approval. The Ministry vide letter No.J-12011/55/2008-IA.I, dated 8th June
2009 (Annexure-1.10, Vol-II) accorded clearance for pre-construction
activities at the proposed site as per the provisions of EIA Notification-2006
alongwith the TORs for preparation of EIA report.
The Par-Tapi-Narmada link project comprises of 6 dams, 2 barrages,

6 power houses and canal. This will involve the shifting of the families
residing in the villages likely to be affected by these dams / reservoirs.
These project affected families are required to be resettled at the new
locations. Therefore, with a view to compensate the Project Affected
Families ensuring that the proper facilities in the re-settlement colonies are
provided, a Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan has been evolved. While
formulating the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan, the provisions of
National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement–2007 have been kept in
view. Various provisions of Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policies of
Gujarat and Maharashtra are compared with the provision of National
Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement – 2007 and best of the provision
have been adopted. The project is lying in the tribal area as such the
Rehabilitation and Resettlement plan required clearance from Ministry of
Tribal Affairs.
The Par-Tapi-Narmada link project is required about 4439 ha of

forest land as such forest clearance under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 is
required. A provision for afforestation in double the area in de-graded
forests region has been kept as per the Forests (Conservation) Act, 1980.
The project will also require Techno-economic clearance from Central
Water Commissioner; investment clearance from Ministry of Water
Resources, RD and GR; and Consent to Establish from Maharashtra and
Gujarat Pollution Control Boards under Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
1981.
The Geological Survey of India (GSI), Jaipur vide their letter No.
171/G-1/EG/WR/GSI/08-09 dated 9th April, 2009 (Annexure 4.3, Vol-II) had
indicated that the area of Par-Tapi-Narmada link project are occupied by the
different basaltic flows and associated rocks belonging to the Deccan Traps.
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No significant minerals have been reported from the area, except
construction material and a few minor minerals like zeolites. Similarly, the
Archaeological Survey of India, Vadodara vide their letter No.
36/10/MIS/08-09/4078 dated 19th June 2009 (Annexure 4.2.1, Vol-II) and
Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad vide their letter No. 12/2009-
10/Tech-3036 dated 17th Feb 2011 (Annexure 4.2.2, Vol-II) have submitted
brief report on archaeological exploration and informed that no monuments
or any remains of archaeological importance were noticed in the areas of the
6 reservoirs viz Jheri, Paikhed, Chasmandva, Chikkar, Dabdar and Kelwan
dams and none of the centrally protected monuments are located in the area
likely to be submerged due to the construction of the 6 proposed dams in the
area of Par-Tapi-Narmada link project. As such, No Objection Certificates
from Ministry of Coal and Mines and Archaeological Survey of India are
not required.
11.4 Baseline Environmental Data
It is essential that the baseline levels of environmental parameters

which could be significantly affected by the implementation of the project
are to be ascertained before implementation of the project. The baseline
status shall involve both field work and review of data collected from
secondary sources. A similar approach has been adopted for conducting
comprehensive environmental impact assessment study for the proposed
Par-Tapi-Narmada link project.
The baseline survey planning commenced with the short listing of

impacts and identification of parameters for which the data needs to be
collected. Baseline status has been ascertained for air environment, water
environment, land environment, public health and biological (terrestrial and
aquatic) environment. The baseline status has been divided into three
categories: Physio-chemical aspects; Ecological aspects; and Socio-
Economic aspects.
11.4.1 Air Environment

11.4.1.1 Ambient Air Quality
The sources of air pollution in the study area are vehicular traffic,
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dust arising from unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. The
prime objective of the baseline air quality study was to establish the existing
ambient air quality of the area. The baseline status of the ambient air
quality has been established through a scientifically designed ambient air
quality monitoring network. The monitoring of ambient air quality has been
done for summer and winter seasons. The Ambient Air Quality in the
project area has been monitored at 24 locations. The parameters such as
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate
Matter (PM10), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) have
been monitored. List of ambient air quality monitoring stations is given at
Table- 11.1.
Table- 11.1
Location of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Station (s) Sampling Dam site Direction Distance
Location wrt Site (km )
A1 Dharampur Chasmandva SW 23.4
A3 Ulhaspedi Paikhed NW 6.0
A5 Sadarvera Paikhed N 6.0
A6 Bopi Chasmandva SW 7.0
A7 Man Kuniya Chasmandva NE 10.0
A8 Khambhla Dabdar SW 4.0
A9 Ahwa Chikkar NE 11.0
A10 Davdahad Dabdar E 1.0
A11 Sarvar Dabdar N 2.0
A12 Bheshkatri Kelwan N 1.0
A13 Chikkar Kelwan W 0.5
A14 Dungarda Dabdar SW 0.5
A15 Jamlapada Chikkar N 0.5
A16 Dhangdi Chikkar SE 2.0
A17 Saputara Chikkar SE 20.0
A18 Surgana Jheri NE 16.0
A19 Manigam Jheri NE 10.0
A20 Bedse Jheri NE 5.0
A21 Ghodia Link W 1.0
A22 Navagam Link S 1.0
A23 Navapara Link W 1.0
A24 Katkuwa Link N 1.0
A25 Ukai Link E 1.0
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A26 Dhanmodi Link E 1.0
The sampling procedure adopted for monitoring of various ambient

air quality parameters is at Table- 11.2.
Table- 11.2
Testing Procedure for Various Ambient Air Quality Parameters
Para- Description IS Code Testing Procedure
meter
PM10 Respirable Suspended IS:5182 (Part- Respirable Particulate
Particulate Matter 23): 2006 Matter Sampler
SPM Suspended Particulate IS:5182 (Part-4): High Volume Sampling
Matter 1999 Method
SO2 Sulphur dioxide IS:5182 (Part-2): Improved West and
2001 Geake Method
NOx Oxides of Nitrogen IS:5182 (Part-6): Jacobs and
1975(Reaffirmed Hochhelser’s Method
1998)
The result of Ambient Air Quality monitoring observations on SO 2

and NOx levels indicate that:
SO2 Levels:
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) values ranged from 6.2 to 13.5 μg/m3 in

summer season and 3.5 to 13.2 μg/m3 in winter season, which are well
below the permissible limit of 50 μg/m3 specified for industrial, residential
and rural areas. The absence of industrial sources, low vehicular density in
the project area can be attributed to low SO2 level.
NOx Levels:
Average NOx values ranged from 9.8 to 13.1 μg/m3 in summer

season and 6.7 to 19.4 μg/m3 in winter season, which are well below the
permissible limit of 40 μg/m3 specified for industrial, residential and rural
areas. The absence of pollution sources in the study area is the reason of
low NOx level.
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Observations on Ambient Respirable Particulate Matter Levels:
Average RPM values ranged from 25.1 to 36.8 μg/m3 in summer

season and 24.4 to 34.2 μg/m3 in winter season, which are well below the
permissible limit of 60 μg/m3 specified for industrial, residential and rural
areas. The RPM level was marginally higher in summer season as
compared to winter season because lower moisture content in soil and
vegetal cover in summer season.
Conclusions:
Based on the findings of the ambient air quality survey conducted

for the summer and winter seasons, it can be concluded that the ambient air
quality is quite good in the area. The values of these parameters were well
below the permissible limits specified for residential, rural and other areas.
The absence of industries and low vehicular traffic has attributed for the
good ambient air quality in the project area.
11.4.1.2 Noise Environment
Noise level was monitored at 9 locations: Dharampur, Sarvar,

Dhangdi, Motikorwad, Davdahad, Mankuniya, Chikkar, Surgana and
Dhankawal in the study area. Monitoring was conducted for two seasons
namely summer (June 2010) and winter (December 2010). The noise levels
were monitored continuously for 24 hours at each location and hourly
equivalent noise level was measured.
At each station, hourly noise level was monitored. These values were
then used to estimate the day time and night time equivalent noise levels.
The day time equivalent noise level at various sampling stations

ranged from 37.23 to 58.88 and 47.40 to 58.70 dB(A) in summer and winter
seasons respectively. The noise levels in residential areas are well within
the permissible limit of 55 dB(A) specified for commercial area (65 dB(A)),
industrial area (70 dB(A) and silence zone (50 dB(A)).The night time
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equivalent noise levels at various sampling stations ranged from 28.62 to
40.70 dB(A) and 30.50 to 42.63 dB(A) in summer and winter seasons
respectively, which are well within the permissible limit specified for
various categories.
11.4.1.3 Meteorology
Climatologically, the calendar year in the project area can be

categorized into:
 Winter November to February

 Summer March to May
 Monsoon June to September
 Post-monsoon / Transition October
Temperature: Mean maximum temperature is observed in Vadodara 39.9

0
C and Surat 36.8 0C. The mean minimum temperature observed at Vadodara
is 13.2 0C and Surat is 14.7 0C .
Rainfall: The monsoon rainfall occurs mainly during mid June to Sept.
Maximum rainfall is received in months July and August. The annual
average rainfall values observed at the India Meteorological Department
stations of Vadodara and Surat are used for the command area and are 923
mm and 1209 mm respectively. Majority of the rainfall is received under
the influence of south –west monsoons.
Humidity: Monthly mean maximum and minimum relative humidity

recorded at Surat and Vadodara stations are 90% and 53% and 94% and
44% respectively.
11.4.2 Water Quality
11.4.2.1 Surface Water Quality Monitoring
As a part of the primary study, water samples were collected and

analyzed for ascertaining the water quality status in the study area during
the period of summer season (June 2010), winter season (Dec 2010) and
monsoon (Aug 2011). The quality of surface water has been ascertained
from the physico-chemical analyses of water samples collected from
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different river bodies. Grab sampling method was used for the collection of
water samples. Ground water samples were taken from the hand pumps.
The methods adopted for water testing are given at Table-11.3 and water
sampling locations are listed at Table-11.4(A) and 11.4(B).
Table- 11.3
Protocols Adopted for Analysis of Various Water Quality Parameters
Parameter Unit Protocol Testing Procedure
o
pH @ 25 C - IS :2488 Part – 1, 1966 Electrometric method
0 APHA (21st Edition)-
Temperature ( C) Thermometry method
2550 B : Page 2-61
Dissolved IS – 3025 (Part–38):
mg/l Wrinkler's method
Oxygen (DO) 1989
IS – 3025 (Part–44):
Biological
1993 Modified Wrinkler's
Oxygen mg/l
(Reaffirmed 1999) method
Demand (BOD)
Edition 2.1 (2000 - 10)
Chemical APHA (21st Edition)-
Dichromate Reflux
Oxygen mg/l Open Reflux Method
Technique
Demand (COD) 5220 B Page 5-15
Total Dissolved IS: 3025 (Part-16) 1984 Water bath Evaporation
mg/l
Solids (TDS) (Reaffirmed 1996) method
Total
IS: 3025 (Part-17) 1984 Filtration and Water
Suspended mg/l
(Reaffirmed 2002) bath Evaporation
Solids (TSS)
APHA (21st Edition) –
Calcium (Ca+) mg/l EDTA method
3500 – Ca B: Page 3-65
Calcium
Hardness mg/l Calculation method
3500 – Ca B: Page 3-65
(CaCO3)
Magnesium
mg/l 3500 – Mg B: Page 3- Calculation method
(Mg+)
84
Magnesium
mg/l 3500 – Mg B: Page 3- Calculation method
Hardness
84
Total Hardness APHA (21st Edition) –
mg/l EDTA method
(CaCO3) 2340 C Page 2 - 37
Sodium (Na) mg/l APHA (21st Edition) – Flame Photometric
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Parameter Unit Protocol Testing Procedure
3500 – Na B: Page 3-98 method
APHA (21st Edition) – Flame Photometric
Potassium (K) mg/l
3500 – K B: method
Sodium
Absorption - - Calculation method
Ration (SAR)
Nitrogen
Ammonia mg/l Titrimetric method
4500 – NH3 C
(NH3-N)
Table- 11.4(A)
List of Water Sampling Locations for Summer and Winter Seasons
Sl. Under River Village Sample Location
No. Project Dam ID
Geera Saijupada W1 1 km from Saijupada
Purna Wild W2 2 km before
1 Kelwan Purna Life Century Bheshkatri Gam
Tekpada Gam W3 Tekpada
Enginepada W21 500 m from
Enginepada
Nar Aavdha W4 Near Aavdha
Nar Tamchadi W5 1 km from Dhamni
2 Paikhed Gam
Nar Paikhed W6 Paikhed
Par Vadpada W7 Vadpada
3 Jheri Aamti Talpada W8 2 km before Surgana
Kaveri Khambhla W10 Khambhla Gam
Gam
Tan Bopi W11 1 km from Bopi
Bore Mankuniya W13 Hand Pump
well Bopi W14 Bopi Primary School
4 Chasmandva Auranga Pandavkhadak W15 Near Pandavkhadak
5 Chikkar Ambica Nanivadhai W18 Nanivadhai
Kapri Dholakpada W19 2 km from
Dhodhlpada
6 Dabdar Kapri Khudkas W12 Near Kudkas Gram
Kapri Bhavannagar W20 Bhavannagar
Lake Ahwa W9 Baddara lake
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Table- 11.4(B)
List of Water Sampling Locations for Monsoon Season
Sl. Dam Site Sample Village Taluka District Location
No. Location Details
Dam site Jheri -- -- W1
1 Jheri U/s Gondka/Kank -- -- W2
bari
D/s Khelda Kaprada Valsad W3
2 Paikhed U/s Tamachadi Dharam Valsad W7
pur
D/s Amada Surgana Nasik W8
pulsan
3 Chasmandva D/s Bopi -- -- W 11
Dam site Chikkar -- -- W 12
4 Chikkar U/s Dhanjudi -- -- W 13
5 Dabdar Dam site Dabdar -- -- W 15
U/s Davdhad -- -- W 16
D/s Pungwda -- -- W 17
6 Kelwan Dam site Mheskatri -- -- W 18
U/s Kalibel -- -- W 19
D/s Dhamandevi -- -- W 20
7 Either side of Link Amreshwar Dabhoi Vadodara W21
link canal Link Garudeshwar Nr. Narmada W22
Kevadia
Link Mangrol Mangrol Surat W23
Link Nani Narol Mangrol Surat W24
Link Amhia Vyara Tapi W25
Link Bhurivel Songadh Tapi W26
The result of Water Quality Monitoring indicates that:
i) The pH level in the study area ranged from 6.95 to 8.32 in summer
season and 7.3 to 8.2 in winter season and 7.2 to 8.1 in monsoon season at
the samples sites considered in the study area. The pH level indicates neutral
nature of the water and is well within the permissible limit of 6.5 to 8.5
specified for meeting the drinking water quality requirements.
ii) The TDS level in summer, winter and monsoon seasons are ranged
from 150 to 1010 mg/l, 56 to 340 mg/l and 72 to 220 mg/l. TDS level in
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monsoon seasons for ground water are ranged from 108 to 304 mg/l. The
TDS levels observed in some of the samples sites were above the
permissible limit of 500 mg/l specified for the drinking water quality and
also within the rejection limit of 1500 mg/l. For irrigation water, the
permissible limit is 2250 μmhos/cm, which is equivalent to the TDS level of
about 1600-1700 mg/l. As the TDS level was below this limit, the water
quality is found suitable for meeting the irrigation requirements.
iii) The hardness level ranged from 50 to 230 mg/l, 20 to 110 mg/l and
52 to 120 mg/l in summer, winter and monsoon seasons respectively
indicating soft nature and for ground water hardness level ranged from 54 to
160 mg/l indicating soft nature. The hardness level generally was well
below the permissible limit of 200 mg/l specified for drinking water. In only
one sample, hardness level was 230 mg/l, which is well within the cause for
rejection limit of 600 mg/l. Hardness is caused by divalent metallic cations.
The principal hardness causing cations are calcium, magnesium, strontium
and ferrous and iron. The low levels of calcium and magnesium are mainly
responsible for the soft nature of water.
iv) The concentration of various cations, viz sodium, calcium and

magnesium was observed to be within the permissible limits. This is also
reflected by the low SAR value, which ranged from 1.44 to 20.16 and 6.5 to
29.2 in summer and winter seasons respectively. Permissible limit SAR for
irrigation purpose is 26. The DO level ranged from 5.1 to 8.8 mg/l at
various sampling locations. The BOD values are well within permissible
limit, which indicates that the organic pollution loading entering the water
bodies is well within the carrying capacity. The low COD values also
indicate the absence of chemical pollution loading in the area. The marginal
quantity of pollution load which enters the water bodies gets diluted.
11.4.2.2 Ground Water Quality Monitoring
The Ground water quality monitoring in the study area was done
during monsoon season at 4 sampling locations. The analysis of the
collected samples was carried out in the laboratory as per the standard
respective protocols. The summary of summer and winter seasons ground
water monitoring is given below:
860
pH level in the study area ranged from 6.95 to 7.34 in summer
season and 7.30 to 7.80 in winter season which indicates the neutral nature
of the water, and are within the permissible limit of 6.5 to 8.5 specified for
meeting drinking water requirements; TDS level ranged from 240 to 525
mg/l in summer and 172 to 228 mg/l in winter season, which is well within
the permissible limit of 500 mg/l specified for drinking water and also
within the cause for rejection limit of 1500 mg/l; hardness level ranged 100
mg/l in summer season and 70 to 90 mg/l in winter season, indicating soft
nature. The hardness level generally is well below the permissible limit of
200 mg/l specified for drinking water.
The concentration of various cations, viz sodium, calcium and

magnesium was observed to be within the permissible limits. This is also
reflected by the low SAR value, which ranged from 3.17 to 4.32 in summer
season and 13.8 to 17.00 in winter season. Permissible limit of SAR for
irrigation purpose is 26. The DO level ranged from 7.5 to 8.70 mg/l in
summer season and 5.2 to 5.6 mg/l in winter season at various sampling
locations. The BOD values are well within permissible limit, which
indicates that the organic pollution loading entering the water bodies is well
within the carrying capacity. The low COD values also indicate the absence
of chemical pollution loading in the area. The marginal quantity of pollution
load which enters the water bodies gets diluted.
11.4.3 Land Environment

11.4.3.1 Land Use
The land use and land cover information of the catchment area of the
6 dams has been mapped using the digital satellite data of IRS 1C-
LISS III. Various major categories like Agricultural land, Wasteland,
Water body, etc were identified and mapped. Area statistics is
calculated for different Land use / Land cover categories and furnished
at Table- 11.5 for the catchment area of the 6 dam sites:
Table- 11.5
Catchment Area of Dams – Land Use / Land Cover Statistics
Sl. No. Description Area (km2) %age Area
I Jheri dam
861
1 Built-up Residential 4.42 1.04
2 Mine / Quarry 0.26 0.06
3 Agricultural Land 244.68 57.57
4 Dense scrub 0.14 0.03
5 Open scrub 2.20 0.52
6 Dense Forest 121.40 28.56
7 Open Forest 38.75 9.12
8 Scrub Forest 1.98 0.47
9 Lake / Pond 1.45 0.34
10 Reservoir 0.18 0.04
11 River 9.54 2.24
Total 425.00 100.00
II Paikhed dam
8 Lake / Pond 0.54 0.17
9 River 8.71 2.76
Total 315.00 100.00
III Chasmandva dam
8 Lake / Pond 0.07 0.08
9 River 1.21 1.36
Total 89.00 100.00
IV Chikkar dam
862
8 Lake / Pond 0.05 0.02
9 River 8.03 2.49
Total 323.00 100.00
V Dabdar dam
6 Lake / Pond 0.32 0.07
8 River 11.25 2.33
Total 482.00 100.00
VI Kelwan dam
6 Open Forest 135.99 18.55
8 Lake / Pond 0.21 0.03
10 River 18.35 2.50
Total 733.00 100.00
11.4.3.2 Mineral Deposits
The Geological Survey of India, Western Region, Jaipur had

informed vide their letter No. 171/G-1/EG/WR/GSI/08-09 dated 9 th April
2009 (Annexure 4.3, Volume-II) that, the area covered under Par-Tapi-
Narmada link project in Valsad and Dangs districts of Gujarat and partly
Nasik district of Maharashtra are occupied by the different basaltic flows
and associated rocks belonging to the Deccan Traps. No significant
minerals have been reported from the area, except construction material and
a few minor minerals like zeolites.
863
11.4.3.3 Historic / Archaeological Monuments
The Archaeological Survey of the project area has been carried out
by Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad Circle during May, 2009
and Dec, 2010. The Archaeological Survey of India, Vadodara vide their
letter No. 36/10/MIS/08-09/4078 dated 19th June 2009 (Annexure 4.2.1,
Volume-II) have submitted a brief report on archaeological exploration and
informed that no monuments or any remains of archaeological importance
were noticed in the areas of 5 reservoirs viz., Paikhed, Chasmandva,
Chikkar, Dabdar and Kelwan dams and none of the centrally protected
monuments are located in the area likely to be submerged due to
construction of proposed dams in the area of Par-Tapi-Narmada link project.
Similarly, the Superintending Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of
India, Aurangabad Circle vide their F No.12/2009-10/Tech-3036 dated 17 th
Feb 2011 (Annexure 4.2.2, Volume-II) submitted the brief report on the
archaeological survey and informed that no monuments or any remains of
archaeological importance were noticed at dam site and in the submergence
area of Jheri reservoir proposed under Par-Tapi-Narmada link project
11.4.3.4 Geology
The geology of the Par-Tapi-Narmada link project area, which forms

a part of the peninsular shield of India, is mostly covered by basaltic rock
formed by eruption and solidification of lava flows (Misra, 2005). The
Indian sub-continent has experienced at least 5 continental flood basalt
eruptions ranging in age from Middle Proterozoic to Late Cretaceous and
Early Tertiary. The youngest of these is the Deccan Flood Basalt of
Cretaceous to Eocene age. The series of eruptions proceeded from fissures
and cracks in the surface of the earth, from where lava welled out
intermittently till a thick sheet of basalt was formed. This obliterated the
previously existing topography of the country and converted it into an
immense volcanic plateau. This epochal volcanic formation is known in
Indian geology as the Deccan Trap formation. Most of the land around the
project site is covered by Deccan Traps, which almost entirely constitute the
exposed rock unit of this terrain.
864
The most prominent rock formations at all the 6 dam sites of Par-
Tapi-Narmada link project are of Deccan trap represented by Amygdaloidal
basalt. The Par and Auranga basins, where Jheri, Paikhed and Chasmandva
dam sites are located, belong to the Precambrian, melipozoice, tertiary and
quaterniary ages. Deccan traps in this region are of two types; one being
dark grey to bluish black, which are hard, compact and massive; and the
other being light brown to pink, which are soft. The Ambica basin wherein
Chikkar and Dabdar dams are proposed belong to the Quaternary and
Tertiary ages. Deccan traps with dykes alluvial plains. Rocks found in
Purna basin, where Kelwan dam is proposed are Neogene, Paleogene and
early Paleogene. In the east of Purna basin, there are high ridges and deep
valleys; which towards west merge into the lower reach composed of recent
and sub-recent alluvium.
11.4.3.5 Soils
The Par-Tapi-Narmada link in the western part of India is planned to

transfer water from the surplus regions of Western Ghats to the water deficit
regions of Saurashtra and Kutch regions. Soil is the product of geological,
chemical and biological interactions. The soils of district Vadodara are
shallow to deep and are dominantly fine textured (clayey) followed by
medium textured (loamy). The soils in southern region are very deep, well
drained, fine to medium textured. The soils in district Bharuch, Narmada,
Surat and Valsad are mainly very deep followed by shallow depths. Soil
depths in Tapi district are mainly shallow followed by very deep and in
Dangs district are dominantly distributed in shallow depths. The soil quality
was monitored at various locations in the project area. The monitoring has
been conducted for 3 seasons viz summer (June 2010), winter (Dec 2010)
and monsoon (Aug-2011). As per EIA manual, the soil sample has been
collected once in a season. The list of parameters monitored along with
Protocols used for analysis is given in Table- 11.6. The list of Sampling
Locations for command area is given at Table- 11.7(A) for Summer and
Winter seasons; 11.7 (B) for Monsoon season; 11.7 (C) for dams in
Monsoon season; 11.7 (D) for canal / catchment area in Monsoon season.
Table- 11.6
Soil Quality Parameters Monitored alongwith List of Protocols
865
Sl. No. Parameter Protocol
1 pH @ 25 oC Electrometric method
2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) Electrometric method
3 Texture Field method
4 Porosity Calculation method
5 Available Moisture Content Evaporation method
6 Calcium (Ca+) EDTA method
7 Magnesium (Mg+) Calculation method
8 Sodium (Na) Flame photometric method
9 Potassium (K) Flame photometric method
10 Sodium Absorption Ratio Calculation method
(SAR)
11 Total Phosphorus Colorimetric method
12 Total Nitrogen Modified Kjeldahl method
Table- 11.7 (A)

Samples in Par-Tapi-Narmada Command Area for
Summer and Winter Seasons
Sl. No. Location Dam Sample ID
1 Dharampur Chasmandva S1
2 Ulaspedhi Paikhed S3
3 Sadarvera Paikhed S5
4 Bopi Chasmandva S6
5 Mankuniya Chasmandva S7
6 Khambhla Dabdar S8
7 Ahwa Chikkar S9
8 Davdahad Dabdar S10
9 Sarwar Dabdar S11
10 Mheskatri Kelwan S12
11 Dabdar Dabdar S13
12 Dungarda Dabdar S14
13 Jamalpada Chikkar S15
14 Dhangdi Chikkar S16
15 Saputara Chikkar S17
16 Surgana Jheri S18
17 Manigam Jheri S19
18 Bedse Jheri S20
Table- 11.7 (B)
Samples in Par-Tapi-Narmada Command Area for Monsoon Season
866
Sl. No. Village Taluka District Sample ID
1 Moti Vahial Kaparada Valsad S1
2 Bhensadara Dharampur Valsad S2
3 Tumbi Dharampur Valsad S3
4 Pendha Dharampur Valsad S4
5 Mindbhari Vasada Navsari S5
6 Kelia Vasada Navsari S6
7 Motivelzar Vasada Navsari S7
8 Moti Dabhas Dang Dang S8
9 Vgulwchali Dang Dang S9
10 Amhia Vyara Tapi S11
11 Dhamodi Vyara Tapi S12
12 Bhurivel Songadh Tapi S13
13 Parvat Mandvi Tapi S15
14 Mangrol Mangrol Surat S16
15 Nani Narol Mangrol Surat S17
16 Supdahad Ahwa Dang S19
Table- 11.7 (C)

Samples in Par-Tapi-Narmada Dams for Monsoon Season
Sl. Dam Site River Sample location Sample ID
No.
1 Jheri Par Bedse S20
Kankavani S 21
2 Paikhed Par Moti Korval S 22
3 Chasmandva Auranga Bopi S 25
Nirpa or S 26
Chorvan
4 Chikkar Ambica Jamalpad S 27
Dhangdi S 28
5 Dabdar Ambica Davdhad S 29
Chikkar S 30
6 Kelwan Purna Mheskatri S 31
Table- 11.7 (D)

Samples in Par-Tapi-Narmada Canal for Monsoon Season
Sl. No. Village Taluka District Sample ID
1 Ukai Songadh Tapi S 33
2 Kantol Jaghadia Bharuch S 34
3 Dharoli Jaghadia Bharuch S 35
867
4 Garudeshwar Near Kevadia Narmada S 36
5 Amreshwar Dabhoi Vadodara S 37
6 Mangrol Mangrol Surat S16
7 Nani Narol Mangrol Surat S17
8 Amhia Vyara Tapi S11
9 Bhurivel Songadh Tapi S13
10 Chelwas Mandvi Tapi S14
The season wise findings of soil monitoring are briefly described below:
i) Summer Season: The pH @ 25 oC ranged from 5.99 to 7.64 located

at Dharampur and Saputara. The Electrical Conductivity ranged between
72.60 μS/cm and 1670.00 μS/cm located at Manigam and Khambla. The
Porosity ranged between 32.66% and 58.18% located at Dhangdi and Moti-
Korwad. The Available Moisture Content ranged from 0.46% to 6.72%
located at Manigam and Ahwa. The concentration of Calcium is in range
between 240.48 mg/kg and 11382.72 mg/kg located at Moti-Korwad and
Khambhla. The concentration of Magnesium is in range between 45.78
mg/kg and 825.03 mg/kg located at Sadarvera and Surgana. The
concentration of Sodium is in range between 33.00 mg/kg and 2126.40
mg/kg located at Manigam and Chikkar. The concentration of Potassium is
in range between 2 mg/kg and 227 mg/kg located at Bheskatri and
Sadervera. The concentration of SAR is in range between 0.28 and 15.42
located at Manigam and Chikkar. The concentration of Total Phosphorus is
in range between 0.12% and 0.37% located at Jamalpada, Dhangdi and
Surgana. The concentration of Total Nitrogen is in range between 0.04%
and 0.43% located at Dungarda, Saputara and Bheskatri.
ii) Winter Season: The range of pH @ 25 oC is in between 6.4 and 7.3

located at Dungarda, Dhankwad and Chikkar. The Electrical Conductivity
is in range between 101 μS/cm and 1670 μS/cm located at Surgana and
Khambhla. The Porosity is in range between 35.1% and 54.0% located at
Surgana and Moti-Korwada. The Available Moisture Content is in range
between 1.1% and 5.8% located at Manigam and Sarvar. The concentration
of Calcium is in range between 287 mg/kg and 2584 mg/kg located at Moti-
Korwad and Sadarvera. The concentration of Magnesium is in range
between 54 mg/kg and 680 mg/kg located at Sadarvera and Surgana. The
concentration of Sodium is in range between 80 mg/kg and 2150 mg/kg
868
located at Mankuniya and Khambhla. The concentration of Potassium is in
range between 2 mg/kg and 246 mg/kg located at Bheskatri, Dungarda and
Sadarvera. The concentration of SAR is in range between 0.089 and 2.256
located at Dhangdi and Chikkar. The concentration of Total Phosphorus is
in range between 0.12% and 0.35% located at Jamalpada, Khambhala and
Davdahad. The concentration of Total Nitrogen is in range between 0.05%
and 0.30% located at Manigam and Bedse.
iii) Monsoon Season (Command Area): The range of pH @ 25 oC is in

between 7.1 and 6.6 located at Mheskatri, Chikkar and Dungarda. The
Electrical Conductivity is in range between 180 μS/cm and 1470 μS/cm
located at Dhangdi and Sadarvera. The Porosity is in range between 39.1%
and 46.2% located at Dhangdi and Jamalpada. The Available Moisture
Content is in range between 2.5% and 4.5% located at Dhangdi and
Jamalpada. The concentration of Calcium is in range between 0.82 gm/kg
and 2.45 gm/kg located at Dhankwal and Sarwar. The concentration of
Magnesium is in range between 0.055 gm/kg and 0.50 gm/kg located at
Dhankwal and Jamalpada. The concentration of Sodium is in range
between 0.061 gm/kg and 0.992 gm/kg located at Dhankwal and Bopi. The
concentration of Potassium is in range between 0.002% and 0.273% located
at Jamalpada and Dharampur. The concentration of Total Phosphorus is in
range between 0.17% and 0.28% located at Jamalpada and Mheskatri. The
concentration of Total Nitrogen is in range between 0.07% and 0.25%
located at Mheskatri and Jamalpada.
iv) Monsoon Season (at Dam Site): The range of pH @ 25 oC is in

between 6.7 and 7.2 located at Nirpan and Chikkar. The Electrical
Conductivity is in range between 165 μS/cm and 1370 μS/cm located at
Jamalpad and Bopi. The Porosity is in range between 36.8% and 50.6%
located at Dhangdi and Mheskatri. The Available Moisture Content is in
range between 1.9% and 4.8% located at Dhangdi and Chikkar. The
concentration of Calcium is in range between 0.36 gm/kg and 2.56 gm/kg
located at Bedse and Mheskatri. The concentration of Magnesium is in
range between 0.065 gm/kg and 0.525 gm/kg located at Nirpa and
Mheskatri. The concentration of Sodium is in range between 0.088 gm/kg
and 1.75 gm/kg located at Nirpa and Chikkar. The concentration of
Potassium is in range between 0.002% and 0.26% located at Chikkar and
Girnaru. The concentration of Total Phosphorus is in range between 0.16%
869
and 0.37% located at Jamalpada and Davdhad. The concentration of Total
Nitrogen is in range between 0.06% and 0.32% located at Bopi and Bedse.
v) Monsoon season (in Canal /Catchment area): The range of pH @

25 oC is in between 6.8 and 7.0 located at Kantol and Dharoli. The
Electrical Conductivity is in range between 1130 μS/cm and 1260 μS/cm
located at Garudeshwar and Ukai. The Porosity is in range between 39.9%
and 44.9% located at Kantol and Dharoli. The Available Moisture Content
is in range between 3.9% and 4.6% located at Garudeshwar and Ukai. The
concentration of Calcium is in range between 2.2 gm/kg and 2.62 gm/kg
located at Dharoli and Amreshwar. The concentration of Magnesium is in
range between 0.48 gm/kg and 0.52 gm/kg located at Dharoli and
Amreshwar. The concentration of Sodium is in range between 0.50 gm/kg
and 1.75 gm/kg located at Amreshwar and Kantal. The concentration of
Potassium is in range between 0.48% and 0.52% located at Dharoli and
Amreshwar. The concentration of Total Phosphorus is in range between
0.24% and 0.27% located at Garudeshwar and Dharoli. The concentration
of Total Nitrogen is in range between 0.25% and 0.28% located at ukai and
Garudeshwar.
11.4.4 Terrestrial Ecology

11.4.4.1 Delineation of Flora in Study Area
According to Champion and Seth’s revised (1986) classification of

forest types, the study area falls in the South Indian Tropical Moist
Deciduous forests (Group 3A/C1). The main two categories of the forest
types existing in the study area are:
 Southern Indian Moist Deciduous Forests and

 Southern Dry Deciduous Forests
These two broad categories are further divided into eight sub types viz:
 3B/C1a Very moist teak forests

 3B/C1b Moist teak forests
 3B/C1c Slightly moist teak forests
 3B/C2 Southern moist mixed deciduous forests
 5A/C1b Dry teak forests
870
 5A/C3 Dry mixed deciduous forests
 5E9 Dry Bamboo brakes
 5/1S1 Dry tropical riverine forests
A rapid reconnaissance survey was conducted to understand the

existing ecosystem types and to identify the presence of ecologically
sensitive areas in the study area. In intensive survey, status of flora was
assessed using circular plot of various sizes for trees, shrubs, herbs and
grass species. Ten and one m radius plots were used to quantify trees, shrubs
and herbaceous (herb and grass) species respectively. Trees with > 25 cm
GBH were considered as matured trees and rest were classified in the
recruitment and regeneration classes. Within the plots all the trees and
shrubs were identified and enumerated. For grass and herbs species list and
cover availability were estimated visually.
During rapid survey, identified the plants from the fresh material;
those that could not be satisfactorily identified in the field were brought to
the laboratory and identified by checking it with monographs, herbarium
specimens and other available literature on regional and State floras. The
forests of the study sites belong to the subgroup Southern moist deciduous
forest, and within this are more specifically classified as moist teak forests
(Champion and Seth, 1968). According to the classification followed by
Puri et. al., (1983) these forests are classified as deciduous teak forest types
which are intermediate between dry and moist categories. They are named
as the Tectona-Terminalia-Adina-Anogeissus series. The forests are known
to be the richest in Gujarat and contain many invaluable timber species as
well as medicinally important species (presently Dangs occupy about 30%
of the forest area of Gujarat and generate 50% of its forest revenue and flora
of Dangs is richest in Gujarat) (WWF, 2005). Teak (Tectona grandis) is the
most dominant species in study sites and occurs throughout the area. Other
dominating tree species are bamboo, shisam (Dalbergia sisoo), khair
(Acacia catectu), dhavdo (Anogeissus latifolia) and kadam (Anthocaphalus
sp.). The other indigenous tree species available in the forest are Anogeissus
sps. (dhav, dhavdo), Bauhinia racemosa (asitro), Butea monosperma
(khakharo, kesudo), Terminalia crenulata (sadad), Lannea coromandelica
(modad, golado), Boswellia serrata (salai, halar, gugur), Diospyros
melanoxylon (timaru, bidi patta), Cassia fistula (garmaro), Syzygium
871
cumini (jamu), Prosopis juliflora (gando bavar), Eucalyptus sp (nilgiri).,
Gmelina arborea (shevan), Termenelia arjuna (arjun sadad), Cassia
auriculata (avar), Emblica officinalis (amara) etc. (Shah, 1978).
During rapid assessment of ecosystems, the overall study area is

categorized into different land uses under the land ownership and different
levels of productive potential. However, for the study purpose they have
been delineated into five major habitat types according to the nature of
vegetation existing in it.
1) Stream Beds; this includes the area on the banks of seasonal rivers,
stream and small nallah.
2) Wetland: Since these water bodies (manmade village ponds) are located
within the buffer zone of the proposed dams/reservoirs in area, aquatic
plants were counted and discussed under wetland habitats (at preliminary
level).
3) Agro-ecosystem; it means areas under the agriculture use (irrigated

lands, un-irrigated lands, cultivable waste/fallow land) and its surrounding
hedge vegetation (locally known as – khetars or wadis) owned by the
private people.
4) Open scrub or degraded Forest; mainly small patches of waste lands

and Gauchar lands with scrub vegetation and scattered tree species which
belongs to revenue or government.
5) Moist deciduous Forest; all the categories of forest lands including

species specific as well as composition of dominant tree species belongs to
forest department.
Visible observation of study area, tree and shrub covers suggest that:
 The visibility observation during the visit to all project sites, tree and
shrub covers suggest that the maximum diversity in buffer zone beyond
2-5 km radius from the proposed dam sites. The density and diversity of
tree and shrub covers decrease away from the proposed sites. The forest
872
lands found to be most suitable habitat for all floral components which
was followed by degraded-open lands.
 Different types of forests that constitute varied habitats are moist mixed
deciduous forest, moist teak forest and very rarely seen bamboo brakes.
Bamboo forms thick middle storey in large area with tree cover having
moderately dense canopy.
 The natural vegetation of the proposed project sites is a three-tiered forest

adapted to the monsoon and dry season climate. The forests typically
have an upper canopy at 10–15 meters, 5-10 meter understory of smaller
trees and large shrubs, and 3-4 meter undergrowth.
 Based on rapid survey in and around the agricultural area and dialogue
with the local farmers a total of more than 20 species have been listed as
crop species. The crops list includes 7 grains, 5 fruits and 5 vegetable
species. Fruit and vegetable crops were found cultivated along the
agricultural hedges in a small extent of area (as visible). In addition 2
cash, 2 timber crop also observed to grow in the area.
11.4.4.2 Status of Fauna
As per the survey conducted on major bird species observed in the

study area are Pea fowl, Indian cuckoo, Blue rock pigeon, King fisher,
Griffon vulture. As per the secondary data available, the common mammals
found in the project area are Leopard, Jungle Cat, Indian Fox, Jackal, Four
horned Antelope, Woodpeckers, Barking Deer, Chital, Pangolin, Lizard etc.
11.4.4.3 Status of Fish Fauna
Major fish species reported in the study area are Catlacatla, Labeo
frimbriatus, Labeo calabasu, Cirrhinus reba, Puntius sarana, Mystus
senghala, M. aor, M. cavasius, Wallago attu, Channa spp, Mastacembalus
armatus. Among these only two species of fishes ie Channa spp and
Mastacembalus armatus are observed during the survey. None of the fish
species appear to have long migration pattern.
873
11.4.5 Public Health Facilities
The information regarding health facilities including availability of

hospital, maternity and child welfare centre and Primary Health Centre
(PHC) etc. are collected and found that Hospital facility is available for all
the villages but its average distance is more than 10 km. Similarly,
Maternity and Child Welfare Centre are also available at the average
distance of more than 10 km. Village wise availability of medical facilities
in the affected villages are given at Table - 11. 8 to 11. 13.
Table – 11.8
Village-wise Medical Facilities in Jheri Reservoir Area
Sl. Village Medical Facilities (Within Range (in km)
No. Allopathic Maternity and Primary Health
Hospital Child welfare Centre
Centre
1 Kirdi >10 >10 >10
2 Khokarvihir >10 >10 >10
3 Kayare >10 >10 >10
4 Gandole >10 >10 >10
5 ModhalPada >10 >10 5 to 10
6 Ambe >10 >10 x
Table – 11.9
Village-wise Medical Facilities in Paikhed Reservoir Area
Centre
1 Paikhed >10 >10 >10
2 Gundiya >10 >10 >10
3 Khudki >10 >10 >10
4 Madhuri >10 >10 >10
5 Chavra >10 >10 >10
6 Khapatiya >10 >10 >10
7 Satvankal >10 >10 >10
874
Centre
8 Tutrkhed >10 >10 >10
9 Karanjul >10 >10 >10
10 Rkshabhuwan >10 >10 >10
11 Bhendval >10 >10 >10
Table – 11.10
Village-wise Medical Facilities in Chasmandva Reservoir Area
Centre
1 Chasmandva >10 >10 >10
2 Jugiri >10 >10 >10
3 Chorvani >10 >10 >10
4 Nirpan >10 >10 >10
5 Nadagheri >10 >10 >10
6 Mandhu >10 5 to 10 >10
7 Ragatvihir >10 >10 5 to 10
Table – 11.11
Village-wise Medical Facilities in Chikkar Reservoir Area
Centre
1 Baj >10 >10 within 5
2 Barkhdya >10 >10 >10
(Barkhandhia)
3 Eanbhas >10 >10 >10
(Ranbhas)
4 Khirnani >10 >10 >10
Khirdi >10 >10 >10
5 (Chikkar)
6 Kundu >10 within 5 within 5
7 Laha Dabdar >10 within 5 within 5
8 Sakarpatal >10 Available Available
875
9 Susarda >10 x x
Table – 11.12
Village-wise Medical Facilities in Dabdar Reservoir Area
No. Allopathic Maternity Primary
Hospital and Child Health Centre
Welfare
Centre
1 Bhavadi >10 >10 >10
2 Chinchingarvtha >10 >10 5 to 10
3 Dabdar >10 >10 5 to 10
4 Dhadhra 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10
5 Ghodi >10 >10 5 to 10
6 Ghoghalpada >10 >10 >10
7 Gira >10 >10 within 5
8 Malin >10 >10 >10
9 Kudkas 5 to 10 >10 >10
10 Kukadnakhi 5 to 10 >10 >10
11 Pimpri >10 >10 >10
Table – 11.13
Village-wise Medical Facilities in Kelwan Reservoir Area
No. Allopathic Maternity Primary
Hospital and Child Health Centre
Welfare
Centre
1 Balkhet >10 >10 within 5
2 Bhogadiya >10 >10 5 to 10
(Bhongdya)
3 Bhujad >10 >10 within 5
4 Chikhala >10 >10 >10
5 Chikar >10 >10 >10
6 Divdayavan >10 >10 5 to 10
7 Engin Pada >10 >10 >10
8 Godadiya >10 >10 >10
9 Kakarda >10 >10 within 5
10 Kalibel >10 >10 Available
11 Masli >10 >10 x
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12 Khatal >10 >10 Available
13 Khopriamba >10 >10 Available
14 Pandharmal >10 >10 x
15 Patli >10 >10 x
16 Tekpada >10 >10 Available
17 Wankan >10 >10 x
11.4.6 Drinking Water Supply
Data on sources of water for drinking purpose indicates that the

villages fetch water from different sources including hand pumps followed
by wells, tanks and rivers. It was further observed that in most of the
villages of the study area during summer season, the hand pumps are getting
dry for almost 2 to 4 months annually and then the study area population is
mainly depending on wells, tanks and rivers as drinking water sources.
11.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment is a process of assessment of both

positive and negative impacts on the environment due to implementation of
the developmental projects. The primary objective of Environmental
Impact Assessment is to encourage the inclusion of environmental
considerations in planning and decision making and to ultimately arrive at
actions that are environmentally more compatible. Based on the project
details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts as a result of
the construction and operation of the proposed Par-Tapi-Narmada link
project have been identified. The Impact Assessment for quite a few
disciplines is subjective in nature and cannot be quantified. Wherever
possible, impacts have been quantified and otherwise, qualitative
assessment has been undertaken. The impacts on various aspects of
Environment have been assessed for construction as well as operation
phases of project.
11.5.1 Impacts on Air Environment

11.5.1.1 Impact on Air Quality
i) Construction Phase: The air pollution Impact on surroundings shall

be mainly during construction phase-
877
a) Pollution Due to Fuel Combustion in Various Equipments: The
operation of various construction equipments requires combustion of fuel.
Normally, diesel is used in such equipment. The major pollutant which gets
emitted as a result of diesel combustion is SO 2. The SPM emissions are
minimal due to low ash content in diesel. The short-term increase in SO 2,
even assuming that all the equipment is operating at a common point is
quite low ie of the order of less than 1 μg/m 3. Hence, no major impact is
anticipated on this account.
b) Fugitive Emissions from Various Sources: During construction

phase, there will be increased vehicular movement and a lot of construction
material like sand, fine aggregate is stored at various sites. Normally, due to
blowing of winds, especially when the environment is dry, some of the
stored material can get entrained in the atmosphere. However, such impacts
are visible only in and around the storage sites. The impacts on this account
are generally, insignificant in nature.
c) Impacts Due to Vehicular Movement: During construction phase,

increase in number of vehicles is anticipated for transportation of
construction material. The increase in number of vehicles is expected to be
a maximum of 35 / hour. As such; no major impact on ambient air quality is
anticipated due to increase in vehicular movement during construction
phase.
ii) Operation Phase: During operation phase, no major impacts are

envisaged.
11.5.1.2 Impacts on Noise Environment
i) Construction Phase: The impacts on ambient noise levels are

expected during the project construction phase only due to earth moving
machinery, increased vehicular movement etc. The present noise level was
monitored at 9 locations in the project area. No increase in noise level is
anticipated as a result of various activities during the project construction
phase. There could be marginal impact on the population residing in
proximity to the canal alignment during construction phase as a result of
878
various activities. However, based on past experience, in similar project,
the impact however, is not expected to be significant.
During construction phase, there will be significant increase in

vehicular movement for transportation of construction material. The
vehicular movement is expected to increase upto a maximum of 45 to 50
trucks / hour. The impact on noise level due to increased vehicular
movement was studied Federal Highway Administration model. No
significant impact other than the above on this account is anticipated.
ii) Operation Phase: Noise pollution occurs mainly during project

construction phase. During project operation phase, no major impacts are
envisaged.
11.5.2 Impacts on Water Resources and Quality
i) Construction Phase
a) Impacts Due to Sewage Generation from Labour Camps: The

major sources of water pollution during project construction phase are
the sewage generated from the labour camps / colonies. The project
construction is likely to last for a period of 7 years. About 5000 workers
and 800 technical staff are likely to migrate during project construction
phase. The employment opportunities in the area are limited. Thus, during
the project construction phase, many of the locals may get employment.
It has been observed during construction phase of many of the projects,
the major works are contracted out, and who bring their own skilled labour.
However, it is only in the unskilled category, that locals get employment.
The construction phase also leads to mushrooming of various allied
activities to meet the demands of the immigrant labour population in the
project area. The increase in the population is expected to be of the order
of 14000. The total domestic water requirement of the labour population
(including families) is expected to be of the order of 0.98 mld @ 70 lpcd. It
is assumed that about 80% of the water supplied will be generated as
sewage. Thus, the total quantum of sewage generated is expected to be of
the order of 0.8 mld. The total BOD load contributed by various labour
camps/colonies will be about 630 kg/day. The above pollution loading is
879
likely to be spread over 3 to 4 labour camps. The disposal of sewage
without treatment could lead to adverse impacts on land environment or
water environment in which the effluent from the labour camps / colonies
are disposed.
Disposal of Sewage Water is an essential part of the EMP. One

community toilet needs to be provided for 20 persons. The wastewater
generated from the colonies will be collected and disposed in specifically
designed Soak pits and Septic tanks. The wastewater and sewage generated
will not be allowed to flow into the rivers and streams of the area. The
sanitary facilities at the colonies should be of standard municipal design for
hill areas. However, efforts shall be made to ensure, that treated effluent is
disposed only in these water bodies, which are not used for meeting
domestic water requirements.
b) Impacts Due to Runoff from Construction Sites: Substantial

quantities of water would be used in the construction activities. With
regards to water quality, waste water from construction activities would
mostly contain suspended impurities. Adequate care should be taken so
that excess suspended solids in the waste water are removed before these
are disposed into water body or over land. Similarly, effluents due to
washing from truck parking area, workshop, etc. would have high
concentration of oil and grease. The effluent quality is too small to
cause any adverse impact. However, it is still recommended to treat the
effluent from these units / areas by oil and separator unit, to ameliorate
even the marginal adverse impacts likely to accrue on this account.
ii) Operation Phase
a) Impacts on Downstream Users: A total quantity of 1330 MCM is

proposed for diversion from 6 reservoirs in Par, Auranga, Ambica and
Purna river basins against the net yield in an average year for 6 reservoirs
1425 MCM. It is planned to utilise the water proposed to be transferred, for
various command areas in the vicinity of the project, viz., in the en-route
command, command area of five projects proposed by Government of
Gujarat, command area in the vicinity of of reservoirs, en-route command
880
right side of canal by lift, Command area in Chhota Udepur and
Panchmahal districts, drinking water supply and filling of tanks, and Target
command to the tune of about 382 MCM, 285MCM, 48 MCM, 138 MCM ,
130 MCM, 76 MCM, 50 MCMand 161 MCM respectively. Thus, the
quantity of water saved in Sardar Sarovar project to the tune of 291 MCM
will be available for irrigation in target command i.e. in drought prone area
of Saurashtra and Kutch regions.
The diversion of water for meeting irrigation and other

requirements could lead to following impacts:
 Modification of hydrologic regime

 Impacts on downstream water quality due to diversion of water from
various dams
 Impacts due to change in waste assimilation capacity of the river
system including downstream of dam
 Impacts on downstream water users for various dams
 Impacts on drainage system due to canal network
 Impacts due to siltation
 Impacts on performance of existing projects due to diversion of water
for irrigation
The reservoir formation on account of construction of 6 dams could

lead to impacts on present and future ground water and surface water
use in the upstream and the impacts on water availability of the project.
The impacts envisaged are:
 Impacts on existing water bodies upstream of dams in the project area:

No water body / tank / pond / lake are likely to submerge due to the
submergence of the proposed six reservoirs. Hence, no impacts on
existing water bodies upstream of dam are envisaged.
b) Impacts on Water Logging and Soil Salinity: The main cause of

water logging in a command area due to irrigation could be as follows:
 Developmental activities such as construction of roads, bridges,

railway lines, buildings etc. resulting in choking of natural drainage.
881
 Poor natural drainage as consequences of topography or
unfavourable sub-soil geology like existence of hard pan at shallow
depths.
 Heavy storm and rainfall coupled with poor natural drainage.
 Heavy losses of water due to seepage from canals, distributaries and
water courses.
 Excess application of water particularly in the initial years when the
command is not fully developed.
 Poor on-farm water management resulting in poor application
efficiencies.
 Inadequate drainage and poor maintenance of existing drainage
system and outlets.
 Lack of conjunctive use of surface and ground waters.
The imbalance of air and water in root zone leads to adverse impacts
on crop growth and are listed as under:
 Depletion of oxygen in the root zone and increase/saturation of

carbon dioxide due to water logging. This anaerobic condition has an
adverse effect on the growth of useful micro-organisms and harmful
organisms proliferate and create several problems in the plant growth.
 Physio-chemical and biological activities in the soil and disturbed on
account of low temperature which is the result of water logging
conditions. This also creates the problem of increase in pests and
diseases.
 Field operations also become either impossible or difficult in such
soils.
c) Changes in Water Quality due to Increased Use of Fertilizers: The
fertilizer dose is likely to increase once irrigation is introduced in the
command area. Under the best farming practices, only 40 - 50% of the
applied fertilizers is used by the crop and the balance finds its way into
the aquatic environment through drainage runoff. An unexpected intense
shower immediately after the spread of fertilizers may bring even greater
amount of nutrients as a part of the runoff into the receiving water body.
882
To compensate the nutrient removal by crops, additional dose of
nutrients, ie fertilizers dosing needs to be given. Wash down of fertilizers
and organic matter rich in nutrients from the surrounding agricultural
fields cause eutrophication of water bodies. Overgrowth of aquatic weeds
affects the survival of aquatic organisms through depletion of oxygen,
change in odour and taste of water. With the introduction of irrigation, use
of fertilizers is likely to increase, to maintain the increased levels of
production. The drainage system (natural or man-made) is likely to
contain much higher level of nutrients. The climatic conditions in the
project area too are suitable for the proliferation of eutrophication in the
project area. Thus, in the project operation phase, there will be increased
probability of eutrophication in the water bodies receiving agricultural
runoff.
d) Impacts due to Effluent from Project Colony: During project

operation phase, due to absence of any large scale construction activities, the
cause and source of water pollution will be much different. Since, only a
small number of OandM staff will reside in the area in a well designed
colony which will have a Sewage Treatment Plant and other
infrastructure facilities, the problems of water pollution due to disposal of
sewage are not anticipated.
e) Recharge of Ground Water: Par-Tapi-Narmada link project

envisages creation of Jheri, Paikhed, Chasmandva, Chikkar, Dabdar and
Kelwan reservoirs and link canal. Due to these reservoirs and link canal,
recharge of ground water in the area of downstream of dams and en-route
link canal will take place. This will be a positive impact of the project.
11.5.3 Impacts on Land Environment
i) Construction Phase: The construction of the proposed Par-Tapi-

Narmada link project is expected to be completed in about 7 years. Majority
of the environmental impact during construction phase are temporarily in
nature, lasting mainly during the construction phase and for small duration
beyond the construction period. The major impacts anticipated on land
environment during construction phase are as follows:
883
 Environmental degradation due to immigration of labour population
 Operation of construction equipment
 Soil erosion
 Impacts due to construction of roads
a) Environmental Degradation due to Immigration of Labour

Population: The peak labour and technical staff congregation would be of
the order of 5000 and 800 respectively. The population of construction
labour, technical and other work force for construction and related activities
and service providers including their families is expected to be 14000.
Separate accommodation and related facilities for workers, service providers
and technical staff are to be provided as a part of the project. Congregation
of labour force is likely to create problems of sewage disposal, solid waste
management and falling of trees for meeting fuel requirements etc.
b) Operation of Construction Equipment: During construction phase,

various types of equipment will be brought to the site. These include
batching plant, earth movers, etc. The sitting and storage of these
construction equipments would require significant amount of space. The site
for storage of construction material and equipment will be selected such that
it causes minimum adverse impacts on various aspects of environment.
Efforts shall be made that such facilities are located on government or
panchayat land only, so that hardships caused as a result of land acquisition,
though temporarily on this account are minimized to the extent possible.
c) Soil Erosion: Due to various construction activities such as

construction of colonies / houses / toilet blocks etc. Soil erosion in the
project area is bound to increase. During construction activities, the share of
the forest cover will be adversely affected which in turn will cause loosening
of the soil particles, thus increasing the rate of soil erosion and hence
degradation of land environment. Substitute Plantation will mitigate the
adverse affect of soil erosion.
Impacts due to Construction of Roads: Roads are the only main mode of
communication in the area. Waghai- Saputara National Highway (NH-360)
passes in the submergence area of Chikkar dam. In addition, there is a wide
network of Major roads, village roads and cart tracks. The status of village
roads and cart tracks will have to be improved and new approach roads to
884
quarries, labour colony, stores and construction sites will have to be
constructed. Frequent movement of heavy vehicle loaded with construction
material will cause air pollution in terms of SPM, noise and gases. To
mitigate the pollution effects, preventive measures such as sprinkling of
water, plantation of trees etc. have to be taken in right earnest.
ii) Operation Phase:
a) Acquisition of Land: The proposed project envisages construction of

6 reservoirs, 2 barrages, link channels and canal network. About 6065 ha of
land will be acquired for proposed Jheri, Paikhed, Chasmandva, Chikkar,
Dabdar and Kelwan reservoirs. Details are given at Table- 11.14:
Table- 11.14
Land to be Acquired under Reservoir Submergence of Various Dams
Dam site Submergence Area (ha)
Forest Culturable and River Total
Land Other Land Portion
Jheri 408 256 172 836
Paikhed 317 589 88 994
Chasmandv 300 255 60 615
a
Chikkar 300 332 110 742
Dabdar 614 482 153 1249
Kelwan 890 450 289 1629
Total 2829 2364 872 6065
About 2509 families will be affected due to the submergence of

these reservoirs, of which 98, 331, 379, 345, 563 and 793 families will be
affected due to Jheri, Paikhed, Chasmandva, Chikkar, Dabdar and Kelwan
reservoirs respectively.
The land to be acquired for link canal including feeder pipe lines
for Par-Tapi-Narmada link canal is 4554 ha. Details are given in Table-
11.15:
Table-11.15
Details of Land to be Acquire for Link Canal and Feeder Pipe lines
885
Link Details of Land (ha)
Forest Culturable Uncultivable River Total
Land Land Land Portion
Par- Tapi 964.30 855.00 133.80 26.60 1979.70
Tapi-Narmada 402.00 1457.70 188.50 60.10 2108.30
Feeder 244.10 152.60 0.90 9.10 406.70
Pipe lines
Total 1610.40 2465.30 323.20 95.80 4494.70
11.5.4 Impact on Biological Environment

11.5.4.1 Terrestrial Environment
11.5.4.1.1 Impacts on Forest Cover
i) Construction Phase: During project construction phase, labour

population is likely to congregate near various construction sites. The
workers and other population groups residing in the area may use fuel
wood (if no alternate fuel is provided). To minimize impacts, community
kitchens will be provided. These community kitchens shall use Liquefied
Petroleum Gas or kerosene as fuel.
ii) Operation Phase: Total forest land to be acquired in the reservoir

submergence of 6 dams viz Jheri, Paikhed, Chasmandva, Chikkar, Dabdar
and Kelwan is 2829 ha. Details are given at Table- 11.16(A).
Table- 11.16(A)
Details of forest land to be acquired for the reservoirs
Sl. No. Dam site Forest land (ha)
Maharashtra Gujarat Total
1 Jheri 408 0 408
2 Paikhed 0 317 317
3 Chasmandva 0 300 300
4 Chikkar 0 300 300
5 Dabdar 0 614 614
6 Kelwan 0 890 890
Total 408 2421 2829
886
Total forest land to be acquired in the canal alignment is 1610 ha.
Details are given at Table- 11.16(B).
Table-11.16(B)
Details of forest land to be acquired for link canal and feeder pipe line.
Sl No. Canal Reach Forest land (ha)
1 Par- Tapi 964.30
2 Tapi-Narmada 402.00
3 Feeder Pipe lines 244.10
Total 1610.40
Say 1610.00
As per the findings of the study, rare, endangered and threatened

species are not reported in the study area. The impacts due to acquisition of
forest land shall be mitigated through compensatory afforestation measures
and implementation of a detailed set of bio-diversity conservation measures
outlined in the Environmental Management Plan.
11.5.4.2 Impacts on Wildlife
i) Construction Phase: The area to be brought under irrigation within the

command area is devoid of forests. The project area is interspersed with
settlements and agricultural land. In such settings large scale faunal
population is not observed. Thus, no significant impact on wildlife is
anticipated due to the project.
Purna and Vansda Wildlife Sanctuaries are falling within the study
area. The project shall not be acquired any land from these sanctuaries.
However, adverse impacts on account of increased human interferences
will take place during project construction phase. A detailed anti-poaching
plan including surveillance measures outlined in Environmental
Management Plan.
ii) Operation Phase: The following impacts on account of forest land

acquisition and canal alignment shall be studied:
a) Impact due to habitat change having effect like corridor loss and loss
of migratory path for wildlife including birds.
887
b) Impact on breeding grounds of species.
c) Impacts on access of animals to food and shelter.
d) Impacts on rare, endangered, threatened and endemic species.
11.5.4.3 Impacts on Aquatic Ecology
a) Impact Due to Excavation of Construction Material from River

Bed: During the construction phase a large quantity of construction material
like stones, pebbles, gravel and sand would be extracted from the Borrow
areas in the river bed. The extraction of construction material may affect the
river water quality due to increase in the turbidity levels. This is mainly
because the dredged material gets released during one or all the operations
mentioned below:
 Excavation of material from the river bed.

 Loss of material during transport to the surface.
 Overflow from the dredger while loading.
 Loss of material from the dredger during transportation.
The dredging and deposition of dredged material may affect the

survival and propagation of benthic organisms. The macro-benthic life
which remains attached to the stones, boulders etc. gets dislodged and is
carried away downstream by turbulent flow. The areas from where
construction material is excavated, benthic fauna get destroyed. In due
course of time, however, the area gets re-colonized, with fresh benthic
fauna. The density and diversity of benthic fauna, will however, be less as
compared with the pre-dredging levels.
The second important impact is on the spawning areas of fishes.

The spawning areas of various fish species are found amongst pebbles,
gravel, sand etc. The eggs are sticky in nature and remain embedded in
the gravel and subsequently hatch. Any disturbance of stream bottom
will result in adverse impacts on fish eggs.
888
Thus, if adequate precautions during dredging operations are not
undertaken, then significant adverse impacts on aquatic ecology are
anticipated.
ii) Operation Phase
a) Impacts Due to Damming of River: The damming of river due to

construction of various dams will result in creation of reservoir of varied
areas. The dam will change the fast flowing river to a quiescent lacustrine
environment. The creation of a pond will bring about a number of
alterations in physical, abiotic and biotic parameters both in upstream and
downstream directions of the proposed dam site. The micro and macro
benthic biota is likely to be most severely affected as a result of the
proposed project.
b) Impacts on Migratory Fish Species: The obstruction created by the

dam would hinder migration of various migratory species. These fishes
undertake annual migration for feeding and breeding. Therefore, fish
migration path may be obstructed due to the dams and fishes are expected
to congregate below the dam wall. Under this situation poaching activities
may increase in the area. Most of the species will shift to the section
of the river where they find favourable environment for breeding.
However, it is proposed that the artificial seed production in hatchery
may be adopted which can be stocked in the river stretches
downstream and upstream of the proposed dams.
11.5.4.4 Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment
a) Impact of Influx or Migration of Labour: The construction phase will

last for about 7 years. The peak labour force and technical staff required is
estimated at about 5800. The total number of persons inhabiting the
area including the service population will be about 14000. The project will
open a large number of jobs to the local population. Job opportunities
drastically improve in this area. The availability of infrastructure is
generally a problem during the initial construction phase. Though the
889
construction workers can be subsidized for certain facilities like health,
education etc. The facilities of desired quality are often not made available
in the initial stages. The adequacy of water supply, sewage treatment,
housing, etc should therefore, be ensured before and adequate measures
would be taken at the very start of the project.
e) Impacts on Public Health due to Water Borne Diseases:
Construction Phase- The construction phase of the project could lead to

increase incident of various water borne and vector borne diseases if
adequate precautions / control measures are not under taken. The health
risk specific to water resources projects emanate from congregation of
labour at various construction sites. During construction phase, new groups
come and go constantly keeping the human population in a flux. These
groups are usually housed temporary dwelling without proper sanitary
conditions and water supply. In the final stages, colonies for project
maintenance, town ships are built. Population migration indicated by
actual or possible opportunity for work can aggregate problems as a result
of housing difficulties, overcrowding, raise in cost of living and some un-
predicted social problems as well introduction of new sources of diseases or
immigrants immunologically susceptible to the endemic diseases prevalent
in the areas of development.
Many of the immigrant population could be reservoir of infection

for various communicable diseases. Once they settle in labour camps /
colonies, there could be increased incidence of various diseases. This
aspect needs to be looked into with caution, and efforts must be made to
ensure that a thorough check up of the labour population congregating in
the area is conducted. Those affected by any ailments need to be properly
quarantined depending on the ailment with which they are suffering.
Operation Phase- Improvement in availability of water for various uses,

increased agricultural production, availability of diversified food,
strengthening of educational and health facilities significantly improves
public health in project area. On the other hand, water resources
development also has negative impacts, since it could increase the habitat
of certain vectors like mosquitoes. Malaria is a common vector borne
disease in the project area. The project may create favourable conditions
890
for breeding of new pathogens or vectors such as mosquitoes, etc. Most of
the water borne diseases can largely be prevented by adequate hygiene.
With the increased water availability, quality of water being supplied is
expected to improve and the incidence of water borne diseases will reduce.
However, adequate measures in the form of strict public health measures
are proposed.
11.5.5 Impacts on Micro Climate
The increase in surface area of water, irrigation and vegetation cover

in the project area may on a local level moderate the temperature, ie lead
to reduction in the number of days of high temperature, if not in the
maximum temperature itself. The higher humidity as a result of higher
evapotranspiration is likely to raise the minimum temperature and
increased occurrence of fogs during the cooler months. The increased
humidity level may also increase the instances of fog due to increased
moisture content in the atmosphere. At the current level of knowledge a
qualitative assessment on the above item is not possible.
11.5.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The major Green House Gases (GHGs) are carbon dioxide (CO 2),
methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). These gases are emitted from both
natural aquatic (lakes, rivers, estuaries, wetlands) and terrestrial ecosystems
(forest, soils) as well as from anthropogenic sources. CO 2 emissions account
for the largest share of GHGs equivalent of ±80-85% of the emissions.
Fossil fuel combustion for transportation and electricity generation are main
source of CO2 contributing to more than 50% of the emissions. Thermal
power plants represent 66% of the world's electric generation capacity.
Hydropower represents about 20% of the world's electricity generation
capacity and emits 35 to 70 times less GHGs per TWh than thermal power
plants.
In last few years GHG emissions from freshwater reservoirs and

their contribution to the increase of GHGs in the atmosphere are also being
891
considered as a source of greenhouse gas emissions. In the case of
reservoirs, it is known that the amount of GHGs emitted at the air water
interface varies over time. In fact, there is an initial peak which occurs
immediately after impoundment. The increase of GHG emissions in
reservoirs shortly after flooding is related to the release of nutrients,
enhanced bacterial activity and decomposition of liable carbon. Magnitude
of emissions for both reservoirs and natural aquatic systems depend on
physico-chemical characteristics of the water body and on the incoming
carbon from the watershed.
The issue of reservoir emissions has been recognized at the

international level by the Clean Development Mechanism Executive Board
(UNFCCC, 2006b) as well as the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate
Change-2006. Beyond such preliminary developments, progress in the
policy remains at a very early stage and is generally held back by a number
of scientific uncertainties.
Based on available literature, greenhouse details of gas emissions

from reservoirs in India are given at Table- 11.17:
Table- 11.17
Gas emissions from Reservoirs in Tropical Countries
Sl. Project Predicted Gross* Predicted Gross*
No. Annual CO2 Diffusive Annual CH4 Diffusive
Flux (mg C-CO2 m d ) Flux (mg C-CH4 m-2d-1)
-2 -1
Predic 67% Confidence Predi 67% Confidence

ted Interval cted Interval
Value Lower Upper Value Lower Upper
Limit Limit Limit Limit
1 Sardar Sarovar 1156 503 2659 238 67 846
2 Pong 361 157 829 55 15 195
3 Bhadra 354 154 815 62 17 220
4 Sabarigiri 361 157 830 56 16 200
5 Madhikhera 1115 485 2565 231 65 820
6 Doyang 744 324 1712 19 5 67
7 Hirakud 679 295 1561 75 21 266
11.6 Environmental Management Plan

11.6.1 Pollution Control at Construction Sites
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11.6.1.1 Air Pollution Control
Control of Emissions: Minor air quality impacts will be caused by

emissions from construction vehicles, equipment and DG sets, and
emissions from transportation traffic. Frequent truck trips will be required
during the construction period for removal of excavated material and
delivery of construction equipment and material.
The following measures are recommended to control air pollution:
 The contractor will be responsible for maintaining properly

functioning construction equipment to minimize exhaust.
 Construction equipment and vehicles will be turned off when not
used for extended periods of time.
 Unnecessary idling of construction vehicles to be prohibited.
 Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant
delays in and around the project area.
 Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly
attended to with proper road repair and maintenance work.
Air Pollution Control due to DG Sets: The Central Pollution Control

Board (CPCB) has issued emission limits for generators upto 800 KW.
Details are given at Table- 11.18:
Table- 11.18
Emission Limits for DG Sets Prescribed by CPCB
Parameter Emission Limits (gm/kwhr)
NOx 9.2
HC 1.3
CO 2.5
PM 0.3
Smoke limit* 0.7
Note: *Light absorption co-efficient at full load (M-1)
The above standards needed to follow by the contractor while

operating the DG sets. The other measures are recommended as below:
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 Location of DG sets and other emission generating equipment
should be decided keeping in view the predominant wind direction
so that emissions do not effect nearby residential areas.
 Stack height of DG sets to be kept in accordance with CPCB norms,
which prescribes the minimum height of stack to be provided with
each generator set to be calculated using the following formula:
H = h+0.2 x √ KVA
H = Total height of stack in meter
h = Height of the building in meters where the generator set is installed
KVA = Total generator capacity of the set in KVA
Dust Control: The authorities will work closely with representatives from
the community living in the vicinity of project area to identify areas of
concern and to mitigate dust-related impacts effectively (eg through direct
meeting, utilization of construction management and inspection program,
and / or through the complaint response program).
 Identification of constructions limits (minimal area required for

construction activities).
 When practical, excavated spoils will be removed as the contractor
proceeds along the length of the activity.
 When necessary, stockpiling of excavated material will be covered or
staged offsite location with muck being delivered as needed during
the course of construction.
 Excessive soil on paved areas will be sprayed (wet) and / or swept
and unpaved areas will be sprayed and / or mulched. The use of
petroleum products or similar products for such activities will be
strictly prohibited.
 Contractors will be required to cover stockpiled soils and trucks
hauling soil, sand and other loose materials (or required truck to
maintain at least two feet of freeboard).
 Contractor shall ensure that there is effective traffic management at
site. The number of trucks / vehicles to move at various construction
sites to be fixed.
894
 Dust sweeping – The construction area and vicinity (access roads, and
working areas) shall be swept with water sweepers on a daily basis or
as necessary to ensure there is no visible dust.
Budget: An amount of Rs. 159.38 lakh is earmarked for air pollution

control. Details are given at Table- 11.19:
Table- 11.19
Cost Estimate for Implementation of Air Pollution Control Measures
S.No. Activity Cost(Rs.)
Lakh
1 5 Traffic managers @ Rs. 20000 per month per person 113.84
for 7 years including 10% escalation per year
2 5 sweepers @ Rs. 8000 per month per person for 7 years 45.54
including 10% escalation per year
Total 159.38
11.6.1.2 Noise Control Measures
i) Noise Generation from Construction Equipments: The construction

equipments, vehicles, DG sets etc shall be properly maintained and
occupational safety and health standards shall be complied. The
construction equipment will be required to use available noise suppression
devices and properly maintained mufflers.
 Vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle

manufacturer.
 Staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of
equipment within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever
possible.
 Notification will be given to residents within 100 m of major noise
generating activities. The notification will describe the noise
abatement measures that will be implemented.
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 Monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during the construction
phase of the project.
 A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG
set should be set and followed in consultation with the manufacturer
which would help prevent noise levels from deteriorating with use.
ii) Noise Generation from Controlled Blasting Operations
 Controlled blasting will be done as per the provisions of Indian

Explosives Act.
 Blasting will not be undertaken in night hours.
 Workers at blasting sites will be provided with proper earplugs and
helmets.
 Explosives used for controlled blasting will be kept in safest
custody under lock and key as per the provisions of Indian
Explosives Act
iii) Noise Due to Crusher: The exposure of labour operating with

crushers shall be restricted upto 30 minutes on a daily basis. Alternatively,
the workers need to be provided with ear muffs or plugs, so as to attenuate
the noise level near the crusher by at least 15 dB(A). The exposure to noise
level in such a scenario to be limited upto 4 hours per day.
11.6.2 Water Pollution
Sewage generated from various labour camps during project

construction phase shall be treated in a sewage treatment plant prior to
disposal. Efforts shall be made to discharge the treated effluent only in these
water bodies, which are not used for meeting domestic water requirements.
The effluent generated from the crushers will have high-suspended

solids and needs to be treated before disposal. Settling tanks of appropriate
size for treatment of effluent from various crushers should be provided. The
sludge from the various settling tanks can be collected once in 15 days and
disposed at the site designed for disposal of municipal solid wastes from the
labour camps. The sludge after drying could also be used as cover material
896
for landfill disposal site. An amount of Rs. 60 lakh needs to be earmarked
for construction of various settling tanks.
11.6.3 Land Management Plan

11.6.3.1 Disposal of Muck and Reclamation of Muck Disposal Sites
The Par-Tapi-Narmada link project envisages construction of 6

dams, 2 barrages, 6 power houses, 1 tunnel of 12.70 km long and 406.118
km long link canal system including 5 Nos. of tunnels along the canal
alignment of total length of 1.15 km and large number of CD/CM structures.
A large quantity of muck is expected to be generated as a result of
tunnelling operations and excavations for foundation of these dams barrages
and canal. Based on the geological nature of the rocks and engineering
properties of the soil, a part of the muck can be used as construction
material and balance muck requires being suitably disposed in muck
disposal sites in the project area. The muck disposal sites are planned along
the river course and in low level areas or depressions. The dumping of muck
will be done in the scientific manner by providing appropriate protection
walls with deep foundations so that muck will not flow and washed away in
the river. Protection structures in the form of masonry work, crate work and
check dam will also be provided wherever necessary in order to avoid the
chances of soil erosion and to ensure flow of silt free water. Besides these
engineering measures, proper plantation will be done at the dumping sites
for reclamation of the dumping areas.
Muck generally lacks nutrients and therefore, is difficult to re-

vegetate. However, if no attempts to vegetate the slopes are made, the muck
could slide lower down during rain and may eventually wash off the check
dams also. Bio-fertilizer technique developed by National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute can be adopted in the proposed project.
Unused excavated material will be piled and stacked with proper slopes at
the designated muck disposal sites. The slopes are broken up by creating
benches across them. This is done to provide stability to the slopes and also
to provide ample space for planting of trees that would further help in
holding and consolidating biotechnological approach. The afforestation with
suitable plant species shall be done in consultation with the forest
Departments of Gujarat and Maharashtra. A provision of Rs. 870 lakh has
897
been kept towards restoration of muck disposal sites near dam sites and a
provision of Rs.2391.67 lakh along the link canal.
11.6.3.2 Restoration Plan for Quarry Sites
The proposed Par-Tapi-Narmada link project would involve

construction of dams, barrages, canal, tunnels / adits, power houses,
colonies for staff and labourers, and other various components. During
construction, these activities could also result in accumulation of large
amount of unused material at various sites which require proper restoration
measures. This land also includes areas likely to be disturbed due to quarries
and dumping of unused muck, dam area. The existing landscape will be
totally modified or changed due to proposed project. Therefore, all areas
disturbed by construction activity will be landscaped to reflect natural
contours and encourage the re-establishment of vegetation.
Disturbed Sites and their Restoration: Construction activities like roads,

quarry sites, project colonies, workshops, offices etc. will change the
existing land use / land cover in the region. After completion of the
construction work, it is required to restore the disturbed areas to its original
condition wherever it is possible. Various engineering and biological
measures have been suggested for the restoration of these areas. Proposed
mitigation measures will also help to arrest soil erosion in the region.
Quarrying Operation: A project of this magnitude would require

significant amount of construction material. The aggregate requirement for
concrete is proposed to be met from nearby quarries. The proposed project
would require significant amount of fine material, which shall be met by
crushing the aggregates.
The quarrying operations are semi-mechanised in nature. Quarrying

is normally done by cutting a face of the hill. A permanent scar is likely to
be left, once quarrying activities are over. With the passage of time, the
rock from the exposed face of the quarry under the action of wind and other
erosion forces, get slowly weathered and after some time, they become a
potential sources of landslide. Thus it is necessary to implement appropriate
898
slope stabilisation measures to prevent the possibility of soil erosion and
landslides in the quarry sites.
After excavation of the required material, these quarry sites will

require restoration. Appropriate engineering, bio-engineering and biological
methods are proposed for effective restoration of the quarry sites.
Engineering and Bio-Engineering Measures: Opening of the quarries

will cause visual impacts because they remove a significant part of the hills.
Other impacts will be the noise generated during aggregate acquisition
through explosive and crushing, which could affect wildlife in the area, dust
produced during the crushing operation to get the aggregates to the
appropriate size and transport of the aggregates and transport of material to
the nearby project sites. The quarrying for rock material in the proposed
project would lead to removal of vegetation cover, top soil and leave the
area barren. After the completion of mining activity, these areas will be
restored to their normal habitat conditions.
Standard mitigation measures against erosion and sedimentation,

noise and air pollution will be taken in particular for the use of explosive.
At the end of the exploitation, quarries will be rehabilitated. This will
include re-establishment of vegetation, restoration of natural watercourses,
avoidance of flooding of the excavated areas, achievement of stable slopes,
and avoidance of features, which would otherwise constitute a risk to health
and safety or a source of environmental pollution.
The measures adopted for landscaping of these quarry sites and

borrow area have been described in the following paragraphs.
Measures to be Adopted before Quarrying: The top soil (top 6 – 12 inch

soil) should be removed before excavating the sand or rocks from the quarry
sites. This soil contains all microbes (including earthworms) and important
nutrients and organic matters which will be required at the time of
restoration of these quarry sites.
Measures to be adopted after Quarrying:
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 Diversion of Run-off- Effective drainage system will be provided to
avoid the infiltration of run-off and surface waters into the ground of
quarry sites.
 Filling of Depressions- The craters formed at the quarry sites will be

filled with dumping materials consisting of boulders, rocks, gravels
and soil from the nearby sites. After filling these craters, the top soil
collected prior to quarrying will be spread as top layer. The top soil
then should be covered with geo-textiles like coir, jute or by other
locally available bio-degradable material. This will protect the top
soil from erosion.
 Construction of Retaining Walls- Retaining walls will be

constructed at the filled up depressions of quarry sites to provide
necessary support particular where there are moderately slopes.
 Rocks for Landscaping- After the quarrying activities are over, these
sites will be splattered with the leftovers of rocks and boulders.
These boulders and rocks can support the growth of mosses and
lichens, which will act as ecological pioneers and initiate the process
of succession and colonization. The boulders of moderate size will be
used to line the boundary of a path.
 Laying of the Top Soil- The depressions / craters filled up with rock
aggregates will be covered with top soils. Fungal spores naturally
present in top soil will aid plant growth and natural plant succession.
The top soil will be further enriched by organic manure and
Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. This will help in the
process of soil reclamation and the early establishment of juvenile
seedlings.
 Re-vegetation- The work plan for re-vegetation of the dumping sites

through ‘Integrated Biological and Biotechnological Approach’ would
be based upon the following parameters:
i) Evaluation of rock material for their physical and chemical

properties to assess the nutrient status to support vegetation.
900
ii) Formulation of appropriate blends of organic waste and soil to
enhance the nutrient status of rhizosphere.
iii) Isolation and screening of specialized strains of mycorrhizal
fungi, rhizobium, azotobacter and phosphate solubilizers (bio-
fertilizers inoculums) suitable for the mined out sites.
iv) Mass culture flant specific biofertilizer and mycorrihizal fungi
to be procured from different institutions / organizations which
are engaged in the phyto-remediation activity of degraded
areas.
v) Plantation at quarry sites / areas using identified blend and
biofertilizer inoculums.
A provision of Rs. 736 lakh has been earmarked for quarry slope
stabilization. Details are given at Table- 11.20:
Table- 11.20
Cost Estimate for Restoration of Quarry Site and Borrow Area
Sl. Activities / Purpose Cost
No. (Rs. in lakh)
1 Filling up the land with soil 129
2 Cost of green manure 43
3 Cost of sapling (10000 saplings / ha) 26
4 Cost of fertilizers and pesticides 86
5 Fencing with RCC pillars and barbed wire 214
6 Maintenance activities including cleaning of weeds 21
@ Rs. 2 lakh / year for 5 years
7 Digging of pits 3
8 Construction of garland drains 214
Total 736
11.6.3.3 Restoration of Colony and Office Complex
The working area of dam site, Labour colony, Project colony areas
have been selected for beautification of the project area after construction is
over. The reservoir created due to the construction of dam may be a local
point of tourist attraction. This could be used for sport fishing, so there is a
need to construct benches for sitting, development of resting sheds and
footpath. The beautification would be carried out by developing flowering
beds for plantation of ornamental plant and flower garden.
901
There would be sufficient open space in power house complex and
colony area. Forested area in the power house complex would provide
aesthetic view and add to natural seismic beauty. The beautification in the
colony area would be carried out by development of flowering beds for
plantation of ornamental plant, creepers, flower garden and a small park,
construction of benches for sitting, resting sheds, walk way and fountain.
A provision of Rs. 102 lakh has been earmarked for landscaping and
beautification of the area.
 Implementing Agency: It should be mandatory in the scope of work

of the contractor to restore the construction sites and implement
various reclamation measures.
 Budget: A total provision of (736 + 102) Rs. 838 lakh has been
earmarked for Restoration of quarry and borrow area, reclamation of
construction sites landscaping and beautification.
 A provision of Rs.42 lakh has been earmarked towards landscaping
along the link canal.
11.6.4 Biodiversity Conservation and Management Plan

11.6.4.1 Compensatory Afforestation
As already described in preceding paras total 4439.40 ha (2829 ha

due to submergence of 6 reservoirs and 1610.40 ha due to canal alignment)
forest area will be affected. No rare, endangered and threatened species are
reported in the project area. To compensate the forest land the afforestation
will be done in 8878.80 ha (double the area of forest land likely to be
affected ie due to reservoirs 5658 ha and for canal alignment 3220.80 ha) in
degraded forest land as per the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act,
1980. The afforestation work is to be done by the Forest Department of
concerned State Governments. A provision of Rs. 11459.76 lakh (Rs.
6789.60 lakh towards reservoirs plus Rs.4670.16 towards canal alignment)
has been kept for compensatory afforestation. In addition the NPV and cost
of trees will be paid to the Forest Department, which shall be estimated by
the Forest Department, as a part of Forestry clearance.
11.6.4.2 Biodiversity Management Plan
902
i) Forest Protection Plan: About 4439.40 ha (2829 ha due to submergence
of 6 reservoirs and 1610.40 ha due to canal alignment) of forest area is
proposed to be acquired for Par-Tapi-Narmada link project. The following
measures are proposed as a part of Forest Protection Plan:
 Under the reward for informers programme, it is proposed to engage
the workers who are well acquainted with the area and will be
resourceful in gathering information for anti-poaching and better
vigilance. These youth could be hired on a contractual basis.
 Arrangement of an office for this purpose would be essential to
monitor all these activities.
 Organizing public awareness programmes, conducting training
camps, preparation of pamphlets, brochures, hoardings etc.
 Provision of fire lines within critical areas to protect the forest from
accidental fires.
 For improvement of vigilance and measures to check poaching, check
posts and watch towers will be needed. In order to strengthen the
working capacity of the officers the equipments such as a camera,
wireless, binoculars and other minor equipments (spot scope, search
lights, sleeping bags, health kits etc) shall be provided.
 Construction of bridges, roads, inspection paths for more effective
and meaningful patrolling of the staff shall be undertaken.
 Improvement of vigilance by procurement of field vehicles and
motorbikes.
 Creation of veterinary facilities and rescue camps for healthcare of
wild animals and for controlling diseases. For this purpose it is
essential to maintain a stock of medicines in addition to setting up of
a mobile-rescue-cum-publicity-van.
 An amount of Rs.1200 lakh has been earmarked for implementation
of Forest Protection Plan. Details are given at Table- 11.21:
Table- 11. 21
Cost Estimates for the Forest Protection Plan
Sl. Measure Budget
No. (Rs.in lakh)
1 Provision of fire lines within critical areas 429
2 Construction of bridges and patrolling paths 257
903
3 Mobile rescue van 206
4 Creation of veterinary facilities and rescue camps 308
Total 1200
ii) Safeguards during Construction Phase: During the construction phase,

various adverse impacts on the forests and wildlife are anticipated in the
surrounding areas of the proposed project in terms of increased noise levels,
land vibrations during controlled blasting, air pollution etc. To avoid and
minimize the negative impacts from these activities project authorities are
advised to prepare strict guidelines as follows:
 Strict restrictions shall be imposed on the workers at project sites to

ensure that they do not harvest any species / produce from the forests
and cause any danger or harm to animals and birds in wilderness area.
 The fuel wood to the labourers shall be provided by the project
proponents so that there is no pressure for cutting of trees to meet fuel
wood requirements.
 The interference of human population would be kept to a minimum in
the adjacent forest areas and it would be ensured that the contractors do
not set up labour colonies / camps in the vicinity of forests and
wilderness areas.
 Only well maintained / new equipment that produces lesser noise
would be installed at the work sites.
 The best way to control the noise is at source. Certain equipment that
needs to be placed permanently at one place like generators etc would
be housed in enclosed structures to cut off the noise.
 The heavy equipment like rotating or impacting machines will be
mounted on anti-vibration mountings.
 Wherever combustion engines are required they will be fitted with
silencers.
 The traffic (trucks etc) used by the project works will be managed to
produce a smooth flow instead of a noise producing stop and start flow.
Necessary training / orientation will be provided to the traffic operators
/ drivers. Sounding of loud horns etc in the forested areas should be
banned. Project authorities will use water sprinklers on the road to
avoid the dust from constructions activities.
 While clearing the land of vegetation for any project work, the project
904
authorities will ensure that the work area has sufficient layer of tree
cover around it. It will act as an effective noise absorber and dust
barrier. The tree layer will act as buffer zone and these are known to
cut off noise by about 5 – 20 dB at a site depending upon the density of
vegetation. These measures will be planned in advance and well
before starting operation at any site.
iii) Measures to Improve Habitat of Avi-fauna: Forests are vital for

survival, foraging, breeding and nesting of avifauna. Natural forests provide
a variety of food material to birds not only in the form of nectar of flowers,
fruits, seeds etc. in the trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses but they also
contain a large number of insects eaten by birds. In the forests, food is
always available for the faunal component. Although most floral species
flower during spring through summer but fruit maturation and seed ripening
takes place in them throughout the year. Therefore, first strategy of
improvement of habitat for birds is avoiding nest predation or brood
parasitism through maintenance of large contiguous forest tract. These areas
have ability to support the largest number of forest interior birds and will
also be more likely to provide habitat for area sensitive species. It is more
practicable to protect existing forest area rather than creating new forest
area.
Another measure for habitat improvement for avifauna is to be

installation of artificial nest boxes in the influence zone and catchment area
of the project after consultation with the forest department as well as local
Non-Governmental Organisations. These nest boxes have been found to be
quite beneficial for attracting hole nester birds. The size and capacity of
boxes vary from one species to another.
It is proposed to provide wooden boxes around water bodies in the

study area. About 200 nest boxes are proposed to be kept along the
periphery of six reservoirs. It is proposed that five qualified person be hired
for a period of 7 years. An amount of Rs. 171.84 lakh can be earmarked for
habitat improvement of avi-fauna in the study area. Details are given at
Table-11.22:
Table- 11.22
Cost of Habitat Improvement for Avi-fauna in the Study Area
905
Sl. Particulars Amount
No. (Rs. in lakh)
A Non-recurring cost
1 Cost of nests of different sizes (10’x10’x to 12.00
20’x20’) average cost Rs. 1000 per wooden box and
installation of 1200 wooden boxes
2 Repair and maintenance of the nests 6.00
B Recurring cost (for 7 years)
1 Salary for 5 skilled persons @ Rs. 20000 per month 113.84
for implementation and data collection including
10% escalation for 7 years
2 Contingencies (including avifaunal biodiversity 40.00
awareness programme for the local inhabitants)
Total (A+B) 171.84
iv) Wildlife Management Plan: An amount of Rs.500 lakh has been

earmarked for implementation of Wildlife Management Plan. Details are
given at Table- 11.23:
Table- 11.23
Cost estimates for Wildlife Management Plan
Sl. Measure Budget
No. (Rs. in lakh)
1 Wildlife survey 100
2 Immunization of wildlife 100
3 Rehabilitation of a small wildlife health cum ex-situ 200
conservations centre
4 Awareness, education and training 100
Total 500
v) Anti-poaching Measures: There are no ecologically sensitive areas

around the project sites. However, the forests at the site and in the vicinity
serve as a habitat for wildlife. Due to construction activities and increased
human interferences, as a result of immigration of large labour population
and their family members, some adverse impacts may take place on wildlife
during construction phase; the increased human interferences can have
adverse impact on wildlife in and around the project area
906
It is recommended that check posts should be installed near major
construction sites and labour camps which shall be operational during
construction phase. It is proposed to develop 10 (ten) check posts to
implement anti-poaching measures during project construction phase. Each
check post shall have 3 guards to ensure that poaching does not take place in
the area. The guards will be supervised by a range officer. It is also
recommended that the staff manning these check posts have adequate
communication equipment and other facilities. Apart from inter-linking of
check posts, communication link needs to be extended to Divisional Forest
Office and the local police station also.
vi) Purchase of Anti-poaching Kits: To capture and translocate wild

animals out of human habitations or agricultural lands, various trapping
equipments pertaining to anti-poaching activities are needed. In the absence
of these the staff faces difficulties and all efforts made on this behalf are
futile. For this an amount of Rs.60 lakh has been earmarked. The anti-
poaching kits will include equipments for self defence of the staff as well.
vii) Infrastructure Development: This includes anti-poaching huts, rock

shelters development and residential quarters for forest guards. For
effective monitoring, one watch tower is also proposed to be established at
an identified place having high pressure of biotic interference. These are the
basic amenities for the field staff to enable them to do effective patrolling in
the areas. For watch tower and accommodation an amount of Rs.100 lakh
has been earmarked.
viii) Purchase of Survey Equipment and Vehicle: In order to improve

network and vigilance it is required to procure equipment like V-SAT and to
document and develop a database IT infrastructure like laptops, LCD
projectors, altimeters, GPS, spot scope, binoculars, video as well as digital
still cameras are essential. Purchase of field vehicle will help in increased
vigilance. For better communication and purchase of survey equipment an
amount of Rs.200 lakh has been earmarked.
ix) Construction of Check Posts: To improve vigilance for anti-poaching,

better protection, enforcement for control grazing practices is necessary. For
907
the construction of control-grazing-cum-anti poaching checks posts, amount
of Rs.50 lakh has been earmarked.
Total Rs. 706 lakh has been earmarked for this purpose. Details are given
below:
a) Salary
i) 30 Guards @ Rs. 8000 per month for 1 year 28.80
ii) 1 Range officer @ Rs. 20000 per month for 1 year 2.40
Total cost for one year 31.20
Cost for 7 years (assuming 10% increase per year) 296.09
b) Purchase of anti-poaching kits 60.00
c) Infrastructure development 100.00
d) Purchase of Survey equipment and Vehicles 200.00
e) Construction of check posts 50.00
Total Rs.706.09 lakh
Say Rs. 706 lakh
x) Eco-Tourism: The reservoirs will have great tourism potential and it can
create many income generating resources to the local people in many ways
viz; boating, angling competition, guide, creation of the paying guest
houses, travellers’ tour packages to the nearby sightseeing places,
development of camping sites, birds watching etc. This shall be linked with
the ecology environment of the reservoir. For tourism development,
brochures, pamphlets, signage, models, opening of the tourism information
centres, Telescopes, Binoculars, computerized data, trekking routes and their
stay arrangements etc shall be required.
The following activities are proposed for the development of the

eco-tourism zone:
 Create interest for birds by Bird watching
 Develop infrastructure for perform various water sports activities
such as Boating etc.
 Infrastructure for stay of tourists
 Provision of house boats, paddle boats
 Distribution of plants for plantation on community and private lands
 Distribution of fruit tray for planting on private lands
908
 Training to locals viz Bird watching, Boating, Catering, Tourist
guides etc.
As such, proposed reservoirs will be developed as Eco-tourist spot. A
provision of Rs.418 lakh has been earmarked for development of eco-
tourism. Details are given at Table- 11.24:
Table- 11.24
Budgetary Estimate for Development of Eco-tourism
Sl. No. Items of Expenditure Amount
(Rs. in lakh)
1 Purchase of House boat, Battery operated 300
boat and Motor boat, computers, GPS etc.
2 POL for vehicles, boats, generators etc 60
including hiring of vehicle in apprehending
of poaching cases
3 Training to locals viz Bird watching, 58
Boating, Catering, Tourist guides etc
Total 418
xi) Budget for Biodiversity Conservation and Management Plan: A total

provision of Rs.2995.93 lakh has been earmarked for biodiversity
conservation. Details are given at Table- 11.25:
Table- 11.25
Budgetary Estimate for Biodiversity Conservation and Management
Plan
Sl. Particulars Amount
No. (Rs. in
lakh)
1 Forest Protection Plan 1200.00
1 Measures to improve habitat of avi-founa 171.84
3 Wildlife Management Plan 500.00
4 Anti-poaching measures 706.09
4 Tourism Development 418.00
Total 2995.93
11.6.5 Green Belt Development Plan
909
Forest loss due to reservoir submergence and other project
appurtenances have been compensated as a part of compensatory
afforestation. However in addition to above, it is proposed to develop
greenbelt around the periphery of various project appurtenances, selected
stretches along reservoir periphery, etc. The greenbelt development plan
aims to overall improvement in the environmental conditions of the region.
The plan with a five-fold objective addresses issues such as prevention of
land degradation due to activities during construction phase; enhancing the
forest cover for increasing the biodiversity of the region; providing aesthetic
value to the project area and consequently inviting a proportionate tourist
flux; enhancing the ecological equilibrium of the area; and to a large
proportion in combating soil erosion. A provision of Rs.216 lakh has been
kept for Green belt Development on the periphery of reservoirs and Rs.480
lakh has been kept for green belt plantation along link canal. The plantation
for this purpose will be carried out by Forest Departments of Gujarat and
Maharashtra.
11.6.6 Environmental Management in Labour Camps
The aggregation of large number of workers in the project area

during the construction phase is likely to put considerable stress on the
prevailing biotic and abiotic environment of the area. The stress could be on
account of increased water demand, sewage and solid waste generation, fuel
wood requirements etc. The aim of the Environmental Management Plan is
to minimize these stresses. The construction activities are likely to be
concentrated at various locations at dam sites and along the canal alignment.
The estimated peak labour force including technical staff for the proposed
project is around 5800. The total increase in population considering the fact
that some of the labour will be staying along with their families shall be
about 14000. Community kitchens will be provided to worker families and
the kerosene / Liquefied Petroleum Gas will be provided at subsidised rates.
It is proposed that each of the labour family involved in the

construction activities shall be provided living units of 30-40 m 2 with proper
ventilation. Adequate facilities for water supply and sanitation shall also be
provided. One community toilet needs to be provided for 20 persons. The
wastewater generated from the colonies will be collected and disposed in
specifically designed soak pits and Septic tank. The wastewater and sewage
910
generated will not be allowed to flow into the rivers and streams of the area.
The sanitary facilities at the colonies should be of standard municipal design
for hill areas. However, efforts shall be made to ensure, that treated effluent
is disposed only in these water bodies, which are not used for meeting
domestic water requirements. Adequate facilities for collection and
conveyance of municipal wastes generated to the disposal site shall be
developed. At each labour camp, covered trailers to collect the solid waste
from the common collection point and transfer it to the disposal site needs
to be put to service.
All necessary safety appliances such as helmets, masks, ear plugs,
etc. shall be provided to the workers and staff. The regulations regarding
working platforms, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress
shall be strictly complied. Efficient lighting and safety signs shall be
installed on temporary roads during construction and adequate traffic
regulations shall be adopted and implemented for temporary roads. All
facilities to be constructed shall be fully equipped with the fire protection
equipments as per IS standards. A provision of Rs. 6217.61 lakh is kept for
implementation of various environmental measures in labour camps.
11.6.7 Public Health
i) Control of Malaria: Increase in water fringe area provides suitable

habitats for the growth of vectors of various diseases, which is likely to
increase the incidence of water-related diseases. Malaria could be the major
in the months of Sept and March. The preferred habitat is stagnant or slow
moving fresh water open to vector-borne disease in the area. The main
breeding seasons of the anopheline mosquito (malaria vector) is sunshine or
moderate shade. Mosquito control and mosquito proofing measures have
been recommended to control malaria. The anti-malarial operations can be
coordinated by various Primary Health Centres located in villages close to
the submergence area of the dams.
ii) Development of Medical Facilities: It is proposed to develop 3 first-aid

posts manned by a doctor each and supporting staff during construction
phase. The first-aid posts should be located such that they are close to major
construction sites. The doctor posted at the first-aid posts shall also
coordinate the anti-malarial campaign be carried out under his immediate
911
personal supervision. A systematic campaign shall be conducted in the
months of March and Sept which are the breeding months of mosquito.
There shall be regular fumigation and sprays of insecticides in the

areas where water is likely to be stagnant, to prevent the growth of malarial
larvae. The project proponents shall seek an expert opinion before selecting
the appropriate insecticide for malaria control. The National Centre for
Communicable Diseases, Delhi can provide assistance to the State
government in the matter.
iii) Health Extension Activities: The health extension activities will have
to be carried out in the villages situated close to the dams being developed
as a part of the project. There would be possibility of the transmission of
communicable diseases due to migration of labour population from other
areas at the construction site. The doctors from the dispensary constructed
as a part of the project and other dispensaries in various villages in the
project area will make regular visits to the villages and organize health
promotional activities with the active participation of the local village
leaders, Non-Governmental Organisations and available local health
functionaries.
iv) Water-borne Diseases: Following measures are recommended for

control of water-borne diseases:
 Details of incidence of various water-borne diseases in the project

areas be collected and analysed to defect any particular trend.
 A detailed water quality monitoring programme be designed and
implemented. In areas showing incidence of water-borne diseases,
intensive water quality monitoring shall be done.
v) Disposal of Bio-Medical Waste: Dispensaries use a variety of drugs

including antibiotics, cytotoxics, corrosive chemicals etc. a part of which is
generated as a solid waste. With greater emphasis on disposables, the
quantum of solid waste generated in a hospital is quite high. The bio-
medical waste must be segregated in accordance to the guidelines laid under
Schedule-I of Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) rules notified
912
by Ministry of Environment and Forests. The bio-medical waste shall be
treated prior to its disposal.
vi) Cost Estimates: The total budget earmarked for Public Health delivery
system shall be Rs. 2062.98 lakh towards labour camps at head works and
Rs.7665 lakh towards camps along the link canal. Provision of free fuel or at
subsidized rate to labour engaged departmentally at camps along link to
avert biological loss shall be Rs.50.00 lakh.
11.6.8Catchment Area Treatment Plan

11.6.8.1 Approach for the Study
Various thematic maps have been used in preparation of the

Catchment Area Treatment Plan. Due to the spatial variability of site
parameters such as soils, topography, land use and rainfall, not all areas
contribute equally to the erosion problems. In order to ensure that latest and
accurate data is used for the analysis, satellite data has been used for
deriving land use data and ground truth studies too have been conducted.
The various steps covered in the study are as follows:
 Data Acquisition
The requirement of the study was first defined and the outputs
expected were noted. The various data layers of the catchment area used for
the study are as follows.
 Slope map
 Soil map
 Land use classification map
 Current management practices
 Catchment area map
 Data preparation
The ground maps, contour information etc were scanned, digitized
and registered as per the requirement. In the present study, IRS 1C-LISS III
digital satellite data was used for interpretation and classification. The
classified land use map of the catchment area considered for Jheri, Paikhed,
Chasmandva, Chikkar, Dabdar and Kelwan reservoirs.
913
 Output presentation
The result of the modelling was interpreted in pictorial form to
identify the areas with high soil erosion rates. The primary and secondary
data collected as a part of the field studies were used as an input for the
model.
11.6.8.2 Estimation of Soil Loss using Silt Yield Index (SYI)

Method
The Silt Yield Index is defined as the yield per unit area and Silt
Yield Index value for hydrologic unit is obtained by taking the weighted
arithmetic mean over the entire area of the hydrologic unit by using suitable
empirical equation. Details are given at Table- 11.26:
Table- 11.26
List Showing Priority Categories and SYI Values
Priority categories SYI Values
Very high >1300
High 1200 – 1299
Medium 1100 – 1199
Low 1000 – 1099
Very low <1000
11.6.8.3 Catchment Area Treatment Measures
The erosion category of various watersheds in the catchment area as

per a SYI index for Jheri, Paikhed, Chasmandva, Chikkar, Dabdar and
Kelwan reservoirs is given at Table- 11.27:
Table- 11.27
Erosion Intensity Categorization as per
SYI Classification in Catchment Area
Watershed Number Area (ha) SYI Value Category
Jheri Dam
W1 1787 1160 Medium
W2 1602 1220 High
W3 3545 1230 High
W4 885 1110 Medium
914
W5 1444 1170 Medium
W6 2434 1220 High
W7 1305 1150 Medium
W8 1113 1160 Medium
W9 1955 1230 High
W10 1827 1180 Medium
W11 1205 1170 Medium
W12 937 1180 Medium
W13 1667 1150 Medium
W14 943 1210 High
W15 1971 1170 Medium
W16 3686 1240 High
W17 1169 1150 Medium
W18 1796 1210 High
W19 1222 1220 High
W20 2134 1230 High
W21 1918 1240 High
W22 1689 1220 High
W23 1402 1150 Medium
W24 1265 1210 High
W25 1600 1160 Medium
Total 42500
Paikhed Dam
W1 1889 1170 Medium
W2 823 1180 Medium
W3 1387 1150 Medium
W4 1765 1160 Medium
W5 1759 1210 High
W6 2182 1220 High
W7 1194 1240 High
W8 3433 1180 Medium
W9 3456 1210 High
W10 2595 1170 Medium
W11 1421 1220 High
W12 2314 1220 High
W13 3071 1210 High
W14 1347 1170 Medium
W15 932 1180 Medium
W16 812 1150 Medium
W17 1122 1150 Medium
915
Total 31500
Chasmandva Dam
W1 597 1240 High
W2 1078 1180 Medium
W3 1171 1170 Medium
W4 957 1150 Medium
W5 486 1090 Low
W6 1108 1210 High
W7 895 1210 High
W8 1300 1180 Medium
W9 889 1240 High
W10 419 1250 High
Total 8900
Chikkar Dam
W1 668 1070 Medium
W2 1869 1120 High
W3 2006 1220 High
W4 644 1210 Medium
W5 949 1220 Medium
W6 832 1150 High
W7 705 1180 Medium
W8 725 1220 Medium
W9 1328 1180 High
W10 1772 1170 Medium
W11 1454 1210 Medium
W12 1358 1230 Medium
W13 834 1260 Medium
W14 1220 1180 High
W15 596 1220 Medium
W16 1449 1210 High
W17 1422 1210 Medium
W18 1778 1180 High
W19 1772 1090 High
W20 1216 1120 High
W21 1351 1180 High
W22 1206 1150 High
W23 1407 1150 Medium
W24 801 1220 High
W25 888 1140 Medium
W26 1420 1180 Medium
916
W27 630 1130 Medium
Total 32300
Dabdar Dam
W1 2219 1250 High
W2 2295 1210 High
W3 4093 1210 High
W4 823 1170 Medium
W5 938 1220 High
W6 1566 1180 Medium
W7 2052 1230 High
W8 3085 1150 Medium
W9 2096 1180 Medium
W10 2052 1160 Medium
W11 3069 1220 High
W12 1856 1170 Medium
W13 3981 1260 High
W14 2330 1150 Medium
W15 2753 1210 High
W16 2094 1220 High
W17 1640 1160 Medium
W18 2681 1130 Medium
W19 2236 1140 Medium
W20 1407 1230 High
W21 1474 1160 Medium
W22 1459 1150 Medium
Total 48200
Kelwan Dam
W1 3034 1120 Medium
W2 1974 1050 Low
W3 2978 1080 Low
W4 2447 1210 High
W5 1945 1040 Low
W6 1087 1170 Medium
W7 3840 1220 High
W8 3372 1180 Medium
W9 3332 1150 Medium
W10 2200 1230 High
W11 2767 1230 High
W12 2606 1050 Low
W13 1991 1050 Low
917
W14 3711 1090 Low
W15 3315 1150 Medium
W16 2952 1210 High
W17 6180 1250 High
W18 2309 1210 High
W19 3399 1220 High
W20 3085 1180 Medium
W21 3863 1120 Medium
W22 2071 1170 Medium
W23 3100 1180 Medium
W24 2448 1210 High
W25 3294 1150 Medium
Total 73300
Area under different Erosion Categories upto Jheri, Paikhed,

Chasmandva, Chikkar, Dabdar and Kelwan dam catchments is summarised
at Table- 11.27:
Table- 11.27
Area under Different Erosion Categories
Unit: ha
Dam Category Very Low Medium High Very Total
Low High
Area(ha) - - 18311 24189 - 42500
Jheri
%age - - 43.09 56.91 - 100.00
Area(ha) - - 16105 15395 - 31500
Paikhed
%age - - 51.13 48.87 - 100.00
Area(ha) - 486 4506 3908 - 8900
Chasmandva %age - 5.46 50.63 43.91 - 100.00
Area(ha) - - 15472 16828 - 32300

Chikkar
%age - - 47.90 52.10 - 100.00
Area(ha) - - 23298 24902 - 48200
Dabdar
%age - - 48.34 51.66 - 100.00
Area(ha) - 15205 29553 28542 - 73300
Kelwan
%age - 20.74 40.32 38.94 - 100.00
The Objective of the SYI method is to prioritize sub-water shed in a

catchment area for treatment. Area under high erosion category in Jheri
918
dam 24189 ha, in Paikhed dam 15395 ha, in Chasmandva dam 3908 ha, in
Chikkar dam 12238 ha, in Dabdar dam 24902 ha and in Kelwan dam 28542
ha. Various engineering and biological measures have been suggested for
catchment area treatment categorised in the high erosion category of
watersheds upto Jheri 12, Paikhed 7, Chasmandva 5, Chikkar 12, Dabdar 10
and Kelwan 9. Total cost of the catchment area treatment plan worked out
as Rs. 4814 lakh.
11.6.8.4 Silt Transfer
The yield received from rains in the catchment area would be

stored in reservoir and then let out into the link canal through the upper
level tunnel. Normally, the silt transported from the catchment area would
settle down into the lower layers and finally to the bottom and the top silt
free water would be admitted into the link canal. However, during monsoon
season the flood waters due to heavy rain fall would be laden with more
suspended silt which would require mitigative measures. Silt excluders need
to be built at the head regulator of main canal and branch canals. The silt
excluders shall extract silt from the water and lead it to the river or other
natural drainage through a tail race.
Silt escape or bed escapes, provided with vents and gates, need to be
provided on the link canal nearer to the streams or rivers at suitable location.
Even after providing silt excluders and silt escapes, some quantity of
suspended silt still shall get deposited on the bed of link canal. Every year
during the closure period of the canal, the deposited silt would have to be
removed from the bed of the canal in order to avoid growth of weeds. Since
the bed of the canal shall be entirely lined, desilting can be done with ease.
A provision of Rs.2436.67 lakh has been kept for measures to arrest
transportation of silt across basins.
11.6.9 Disaster Management Plan
Dam Break may be summarized as partial or catastrophic failure of a

dam leading to uncontrolled release of water. Such an event can have a
major impact on the land and communities downstream of the failed
structure. A dam break may result in a flood wave up to several meters high
919
travelling along the valley at very high speed. The impact of such a flood
wave on the inhabitation downstream areas can be disastrous and may
sweep away infrastructure such as roads, railways, bridges and buildings, in
addition to endangering several human lives and livestock. Such destructive
force results in heavy loss of life and property, if advance warning and
evacuation is not made. Keeping all these in view, the disaster preparedness
for such likely events is necessary.
The disaster Management Planning for dam break scenario consist

of: Identification / construction of Evacuation path; setting up of alarms and
warning systems at appropriate locations; establishing communication
system; Dam safety and maintenance manual; Emergency Action Plan
(EAP); Administration and procedural aspects; Preventive action;
Evacuations plans; Evacuations team; Public awareness for disaster
mitigation; Notifications; Notification procedures and Management after
receding of flood water.
In the event that the failure is imminent or the failure has occurred or
a potential emergency conditions is developing, the observer at the site is
required to report it to the Junior Engineer / Assistant Engineer who will
report to the Executive Engineer / Superintending Engineer for their
reporting to the Chief Engineer through a wireless system or by any
available fastest communication system. The Engineer-in-Charge is usually
responsible for making cognizant with the developing situation to the Civil
Administration viz., District Magistrate and concerned sub-divisional
magistrates and tehsildars.
The Engineer-in-Charge will be responsible for the entire operation

including prompt determination of the flood situation time to time. Once
the red alert is declared the whole State machinery will come into swing and
will start evacuating people in the inundation areas delineated in the
inundation maps. For successful execution, annually demo exercise will be
done. The District Magistrate is to monitor the entire operation. A provision
of Rs. 654 lakh has been kept for implementation of dam break management
plan for mitigation and prevention of hazard from the dams.
11.6.10 Energy Conservation Measures
920
Various construction and other activities of the proposed Par-Tapi-
Narmada link project would lead to increased demand for fuel wood in the
project area and its vicinity and would therefore exert pressure on forest
areas located around the project. The major source of energy in the villages
of the project area is fuel wood, acquirement of which is one of the main
causes of ecological degradation and human drudgery. It is estimated that
during the construction of the project, which would last for about 7 years,
around 5000 labourers will be working. Majority of the labour force will be
outsiders and it will be very important to meet their energy requirement in
an ecologically sustainable manner.
To provide an alternate for the energy requirement of the workers,

contractor/s will be made responsible to provide subsidized kerosene/LPG
to their workers which will in turn discourage them from illegal tree felling
and removal of fuel wood and timber from the adjoining forests. Further,
community kitchen facilities would also be provided to the labourers by the
contractors. In addition to above, efforts would be made towards energy
conservation by installing non-conventional energy sources. Energy
conservation measures would be implemented to ensure that the use of non-
renewable resources is minimized. A key component of achieving energy
conservation would be the development of an Energy Management Action
Plan. This plan would be included as part of the Construction and
Operational EMPs. The Energy Management Action Plan would be
consistent with the energy conservation measures during both construction
and operation phase.
11.6.10.1 Energy Conservation during Construction Phase
The following energy conservation measures would be undertaken

during construction works:
 Efficient work scheduling and methods that minimize equipment idle

time and double handling of material
 Throttling down and switching off construction equipment when not
in use
921
 Switching off truck engines while they are waiting to access the site
and while they are waiting to be loaded and unloaded
 Switching off site office equipment and lights and using optimum
lighting intensity for security and safety purposes.
 Careful design of temporary roads to reduce transportation distance
 Regular maintenance of equipment to ensure optimum operations and
fuel efficiency.
 The specification of energy efficient construction equipment.
11.6.10.2 Energy Conservation during Operation Phase
The following energy conservation measures would be implemented

during operation phase:
 Use of CFL lights up to maximum possible extent.

 Awareness about the use of CFL lights by locals.
 Development of heating, cooling and lighting use in buildings
through climate-responsive design and conservation practices.
 Employing renewable energy sources such as day lighting and passive
solar heating.
 Optimizing building performance and system control strategies, such
as controlling lights with occupancy sensors and controlling comfort.
 Maximizing the use of solar power for signage and pedestrian
lighting.
 Designing roads on site to reduce transportation distances.
11.6.10.3 Budget
An amount of Rs. 440 lakh has been earmarked for implementation

of Energy Conservation Measures.
11.6.11 Environmental Monitoring Programme
Environmental Monitoring is an essential tool in relation to

environmental management as it provides the basis for rational management
decisions regarding impact control. Environmental monitoring shall be
performed during construction, commissioning and operation phases to
922
ensure that the adverse impacts have been mitigated efficiently and to verify
the impact predictions. The monitoring program will indicate where changes
to procedures or operations are required, in order to reduce impacts on the
environment or local population. The monitoring program will be
undertaken to meet the following objectives:
 To monitor the environmental conditions of reservoirs areas and areas

benefited and impacted by the project
 To check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures
have actually been adopted, and are proving effective in practice
 To provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts
 Effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which,
through a feedback mechanism, can improve the planning and
execution of future, similar projects.
From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are

water quality, air quality, noise, erosion and siltation, afforestation, fishery,
etc. An attempt will be made to establish early warning of indicators of
stress on the environment. Suggested environmental monitoring plans are
described in the following sections. The environmental monitoring
programme during construction phase is at Table- 11.29:
Table- 11.29
Environmental Monitoring Programme during Construction Phase
Sl. Particulars Parameters Frequency Location
No.
1 Treated pH, BOD, COD, TSS and Once in a Before and
waste water Oil and Grease month after treatment
from STPs from STPs at
various labour
camps
2 Ambient Air SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx Once in a Major
quality and CO season Construction
sites
3 Noise Equivalent noise level Every month Major
(Leq) Construction
sites
923
No.
4 Water- Identification of water Once in a Labour camps
related related diseases, season and nearby
diseases adequacy of local control settlements
and curative measure,
etc.
The Environmental monitoring programme during project operation

phase is at Table- 11.30:
Table- 11.30
Environmental Monitoring Programme during Project Operation
Phase
No.
1 Water pH, turbidity, total Pre and Post Reservoirs
dissolved solids, calcium, monsoon
magnesium, chlorides, seasons
sulphate, nitrates, iron, DO,
BOD, COD etc.
2 Treated pH, BOD, COD, TSS and Once in a Before and
waste water Oil and Grease. month after treatment
from STP from STP
3 Ecology Status of afforestation Once in 5 -
programmes years
4 Fisheries Phytoplanktons, Twice in a Reservoirs.
zooplanktons, benthic life, year
fish composition
5 Incidence Cause and control measures Once in a Settlements
of for various diseases. year around
water- reservoirs and
related in command
diseases area
6 Meteorolog Temperature, rainfall, Continuous At a location
ical humidity, cloud cover, wind close to each of
parameters speed and direction, solar the two dam
insulation, evaporation rate sites
924
The cost of Environmental Monitoring Programme will be Rs.
519.91 lakh for construction phase at head works and Rs.25 lakh at canal
system. A provision of Rs. 43.25 lakh per year during project operation
phase at head works.
11.6.12 Cost of Environmental Management Plan
The total estimated cost for implementation of Environmental

Management Plan is Rs. 445 crore (excluding the cost of RandR Plan).
Details are given at Table- 11.31:
Table- 11.31
Details of Cost for Implementation of
Environmental Management Plan
Sl. Item Head Canal Total (Rs.
No. works (Rs.in in lakh)
(Rs. in lakh)
lakh)
1 Compensatory afforestation 6789.60 4670.16 11459.76
2 Green belt Development on reservoir 216.00 480.00 696.00
periphery and along link canal
3 Environmental Management in 6217.61 - 6217.61
Labour camps including dams and
canal
4 Public health and health delivery 2062.98 7665.00 9727.98
system and disposal of Bio medical
waste
5 Restoration of Quarry sites and land 838.00 42.00 880.00
scaping
6 Stabilisation of Muck Disposal 870.00 2391.67 3261.67
management / Land management
7 Implementation of water pollution 60.00 0.00 60.00
Control measures
8 Implementation of Air pollution 159.38 0.00 159.38
Control measures
9 Implementation of energy 440.00 0.00 440.00
conservation measure
10 Catchment Area Treatment plan 4814.00 0.00 4814.00
11 Implementing Disaster management 654.00 0.00 654.00
925
Sl. Item Head Canal Total (Rs.
No. works (Rs.in in lakh)
(Rs. in lakh)
lakh)
plan
12 Implementing Environmental 563.16 25.00 544.91
Monitoring Programme
13 Biodiversity Management Plan 2995.93 0.00 2995.93
14 Measures to arrest transportation of 0.00 2436.67 2436.67
silt across basins
15 Provision of free fuel or at subsidized 0.00 50.00 50.00
rate to labour engaged departmentally
at camps along link to avert biological
loss
16 Purchase of noise meter 1.00 0.00 1.00
17 Purchase of meteorogical instruments 18.00 0.00 18.00
Grand Total 26699.66 17760.50 44460.66

Say 445 crore
926

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Chapter – 11

Environment Impact Assessment and

The water is an essential element in all the developmental activities of

To identify both positive and adverse environmental impacts due to

11.1 The Proposed Project

Par-Tapi-Narmada Link Project has been planned to transfer surplus waters

The Union Ministry of Water Resources in the year 1980 had

Par-Tapi-Narmada Link project envisages transfer of about 1330

The earlier DPR of Par-Tapi-Narmada Link Project - Aug, 2015 has

1. An additional area of 45561 ha of five projects viz., Ugta, Sidhumber,

11.1.2 Project Justification

The rainfall in Saurashtra and Kutch regions of Gujarat is very

Accordingly, Preliminary Feasibility study to ascertain whether the

11.1.3 Project Description

The Par-Tapi-Narmada link project envisages construction of the following

i) A 808.32 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

ii) A 1431.85 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

iii) A power house of 9.0 MW installed capacity at the toe of Paikhed

iv) A 2781.00 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

v) A power house of 2.0 MW installed capacity at the toe of

vi) A 1887.00 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

vii) A power house of 2.0 MW installed capacity at the toe of Chikkar

viii) A 1170.00 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

x) A 1330.00 m long composite embankment (concrete face rock fill)

xi) A power house of 2.5 MW installed capacity at the toe of Kelwan

xiv) A 147.50 m long barrage in the downstream of Paikhed dam with

xv) A 128.00 m long barrage in the downstream of Chasmandva dam with

xxii) Cross Drainage / Cross Masonry works including Regulators,

11.2 Study Area

The study area to be considered for the Environmental Impact

i) Area to be acquired for various project appurtenances including

11.3 Legal Status of the Project

The Water Resources Project, when implemented provides the

The Par-Tapi-Narmada link project comprises of 6 dams, 2 barrages,

The Par-Tapi-Narmada link project is required about 4439 ha of

11.4 Baseline Environmental Data

It is essential that the baseline levels of environmental parameters

The baseline survey planning commenced with the short listing of

11.4.1 Air Environment

The sampling procedure adopted for monitoring of various ambient

The result of Ambient Air Quality monitoring observations on SO 2

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) values ranged from 6.2 to 13.5 μg/m3 in

Average NOx values ranged from 9.8 to 13.1 μg/m3 in summer

Average RPM values ranged from 25.1 to 36.8 μg/m3 in summer

Based on the findings of the ambient air quality survey conducted

11.4.1.2 Noise Environment

Noise level was monitored at 9 locations: Dharampur, Sarvar,

The day time equivalent noise level at various sampling stations

Climatologically, the calendar year in the project area can be

 Winter November to February

Temperature: Mean maximum temperature is observed in Vadodara 39.9

Humidity: Monthly mean maximum and minimum relative humidity

As a part of the primary study, water samples were collected and

The result of Water Quality Monitoring indicates that:

iv) The concentration of various cations, viz sodium, calcium and

11.4.2.2 Ground Water Quality Monitoring

The concentration of various cations, viz sodium, calcium and

11.4.3 Land Environment